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Corrigendum to "Development and Evaluation of an Immuno-Capture Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Quantify the Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae (Mccp) Protein in Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) Vaccine". Vet Med Int 2021. [PMID: 33857268 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4236807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2020/4236807.].
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Soni D, Sahoo I, Mallya AD, Kamthe P, Sahai A, Goel SK, Kulkarni PS, Dhere RM. Development of competitive inhibition ELISA as an effective potency test to analyze human rabies vaccines and assessment of the antigenic epitope of rabies glycoprotein. J Immunol Methods 2020; 492:112939. [PMID: 33309752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The potency of all modern tissue culture human rabies vaccines is measured based on the National Institute of Health (NIH) potency test that is laborious, time-consuming, involves large test variations and requires sacrifice of large number of animals. To circumvent these limitations, several researchers and WHO expert working groups have discussed development of alternative in vitro methods to replace the NIH potency test. Although several immunochemical methods have been proposed to quantify rabies glycoprotein (G-protein) using multiple murine monoclonal antibodies, we report an In vitro competitive inhibition ELISA (CIA) method based on the use of a neutralizing rabies glycoprotein site III directed novel therapeutic human rabies monoclonal antibody (RAB1) that shows equivalence to the mice NIH potency test in recognition of neutralization site of the glycoprotein. In vitro potency testing of WHO 7th International Standard for rabies vaccine (IS) by CIA using RAB1 and In-house reference standard (IHRS) as a standard to assess its suitability for the assessment of validation parameters showed accurate and precise values with <15% coefficient variance. The method was validated using 5PL standard curve with linearity r2 > 0.98 and LLOQ of 0.125 IU/mL indicating sensitivity of the method. The method was found to be precise, robust and accurate to quantitate intact rabies glycoprotein in final vaccine and showed a strong correlation (Pearson's r = 0.81) with the NIH potency values of licensed Vero cell rabies vaccine. The CIA test using RAB1 was able to accurately quantitate degradation of rabies vaccine and assess loss in antigenicity of lyophilized and reconstituted liquid rabies vaccine under thermal stress conditions. The method was able to differentiate between potent and reduced potency vaccine samples. The new in vitro competitive inhibition ELISA method using RAB1 thus can be a valid alternative to the NIH test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipen Soni
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Itishree Sahoo
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asha D Mallya
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Praveen Kamthe
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashish Sahai
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Goel
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad S Kulkarni
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajeev M Dhere
- Research and Development Department, Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd, Hadapsar, Pune 410028, Maharashtra, India
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Bian L, Zhao H, He C, Fang H, Chen Z, Lin L, Ye K, Wu Y, Lin G. A time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for assessing rabies antibody titers in the sera of vaccinated human subjects. Biologicals 2020; 68:54-59. [PMID: 32868168 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have investigated the use of simple in vitro tests for the assessment of rabies antibody titers in serum samples from vaccinated human subjects, which would allow the effectiveness of rabies vaccination to be conveniently evaluated. To this end, a novel time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) for the assessment of rabies antibody titers was established in this study for evaluating the effectiveness of protection against rabies. The TRFIA had a satisfactory limit of detection value (0.035 IU/mL) under optimal conditions. Additionally, the application of the TRFIA was demonstrated in 68 serum samples with satisfactory results. The coefficient variations (CVs) were all <10%, and the recoveries were in the range of 90-110%. The correlation coefficient of titer values obtained using the present TRFIA and the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) was 0.733, with a coincidence rate regarding the evaluation results (protected or not protected by vaccination) of 100%. The preliminary results confirmed that the TRFIA had a higher performance than an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and could potentially replace the ELISA. Based on these results, the novel TRFIA appears to be a convenient tool for the evaluation of rabies vaccination results based on serum samples from vaccinated human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Bian
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhui He
- Guangzhou Promise Biologics Co., Ltd, No. 1 Wanbao North Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haolin Fang
- Guangzhou Promise Biologics Co., Ltd, No. 1 Wanbao North Street, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Ye
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingsong Wu
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Guanfeng Lin
- Experimental Center of Teaching and Scientific Research, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Wang Z, Sun Y, Wu X, Carroll DS, Lv W, You L, Ji Y, Shi J, Yan J, Xu G, Meng S. Development of a relative potency test using ELISA for human rabies vaccines. Biologicals 2018; 55:59-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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A time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay to assay the rabies virus glycoprotein: application for estimation of human rabies vaccine potency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7288. [PMID: 28779162 PMCID: PMC5544697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Replacement of the in vivo rabies vaccine potency test (NIH test) by in vitro methods had been discussed by several researcher including WHO expert working groups. In this paper, a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) for the assay of rabies virus glycoprotein in rabies vaccine was first established to estimate the rabies vaccine potency by using specific monoclonal antibody that only recognized the native, trimeric and immunogenic form of rabies virus glycoprotein. Potency of the rabies virus glycoprotein was assayed with satisfactory performance under optimal conditions, and the method demonstrated satisfactory results when applied in practical samples. The correlation coefficient of potency values obtained from the present TRFIA and ELISA was 0.912, and 0.903 for those from the present TRFIA and NIH test. These preliminary results confirmed that this TRFIA can replace ELISA with higher performance, and could be a promising replacement of the NIH test. Based upon these results, the present TRFIA seemed to be a convenient tool for evaluating rabies vaccine potency and its products at different stages accordingly.
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6
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Prokaryotic Expression and Monoclonal Antibody Preparation of Rabies Virus Phosphoprotein. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Aavula SM, Abhinay G, Nimmagadda SV, Maithal K. A novel in vitro ELISA for estimation of glycoprotein content in human rabies vaccines. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2017; 38:400-410. [PMID: 28436708 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2017.1295056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro methods for quantification of immunodominant glycoprotein in the rabies vaccine formulations serve as good alternative to the cumbersome and variable mice potency assay as a batch release test for the vaccine. The present study presents the development of a sandwich ELISA with optimal concentrations of a high affinity recombinant diabody (D06) and a specific monoclonal antibody (M5B4) against rabies glycoprotein for its quantification in the vaccine formulations. The glycoprotein estimate correlated linearly (r2 = 0.8) to the in vivo potency estimate for the vaccine formulations. This ELISA promises a good forecast of the mice potency values and thereby can serve as a simple, yet effective batch release test for the rabies vaccines replacing the in vivo assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukra M Aavula
- a Research and Development Centre , Indian Immunologicals Limited, Rakshapuram, Gachibowli , Hyderabad , Telangana , India
| | - Gontu Abhinay
- a Research and Development Centre , Indian Immunologicals Limited, Rakshapuram, Gachibowli , Hyderabad , Telangana , India
| | - Sridevi V Nimmagadda
- a Research and Development Centre , Indian Immunologicals Limited, Rakshapuram, Gachibowli , Hyderabad , Telangana , India
| | - Kapil Maithal
- a Research and Development Centre , Indian Immunologicals Limited, Rakshapuram, Gachibowli , Hyderabad , Telangana , India
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Li K, Zettlitz KA, Lipianskaya J, Zhou Y, Marks JD, Mallick P, Reiter RE, Wu AM. A fully human scFv phage display library for rapid antibody fragment reformatting. Protein Eng Des Sel 2015; 28:307-16. [PMID: 25991864 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display libraries of human single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are a reliable source of fully human antibodies for scientific and clinical applications. Frequently, scFvs form the basis of larger, bivalent formats to increase valency and avidity. A small and versatile bivalent antibody fragment is the diabody, a cross-paired scFv dimer (∼55 kDa). However, generation of diabodies from selected scFvs requires decreasing the length of the interdomain scFv linker, typically by overlap PCR. To simplify this process, we designed two scFv linkers with integrated restriction sites for easy linker length reduction (17-residue to 7-residue or 18-residue to 5-residue, respectively) and generated two fully human scFv phage display libraries. The larger library (9 × 10(9) functional members) was employed for selection against a model antigen, human N-cadherin, yielding novel scFv clones with low nanomolar monovalent affinities. ScFv clones from both libraries were reformatted into diabodies by restriction enzyme digestion and re-ligation. Size-exclusion chromatography analysis confirmed the proper dimerization of most of the diabodies. In conclusion, these specially designed scFv phage display libraries allow us to rapidly reformat the selected scFvs into diabodies, which can greatly accelerate early stage antibody development when bivalent fragments are needed for candidate screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Li
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Julia Lipianskaya
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, Rm 3C-38, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - James D Marks
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Ave, Rm 3C-38, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Parag Mallick
- Canary Center for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Robert E Reiter
- Department of Urology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anna M Wu
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 570 Westwood Plaza, Box 951770, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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9
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Lin G, Huang H, Liu T, He C, Liu J, Chen S, Hou J, Ren Z, Dong W, Wu Y. A time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for the quantitation of rabies virus nucleoprotein in the rabies vaccine. J Virol Methods 2014; 206:89-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shukra AM, Sridevi NV, Dev Chandran, Kapil Maithal. Production of recombinant antibodies using bacteriophages. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2014; 4:91-8. [PMID: 24883194 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.4.2014.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant antibody fragments such as Fab, scFv, diabodies, triabodies, single domain antibodies and minibodies have recently emerged as potential alternatives to monoclonal antibodies, which can be engineered using phage display technology. These antibodies match the strengths of conventionally produced monoclonal antibodies and offer advantages for the development of immunodiagnostic kits and assays. These fragments not only retain the specificity of the whole monoclonal antibodies but also easy to express and produce in prokaryotic expression system. Further, these antibody fragments are genetically stable, less expensive, easy to modify in response to viral mutations and safer than monoclonal antibodies for use in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This review describes the potential of antibody fragments generated using phage display and their use as diagnostic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Shukra
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - N V Sridevi
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Dev Chandran
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Kapil Maithal
- Indian Immunologicals Limited Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh India
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11
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Neelakantam B, Sridevi NV, Shukra AM, Sugumar P, Samuel S, Rajendra L. Recombinant human antibody fragment against tetanus toxoid produced by phage display. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2014; 4:45-55. [PMID: 24678405 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.4.2014.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display technology is a powerful in vitro method for the identification of specific monoclonal antibodies (antibody fragments) to an antigenic target and allows the rapid generation and selection of high affinity, fully human antibodies directed toward any disease target appropriate for antibody therapy. In the present study, we exploited the phage display technology for the selection of an antigen binding fragment (Fabs) toward tetanus toxoid using human naïve phage antibody library constructed from peripheral blood lymphocytes of naïve human donors. The phages displaying Fab were subjected to three rounds of bio-panning with tetanus toxoid as antigen on a solid phase. The high affinity antibody fragments were expressed in HB2151 strain of Escherichia coli and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. The binding activity and specificity of the antibody fragment was established by its reactivity toward tetanus toxoid and non-reactivity toward other related toxins as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analysis. The selected Fab fragment forming the antigen-binding complexes with the toxoid in flocculation assay indicates that the Fab may have a potential neutralizing ability toward antigen.
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12
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Zhu Y, Zhang T, Zhao J, Weng Z, Yuan Q, Li S, Zhang J, Xia N, Zhao Q. Toward the development of monoclonal antibody-based assays to probe virion-like epitopes in hepatitis B vaccine antigen. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1013-23. [PMID: 24499806 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic vaccines against hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection were produced in different expression systems under different processing conditions. Since the recombinant HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) in these vaccines is a cysteine-rich protein with 14 cysteines among a total of 226 amino acids, the epitopes are dependent on the formation of intra- and intermolecular disulfide bonds. A panel of 22 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were developed and evaluated with respect to their sensitivity to disulfide reduction treatment of recombinant HBsAg. Not surprisingly, different mAbs showed different degree of sensitivity to controlled HBsAg disulfide reduction. With a view to exploring the functionality of anti-HBsAg mAbs to be used in HBsAg quality analysis, in vitro neutralization activity for the mAbs was assessed. One of the mAbs tested, 5F11, which showed high sensitivity to the disulfide integrity in HBsAg, was shown also to be highly effective in neutralizing HBV in vitro. Conversely, 42B6, while exhibiting similar neutralization activity, showed comparable binding HBsAg with or without reduction treatment. Based on these mAb characteristics, a sandwich ELISA with 42B6 being the capture Ab and detection Ab was developed to quantify HBsAg (like a "mass" assay) during antigen bioprocessing or in vaccine products. In parallel, when 5F11 was used as the detection Ab (with the same capture Ab), the assay can be used to probe disulfide-dependent and virion-like epitopes in intermediates or final products of hepatitis B vaccine, serving as a surrogate marker for vaccine efficacy to elicit neutralizing antibodies. This approach enables the comparative epitope specific antigenicity analysis of HBsAg antigen preparations from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Zhu
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; School of Life Sciences; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; School of Life Sciences; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jinghua Zhao
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; School of Life Sciences; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Zusen Weng
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; School of Life Sciences; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Quan Yuan
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Shaowei Li
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; School of Life Sciences; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jun Zhang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; School of Life Sciences; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China; School of Public Health; Xiamen University; Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
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Mani RS, Madhusudana SN. Laboratory diagnosis of human rabies: recent advances. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:569712. [PMID: 24348170 PMCID: PMC3848253 DOI: 10.1155/2013/569712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies, an acute progressive, fatal encephalomyelitis, transmitted most commonly through the bite of a rabid animal, is responsible for an estimated 61,000 human deaths worldwide. The true disease burden and public health impact due to rabies remain underestimated due to lack of sensitive laboratory diagnostic methods. Rapid diagnosis of rabies can help initiate prompt infection control and public health measures, obviate the need for unnecessary treatment/medical tests, and assist in timely administration of pre- or postexposure prophylactic vaccination to family members and medical staff. Antemortem diagnosis of human rabies provides an impetus for clinicians to attempt experimental therapeutic approaches in some patients, especially after the reported survival of a few cases of human rabies. Traditional methods for antemortem and postmortem rabies diagnosis have several limitations. Recent advances in technology have led to the improvement or development of several diagnostic assays which include methods for rabies viral antigen and antibody detection and assays for viral nucleic acid detection and identification of specific biomarkers. These assays which complement traditional methods have the potential to revolutionize rabies diagnosis in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeta Subramaniam Mani
- Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
| | - Shampur Narayan Madhusudana
- Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore 560029, India
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Lee JR, Magee DM, Gaster RS, LaBaer J, Wang SX. Emerging protein array technologies for proteomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2013; 10:65-75. [PMID: 23414360 DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous efforts have been made to understand fundamental biology of diseases based on gene expression. However, the relationship between gene expression and onset of disease often remains obscure. The great advances in protein microarrays allow us to investigate this unclear question through protein profiles, which are regarded as more reliable than gene expressions to serve as the harbinger of disease onset or as the biomarker of disease treatment monitoring. The authors review two relatively new platforms of protein arrays, along with an introduction to the common basis of protein array technologies. Immobilization of proteins on the surface of arrays and neutralizing reactive areas after the immobilization are key practical issues in the field of protein array. One of the emerging protein array technologies is the magneto-nanosensor array, where giant magnetoresistive sensors are used to quantitatively measure the analytes of interest, which are labeled with magnetic nanoparticles. Similar to giant magnetoresistive sensors, several different ways of utilizing magnetic properties for biomolecular detection have been developed and are reviewed here. Another emerging protein array technology is nucleic acid programmable protein arrays, which have thousands of protein features directly expressed by nucleic acids on the array surface. The authors anticipate that these two emerging protein array platforms can be combined to produce synergistic benefits and open new applications in proteomics and clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Rok Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Room 208, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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15
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Smith TG, Ellison JA, Ma X, Kuzmina N, Carson WC, Rupprecht CE. An electrochemiluminescence assay for analysis of rabies virus glycoprotein content in rabies vaccines. Vaccine 2013; 31:3333-8. [PMID: 23742991 PMCID: PMC4568986 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine potency testing is necessary to evaluate the immunogenicity of inactivated rabies virus (RABV) vaccine preparations before human or veterinary application. Currently, the NIH test is recommended by the WHO expert committee to evaluate RABV vaccine potency. However, numerous disadvantages are inherent concerning cost, number of animals and biosafety requirements. As such, several in vitro methods have been proposed for the evaluation of vaccines based on RABV glycoprotein (G) quality and quantity, which is expected to correlate with vaccine potency. In this study an antigen-capture electrochemiluminescent (ECL) assay was developed utilizing anti-RABV G monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to quantify RABV G. One MAb 2-21-14 was specific for a conformational epitope so that only immunogenic, natively folded G was captured in the assay. MAb 2-21-14 or a second MAb (62-80-6) that binds a linear epitope was used for detection of RABV G. Vaccine efficacy was also assessed in vivo using pre-exposure vaccination of mice. Purified native RABV G induced a RABV neutralizing antibody (rVNA) response with a geometric mean titer of 4.2IU/ml and protected 100% of immunized mice against RABV challenge, while an experimental vaccine with a lower quality and quantity of G induced a rVNA titer<0.05IU/ml and protected <50% of immunized mice. These preliminary results support the hypothesis that in vivo immunogenicity may be predicted from the in vitro measurement of RABV G using an ECL assay. Based upon these results, the ECL assay may have utility in replacement of the NIH test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd G Smith
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Silva SR, Katz ISS, Mori E, Carnieli P, Vieira LFP, Batista HBCR, Chaves LB, Scheffer KC. Biotechnology advances: a perspective on the diagnosis and research of Rabies Virus. Biologicals 2013; 41:217-23. [PMID: 23683880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a widespread zoonotic disease responsible for approximately 55,000 human deaths/year. The direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) and the mouse inoculation test (MIT) used for rabies diagnosis, have high sensitivity and specificity, but are expensive and time-consuming. These disadvantages and the identification of new strains of the virus encourage the use of new techniques that are rapid, sensitive, specific and economical for the detection and research of the Rabies Virus (RABV). Real-time RT-PCR, phylogeographic analysis, proteomic assays and DNA recombinant technology have been used in research laboratories. Together, these techniques are effective on samples with low virus titers in the study of molecular epidemiology or in the identification of new disease markers, thus improving the performance of biological assays. In this context, modern advances in molecular technology are now beginning to complement more traditional approaches and promise to revolutionize the diagnosis of rabies. This brief review presents some of the recent molecular tools used for RABV analysis, with emphasis on rabies diagnosis and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Silva
- Pasteur Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhang F, Hu R. A semi-quantitative serological method to assess the potency of inactivated rabies vaccine for veterinary use. Virol Sin 2012; 27:259-64. [PMID: 22899435 PMCID: PMC8218049 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-012-3260-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Potency is one of the most important indexes of inactivated vaccines. A number of methods have been established to assay the potency, of which the NIH test and single-dose mouse protection test are the "prescribed methods". Here, we report a method to semi-quantitatively assay the potency of an inactivated rabies vaccine, which uses fewer animals and takes less time to complete. Depending on the quality requirements of a vaccine (e.g. minimum potency), a rabies reference vaccine is, for example, diluted to the minimum potency, and 50 μL of the dilution is taken to inoculate 10 mice. The same amount of the test rabies vaccine is inoculated into another 10 mice. After two weeks, all mice are bled and serum samples are assayed for viral neutralizing antibody by the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization (FAVN) test. By comparing the median and interquartile range of antibody titers of the reference vaccine with those of the test vaccine, the test vaccine potency can be semi-quantitatively judged as to whether it is in accord with the required quality. The reliability of this method was also confirmed in dogs. The procedure can be recommended for batch potency testing during inactivated rabies vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122 China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Military Veterinary Research Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Changchun, 130122 China
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Nimmagadda SV, Aavula SM, Biradhar N, Sula S, Lingala R, Chandran D, Villuppanoor SA. Development of recombinant single-chain variable fragment against hepatitis A virus and its use in quantification of hepatitis A antigen. Biologicals 2012; 40:299-308. [PMID: 22613789 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display technology has been utilized for identification of specific binding molecules to an antigenic target thereby enabling the rapid generation and selection of high affinity, fully human antibodies directed towards disease target appropriate for antibody therapy. In the present study, single chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv) to hepatitis A virus (HAV) was selected from phage displayed antibody library constructed from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of a vaccinated donor. The variable heavy (V(H)) and light chains (V(L)) were amplified using cDNA as template, assembled into scFv using splicing by overlap extension PCR (SOE PCR) and cloned into phagemid vector as a fusion for display of scFv on bacteriophage. The phage displaying antibody fragments were subjected to three rounds of panning with HAV antigen on solid phase. High affinity antibodies reactive to hepatitis A virus were identified by phage ELISA and cloned into a bacterial expression vector pET20b. The scFv was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) on a nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) agarose column and characterized. The binding activity and specificity of the scFv was established by its non-reactivity towards other human viral antigens as determined by ELISA and immunoblot analysis. The scFv was further used in the development of an in-house IC-ELISA format in combination with a commercially available mouse monoclonal antibody for the quantification of hepatitis A virus antigen in human vaccine preparations. The adjusted r² values obtained by subjecting the values obtained by quantification of the NIBSC standards using the commercial and the in-house ELISA kits by regression analysis were 0.99 and 0.95. 39 vaccine samples were subjected to quantification using both the kits. Regressional statistical analysis through the origin of the samples indicated International Unit (IU) values of 0.0416x and 0.0419x, respectively for the commercial and in-house kit respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridevi V Nimmagadda
- Research and Development Center, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 5000032, India
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Aavula SM, Nimmagadda SV, Biradhar N, Sula S, Chandran D, Lingala R, Villuppanoor SA. Generation and Characterization of an scFv Directed against Site II of Rabies Glycoprotein. BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2011; 2011:652147. [PMID: 22007309 PMCID: PMC3189463 DOI: 10.4061/2011/652147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant antibody phage display technology is a vital tool that facilitates identification of specific binding molecules to a target enabling the rapid generation and selection of high affinity, fully human, or mouse antibody product candidates essentially directed towards disease target appropriate for antibody therapy. In this study, a recombinant single-chain Fv antibody fragment (scFv) A11 was isolated from immune spleen cells obtained from mice immunized with inactivated rabies virus (Pasteur strain) using standard methodology and was characterized for its specificity towards the rabies virus glycoprotein. Epitope mapping using peptide libraries and truncated glycoprotein polypeptides suggested that A11 bound to the antigenic site II of rabies glycoprotein against which a majority of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies are directed. The use of the above technology could, therefore, allow development of scFvs with different specificities against the rabies glycoprotein as an alternative to the more cumbersome protocols used for the development of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukra M Aavula
- Research and Development Center, Indian Immunologicals Limited, Rakshapuram, Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500032, India
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