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Cowling BJ, Okoli GN. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness and Progress Towards a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Drugs 2024:10.1007/s40265-024-02083-8. [PMID: 39167316 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-024-02083-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
At various times in recent decades, surges have occurred in optimism about the potential for universal influenza vaccines that provide strong, broad, and long-lasting protection and could substantially reduce the disease burden associated with seasonal influenza epidemics as well as the threat posed by pandemic influenza. Each year more than 500 million doses of seasonal influenza vaccine are administered around the world, with most doses being egg-grown inactivated subunit or split-virion vaccines. These vaccines tend to have moderate effectiveness against medically attended influenza for influenza A(H1N1) and influenza B, and somewhat lower for influenza A(H3N2) where differences between vaccine strains and circulating strains can occur more frequently due to antigenic drift and egg adaptations in the vaccine strains. Several enhanced influenza vaccine platforms have been developed including cell-grown antigen, the inclusion of adjuvants, or higher antigen doses, to improve immunogenicity and protection. During the COVID-19 pandemic there was unprecedented speed in development and roll-out of relatively new vaccine platforms, including mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines. These new platforms present opportunities to improve protection for influenza beyond existing products. Other approaches continue to be explored. Incremental improvements in influenza vaccine performance should be achievable in the short to medium term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China.
| | - George N Okoli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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2
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Laszlofy C, Fazekas G, Barath Z, Vajo Z. Evaluation of Vaccine Immunogenicity-Correlates to Real-World Protection: Influenza. Viruses 2024; 16:441. [PMID: 38543806 PMCID: PMC10975834 DOI: 10.3390/v16030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent events highlighted that, despite decades of studying vaccine immunogenicity and efforts toward finding correlates of protection, evaluating real-world vaccine efficacy as well as establishing meaningful licensing criteria still represents a significant challenge. In this paper, we review all aspects of influenza vaccine immunogenicity, including animal and human challenge studies, humoral and cellular immunity parameters, and their potential correlation with real-life protection from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Laszlofy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (C.L.); (Z.B.)
| | | | - Zoltan Barath
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (C.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zoltan Vajo
- Department of Family Medicine, Semmelweis University Medical School, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Patra S, Pareek D, Gupta PS, Wasnik K, Singh G, Yadav DD, Mastai Y, Paik P. Progress in Treatment and Diagnostics of Infectious Disease with Polymers. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:287-316. [PMID: 38237146 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In this era of advanced technology and innovation, infectious diseases still cause significant morbidity and mortality, which need to be addressed. Despite overwhelming success in the development of vaccines, transmittable diseases such as tuberculosis and AIDS remain unprotected, and the treatment is challenging due to frequent mutations of the pathogens. Formulations of new or existing drugs with polymeric materials have been explored as a promising new approach. Variations in shape, size, surface charge, internal morphology, and functionalization position polymer particles as a revolutionary material in healthcare. Here, an overview is provided of major diseases along with statistics on infection and death rates, focusing on polymer-based treatments and modes of action. Key issues are discussed in this review pertaining to current challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Patra
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Divya Pareek
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Prem Shankar Gupta
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Kirti Wasnik
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Gurmeet Singh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Desh Deepak Yadav
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Yitzhak Mastai
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Pradip Paik
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi 221005, India
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4
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Low ZY, Wong KH, Wen Yip AJ, Choo WS. The convergent evolution of influenza A virus: Implications, therapeutic strategies and what we need to know. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 5:100202. [PMID: 37700857 PMCID: PMC10493511 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection, more commonly known as the 'cold flu', is an etiological agent that gives rise to recurrent annual flu and many pandemics. Dated back to the 1918- Spanish Flu, the influenza infection has caused the loss of many human lives and significantly impacted the economy and daily lives. Influenza virus can be classified into four different genera: influenza A-D, with the former two, influenza A and B, relevant to humans. The capacity of antigenic drift and shift in Influenza A has given rise to many novel variants, rendering vaccines and antiviral therapies useless. In light of the emergence of a novel betacoronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2, unravelling the underpinning mechanisms that support the recurrent influenza epidemics and pandemics is essential. Given the symptom similarities between influenza and covid infection, it is crucial to reiterate what we know about the influenza infection. This review aims to describe the origin and evolution of influenza infection. Apart from that, the risk factors entail the implication of co-infections, especially regarding the COVID-19 pandemic is further discussed. In addition, antiviral strategies, including the potential of drug repositioning, are discussed in this context. The diagnostic approach is also critically discussed in an effort to understand better and prepare for upcoming variants and potential influenza pandemics in the future. Lastly, this review encapsulates the challenges in curbing the influenza spread and provides insights for future directions in influenza management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ka Heng Wong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wee Sim Choo
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Asatryan MN, Timofeev BI, Shmyr IS, Khachatryan KR, Shcherbinin DN, Timofeeva TA, Gerasimuk ER, Agasaryan VG, Ershov IF, Shashkova TI, Kardymon OL, Ivanisenko NV, Semenenko TA, Naroditsky BS, Logunov DY, Gintsburg AL. [Mathematical model for assessing the level of cross-immunity between strains of influenza virus subtype H 3N 2]. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:252-264. [PMID: 37436416 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The WHO regularly updates influenza vaccine recommendations to maximize their match with circulating strains. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the influenza A vaccine, specifically its H3N2 component, has been low for several seasons. The aim of the study is to develop a mathematical model of cross-immunity based on the array of published WHO hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) data. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, a mathematical model was proposed, based on finding, using regression analysis, the dependence of HAI titers on substitutions in antigenic sites of sequences. The computer program we developed can process data (GISAID, NCBI, etc.) and create real-time databases according to the set tasks. RESULTS Based on our research, an additional antigenic site F was identified. The difference in 1.6 times the adjusted R2, on subsets of viruses grown in cell culture and grown in chicken embryos, demonstrates the validity of our decision to divide the original data array by passage histories. We have introduced the concept of a degree of homology between two arbitrary strains, which takes the value of a function depending on the Hamming distance, and it has been shown that the regression results significantly depend on the choice of function. The provided analysis showed that the most significant antigenic sites are A, B, and E. The obtained results on predicted HAI titers showed a good enough result, comparable to similar work by our colleagues. CONCLUSION The proposed method could serve as a useful tool for future forecasts, with further study to confirm its sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Asatryan
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - B I Timofeev
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - I S Shmyr
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | | | - D N Shcherbinin
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - T A Timofeeva
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | | | - V G Agasaryan
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - I F Ershov
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | | | | | | | - T A Semenenko
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - B S Naroditsky
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - D Y Logunov
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - A L Gintsburg
- National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N.F. Gamaleya
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Martin DE, Cadar AN, Panier H, Torrance BL, Kuchel GA, Bartley JM. The effect of metformin on influenza vaccine responses in nondiabetic older adults: a pilot trial. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:18. [PMID: 37131271 PMCID: PMC10152024 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00343-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with progressive declines in immune responses leading to increased risk of severe infection and diminished vaccination responses. Influenza (flu) is a leading killer of older adults despite availability of seasonal vaccines. Geroscience-guided interventions targeting biological aging could offer transformational approaches to reverse broad declines in immune responses with aging. Here, we evaluated effects of metformin, an FDA approved diabetes drug and candidate anti-aging drug, on flu vaccination responses and markers of immunological resilience in a pilot and feasibility double-blinded placebo-controlled study. RESULTS Healthy older adults (non-diabetic/non-prediabetic, age: 74.4 ± 1.7 years) were randomized to metformin (n = 8, 1500 mg extended release/daily) or placebo (n = 7) treatment for 20 weeks and were vaccinated with high-dose flu vaccine after 10 weeks of treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), serum, and plasma were collected prior to treatment, immediately prior to vaccination, and 1, 5, and 10 weeks post vaccination. Increased serum antibody titers were observed post vaccination with no significant differences between groups. Metformin treatment led to trending increases in circulating T follicular helper cells post-vaccination. Furthermore, 20 weeks of metformin treatment reduced expression of exhaustion marker CD57 in circulating CD4 T cells. CONCLUSIONS Pre-vaccination metformin treatment improved some components of flu vaccine responses and reduced some markers of T cell exhaustion without serious adverse events in nondiabetic older adults. Thus, our findings highlight the potential utility of metformin to improve flu vaccine responses and reduce age-related immune exhaustion in older adults, providing improved immunological resilience in nondiabetic older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique E Martin
- UConn Center On Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, 860-679-8322, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, 860-679-8322, USA
| | - Andreia N Cadar
- UConn Center On Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, 860-679-8322, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, 860-679-8322, USA
| | - Hunter Panier
- UConn Center On Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, 860-679-8322, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Blake L Torrance
- UConn Center On Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, 860-679-8322, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, 860-679-8322, USA
| | - George A Kuchel
- UConn Center On Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, 860-679-8322, USA
| | - Jenna M Bartley
- UConn Center On Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, 860-679-8322, USA.
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030, 860-679-8322, USA.
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Waldock J, Remarque EJ, Zheng L, Ho S, Hoschler K, Neumann B, Sediri-Schön H, Trombetta CM, Montomoli E, Marchi S, Lapini G, Zhou F, Lartey SL, Cox RJ, Facchini M, Castrucci MR, Friel D, Ollinger T, Caillet C, Music N, Palladino G, Engelhardt OG. Haemagglutination inhibition and virus microneutralisation serology assays: use of harmonised protocols and biological standards in seasonal influenza serology testing and their impact on inter-laboratory variation and assay correlation: A FLUCOP collaborative study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155552. [PMID: 37143658 PMCID: PMC10151801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The haemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) and the virus microneutralisation assay (MN) are long-established methods for quantifying antibodies against influenza viruses. Despite their widespread use, both assays require standardisation to improve inter-laboratory agreement in testing. The FLUCOP consortium aims to develop a toolbox of standardised serology assays for seasonal influenza. Building upon previous collaborative studies to harmonise the HAI, in this study the FLUCOP consortium carried out a head-to-head comparison of harmonised HAI and MN protocols to better understand the relationship between HAI and MN titres, and the impact of assay harmonisation and standardisation on inter-laboratory variability and agreement between these methods. Methods In this paper, we present two large international collaborative studies testing harmonised HAI and MN protocols across 10 participating laboratories. In the first, we expanded on previously published work, carrying out HAI testing using egg and cell isolated and propagated wild-type (WT) viruses in addition to high-growth reassortants typically used influenza vaccines strains using HAI. In the second we tested two MN protocols: an overnight ELISA-based format and a 3-5 day format, using reassortant viruses and a WT H3N2 cell isolated virus. As serum panels tested in both studies included many overlapping samples, we were able to look at the correlation of HAI and MN titres across different methods and for different influenza subtypes. Results We showed that the overnight ELISA and 3-5 day MN formats are not comparable, with titre ratios varying across the dynamic range of the assay. However, the ELISA MN and HAI are comparable, and a conversion factor could possibly be calculated. In both studies, the impact of normalising using a study standard was investigated, and we showed that for almost every strain and assay format tested, normalisation significantly reduced inter-laboratory variation, supporting the continued development of antibody standards for seasonal influenza viruses. Normalisation had no impact on the correlation between overnight ELISA and 3-5 day MN formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Waldock
- Influenza Resource Centre, Vaccines, Science Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Edmond J. Remarque
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Lingyi Zheng
- Department of Research and Development, Sanofi, Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | - Sammy Ho
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, UK Health Secruity Agency, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Hoschler
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, UK Health Secruity Agency, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Britta Neumann
- Section for Viral Vaccines, Virology Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | - Hanna Sediri-Schön
- Section for Viral Vaccines, Virology Division, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | - Claudia M. Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Fan Zhou
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sarah L. Lartey
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca J. Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marzia Facchini
- World Health Organisation (WHO) National Influenza Centre, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Castrucci
- World Health Organisation (WHO) National Influenza Centre, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Catherine Caillet
- Department of Research and Development, Sanofi, Marcy L’Etoile, France
| | | | | | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- Influenza Resource Centre, Vaccines, Science Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
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Sawant S, Gurley SA, Overman RG, Sharak A, Mudrak SV, Oguin T, Sempowski GD, Sarzotti-Kelsoe M, Walter EB, Xie H, Pasetti MF, Moody MA, Tomaras GD. H3N2 influenza hemagglutination inhibition method qualification with data driven statistical methods for human clinical trials. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155880. [PMID: 37090729 PMCID: PMC10117676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titers to seasonal influenza strains are important surrogates for vaccine-elicited protection. However, HAI assays can be variable across labs, with low sensitivity across diverse viruses due to lack of standardization. Performing qualification of these assays on a strain specific level enables the precise and accurate quantification of HAI titers. Influenza A (H3N2) continues to be a predominant circulating subtype in most countries in Europe and North America since 1968 and is thus a focus of influenza vaccine research. Methods As a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers (CIVICs) program, we report on the identification of a robust assay design, rigorous statistical analysis, and complete qualification of an HAI assay using A/Texas/71/2017 as a representative H3N2 strain and guinea pig red blood cells and neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor oseltamivir to prevent NA-mediated agglutination. Results This qualified HAI assay is precise (calculated by the geometric coefficient of variation (GCV)) for intermediate precision and intra-operator variability, accurate calculated by relative error, perfectly linear (slope of -1, R-Square 1), robust (<25% GCV) and depicts high specificity and sensitivity. This HAI method was successfully qualified for another H3N2 influenza strain A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016, meeting all pre-specified acceptance criteria. Discussion These results demonstrate that HAI qualification and data generation for new influenza strains can be achieved efficiently with minimal extra testing and development. We report on a qualified and adaptable influenza serology method and analysis strategy to measure quantifiable HAI titers to define correlates of vaccine mediated protection in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal Sawant
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah Anne Gurley
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - R. Glenn Overman
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Angelina Sharak
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah V. Mudrak
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Thomas Oguin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - Marcella Sarzotti-Kelsoe
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Emmanuel B. Walter
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Hang Xie
- Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Marcela F. Pasetti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Center for Human Systems Immunology, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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Nazir S, Kim KH, Kim L, Seo SE, Bae PK, An JE, Kwon OS. Discrimination of the H1N1 and H5N2 Variants of Influenza A Virus Using an Isomeric Sialic Acid-Conjugated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor. Anal Chem 2023; 95:5532-5541. [PMID: 36947869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
There has been a continuous effort to fabricate a fast, sensitive, and inexpensive system for influenza virus detection to meet the demand for effective screening in point-of-care testing. Herein, we report a sialic acid (SA)-conjugated graphene field-effect transistor (SA-GFET) sensor designed using α2,3-linked sialic acid (3'-SA) and α2,6-linked sialic acid (6'-SA) for the detection and discrimination of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the H5N2 and H1N1 viruses. 3'-SA and 6'-SA specific for H5 and H1 influenza were used in the SA-GFET to capture the HA protein of the influenza virus. The net charge of the captured viral sample led to a change in the electrical current of the SA-GFET platform, which could be correlated to the concentration of the viral sample. This SA-GFET platform exhibited a highly sensitive response in the range of 101-106 pfu mL-1, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 101 pfu mL-1 in buffer solution and a response time of approximately 10 s. The selectivity of the SA-GFET platform for the H1N1 and H5N2 influenza viruses was verified by testing analogous respiratory viruses, i.e., influenza B and the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, on the SA-GFET. Overall, the results demonstrate that the developed dual-channel SA-GFET platform can potentially serve as a highly efficient and sensitive sensing platform for the rapid detection of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Nazir
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Lina Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Eun Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Pan Kee Bae
- BioNano Health Guard Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai Eun An
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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10
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Waldock J, Weiss CD, Wang W, Levine MZ, Jefferson SN, Ho S, Hoschler K, Londt BZ, Masat E, Carolan L, Sánchez-Ovando S, Fox A, Watanabe S, Akimoto M, Sato A, Kishida N, Buys A, Maake L, Fourie C, Caillet C, Raynaud S, Webby RJ, DeBeauchamp J, Cox RJ, Lartey SL, Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Montomoli E, Sanz-Muñoz I, Eiros JM, Sánchez-Martínez J, Duijsings D, Engelhardt OG. An external quality assessment feasibility study; cross laboratory comparison of haemagglutination inhibition assay and microneutralization assay performance for seasonal influenza serology testing: A FLUCOP study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1129765. [PMID: 36926342 PMCID: PMC10011125 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction External Quality Assessment (EQA) schemes are designed to provide a snapshot of laboratory proficiency, identifying issues and providing feedback to improve laboratory performance and inter-laboratory agreement in testing. Currently there are no international EQA schemes for seasonal influenza serology testing. Here we present a feasibility study for conducting an EQA scheme for influenza serology methods. Methods We invited participant laboratories from industry, contract research organizations (CROs), academia and public health institutions who regularly conduct hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) assays and have an interest in serology standardization. In total 16 laboratories returned data including 19 data sets for HAI assays and 9 data sets for MN assays. Results Within run analysis demonstrated good laboratory performance for HAI, with intrinsically higher levels of intra-assay variation for MN assays. Between run analysis showed laboratory and strain specific issues, particularly with B strains for HAI, whilst MN testing was consistently good across labs and strains. Inter-laboratory variability was higher for MN assays than HAI, however both assays showed a significant reduction in inter-laboratory variation when a human sera pool is used as a standard for normalization. Discussion This study has received positive feedback from participants, highlighting the benefit such an EQA scheme would have on improving laboratory performance, reducing inter laboratory variation and raising awareness of both harmonized protocol use and the benefit of biological standards for seasonal influenza serology testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Waldock
- Vaccines, Science Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Carol D Weiss
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stacie N Jefferson
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sammy Ho
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Katja Hoschler
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Brandon Z Londt
- hVivo The Queen Mary Bioenterprises (QMB) Innovation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Masat
- hVivo The Queen Mary Bioenterprises (QMB) Innovation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Carolan
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephany Sánchez-Ovando
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Annette Fox
- World Health Organisation (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Akimoto
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aya Sato
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Kishida
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases: Musashi-Murayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amelia Buys
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lorens Maake
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cardia Fourie
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD) of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Jennifer DeBeauchamp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Rebecca J Cox
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sarah L Lartey
- Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Claudia M Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Iván Sanz-Muñoz
- National Influenza Centre of Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (ICSCYL), Edificio Rondilla, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José María Eiros
- National Influenza Centre of Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (ICSCYL), Edificio Rondilla, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Martínez
- National Influenza Centre of Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (ICSCYL), Edificio Rondilla, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Danny Duijsings
- Viroclinics, Clinical Virology Services, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- Vaccines, Science Research & Innovation, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
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11
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Detection Methods for H1N1 Virus. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2610:109-127. [PMID: 36534286 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2895-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus H1N1, a respiratory virus transmitted via droplets and responsible for the global pandemic in 2009, belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, a single-negative-stranded RNA. It possesses glycoprotein spikes neuraminidase (NA), hemagglutinin (HA), and a matrix protein named M2. The Covid-19 pandemic affected the world population belongs to the respiratory virus category is currently mutating, this can also be observed in the case of H1N1 influenza A virus. Mutations in H1N1 can enhance the viral capacity which can lead to another pandemic. This virus affects children below 5 years, pregnant women, old age people, and immunocompromised individuals due to its high viral capacity. Its early detection is necessary for the patient's recovery time. In this book chapter, we mainly focus on the detection methods for H1N1, from traditional ones to the most advance including biosensors, RT-LAMP, multi-fluorescent PCR.
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12
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Antigua KJC, Baek YH, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Kim EH, Oh S, Yoon SW, Kim C, Kim EG, Choi SY, Hong SK, Choi YK, Song MS. Multiple HA substitutions in highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses contributed to the change in the NA subtype preference. Virulence 2022; 13:990-1004. [PMID: 36560870 PMCID: PMC9176248 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2082672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses are predominantly circulating worldwide, with an increasing potential threat of an outbreak in humans. It remains largely unknown how the stably maintained HPAI H5N1 suddenly altered its neuraminidase (NA) to other NA subtypes, which resulted in the emergence and evolution of H5Nx viruses. Here, we found that a combination of four specific amino acid (AA) substitutions (S123P-T156A-D183N- S223 R) in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein consistently observed in the H5Nx markedly altered the NA preference of H5N1 viruses. These molecular changes in H5N1 impaired its fitness, particularly viral growth and the functional activities of the HA and NA proteins. Among the AA substitutions identified, the T156A substitution, which contributed to the NA shift, also dramatically altered the antigenicity of H5N1 viruses, suggesting an occurrence of antigenic drift triggered by selective pressure. Our study shows the importance of how HA and NA complement each other and that antigenic drift in HA can potentially cause a shift in the NA protein in influenza A virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Joy C. Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kon Hong
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS)Center for Study of Emerging and Re-Emerging, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,Young Ki Choi
| | - Min Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Min Suk Song
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13
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Yin R, Thwin NN, Zhuang P, Lin Z, Kwoh CK. IAV-CNN: A 2D Convolutional Neural Network Model to Predict Antigenic Variants of Influenza A Virus. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 19:3497-3506. [PMID: 34469306 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2021.3108971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid evolution of influenza viruses constantly leads to the emergence of novel influenza strains that are capable of escaping from population immunity. The timely determination of antigenic variants is critical to vaccine design. Empirical experimental methods like hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays are time-consuming and labor-intensive, requiring live viruses. Recently, many computational models have been developed to predict the antigenic variants without considerations of explicitly modeling the interdependencies between the channels of feature maps. Moreover, the influenza sequences consisting of similar distribution of residues will have high degrees of similarity and will affect the prediction outcome. Consequently, it is challenging but vital to determine the importance of different residue sites and enhance the predictive performance of influenza antigenicity. We have proposed a 2D convolutional neural network (CNN) model to infer influenza antigenic variants (IAV-CNN). Specifically, we apply a new distributed representation of amino acids, named ProtVec that can be applied to a variety of downstream proteomic machine learning tasks. After splittings and embeddings of influenza strains, a 2D squeeze-and-excitation CNN architecture is constructed that enables networks to focus on informative residue features by fusing both spatial and channel-wise information with local receptive fields at each layer. Experimental results on three influenza datasets show IAV-CNN achieves state-of-the-art performance combining the new distributed representation with our proposed architecture. It outperforms both traditional machine algorithms with the same feature representations and the majority of existing models in the independent test data. Therefore we believe that our model can be served as a reliable and robust tool for the prediction of antigenic variants.
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14
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Guo W, Wu D, Li L, Ding S, Meydani SN. Obesity, rather than high fat diet, exacerbates the outcome of influenza virus infection in influenza-sensitized mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1018831. [PMID: 36337627 PMCID: PMC9631825 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1018831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity is associated with impaired immune function and increased susceptibility to infection. High fat (HF) diet-induced obesity is a commonly used animal model. However, HF diet itself is known to affect immune function and infection. Thus, it is not discernable which one, HF diet or adiposity, is the major contributor to the observed impairment in immunity and susceptibility to infection in HF diet-induced obesity. We hypothesized that obesity is a major contributor to impaired immune function. Methods and results Weight-matched outbred female CD-1 mice (1-mo) were randomly assigned to either a HF (45%) or a low fat (LF, 10%) diet group. Ten week after feeding their respective diets, weight gain in the mice fed the HF diet varied greatly. Thus, based on the average body weight, mice in HF diet group were divided into two sub-groups: HF lean (HF-L) and HF obese (HF-O). After 25-week, mice were immunized with an influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 vaccine and boosted 3-week later. Five week after the booster, mice were infected with influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus, and body weight was recorded daily for 1 month. HF-O mice exhibited significant weight loss after influenza virus challenge compared to LF and HF-L mice while LF and HF-L mice largely maintained their weight to a similar extent. Conclusion Our findings suggest that obesity, rather than HF diet, per se, may impair the efficacy of influenza vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Guo
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Weimin Guo,
| | - Dayong Wu
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lijun Li
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Samuel Ding
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simin Nikbin Meydani
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, JM USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
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15
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Bohn-Goldbaum E, Owen KB, Lee VYJ, Booy R, Edwards KM. Physical activity and acute exercise benefit influenza vaccination response: A systematic review with individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268625. [PMID: 35704557 PMCID: PMC9200169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether the vaccine adjuvant potential of acute exercise is uniform among different populations, e.g., inactive persons, is unknown. This meta-analysis examines influenza vaccine antibody responses and the effect of physical activity, acute exercise, and their interaction. Inclusion criteria comprised randomized controlled trials with acute exercise intervention and influenza vaccination antibody measurements at baseline and 4-6 weeks, and participant baseline physical activity measurement; there were no exclusion criteria. Searching via six databases (Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, and Physiotherapy Evidence) and two clinical registries (WHO and NIH), nine studies were identified and assessed with the Cochrane revised risk-of-bias tool. Data analysis comprised one-stage random-effects generalized linear mixed-effects models with random intercept. Seven of nine identified studies, all of high risk of bias, provided data for 550 included participants. Clinical measures of antibody response tended to be higher in the acute-exercised participants compared to rested controls and physically active compared to inactive. Physical activity significantly increased H1 strain seroconversion (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.69, 95%CI: 1.02-2.82) among all participants and titer response (aOR 1.20, 95%CI: 1.03-1.39) among the acute exercise group. Increasing age frequently reduced immunogenic responses whereas body mass index and sex had little-to-no effect. Adjuvant effects were more pronounced with interventions exercising the same arm in which the vaccination was administered. H1 response was increased by both physical activity and the acute exercise-physical activity interaction. Given the observed modifications by age and the subset analysis suggesting the benefit is more pronounced in older populations, future attention is due for acute exercise-PA interactions to impact vaccination response in the at-risk population of older adults. Further, we identify localized exercise as the likely most-effective protocol and encourage its use to augment the available evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Bohn-Goldbaum
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katherine B Owen
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vivian Y J Lee
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, England
| | - Robert Booy
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kate M Edwards
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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Hendin HE, Lavoie PO, Gravett JM, Pillet S, Saxena P, Landry N, D’Aoust MA, Ward BJ. Elimination of receptor binding by influenza hemagglutinin improves vaccine-induced immunity. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:42. [PMID: 35410323 PMCID: PMC9001741 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00463-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of influenza hemagglutinin (HA) to sialic acid (SA) receptors plays a well-defined role in shaping infection but the impact of such binding on vaccine responses has not yet been explored. We generated a virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine bearing the HA of H1N1 A/California/07/09 that is unable to bind to its α(2,6)-linked SA receptor (H1Y98F-VLP) and compared its immunogenicity and efficacy to a wild-type H1-VLP (H1WT-VLP) in mice. The H1Y98F-VLP elicited significantly stronger and more durable antibody responses (hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization titers) and greater avidity maturation, likely attributable to improved germinal center formation. H1Y98F-VLP also resulted in a robust population of IL-2+TNFα+IFNγ− CD4+ T cells that correlated with antibody responses. Compared to H1WT-VLP vaccination, mice immunized with H1Y98F-VLP had 2.3-log lower lung viral loads and significantly lower pulmonary inflammatory cytokine levels 5 days post-challenge. These findings suggest that abrogation of HA-SA interactions may be a promising strategy to improve the quality and durability of influenza vaccine-induced humoral responses.
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17
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Abbas ME, Chengzhang Z, Fathalla A, Xiao Y. End-to-end antigenic variant generation for H1N1 influenza HA protein using sequence to sequence models. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266198. [PMID: 35344562 PMCID: PMC8959165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing risk of new variants of the influenza A virus is the most significant to public health. The risk imposed from new variants may have been lethal, as witnessed in the year 2009. Even though the improvement in predicting antigenicity of influenza viruses has rapidly progressed, few studies employed deep learning methodologies. The most recent literature mostly relied on classification techniques, while a model that generates the HA protein of the antigenic variant is not developed. However, the antigenic pair of influenza virus A can be determined in a laboratory setup, the process needs a tremendous amount of time and labor. Antigenic shift and drift which are caused by changes in surface protein favored the influenza A virus in evading immunity. The high frequency of the minor changes in the surface protein poses a challenge to identifying the antigenic variant of an emerging virus. These changes slow down vaccine selection and the manufacturing process. In this vein, the proposed model could help save the time and efforts exerted to identify the antigenic pair of the influenza virus. The proposed model utilized an end-to-end learning methodology relying on deep sequence-to-sequence architecture to generate the antigenic variant of a given influenza A virus using surface protein. Employing the BLEU score to evaluate the generated HA protein of the antigenic variant of influenza virus A against the actual variant, the proposed model achieved a mean accuracy of 97.57%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Elsayed Abbas
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Mobile Health Ministry of Education-China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Changsha, China
| | - Zhu Chengzhang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The College of Literature and Journalism, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Mobile Health Ministry of Education-China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Changsha, China
| | - Ahmed Fathalla
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science,Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yalong Xiao
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The College of Literature and Journalism, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Abstract
The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay is a prominent and commonly accepted method used to determine quantitative antibody titers for influenza virus. However, the reproducibility and consistency of this assay may be affected by several factors, including its reliance on biological reagents that are difficult to standardize, such as red blood cells. This report assesses HI assay performance across three accredited, global laboratories when using test virus and a human serum panel aliquoted and distributed from a centrally located reagent stock. The panel of human sera comprised samples with expected low, medium, and high HI titers against two influenza viruses: A/H1N1/California/07/2009 and B/Victoria/Brisbane/60/2008. HI analysis followed a consensus test protocol. Overall, the HI assay reproducibility within each laboratory was high for both influenza strains, with a within-assay run and intraday precision of 100%. Interlab reproducibility was assessed by comparing the geometric mean titer (GMT) of each sample at each laboratory to the consensus GMT of the sample. A/H1N1 had 100% interlab reproducibility, and none of the individual laboratory GMT values exceeded a 2-fold difference compared to the consensus GMT in any tested sample. B/Victoria had an overall reproducibility of 83%. The results demonstrate that with standardization of key reagents and the use of a common protocol by trained staff, the biologically based HI assay can provide similar results between geographically dispersed laboratories. IMPORTANCE Licensure of influenza vaccines relies on the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay as the primary method to determine quantitative functional antibody titers. The HI assay is also widely used for influenza virus surveillance, characterization, and epidemiology studies. However, the HI assay has a notable lack of reproducibility and consistency. If serology results are required from multiple concurrent studies supporting the development and regulatory approval of a product, the testing capacity of any given testing laboratory may be exceeded and data from more than one testing laboratory included in regulatory filings. Thus, understanding the reproducibility of HI assay results over time and between testing laboratories is necessary to support a robust clinical trial serology data set. Our results demonstrate that with standardization of key reagents and use of a common protocol by experienced and trained staff, the biologically based HI assay can provide similar results between geographically dispersed laboratories.
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Zhan W, Hatchette T, Yue F, Liu J, Song H, Zhao H, Betschel S, Ostrowski M. Impaired Memory B-Cell Response to Influenza Immunization in Patients With Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID). Pathog Immun 2022; 6:105-118. [PMID: 34988341 PMCID: PMC8714177 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v6i2.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous primary immunodeficiency characterized by low serum antibody levels and recurrent infections. The cellular response to immunization in patients with CVID has not been fully investigated. In this study, we aimed to characterize vaccination-induced influenza-specific memory B-cell responses in CVID. Methods: Eleven individuals affected with CVID and 9 unaffected control individuals were immunized with the 2010-2011 non-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine. Blood samples were collected on the day of vaccination and at week 8 and week 16 after vaccination, and PBMCs were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. Influenza specific serology was determined using hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization against vaccine antigens. Influenza-specific memory B-cell responses were determined by ELISpot. Results: Individuals with CVID showed wide variability in the frequency of CD19+ B cells in blood. The CVID group had significantly reduced frequencies of CD19+CD27+ memory B cells. Frequencies of circulating T follicular helper (CD4+CXCR5+) cells were similar between those with CVID and healthy controls. In terms of serology, compared to healthy controls, the CVID group overall showed significantly reduced boosting to vaccine antigens by hemagglutination inhibition and microneutralization assays at 8 weeks compared to controls and failed to maintain responses by 16 weeks compared to controls, resulting in a post-vaccination geometric mean titer (GMT) ≥ 40 to strain A/H1N1 in only 27% at 8 weeks, and 22% at 12 weeks for patients with CVID vs 78% and 75%, respectively for healthy controls. In addition, there was a GMT ≥ 40 to A/H3N2 in only 9% at 8 weeks and 22% at 12 weeks for patients with CVID vs 56% and 50%, respectively for healthy controls. Healthy participants showed significant increases in flu-specific IgM-secreting memory B cells after vaccination, whereas patients with CVID showed non-signifi-cant mild increases. Before vaccination, patients with CVID had significantly lower frequencies of background level influenza-specific IgG and IgA memory B cells. Half of the patients with CVID showed an increase in influenza-specific IgG-secreting memory B cells post vaccination, whereas the other half showed none. All control participants exhibited an increase in influenza-specific IgG-secreting B cells. None of the patients with CVID developed influenza-specific IgA memory B-cell response post vaccination, compared to 5/8 in healthy controls. At week 16, the frequency of influenza-specific memory B-cell responses decayed but to non-zero baseline in healthy controls and to zero baseline in patients with CVID. Conclusions: Together, these data demonstrate that patients with CVID respond heterogeneously, but as a group poorly, to non-adjuvanted influenza vaccine, with a subgroup unable to generate influenza-specific memory B-cell responses. No patient with CVID was able to maintain memory response for prolonged periods. Together, our results suggest a defect in Ig class switching and memory B-cell maintenance in patients with CVID during a de novo vaccine immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Todd Hatchette
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Nova Scotia Health Authority, Centre for Vaccinology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1V8, Canada
| | - Fengyun Yue
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Haihan Song
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Hanqi Zhao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Stephen Betschel
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A8, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5B1W8, Canada
| | - Mario Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S1A8, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, Ontario, M5B1W8, Canada
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20
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Dimech W. The Standardization and Control of Serology and Nucleic Acid Testing for Infectious Diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0003521. [PMID: 34319148 PMCID: PMC8404693 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00035-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, the detection of antibodies against infectious disease agents was achieved using test systems that utilized biological functions such as neutralization, complement fixation, hemagglutination, or visualization of binding of antibodies to specific antigens, by testing doubling dilutions of the patient sample to determine an endpoint. These test systems have since been replaced by automated platforms, many of which have been integrated into general medical pathology. Methods employed to standardize and control clinical chemistry testing have been applied to these serology tests. However, there is evidence that these methods are not suitable for infectious disease serology. An overriding reason is that, unlike testing for an inert chemical, testing for specific antibodies to infectious disease agents is highly variable; the measurand for each test system varies in choice of antigen, antibody classes/subclasses, modes of detection, and assay kinetics, and individuals' immune responses vary with time after exposure, individual immune-competency, nutrition, treatment, and exposure to variable circulating sero- or genotypes or organism mutations. Therefore, unlike that of inert chemicals, the quantification of antibodies cannot be standardized using traditional methods. However, there is evidence that the quantification of nucleic acid testing, reporting results in international units, has been successful across many viral load tests. Similarly, traditional methods used to control clinical chemistry testing, such as Westgard rules, are not appropriate for serology testing for infectious diseases, mainly due to variability due to frequent reagent lot changes. This review investigates the reasons why standardization and control of infectious diseases should be further investigated and more appropriate guidelines should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Dimech
- National Serology Reference Laboratory, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Stinson JA, Boopathy AV, Cieslewicz BM, Zhang Y, Hartman NW, Miller DP, Dirckx M, Hurst BL, Tarbet EB, Kluge JA, Kosuda KM. Enhancing influenza vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy through infection mimicry using silk microneedles. Vaccine 2021; 39:5410-5421. [PMID: 34391593 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Traditional bolus vaccine administration leads to rapid clearance of vaccine from lymphoid tissue. However, there is increasing evidence suggesting that the kinetics of antigen delivery can impact immune responses to vaccines, particularly when tailored to mimic natural infections. Here, we present the specific enhancements sustained release immunization confers to seasonal influenza vaccine, including the magnitude, durability, and breadth of humoral responses. To achieve sustained vaccine delivery kinetics, we have developed a microneedle array patch (MIMIX), with silk fibroin-formulated vaccine tips designed to embed in the dermis after a short application to the skin and release antigen over 1-2 weeks, mimicking the time course of a natural influenza infection. In a preclinical murine model, a single influenza vaccine administration via MIMIX led to faster seroconversion, response-equivalence to prime-boost bolus immunization, higher HAI titers against drifted influenza strains, and improved protective efficacy upon lethal influenza challenge when compared with intramuscular injection. These results highlight infection mimicry, achieved through sustained release silk microneedles, as a powerful approach to improve existing seasonal influenza vaccines, while also suggesting the broader potential of this platform technology to enable more efficacious next-generation vaccines and vaccine combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Stinson
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Archana V Boopathy
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian M Cieslewicz
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nickolas W Hartman
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David P Miller
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew Dirckx
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 5600 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Jonathan A Kluge
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kathryn M Kosuda
- Vaxess Technologies, Inc., 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 200, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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22
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Assay Harmonization and Use of Biological Standards To Improve the Reproducibility of the Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay: a FLUCOP Collaborative Study. mSphere 2021; 6:e0056721. [PMID: 34319129 PMCID: PMC8530177 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00567-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay is an established technique for assessing influenza immunity, through measurement of antihemagglutinin antibodies. Improved reproducibility of this assay is required to provide meaningful data across different testing laboratories. This study assessed the impact of harmonizing the HAI assay protocol/reagents and using standards on interlaboratory variability. Human pre- and postvaccination sera from individuals (n = 30) vaccinated against influenza were tested across six laboratories. We used a design of experiment (DOE) method to evaluate the impact of assay parameters on interlaboratory HAI assay variability. Statistical and mathematical approaches were used for data analysis. We developed a consensus protocol and assessed its performance against in-house HAI testing. We additionally tested the performance of several potential biological standards. In-house testing with four reassortant viruses showed considerable interlaboratory variation (geometric coefficient of variation [GCV] range of 50% to 117%). The age, concentration of turkey red blood cells, incubation duration, and temperature were key assay parameters affecting variability. Use of a consensus protocol with common reagents, including viruses, significantly reduced GCV between laboratories to 22% to 54%. Pooled postvaccination human sera from different vaccination campaigns were effective as biological standards. Our results demonstrate that the harmonization of protocols and critical reagents is effective in reducing interlaboratory variability in HAI assay results and that pools of postvaccination human sera have potential as biological standards that can be used over multiple vaccination campaigns. Moreover, the use of standards together with in-house protocols is as potent as the use of common protocols and reagents in reducing interlaboratory variability. IMPORTANCE The hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay is the most commonly used serology assay to detect antibodies from influenza vaccination or influenza virus infection. This assay has been used for decades but requires improved standardization of procedures to provide meaningful data. We designed a large study to assess selected parameters for their contribution to assay variability and developed a standard protocol to promote consistent HAI testing methods across laboratories. The use of this protocol and common reagents resulted in lower levels of variability in results between participating laboratories than achieved using in-house HAI testing. Human sera sourced from vaccination campaigns over several years, and thus including antibody to different influenza vaccine strains, served as effective assay standards. Based on our findings, we recommend the use of a common protocol and/or human serum standards, if available, for testing human sera for the presence of antibodies against seasonal influenza using turkey red blood cells.
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23
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Coyle PK, Gocke A, Vignos M, Newsome SD. Vaccine Considerations for Multiple Sclerosis in the COVID-19 Era. Adv Ther 2021; 38:3550-3588. [PMID: 34075554 PMCID: PMC8169434 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
People with multiple sclerosis (MS) are at risk for infections that can result in amplification of baseline symptoms and possibly trigger clinical relapses. Vaccination can prevent infection through the activation of humoral and cellular immune responses. This is particularly pertinent in the era of emerging novel vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MS disease-modifying therapies (DMTs), which affect the immune system, may impact immune responses to COVID-19 vaccines in people with MS. The objective of this article is to provide information on immune system responses to vaccinations and review previous studies of vaccine responses in people with MS to support the safety and importance of receiving currently available and emerging COVID-19 vaccines. Immunological studies have shown that coordinated interactions between T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system are key to successful generation of immunological memory and production of neutralizing antibodies following recognition of vaccine antigens by innate immune cells. CD4+ T cells are essential to facilitate CD8+ T cell and B cell activation, while B cells drive and sustain T cell memory. Data suggest that some classes of DMT, including type 1 interferons and glatiramer acetate, may not significantly impair the response to vaccination. DMTs-such as sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators, which sequester lymphocytes from circulation; alemtuzumab; and anti-CD20 therapies, which rely on depleting populations of immune cells-have been shown to attenuate responses to conventional vaccines. Currently, three COVID-19 vaccines have been granted emergency use authorization in the USA on the basis of promising interim findings of ongoing trials. Because analyses of these vaccines in people with MS are not available, decisions regarding COVID-19 vaccination and DMT choice should be informed by data and expert consensus, and personalized with considerations for disease burden, risk of infection, and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Coyle
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University Medical Center, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | | | - Megan Vignos
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- US Medical MS Franchise and Interferons, Biogen, 133 Boston Post Rd, Weston, MA, 20493, USA.
| | - Scott D Newsome
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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24
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Sánchez-Cano A, Andrés C, Herance JR, Pumarola T, Antón A, Baldrich E. Detection of Viruses and Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies Using Synthetic Erythrocytes: Toward a Tuneable Tool for Virus Surveillance. ACS Sens 2021; 6:83-90. [PMID: 33427446 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) is a classical method used worldwide in many analytical applications, including pathogen identification, vaccine production monitoring, and detection and characterization of pathogen-neutralizing antibodies (n-Ab). This is also a World Health Organization (WHO) reference method for the global surveillance of influenza viruses, which provides the information needed for the annual reformulation of the flu vaccine. HAI is a simple and inexpensive method that is performed without sophisticated equipment. However, it has to be carried out with fresh red blood cells (RBCs), a highly variable, unstable, and hard to mass-produce reagent, which impairs assay reproducibility. Here, we used the tests employed for influenza surveillance as a model to develop synthrocytes©, a synthetic reagent that could substitute animal erythrocytes in HAI. Contrary to previous examples exploiting sophisticated production paths to generate therapeutic synthetic RBCs, we founded production on the identification of microparticles able to generate different sedimentation patterns when agglutinated or not, which is the main requirement for HAI testing. Upon incorporation of influenza-binding receptors and optimization of production and assay conditions, synthrocytes succeeded in binding influenza A(H1N1) and B viruses as erythrocytes do, but were faster and more stable. Synthrocytes were finally employed in an HAI-like assay to detect the WHO reference reagents for influenza surveillance. Our results show that it is possible to substitute erythrocytes in classical HAI by a highly tuneable and potentially mass-produced synthetic reagent, which should facilitate worldwide HAI standardization with minimal equipment or training requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sánchez-Cano
- Diagnostic Nanotools Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Cristina Andrés
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - José R. Herance
- Medical Molecular Imaging Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Tomás Pumarola
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Andrés Antón
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Respiratory Viruses Unit, Microbiology Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - Eva Baldrich
- Diagnostic Nanotools Group, CIBBIM-Nanomedicine, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona 08035, Spain
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
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25
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Bianculli RH, Mase JD, Schulz MD. Antiviral Polymers: Past Approaches and Future Possibilities. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. Bianculli
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Mase
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Michael D. Schulz
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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26
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Meeting report: Convening on the influenza human viral challenge model for universal influenza vaccines, Part 1: Value; challenge virus selection; regulatory, industry and ethical considerations; increasing standardization, access and capacity. Vaccine 2020; 37:4823-4829. [PMID: 31362819 PMCID: PMC6677912 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In response to global interest in the development of a universal influenza vaccine, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, PATH, and the Global Funders Consortium for Universal Influenza Vaccine Development convened a meeting of experts (London, UK, May 2018) to assess the role of a standardized controlled human influenza virus infection model (CHIVIM) towards the development of novel influenza vaccine candidates. This report (in two parts) summarizes those discussions and offers consensus recommendations. This article (Part 1) covers challenge virus selection, regulatory and ethical considerations, and issues concerning standardization, access, and capacity. Part 2 covers specific methodologic considerations. Current methods for influenza vaccine development and licensure require large costly field trials. The CHIVIM requires fewer subjects and the controlled setting allows for better understanding of influenza transmission and host immunogenicity. The CHIVIM can be used to identify immune predictors of disease for at-risk populations and to measure efficacy of potential vaccines for further development. Limitations to the CHIVIM include lack of standardization, limited access to challenge viruses and assays, lack of consensus regarding role of the CHIVIM in vaccine development pathway, and concerns regarding risk to study participants and community. To address these issues, the panel of experts recommended that WHO and other key stakeholders provide guidance on standardization, challenge virus selection, and risk management. A common repository of well-characterized challenge viruses, harmonized protocols, and standardized assays should be made available to researchers. A network of research institutions performing CHIVIM trials should be created, and more study sites are needed to increase capacity. Experts agreed that a research network of institutions working with a standardized CHIVIM could contribute important data to support more rapid development and licensure of novel vaccines capable of providing long-lasting protection against seasonal and pandemic influenza strains.
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27
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Ciotti JR, Valtcheva MV, Cross AH. Effects of MS disease-modifying therapies on responses to vaccinations: A review. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 45:102439. [PMID: 32769063 PMCID: PMC7395588 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of long-term immunologic memory relies upon humoral and cellular immune responses. Vaccinations aim to stimulate these responses against pathogens. Several studies have evaluated the impact of multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies on immune response to vaccines. Findings from these studies have important implications for people with multiple sclerosis who require vaccination and are using disease-modifying therapies. METHODS Searches using PubMed and other engines were conducted in May 2020 to collect studies evaluating the impact of various disease-modifying therapies on immune responses to vaccination. RESULTS Several studies demonstrated preserved immune responses in people treated with beta-interferons to multiple vaccine types. Limited data suggest vaccine responses to be preserved with dimethyl fumarate treatment, as well. Vaccine responses were reduced to varying degrees in those treated with glatiramer acetate, teriflunomide, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators, and natalizumab. The timing of vaccination played an important role in those treated with alemtuzumab. Humoral vaccine responses were significantly impaired by B cell depleting anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapies, particularly to a neoantigen. Data are lacking on vaccine responses in patients with multiple sclerosis taking cladribine and high-dose corticosteroids. Notably, the majority of these studies have focused on humoral responses, with few examining cellular immune responses to vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Prior investigations into the effects of individual disease-modifying therapies on immune responses to existing vaccines can serve as a guide to expected responses to a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Responses to any vaccination depend on the vaccine type, the type of response (recall versus response to a novel antigen), and the impact of the individual disease-modifying therapy on humoral and cellular immunity in response to that vaccine type. When considering a given therapy, clinicians should weigh its efficacy against MS for the individual patient versus potential impact on responses to vaccinations that may be needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Robert Ciotti
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | - Anne Haney Cross
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Neurology, St. Louis, MO, USA
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28
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Esposito S, Fling J, Chokephaibulkit K, de Bruijn M, Oberye J, Zhang B, Vossen J, Heijnen E, Smolenov I. Immunogenicity and Safety of an MF59-adjuvanted Quadrivalent Seasonal Influenza Vaccine in Young Children at High Risk of Influenza-associated Complications: A Phase III, Randomized, Observer-blind, Multicenter Clinical Trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2020; 39:e185-e191. [PMID: 32404782 PMCID: PMC7360101 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination against seasonal influenza is recommended for all children with a history of medical conditions placing them at increased risk of influenza-associated complications. The immunogenicity and efficacy of conventional influenza vaccines among young children are suboptimal; one strategy to enhance these is adjuvantation. We present immunogenicity and safety data for an MF59-adjuvanted quadrivalent influenza vaccine (aIIV4) in healthy children and those at a high risk of influenza-associated complications, based on the results of a recently completed phase III study. METHODS Children 6 months to 5 years of age (N = 10,644) were enrolled. The study was conducted across northern hemisphere seasons 2013-2014 and 2014-2015. Subjects received either aIIV4 or a nonadjuvanted comparator influenza vaccine. Antibody responses were assessed by hemagglutination inhibition assay against vaccine and heterologous strains. Long-term antibody persistence was assessed (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01964989). RESULTS aIIV4 induced significantly higher antibody titers than nonadjuvanted vaccine in high-risk subjects. aIIV4 antibody responses were of similar magnitude in high-risk and healthy subjects. Incidence of solicited local and systemic adverse events (AEs) was slightly higher in aIIV4 than nonadjuvanted vaccinees, in both the healthy and high-risk groups. Incidence of unsolicited AEs, serious AEs and AEs of special interest were similar for adjuvanted and nonadjuvanted vaccinees in the healthy and high-risk groups. CONCLUSION aIIV4 was more immunogenic than nonadjuvanted vaccine in both the healthy and high-risk study groups. The reactogenicity and safety profiles of aIIV4 and the nonadjuvanted vaccine were acceptable and similar in 6-month- to 5-year-old high-risk and healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- From the Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - John Fling
- Department of Pediatrics, Health Science Center, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Janine Oberye
- Seqirus Netherlands B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Esther Heijnen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
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29
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Kim HM, Kim DY, Kang YM, Cho HK, Lee CH, Choi SH, Lee H, Bae YC, Lee MH, Kang HM. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of clade 2.3.2.1c and clade 2.3.4.4c H5Nx avian influenza antigen bank vaccines in mice, Korea. Vaccine 2020; 38:6080-6087. [PMID: 32732143 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mi Kim
- Avian Influenza Vaccine Research Laboratory, Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Young Kim
- Avian Influenza Vaccine Research Laboratory, Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Myung Kang
- Avian Influenza Vaccine Research Laboratory, Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyu Cho
- Avian Influenza Vaccine Research Laboratory, Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- Avian Influenza Vaccine Research Laboratory, Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Choi
- Avian Influenza Vaccine Research Laboratory, Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunkyoung Lee
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Chan Bae
- Pathologic Diagnostic Laboratory, Animal Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Heon Lee
- Avian Influenza Vaccine Research Laboratory, Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mi Kang
- Avian Influenza Vaccine Research Laboratory, Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Zhang Y, Leung K, Perera RAPM, Lee CK, Peiris JSM, Wu JT. Harnessing the potential of blood donation archives for influenza surveillance and control. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233605. [PMID: 32470010 PMCID: PMC7259782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Many blood donation services around the globe maintain large archives of serum and/or plasma specimens of blood donations which could potentially be used for serologic surveillance and risk assessment of influenza. Harnessing this potential requires robust evidence that the outcomes of influenza serology in plasma, which is rarely used, is consistent with that in serum, which is the conventional choice of specimens for influenza serology. We harvested EDTA-plasma specimens from the blood donation archives of Hong Kong Red Cross Transfusion Services, where EDTA is the type of anticoagulant used for plasma collection, compared their antibody titers and responses to that in serum. Influenza A/H1N1/California/7/2009 and A/H3N2/Victoria/208/2009 were the test strains. Our results showed that antibody titers in 609 matched serum/EDTA-plasma specimens (i.e. obtained from the same donor at the same time) had good agreement inferred by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, the value of which was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.77-0.86) for hemagglutination inhibition assay and 0.95 (95% CI: 0.93-0.96) for microneutralization assay; seroconversion rates (based on hemagglutination inhibition titers) during the 2010 and 2011 influenza seasons in Hong Kong inferred from paired EDTA-plasma were similar to that inferred from paired sera. Our study provided the proof-of-concept that blood donation archives could be leveraged as a valuable source of longitudinal blood specimens for the surveillance, control and risk assessment of both pandemic and seasonal influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kathy Leung
- School of Public Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ranawaka A. P. M. Perera
- Center of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Cheuk-Kwong Lee
- Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, Hospital Authority, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- Center of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Joseph T. Wu
- School of Public Health, WHO Collaborating Center for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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31
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Blakney AK, Zhu Y, McKay PF, Bouton C, Yeow J, Tang J, Hu K, Samnuan K, Grigsby CL, Shattock RJ, Stevens MM. Big Is Beautiful: Enhanced saRNA Delivery and Immunogenicity by a Higher Molecular Weight, Bioreducible, Cationic Polymer. ACS NANO 2020; 14:5711-5727. [PMID: 32267667 PMCID: PMC7304921 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) vaccines are highly advantageous, as they result in enhanced protein expression compared to mRNA (mRNA), thus minimizing the required dose. However, previous delivery strategies were optimized for siRNA or mRNA and do not necessarily deliver saRNA efficiently due to structural differences of these RNAs, thus motivating the development of saRNA delivery platforms. Here, we engineer a bioreducible, linear, cationic polymer called "pABOL" for saRNA delivery and show that increasing its molecular weight enhances delivery both in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that pABOL enhances protein expression and cellular uptake via both intramuscular and intradermal injection compared to commercially available polymers in vivo and that intramuscular injection confers complete protection against influenza challenge. Due to the scalability of polymer synthesis and ease of formulation preparation, we anticipate that this polymer is highly clinically translatable as a delivery vehicle for saRNA for both vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Blakney
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Yunqing Zhu
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Paul F. McKay
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Clément
R. Bouton
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Jonathan Yeow
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Jiaqing Tang
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Kai Hu
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Karnyart Samnuan
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Christopher L. Grigsby
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 65, Sweden
| | - Robin J. Shattock
- Department
of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College
London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, U.K.
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department
of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biomedical
Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 65, Sweden
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32
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Ross TM. Universal Influenza Vaccine Approaches Using Full-Length or Head-Only Hemagglutinin Proteins. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:S57-S61. [PMID: 30715379 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently an unmet need to develop an effective broadly reactive or universal vaccine against influenza viruses capable of conferring protection against both seasonal and prepandemic strains. Influenza vaccines elicit immune responses that are protective against antigenically similar viruses within a subtype. These vaccines elicit antibodies that target the surface viral glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. If there is an antigenic mismatch between these proteins in the influenza vaccines and cocirculating influenza isolates, there is a decrease in the vaccine effectiveness in vaccinated persons. Various novel influenza vaccine candidates are being evaluated in animal studies and clinical human trials. This article focuses on the advantages and potential shortcomings of broadly reactive or universal vaccine candidates based on the hemagglutinin globular head and the thoughts about using this antigen as the basis for future influenza vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens
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33
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Hay JA, Minter A, Ainslie KEC, Lessler J, Yang B, Cummings DAT, Kucharski AJ, Riley S. An open source tool to infer epidemiological and immunological dynamics from serological data: serosolver. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007840. [PMID: 32365062 PMCID: PMC7241836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a flexible, open source R package designed to obtain biological and epidemiological insights from serological datasets. Characterising past exposures for multi-strain pathogens poses a specific statistical challenge: observed antibody responses measured in serological assays depend on multiple unobserved prior infections that produce cross-reactive antibody responses. We provide a general modelling framework to jointly infer infection histories and describe immune responses generated by these infections using antibody titres against current and historical strains. We do this by linking latent infection dynamics with a mechanistic model of antibody kinetics that generates expected antibody titres over time. Our aim is to provide a flexible package to identify infection histories that can be applied to a range of pathogens. We present two case studies to illustrate how our model can infer key immunological parameters, such as antibody titre boosting, waning and cross-reaction, as well as latent epidemiological processes such as attack rates and age-stratified infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A. Hay
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amanda Minter
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kylie E. C. Ainslie
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Lessler
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bingyi Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Derek A. T. Cummings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Kucharski
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Riley
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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34
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Comparison of influenza-specific neutralizing antibody titers determined using different assay readouts and hemagglutination inhibition titers: good correlation but poor agreement. Vaccine 2020; 38:2527-2541. [PMID: 32044163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Determination of influenza-specific antibody titers is commonly done using the hemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) and the viral microneutralization assay (MN). Both assays are characterized by high intra- and inter-laboratory variability. The HAI assay offers little opportunity for standardization. For the MN assay, variability might be due to the use of different assay protocols employing different readouts. We therefore aimed at investigating which of the MN assay readout methods currently in use would be the most suitable choice for a standardized MN assay that could serve as a substitute for the HAI assay. For this purpose, human serum samples were tested for the presence of influenza specific neutralizing antibodies against A/California/7/09 H1N1 (49 sera) or A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (50 sera) using four different infection readout methods for the MN assay (cytopathic effect, hemagglutination, ELISA, RT qPCR) and using the HAI assay. The results were compared by correlation analysis and by determining the level of agreement before and after normalization to a standard serum. Titers as measured by the 4 MN assay readouts showed good correlation, with high Person's r for most comparisons. However, agreement between nominal titers varied with readouts compared and virus strain used. In addition, Pearson's correlation of MN titers with HAI titers was high but agreement of nominal titers was moderate and the average difference between the readings of two assays (bias) was virus strain-dependent. Normalization to a standard serum did not result in better agreement of assay results. Our study demonstrates that different MN readouts result in nominally different antibody titers. Accordingly, the use of a common and standardized MN assay protocol will be crucial to minimize inter-laboratory variability. Based on reproducibility, cost effectiveness and unbiased assessment of results we elected the MN assay with ELISA readout as most suitable for a possible replacement of the HAI assay.
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35
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Ravina, Dalal A, Mohan H, Prasad M, Pundir C. Detection methods for influenza A H1N1 virus with special reference to biosensors: a review. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20193852. [PMID: 32016385 PMCID: PMC7000365 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
H1N1 (Swine flu) is caused by influenza A virus, which is a member of Orthomyxoviridae family. Transmission of H1N1 occurs from human to human through air or sometimes from pigs to humans. The influenza virus has different RNA segments, which can reassert to make new virus strain with the possibility to create an outbreak in unimmunized people. Gene reassortment is a process through which new strains are emerging in pigs, as it has specific receptors for both human influenza and avian influenza viruses. H1N1 binds specifically with an α-2,6 glycosidic bond, which is present in human respiratory tract cells as well as in pigs. Considering the fact of fast multiplication of viruses inside the living cells, rapid detection methods need an hour. Currently, WHO recommended methods for the detection of swine flu include real-time PCR in specific testing centres that take 3-4 h. More recently, a number of methods such as Antigen-Antibody or RT-LAMP and DNA biosensors have also been developed that are rapid and more sensitive. This review describes the various challenges in the diagnosis of H1N1, and merits and demerits of conventional vis-à-vis latest methods with special emphasis on biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravina
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Anita Dalal
- DCR University of Science and Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, Haryana 131039, India
| | - Hari Mohan
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125004, India
| | - C.S. Pundir
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
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36
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Abstract
The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay for influenza A virus has been used since the 1940s. The assay may be utilized to detect or quantify antibodies to influenza A viruses and can be used to characterize differences in antigenic reactivity between influenza isolates. In addition, data from HI assays are routinely used for antigenic cartography, influenza virus surveillance, epidemiology, and vaccine-seed strain selection. For antibody quantification, the HI assay is a fast and inexpensive method; other than a source of red blood cells, no expensive or unusual lab equipment is needed, and results can be obtained within a few hours. Historically, the HI assay has also served as a primary method of subtype identification and is still used widely. However, as gene sequencing technology has evolved to be cheaper and faster, it is replacing the HI assay for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA
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37
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Colmegna I, Useche ML, Rodriguez K, McCormack D, Alfonso G, Patel A, Ramanakumar AV, Rahme E, Bernatsky S, Hudson M, Ward BJ. Immunogenicity and safety of high-dose versus standard-dose inactivated influenza vaccine in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a randomised, double-blind, active-comparator trial. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2020; 2:e14-e23. [PMID: 38258270 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(19)30094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with rheumatoid arthritis have increased risk of seasonal influenza and influenza-related complications but have reduced vaccine immunogenicity. It is unknown whether patients with rheumatoid arthritis would benefit from more immunogenic vaccine formulations. This study investigated the immunogenicity and safety of a high-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-TIV) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared to a standard-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine (SD-QIV). METHODS This study was a treatment-stratified, randomised, double-blind trial to compare the immunogenicity and safety of SD-QIV (15 μg of haemagglutinin [HA] per strain) versus HD-TIV (60 μg of HA per strain) in adults with rheumatoid arthritis who are positive for rheumatoid factor or anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide, or both, recruited during the 2016-17 and 2017-18 influenza seasons at three hospitals affiliated with McGill University (Montreal, QC, Canada). Participants had received treatment for rheumatoid arthritis with conventional or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or biological DMARDs, or combinations of them, were still on treatment at the time of enrolment, and their treatment had not been modified during the 3 months before enrolment. They were stratified into one of three groups according to treatment. Patients who, at enrolment, were taking conventional or targeted synthetic DMARDs (methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, and sulfasalazine) as monotherapy or in combination were stratified to group 1; those who were taking a biological DMARD (anti-tumour necrosis factor or anti-interleukin 6), with or without methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, or sulfasalazine (or a combination thereof) were stratified to group 2; and those who were taking abatacept, tofacitinib, or rituximab, with or without methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine, or sulfasalazine (or a combination thereof) were stratified to group 3. Participants were randomly allocated (1:1) to receive the SD-QIV or HD-TIV vaccine. Randomisation was based on a computer-generated allocation sequence, and participants, investigators, and research nurses responsible for safety assessments were masked to vaccine assignment. The primary outcome was the seroconversion rate (as measured by haemagglutination-inhibition assay) per strain at day 28. Analysis was done in the modified intention-to-treat population, which included all randomly assigned participants for whom seroconversion status was available. Safety was assessed throughout the surveillance period (day 0-186). This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02936180. FINDINGS Between Oct 24, 2016, and Dec 6, 2017, 696 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were invited to participate in the study and 279 were randomly assigned and vaccinated (140 [50%] received SD-QIV and 139 [50%] HD-TIV). 136 patients who received SD-QIV and 138 who received HD-TIV were included in the modified intention-to-treat anaysis. Patients who received HD-TIV were more likely to seroconvert than those who received SD-QIV: the odds ratio was 2·99 (95% CI 1·46-6·11) for seroconversion to strain A/H3N2, 1·95 (1·19-3·22) for seroconversion to strain B/Bris, 3·21 (1·57-6·56) for seroconversion to strain A/H1N1 (in 2016-2017), and 2·44 (1·18-5·06) for seroconversion to strain A/H1N1 (in 2017-2018). Similar results were observed in patients from groups 1 and 2; the number of individuals in group 3 was insufficient to draw conclusions. Local and systemic adverse events were similar in both vaccine groups, no serious adverse events were reported between days 0 and 28 in any group, and neither vaccine increased rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. INTERPRETATION Our data suggest that in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, HD-TIV is safe and more immunogenic than SD-QIV. These results are the first evidence to support the use of the HD-TIV in these patients. FUNDING The Arthritis Society-Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Colmegna
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Mariana L Useche
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Katherine Rodriguez
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Deirdre McCormack
- Department of Medicine, and Vaccine Study Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Giuliana Alfonso
- Department of Medicine, and Vaccine Study Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aakash Patel
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Agnihotram V Ramanakumar
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elham Rahme
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sasha Bernatsky
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Rheumatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Hudson
- Division of Rheumatology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J Ward
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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38
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Keam B, Kang CK, Jun KI, Moon SM, Suh KJ, Lee DW, Ock CY, Kim M, Choi Y, Lim Y, Lee KH, Kim SH, Kim TM, Kim TY, Oh DY, Kim DW, Im SA, Lee JS, Kim ES, Kim HB, Kim NJ, Kim YJ, Park WB, Oh MD. Immunogenicity of Influenza Vaccination in Patients with Cancer Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 71:422-425. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Among prospectively enrolled adult patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs; n = 46) or cytotoxic agents (n = 90), seroprotection and seroconversion rates after seasonal quadrivalent influenza vaccinations were higher with ICI than with cytotoxic chemotherapy. These results support annual influenza vaccinations for cancer patients receiving ICIs.
Clinical Trials Registration clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03590808).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumsuk Keam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kyung Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Il Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Mi Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Koung Jin Suh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Young Ock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Miso Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunhee Choi
- Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojoo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Youn Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seock-Ah Im
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Joong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Don Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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39
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Wong J, Layton D, Wheatley AK, Kent SJ. Improving immunological insights into the ferret model of human viral infectious disease. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 13:535-546. [PMID: 31583825 PMCID: PMC6800307 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferrets are a well-established model for studying both the pathogenesis and transmission of human respiratory viruses and evaluation of antiviral vaccines. Advanced immunological studies would add substantial value to the ferret models of disease but are hindered by the low number of ferret-reactive reagents available for flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Nevertheless, progress has been made to understand immune responses in the ferret model with a limited set of ferret-specific reagents and assays. This review examines current immunological insights gained from the ferret model across relevant human respiratory diseases, with a focus on influenza viruses. We highlight key knowledge gaps that need to be bridged to advance the utility of ferrets for immunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Wong
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Daniel Layton
- CSIRO Health and BiosecurityAustralian Animal Health LaboratoriesGeelongVic.Australia
| | - Adam K. Wheatley
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyPeter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious DiseasesAlfred Hospital and Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVic.Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and TechnologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVic.Australia
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40
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Behzadi MA, Stein KR, Bermúdez-González MC, Simon V, Nachbagauer R, Tortorella D. An Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin-Based Vaccine Platform Enables the Generation of Epitope Specific Human Cytomegalovirus Antibodies. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7020051. [PMID: 31207917 PMCID: PMC6630953 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly prevalent pathogen with ~60%–90% seropositivity in adults. CMV can contribute to organ rejection in transplant recipients and is a major cause of birth defects in newborns. Currently, there are no approved vaccines against CMV. The epitope of a CMV neutralizing monoclonal antibody against a conserved region of the envelope protein gH provided the basis for a new CMV vaccine design. We exploited the influenza A virus as a vaccine platform due to the highly immunogenic head domain of its hemagglutinin envelope protein. Influenza A variants were engineered by reverse genetics to express the epitope of an anti-CMV gH neutralizing antibody that recognizes native gH into the hemagglutinin antigenic Sa site. We determined that the recombinant influenza variants expressing 7, 10, or 13 residues of the anti-gH neutralizing antibody epitope were recognized and neutralized by the anti-gH antibody 10C10. Mice vaccinated with the influenza/CMV chimeric viruses induced CMV-specific antibodies that recognized the native gH protein and inhibited virus infection. In fact, the influenza variants expressing 7–13 gH residues neutralized a CMV infection at ~60% following two immunizations with variants expressing the 13 residue gH peptide produced the highest levels of neutralization. Collectively, our study demonstrates that a variant influenza virus inserted with a gH peptide can generate a humoral response that limits a CMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Kathryn R Stein
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Maria Carolina Bermúdez-González
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- The Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- The Global Health Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Raffael Nachbagauer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Domenico Tortorella
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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41
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Campbell RA, Schwertz H, Hottz ED, Rowley JW, Manne BK, Washington AV, Hunter-Mellado R, Tolley ND, Christensen M, Eustes AS, Montenont E, Bhatlekar S, Ventrone CH, Kirkpatrick BD, Pierce KK, Whitehead SS, Diehl SA, Bray PF, Zimmerman GA, Kosaka Y, Bozza PT, Bozza FA, Weyrich AS, Rondina MT. Human megakaryocytes possess intrinsic antiviral immunity through regulated induction of IFITM3. Blood 2019; 133:2013-2026. [PMID: 30723081 PMCID: PMC6509546 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-09-873984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolving evidence indicates that platelets and megakaryocytes (MKs) have unexpected activities in inflammation and infection; whether viral infections upregulate biologically active, antiviral immune genes in platelets and MKs is unknown, however. We examined antiviral immune genes in these cells in dengue and influenza infections, viruses that are global public health threats. Using complementary biochemical, pharmacological, and genetic approaches, we examined the regulation and function of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), an antiviral immune effector gene not previously studied in human platelets and MKs. IFITM3 was markedly upregulated in platelets isolated from patients during clinical influenza and dengue virus (DENV) infections. Lower IFITM3 expression in platelets correlated with increased illness severity and mortality in patients. Administering a live, attenuated DENV vaccine to healthy subjects significantly increased platelet IFITM3 expression. Infecting human MKs with DENV selectively increased type I interferons and IFITM3. Overexpression of IFITM3 in MKs was sufficient to prevent DENV infection. In naturally occurring, genetic loss-of-function studies, MKs from healthy subjects harboring a homozygous mutation in IFITM3 (rs12252-C, a common single-nucleotide polymorphism in areas of the world where DENV is endemic) were significantly more susceptible to DENV infection. DENV-induced MK secretion of interferons prevented infection of bystander MKs and hematopoietic stem cells. Thus, viral infections upregulate IFITM3 in human platelets and MKs, and IFITM3 expression is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. These observations establish, for the first time, that human MKs possess antiviral functions, preventing DENV infection of MKs and hematopoietic stem cells after local immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Campbell
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Hansjorg Schwertz
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine and
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Eugenio D Hottz
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas and
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jesse W Rowley
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine and
| | | | - A Valance Washington
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Robert Hunter-Mellado
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico-Rio Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Neal D Tolley
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Alicia S Eustes
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Emilie Montenont
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Seema Bhatlekar
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Cassandra H Ventrone
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Kristen K Pierce
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Stephen S Whitehead
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sean A Diehl
- Vaccine Testing Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT
| | - Paul F Bray
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Guy A Zimmerman
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Yasuhiro Kosaka
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Bozza
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas and
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Andrew S Weyrich
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine and
| | - Matthew T Rondina
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT
- Department of Internal Medicine and
- Department of Internal Medicine, George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City, UT
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MF59-adjuvanted seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine: Safety and immunogenicity in young children at risk of influenza complications. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 85S:S18-S25. [PMID: 31051279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the safety and immunogenicity of the MF59-adjuvanted seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (aIIV3; Fluad) in children aged 6 months through 5 years who are at risk of influenza complications. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed to examine unsolicited adverse events (AEs) in an integrated dataset from six randomized clinical studies that compared aIIV3 with non-adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV3). The integrated safety set comprised 10 784 children, of whom 373 (3%) were at risk of influenza complications. RESULTS The at-risk safety population comprised 373 children aged 6 months through 5 years: 179 received aIIV3 and 194 received non-adjuvanted IIV3 (128 subjects received a licensed IIV3). The most important risk factors were respiratory system illnesses (62-70%) and infectious and parasitic diseases (33-39%). During the treatment period, unsolicited AEs occurred in 54% of at-risk children and 55% of healthy children who received aIIV3; of those receiving licensed IIV3, 59% of at-risk and 62% of healthy subjects reported an unsolicited AE. The most common AEs were infections, including upper respiratory tract infection. Serious AEs (SAEs) were reported in <10% of at-risk subjects, and no vaccine-related SAEs were observed. In the immunogenicity subset (involving 103 participants from one study), geometric mean titers (GMTs) were approximately 2- to 3-fold higher with aIIV3 than with IIV3 for all three homologous strains (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B). Seroconversion rates were high for both aIIV3 (79-96%) and IIV3 (83-89%). CONCLUSIONS In young children at risk of influenza complications, aIIV3 was well-tolerated and had a safety profile that was generally similar to that of non-adjuvanted IIV3. Similar to the not-at-risk population, the immune response in at-risk subjects receiving aIIV3 was increased over those receiving IIV3, suggesting aIIV3 is a valuable option in young children at risk of influenza complications.
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Predicting antigenic variants of H1N1 influenza virus based on epidemics and pandemics using a stacking model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207777. [PMID: 30576319 PMCID: PMC6303045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
H1N1 is the earliest emerging subtype of influenza A viruses with available genomic sequences, has caused several pandemics and seasonal epidemics, resulting in millions of deaths and enormous economic losses. Timely determination of new antigenic variants is crucial for the vaccine selection and flu prevention. In this study, we chronologically divided the H1N1 strains into several periods in terms of the epidemics and pandemics. Computational models have been constructed to predict antigenic variants based on epidemic and pandemic periods. By sequence analysis, we demonstrated the diverse mutation patterns of HA1 protein on different periods and that an individual model built upon each period can not represent the variations of H1N1 virus. A stacking model was established for the prediction of antigenic variants, combining all the variation patterns across periods, which would help assess a new influenza strain’s antigenicity. Three different feature extraction methods, i.e. residue-based, regional band-based and epitope region-based, were applied on the stacking model to verify its feasibility and robustness. The results showed the capability of determining antigenic variants prediction with accuracy as high as 0.908 which performed better than any of the single models. The prediction performance using the stacking model indicates clear distinctions of mutation patterns and antigenicity between epidemic and pandemic strains. It would also facilitate rapid determination of antigenic variants and influenza surveillance.
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Jeong JH, Kim EH, Lloren KKS, Kwon JJ, Kwon HI, Ahn SJ, Kim YI, Choi WS, Si YJ, Lee OJ, Han HJ, Baek YH, Song MS, Choi YK, Kim CJ. Preclinical evaluation of the efficacy of an H5N8 vaccine candidate (IDCDC-RG43A) in mouse and ferret models for pandemic preparedness. Vaccine 2018; 37:484-493. [PMID: 30502069 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because H5N1 influenza viruses continuously threaten the public health, the WHO has prepared various clades of H5N1 mock-up vaccines as one of the measures for pandemic preparedness. The recent worldwide outbreak of H5Nx virus which belongs to clade 2.3.4.4 and of which H5N6 subtype belongs and already caused human infection also increases the need of pandemic vaccine for such novel emerging viruses. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy and immunogenicity of an egg-based and inactivated whole-virus H5N8 (IDCDC-RG43A) developed by CDC containing HA and NA gene of the parent virus A/gyrfalcon/Washington/41088-6/2014. Mice vaccinated two times elicited low to moderate antibody titer in varying amount of antigen doses against the homologous H5N8 vaccine virus and heterologous intra-clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 (A/Sichuan/26221/2014) virus. Mice immunized with at least 3.0 µg/dose of IDCDC-RG43A with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant were completely protected from lethal challenge with the mouse-adapted H5N8 (A/Environment/Korea/ma468/2015, maH5N8) as well as cleared the viral replication in tissues including lung, brain, spleen, and kidney. Vaccinated ferrets induced high antibody titers against clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8/H5N6 viruses and the antibody showed high cross-reactivity to clade 2.2 H5N1 but not to clade 1 and 2.3.4 viruses as measured by hemagglutinin inhibition and serum neutralization assays. Furthermore, administration of the vaccine in ferrets resulted in attenuation of clinical disease signs and virus spread to peripheral organs including lung, spleen, and kidney from high dose challenge with maH5N8 virus. The protective and immunogenic characteristic of the candidate vaccine are essential attributes to be considered for further clinical trials as a pre-pandemic vaccine for a potential pandemic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Khristine Kaith S Lloren
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Jung Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jeong Ahn
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Jun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jung Han
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Research & Development Center, Green Cross Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea; Research & Development Center, Green Cross Wellbeing Corporation, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Makarkov AI, Patel AR, Bainov V, Ward BJ. A novel serological assay for influenza based on DiD fluorescence dequenching that is free from observer bias and potentially automatable – A proof of concept study. Vaccine 2018; 36:4485-4493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Clemens EB, van de Sandt C, Wong SS, Wakim LM, Valkenburg SA. Harnessing the Power of T Cells: The Promising Hope for a Universal Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6020018. [PMID: 29587436 PMCID: PMC6027237 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. This has provided hope for the design of a universal vaccine able to prime against diverse influenza virus strains and subtypes. However, multiple hurdles exist for the realisation of a universal T cell vaccine. Overall primary concerns are: extrapolating human clinical studies, seeding durable effective T cell resident memory (Trm), population human leucocyte antigen (HLA) coverage, and the potential for T cell-mediated immune escape. Further comprehensive human clinical data is needed during natural infection to validate the protective role T cells play during infection in the absence of antibodies. Furthermore, fundamental questions still exist regarding the site, longevity and duration, quantity, and phenotype of T cells needed for optimal protection. Standardised experimental methods, and eventually simplified commercial assays, to assess peripheral influenza-specific T cell responses are needed for larger-scale clinical studies of T cells as a correlate of protection against influenza infection. The design and implementation of a T cell-inducing vaccine will require a consensus on the level of protection acceptable in the community, which may not provide sterilizing immunity but could protect the individual from severe disease, reduce the length of infection, and potentially reduce transmission in the community. Therefore, increasing the standard of care potentially offered by T cell vaccines should be considered in the context of pandemic preparedness and zoonotic infections, and in combination with improved antibody vaccine targeting methods. Current pandemic vaccine preparedness measures and ongoing clinical trials under-utilise T cell-inducing vaccines, reflecting the myriad questions that remain about how, when, where, and which T cells are needed to fight influenza virus infection. This review aims to bring together basic fundamentals of T cell biology with human clinical data, which need to be considered for the implementation of a universal vaccine against influenza that harnesses the power of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Carolien van de Sandt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Sook San Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Anderson CS, McCall PR, Stern HA, Yang H, Topham DJ. Antigenic cartography of H1N1 influenza viruses using sequence-based antigenic distance calculation. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:51. [PMID: 29433425 PMCID: PMC5809904 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ease at which influenza virus sequence data can be used to estimate antigenic relationships between strains and the existence of databases containing sequence data for hundreds of thousands influenza strains make sequence-based antigenic distance estimates an attractive approach to researchers. Antigenic mismatch between circulating strains and vaccine strains results in significantly decreased vaccine effectiveness. Furthermore, antigenic relatedness between the vaccine strain and the strains an individual was originally primed with can affect the cross-reactivity of the antibody response. Thus, understanding the antigenic relationships between influenza viruses that have circulated is important to both vaccinologists and immunologists. RESULTS Here we develop a method of mapping antigenic relationships between influenza virus stains using a sequence-based antigenic distance approach (SBM). We used a modified version of the p-all-epitope sequence-based antigenic distance calculation, which determines the antigenic relatedness between strains using influenza hemagglutinin (HA) genetic coding sequence data and provide experimental validation of the p-all-epitope calculation. We calculated the antigenic distance between 4838 H1N1 viruses isolated from infected humans between 1918 and 2016. We demonstrate, for the first time, that sequence-based antigenic distances of H1N1 Influenza viruses can be accurately represented in 2-dimenstional antigenic cartography using classic multidimensional scaling. Additionally, the model correctly predicted decreases in cross-reactive antibody levels with 87% accuracy and was highly reproducible with even when small numbers of sequences were used. CONCLUSION This work provides a highly accurate and precise bioinformatics tool that can be used to assess immune risk as well as design optimized vaccination strategies. SBM accurately estimated the antigenic relationship between strains using HA sequence data. Antigenic maps of H1N1 virus strains reveal that strains cluster antigenically similar to what has been reported for H3N2 viruses. Furthermore, we demonstrated that genetic variation differs across antigenic sites and discuss the implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Anderson
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence at David Smith Center for Immunology and Vaccine Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Patrick R. McCall
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence at David Smith Center for Immunology and Vaccine Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Harry A. Stern
- Center for Integrated Research Computing, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
| | - David J. Topham
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence at David Smith Center for Immunology and Vaccine Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY USA
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Morris DH, Gostic KM, Pompei S, Bedford T, Łuksza M, Neher RA, Grenfell BT, Lässig M, McCauley JW. Predictive Modeling of Influenza Shows the Promise of Applied Evolutionary Biology. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:102-118. [PMID: 29097090 PMCID: PMC5830126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal influenza is controlled through vaccination campaigns. Evolution of influenza virus antigens means that vaccines must be updated to match novel strains, and vaccine effectiveness depends on the ability of scientists to predict nearly a year in advance which influenza variants will dominate in upcoming seasons. In this review, we highlight a promising new surveillance tool: predictive models. Based on data-sharing and close collaboration between the World Health Organization and academic scientists, these models use surveillance data to make quantitative predictions regarding influenza evolution. Predictive models demonstrate the potential of applied evolutionary biology to improve public health and disease control. We review the state of influenza predictive modeling and discuss next steps and recommendations to ensure that these models deliver upon their considerable biomedical promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan H Morris
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Katelyn M Gostic
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Simone Pompei
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Trevor Bedford
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marta Łuksza
- Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Richard A Neher
- Biozentrum, University of Basel and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bryan T Grenfell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Lässig
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - John W McCauley
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Ward BJ, Pillet S, Charland N, Trepanier S, Couillard J, Landry N. The establishment of surrogates and correlates of protection: Useful tools for the licensure of effective influenza vaccines? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:647-656. [PMID: 29252098 PMCID: PMC5861778 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1413518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for a test that can predict vaccine efficacy is an important part of any vaccine development program. Although regulators hesitate to acknowledge any test as a true ‘correlate of protection’, there are many precedents for defining ‘surrogate’ assays. Surrogates can be powerful tools for vaccine optimization, licensure, comparisons between products and development of improved products. When such tests achieve ‘reference’ status however, they can inadvertently become barriers to new technologies that do not work the same way as existing vaccines. This is particularly true when these tests are based upon circularly-defined ‘reference’ or, even worse, proprietary reagents. The situation with inactivated influenza vaccines is a good example of this phenomenon. The most frequently used tests to define vaccine-induced immunity are all serologic assays: hemagglutination inhibition (HI), single radial hemolysis (SRH) and microneutralization (MN). The first two, and particularly the HI assay, have achieved reference status and criteria have been established in many jurisdictions for their use in licensing new vaccines and to compare the performance of different vaccines. However, all of these assays are based on biological reagents that are notoriously difficult to standardize and can vary substantially by geography, by chance (i.e. developing reagents in eggs that may not antigenitically match wild-type viruses) and by intention (ie: choosing reagents that yield the most favorable results). This review describes attempts to standardize these assays to improve their performance as surrogates, the dangers of over-reliance on ‘reference’ serologic assays, the ways that manufacturers can exploit the existing regulatory framework to make their products ‘look good’ and the implications of this long-established system for the introduction of novel influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Ward
- a Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Division , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Medicago Inc , Québec , QC , Canada
| | - Stephane Pillet
- a Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Infectious Diseases Division , Montreal , QC , Canada.,b Medicago Inc , Québec , QC , Canada
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Dunkle LM, Izikson R, Patriarca PA, Goldenthal KL, Muse D, Cox MMJ. Randomized Comparison of Immunogenicity and Safety of Quadrivalent Recombinant Versus Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Healthy Adults 18-49 Years of Age. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:1219-1226. [PMID: 28968871 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seasonal influenza vaccines are transitioning to quadrivalent formulations including the hemagglutinins of influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 and B lineages Yamagata and Victoria. Methods A new quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4) was compared directly with a standard-dose, egg-grown, quadrivalent-inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) for immunogenicity and safety in adults 18-49 years of age. The coprimary endpoints for noninferiority were hemagglutination inhibition seroconversion rates and postvaccination geometric mean titer ratios for each antigen using US regulatory criteria. Reactogenicity solicited for 7 days, other safety events collected for 28 days, and serious or medically attended adverse events collected for 6 months after vaccination comprised the safety evaluation. Results The immunogenicity of RIV4 was comparable to that of IIV4; the coprimary noninferiority criteria were met for 3 antigens, and the antibody responses to the fourth antigen, influenza B/Brisbane/60/2008, were low in each group, making comparisons uninterpretable. Systemic and injection site reactions were mild, transient, and similar in each group, whereas none of the spontaneously reported adverse events, serious or nonserious, were considered related to study vaccine. Conclusions This first head-to-head comparison of recombinant versus inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccines in 18-49 year old adults showed comparable immunogenicity, safety, and tolerability for both vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Derek Muse
- Jean Brown Research, Salt Lake City, Utah
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