1
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Sarker S, Talukder S. Detection of a parvovirus and a beak and feather disease virus genome sequence from rose-ringed parakeet ( Psittacula krameri). Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0032924. [PMID: 39082792 PMCID: PMC11384741 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00329-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study reports a genome of psittaciform chaphamaparvovirus 4 (PsChPV-4) and a beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) detected in fecal materials of rose-ringed parakeet. The genomes of PsChPV-4 and BFDV were 4,304 and 2,009 bp long, respectively, and both genomes possessed a genomic structure consistent with their respective genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- Biomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Saranika Talukder
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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2
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Ko JCK, Choi YWY, Poon ESK, Wyre N, Sin SYW. Prevalence, genotypes, and infection risk factors of psittacine beak and feather disease virus and budgerigar fledgling disease virus in captive birds in Hong Kong. Arch Virol 2024; 169:91. [PMID: 38578455 PMCID: PMC10997714 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV) and budgerigar fledgling disease virus (BFDV) are significant avian pathogens that threaten both captive and wild birds, particularly parrots, which are common hosts. This study involved sampling and testing of 516 captive birds from households, pet shops, and an animal clinic in Hong Kong for PBFDV and BFDV. The results showed that PBFDV and BFDV were present in 7.17% and 0.58% of the samples, respectively. These rates were lower than those reported in most parts of Asia. Notably, the infection rates of PBFDV in pet shops were significantly higher compared to other sources, while no BFDV-positive samples were found in pet shops. Most of the positive samples came from parrots, but PBFDV was also detected in two non-parrot species, including Swinhoe's white-eyes (Zosterops simplex), which had not been reported previously. The ability of PBFDV to infect both psittacine and passerine birds is concerning, especially in densely populated urban areas such as Hong Kong, where captive flocks come into close contact with wildlife. Phylogenetic analysis of the Cap and Rep genes of PBFDV revealed that the strains found in Hong Kong were closely related to those in Europe and other parts of Asia, including mainland China, Thailand, Taiwan, and Saudi Arabia. These findings indicate the presence of both viruses among captive birds in Hong Kong. We recommend implementing regular surveillance for both viruses and adopting measures to prevent contact between captive and wild birds, thereby reducing the transmission of introduced diseases to native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Cheuk Kei Ko
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yannes Wai Yan Choi
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily Shui Kei Poon
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nicole Wyre
- Zodiac Pet & Exotic Hospital, 101A-103A Victoria Centre, 15 Watson Road, Fortress Hill, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon Yung Wa Sin
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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3
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Klukowski N, Eden P, Uddin MJ, Sarker S. Virome of Australia's most endangered parrot in captivity evidenced of harboring hitherto unknown viruses. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0305223. [PMID: 38047696 PMCID: PMC10783009 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03052-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The impact of circulating viruses on the critically endangered, orange-bellied parrot (OBP) population can be devastating. The OBP already faces numerous threats to its survival in the wild, including habitat loss, predation, and small population impacts. Conservation of the wild OBP population is heavily reliant on supplementation using OBPs from a managed captive breeding program. These birds may act as a source for introduction of a novel disease agent to the wild population that may affect survival and reproduction. It is, therefore, essential to monitor and assess the health of OBPs and take appropriate measures to prevent and control the spread of viral infections. This requires knowledge of the existing virome to identify novel and emerging viruses and support development of appropriate measures to manage associated risk. By monitoring and protecting these animals from emerging viral diseases, we can help ensure their ongoing survival and preserve the biodiversity of our planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Klukowski
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Eden
- Wildlife Conservation and Science, Zoos Victoria, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Muhammad Jasim Uddin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Center for Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Subir Sarker
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Shah PT, Wang J, Liu Y, Hussain B, Ma ZH, Wu C, Xing L. The phylogenetic and phylogeographic landscape of the beak and feather disease virus, 1996-2022. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 112:105442. [PMID: 37179036 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), causative agent of Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD), is a highly fatal and widespread virus that infects both the wild and captive Psittaciformes around the world. The BFDV genome is a ssDNA of approximately 2 kb in size, making it among the smallest known pathogenic viruses. Though, the virus is placed in Circoviridae family of the Circovirus genus, there is no classification system on clade and sub-clade level according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and the strains are grouped on the bases of geographic locations. Thus, we provide the latest and robust phylogenetic classification of BFDVs in this study based on full-length genomic sequences, grouping all the available 454 strains detected during 1996-2022 into two distinct clades, e.g., GI and GII. The GI clade is further divided into six sub-clades (GI a-f), while GII into two sub-clades (GII a and b). In addition, the phylogeographic network identified high variability among the BFDV strains, showing several branches, where all the branches are connected to four strains, e.g., BFDV-ZA-PGM-70A-2008-South_Africa (GenBank ID: HM748921.1), BFDV-ZA-PGM-81A-2008-South_Africa (GenBank ID: JX221009.1), BFDV14-2010-Thailand (GenBank ID: GU015021.1) and BFDV-isolate-9IT11-2014-Italy (GenBank ID: KF723390.1). Furthermore, we identified 27 recombination events in the rep (replication-associated protein) and cap (capsid protein) coding regions using the complete genomes of BFDVs. Similarly, the amino acids variability analysis indicated that both the rep and cap regions are highly variable with values exceeding the variability coefficient estimation limit of 1.00, speculating the possible amino acids drift with the emergence of new strains. The findings provided in this study may offer the latest phylogenetic, phylogeographic and evolutionary landscape of the BFDVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pir Tariq Shah
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China.
| | - Behzad Hussain
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Zi-Hui Ma
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China
| | - Changxin Wu
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Li Xing
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi province, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Shanxi University, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China; Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Major Infectious Diseases, 92 Wucheng Road, Taiyuan 030006, China; The Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
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5
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Ahaduzzaman M, Nath C, Hossain MS. Evidence of circulation of beak and feather disease virus in captive psittacine and non-psittacine birds in Bangladesh. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2567-2575. [PMID: 36056957 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is an emerging pathogen in many parts of the world that is responsible for causing beak and feather disease in birds. Since the virus is highly persistent in the environment and spreads by contact, birds raised in captivity are at a high risk of infection. Breeding, trading, and rearing of captive birds are becoming increasingly popular in many countries, including Bangladesh, increasing the risk of BFDV infection. However, it is unknown whether BFDV is circulating in captive birds in Bangladesh. This study was designed to conduct the first pilot survey to test the hypothesis that BFDV is circulating in Bangladesh. Feather samples were collected from 100 birds of 10 psittacine and two non-psittacine species from a breeding flock, three live-bird markets (LBMs), and two household flocks. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the rep gene, together with sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. This study confirmed that BFDV is circulating in Bangladesh, with a positivity rate of 37%. The majority (78.38%) of PCR-positive birds were asymptomatic. The detection rate was higher in birds from the breeding flock (54.05%) than in LBMs (37.84%) and household flocks (8.11%) (P = 0.01). No significant variation was observed when considering the species (P = 0.14) and sex (P = 0.75) of the birds. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the BFDV isolates found in LBMs and household flocks are genetically related to isolates from breeding flocks in the area as well as to many other isolates from different regions of the world. Further research needs to be done to determine the impact of this virus in the wider population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ahaduzzaman
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chattogram, Bangladesh.
| | - Chandan Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chattogram, Bangladesh
| | - Md Saddam Hossain
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Sarker S, Athukorala A, Phalen DN. Genome Sequence of a Beak and Feather Disease Virus from an Unusual Novel Host, Australian Boobook Owl (Ninox boobook). Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0017222. [PMID: 35319253 PMCID: PMC9022591 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00172-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a pathogen of psittacine birds. BFDVs infecting nonpsittacine birds remain largely uncharacterized. We report the genome of a BFDV from a boobook owl (Ninox boobook), a nonpsittacine bird. The genome consisted of 1,993 bp containing two major bidirectionally transcribed open reading frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ajani Athukorala
- Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David N. Phalen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Schubot Exotic Bird Health, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, Texas, USA
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7
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Martens JM, Stokes HS, Berg ML, Walder K, Raidal SR, Magrath MJL, Bennett ATD. Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) prevalence, load and excretion in seven species of wild caught common Australian parrots. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235406. [PMID: 32609774 PMCID: PMC7329075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens pose a major risk to wild host populations, especially in the face of ongoing biodiversity declines. Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) can affect most if not all members of one of the largest and most threatened bird orders world-wide, the Psittaciformes. Signs of disease can be severe and mortality rates high. Its broad host range makes it a risk to threatened species in particular, because infection can occur via spill-over from abundant hosts. Despite these risks, surveillance of BFDV in locally abundant wild host species has been lacking. We used qPCR and haemagglutination assays to investigate BFDV prevalence, load and shedding in seven abundant host species in the wild in south-east Australia: Crimson Rosellas (Platycercus elegans), Eastern Rosellas (Platycercus eximius), Galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus), Sulphur-crested Cockatoos (Cacatua galerita), Blue-winged Parrots (Neophema chrysostoma), Rainbow Lorikeets (Trichoglossus moluccanus) and Red-rumped Parrots (Psephotus haematonotus). We found BFDV infection in clinically normal birds in six of the seven species sampled. We focused our analysis on the four most commonly caught species, namely Crimson Rosellas (BFDV prevalence in blood samples: 41.8%), Sulphur-crested Cockatoos (20.0%), Blue-winged Parrots (11.8%) and Galahs (8.8%). Species, but not sex, was a significant predictor for BFDV prevalence and load. 56.1% of BFDV positive individuals were excreting BFDV antigen into their feathers, indicative of active viral replication with shedding. Being BFDV positive in blood samples predicted shedding in Crimson Rosellas. Our study confirms that BFDV is endemic in our study region, and can inform targeted disease management by providing comparative data on interspecies variation in virus prevalence, load and shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne M. Martens
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Helena S. Stokes
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathew L. Berg
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shane R. Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | | | - Andy T. D. Bennett
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Martens JM, Stokes HS, Berg ML, Walder K, Bennett ATD. Seasonal fluctuation of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) infection in wild Crimson Rosellas (Platycercus elegans). Sci Rep 2020; 10:7894. [PMID: 32398741 PMCID: PMC7217931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding patterns of pathogen emergence can help identify mechanisms involved in transmission dynamics. Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) poses a major threat world-wide to wild and captive parrots. Yet data from wild birds on seasonal fluctuations in prevalence and infection intensity, and thereby the potential high-risk times for virus transmission, have been lacking. We screened wild Crimson Rosellas (Platycercus elegans) for BFDV in blood and cloacal swabs. Prevalence in blood samples and cloacal swabs, as well as viral load varied with Julian date and in blood, were highest after the breeding season. Breeding birds had lower viral load and lower BFDV prevalence in blood than non-breeding birds (10.1% prevalence in breeding vs. 43.2% in non-breeding birds). BFDV prevalence was much higher in younger (<3 years) than older (≥3 years) birds for both blood samples (42.9% vs. 4.5%) and cloacal swabs (56.4% vs. 12.3%). BFDV status in blood and cloacal samples was not correlated within individuals. We show that, at least in P. elegans, BFDV infection seems to occur year-round, with seasonal changes in prevalence and load found in our samples. Our analyses suggest that the seasonal changes were associated primarily with the breeding season. We also discuss age and sex as important predictors of BFDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne M Martens
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia.
| | - Helena S Stokes
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Mathew L Berg
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Andrew T D Bennett
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, VIC, 3216, Australia
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Haddadmarandi MR, Madani SA, Nili H, Ghorbani A. Molecular detection and characterization of beak and feather disease virus in psittacine birds in Tehran, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2018; 19:22-26. [PMID: 29805458 PMCID: PMC5960768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), a member of genus circovirus, is a small, non-enveloped, single stranded DNA virus. Although BFDVs are among the most well studied circoviruses, there is little to no information about BFDVs in Iran. The aim of the present study was to detect and identify BFDV molecules from the birds referred to the avian clinic of The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Iran. A total of 55 DNA samples were extracted from birds from nine different species of the order psittaciformes. A robust conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to detect the rep gene of the virus. Ten out of 55 samples, from four different species, were tested positive for BFDVs in PCR (Melopsittacus undulates (4), Psittacula Krameri (3), Psittacus erithacus (2), Platycercus eximius (1)). Molecular identification of the detected BFDVs was performed based on their rep gene sequences. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Iranian BFDVs from this study were clustered into four genetically distinct clades belonging to different genetic subtypes of BFDVs (L1, N1, T1, and I4). Although the relation between the samples and their related subtypes in the tree are discussed, further studies are needed to elucidate the host specificity and incidence of the BFDVs from different genetic subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Haddadmarandi
- Resident of Avian Disease, Department of Avian Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S. A. Madani
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
| | - H. Nili
- Department of Avian Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A. Ghorbani
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Fogell DJ, Martin RO, Groombridge JJ. Beak and feather disease virus in wild and captive parrots: an analysis of geographic and taxonomic distribution and methodological trends. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2059-74. [PMID: 27151279 PMCID: PMC4947100 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2871-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) has emerged in recent years as a major threat to wild parrot populations and is an increasing concern to aviculturists and managers of captive populations. Pathological and serological tests for screening for the presence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) are a critical component of efforts to manage the disease and of epidemiological studies. Since the disease was first reported in the mid-1970s, screening for BFDV has been conducted in numerous wild and captive populations. However, at present, there is no current and readily accessible synthesis of screening efforts and their results. Here, we consolidate information collected from 83 PBFD- and BFDV-based publications on the primary screening methods being used and identify important knowledge gaps regarding potential global disease hotspots. We present trends in research intensity in this field and critically discuss advances in screening techniques and their applications to both aviculture and to the management of threatened wild populations. Finally, we provide an overview of estimates of BFDV prevalence in captive and wild flocks alongside a complete list of all psittacine species in which the virus has been confirmed. Our evaluation highlights the need for standardised diagnostic tests and more emphasis on studies of wild populations, particularly in view of the intrinsic connection between global trade in companion birds and the spread of novel BFDV strains into wild populations. Increased emphasis should be placed on the screening of captive and wild parrot populations within their countries of origin across the Americas, Africa and Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Fogell
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, UK.
| | - Rowan O Martin
- World Parrot Trust, Glanmor House, Hayle, Cornwall, TR27 4HB, UK.,Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jim J Groombridge
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NZ, UK
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Sarker S, Forwood JK, Ghorashi SA, Peters A, Raidal SR. Beak and feather disease virus genotypes in Australian parrots reveal flexible host-switching. Aust Vet J 2015; 93:471-5. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Sarker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University); Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
| | - JK Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University); Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
| | - SA Ghorashi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University); Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
| | - A Peters
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University); Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
| | - SR Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Charles Sturt University; Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University); Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia
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12
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Sarker S, Ghorashi SA, Swarbrick CM, Khandokar YB, Himiari Z, Forwood JK, Raidal SR. An efficient approach for recombinant expression and purification of the viral capsid protein from beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) in Escherichia coli. J Virol Methods 2015; 215-216:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Molecular Characterization of Genome Sequences of Beak and Feather Disease Virus from the Australian Twenty-Eight Parrot (Barnardius zonarius semitorquatus). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/6/e01255-14. [PMID: 25477410 PMCID: PMC4256191 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01255-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Three complete genomes of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) were recovered from wild twenty-eight parrots (Polytelis anthopeplus monarchoides). The genomes consisted of 1,996 bp with 1,934 identical sites and a typically content stem-loop structure between ORF1 and ORF2. This is the first report of BFDV infection as well as the complete genome sequences for this host species globally.
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14
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Rapid genotyping of beak and feather disease virus using high-resolution DNA melt curve analysis. J Virol Methods 2014; 208:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Characterization of the Whole-Genome Sequence of a Beak and Feather Disease Virus Isolate from a Mallee Ringneck Parrot (Barnardius zonarius barnardi). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/4/e00708-14. [PMID: 25059866 PMCID: PMC4110224 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00708-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) from a wild Australian Mallee ringneck parrot (Barnardius zonarius barnardi) was characterized. The genome consists of 1,995 nucleotides and encodes two major proteins in opposing directions. This is the first evidence of BFDV infectivity and the first complete genome sequence for this novel host.
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Sarker S, Ghorashi SA, Forwood JK, Bent SJ, Peters A, Raidal SR. Phylogeny of beak and feather disease virus in cockatoos demonstrates host generalism and multiple-variant infections within Psittaciformes. Virology 2014; 460-461:72-82. [PMID: 25010272 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses of the highly genetically diverse but antigenically conserved, single-stranded circular, DNA genome of the avian circovirus, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) from cockatoo species throughout Australia demonstrated a high mutation rate for BFDV (orders of magnitude fall in the range of 10(-4) substitutions/site/year) along with strong support for recombination indicating active cross-species transmission in various subpopulations. Multiple variants of BFDV were demonstrated with at least 30 genotypic variants identified within nine individual birds, with one containing up to 7 variants. Single genetic variants were detected in feathers from 2 birds but splenic tissue provided further variants. The rich BFDV genetic diversity points to Australasia as the most likely geographical origin of this virus and supports flexible host switching. We propose this as evidence of Order-wide host generalism in the Psittaciformes characterised by high mutability that is buffered by frequent recombination and slow replication strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subir Sarker
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
| | - Seyed A Ghorashi
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
| | - Stephen J Bent
- Molecular and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Andrew Peters
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
| | - Shane R Raidal
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia; Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
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Whole-Genome Sequence Characterization of a Beak and Feather Disease Virus in a Wild Regent Parrot (Polytelis anthopeplus monarchoides). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2014; 2:2/1/e01243-13. [PMID: 24482518 PMCID: PMC3907733 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01243-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The whole-genome sequence of beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) from a wild Australian regent parrot (Polytelis anthopeplus monarchoides) was characterized. The genome consists of 1,993 bp and has a typical stem-loop structure between open reading frame 1 (ORF1) and ORF2. This is the first evidence of BFDV infection as well as the complete genome sequence for this host species, globally.
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