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Yang C, Li G, Zhang Q, Bai W, Li Q, Zhang P, Zhang J. Histone deacetylase Sir2 promotes the systemic Candida albicans infection by facilitating its immune escape via remodeling the cell wall and maintaining the metabolic activity. mBio 2024; 15:e0044524. [PMID: 38682948 PMCID: PMC11237532 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00445-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylation affects Candida albicans (C. albicans) pathogenicity by modulating virulence factor expression and DNA damage. The histone deacetylase Sir2 is associated with C. albicans plasticity and maintains genome stability to help C. albicans adapt to various environmental niches. However, whether Sir2-mediated chromatin modification affects C. albicans virulence is unclear. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of Sir2 on C. albicans pathogenicity and regulation. Here, we report that Sir2 is required for C. albicans pathogenicity, as its deletion affects the survival rate, fungal burden in different organs and the extent of tissue damage in a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis. We evaluated the impact of Sir2 on C. albicans virulence factors and revealed that the Sir2 null mutant had an impaired ability to adhere to host cells and was more easily recognized by the innate immune system. Comprehensive analysis revealed that the disruption of C. albicans adhesion was due to a decrease in cell surface hydrophobicity rather than the differential expression of adhesion genes on the cell wall. In addition, Sir2 affects the distribution and exposure of mannan and β-glucan on the cell wall, indicating that Sir2 plays a role in preventing the immune system from recognizing C. albicans. Interestingly, our results also indicated that Sir2 helps C. albicans maintain metabolic activity under hypoxic conditions, suggesting that Sir2 contributes to C. albicans colonization at hypoxic sites. In conclusion, our findings provide detailed insights into antifungal targets and a useful foundation for the development of antifungal drugs. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans (C. albicans) is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen and can cause various superficial infections and even life-threatening systemic infections. To successfully propagate infection, this organism relies on the ability to express virulence-associated factors and escape host immunity. In this study, we demonstrated that the histone deacetylase Sir2 helps C. albicans adhere to host cells and escape host immunity by mediating cell wall remodeling; as a result, C. albicans successfully colonized and invaded the host in vivo. In addition, we found that Sir2 contributes to carbon utilization under hypoxic conditions, suggesting that Sir2 is important for C. albicans survival and the establishment of infection in hypoxic environments. In summary, we investigated the role of Sir2 in regulating C. albicans pathogenicity in detail; these findings provide a potential target for the development of antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanglin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiyue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhui Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qingiqng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiye Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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2
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Lass-Flörl C, Kanj SS, Govender NP, Thompson GR, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Govrins MA. Invasive candidiasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2024; 10:20. [PMID: 38514673 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-024-00503-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is an important fungal disease caused by Candida albicans and, increasingly, non-albicans Candida pathogens. Invasive Candida infections originate most frequently from endogenous human reservoirs and are triggered by impaired host defences. Signs and symptoms of invasive candidiasis are non-specific; candidaemia is the most diagnosed manifestation, with disseminated candidiasis affecting single or multiple organs. Diagnosis poses many challenges, and conventional culture techniques are frequently supplemented by non-culture-based assays. The attributable mortality from candidaemia and disseminated infections is ~30%. Fluconazole resistance is a concern for Nakaseomyces glabratus, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida auris and less so in Candida tropicalis infection; acquired echinocandin resistance remains uncommon. The epidemiology of invasive candidiasis varies in different geographical areas and within various patient populations. Risk factors include intensive care unit stay, central venous catheter use, broad-spectrum antibiotics use, abdominal surgery and immune suppression. Early antifungal treatment and central venous catheter removal form the cornerstones to decrease mortality. The landscape of novel therapeutics is growing; however, the application of new drugs requires careful selection of eligible patients as the spectrum of activity is limited to a few fungal species. Unanswered questions and knowledge gaps define future research priorities and a personalized approach to diagnosis and treatment of invasive candidiasis is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, ECMM Excellence Centres of Medical Mycology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Souha S Kanj
- Infectious Diseases Division, and Center for Infectious Diseases Research, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nelesh P Govender
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - George R Thompson
- UC Davis Health Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | | | - Miriam Alisa Govrins
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, ECMM Excellence Centres of Medical Mycology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Naik S, Mohammed A. Consensus Gene Network Analysis Identifies the Key Similarities and Differences in Endothelial and Epithelial Cell Dynamics after Candida albicans Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11748. [PMID: 37511508 PMCID: PMC10380918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial and epithelial cells are morphologically different and play a critical role in host defense during Candida albicans infection. Both cells respond to C. albicans infection by activating various signaling pathways and gene expression patterns. Their interactions with these pathogens can have beneficial and detrimental effects, and a better understanding of these interactions can help guide the development of new therapies for C. albicans infection. To identify the differences and similarities between human endothelial and oral epithelial cell transcriptomics during C. albicans infection, we performed consensus WGCNA on 32 RNA-seq samples by relating the consensus modules to endothelial-specific modules and analyzing the genes connected. This analysis resulted in the identification of 14 distinct modules. We demonstrated that the magenta module correlates significantly with C. albicans infection in each dataset. In addition, we found that the blue and cyan modules in the two datasets had opposite correlation coefficients with a C. albicans infection. However, the correlation coefficients and p-values between the two datasets were slightly different. Functional analyses of the hub of genes from endothelial cells elucidated the enrichment in TNF, AGE-RAGE, MAPK, and NF-κB signaling. On the other hand, glycolysis, pyruvate metabolism, amino acid, fructose, mannose, and vitamin B6 metabolism were enriched in epithelial cells. However, mitophagy, necroptosis, apoptotic processes, and hypoxia were enriched in both endothelial and epithelial cells. Protein-protein interaction analysis using STRING and CytoHubba revealed STAT3, SNRPE, BIRC2, and NFKB2 as endothelial hub genes, while RRS1, SURF6, HK2, and LDHA genes were identified in epithelial cells. Understanding these similarities and differences may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of C. albicans infections and the development of new therapeutic targets and interventional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Naik
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - Akram Mohammed
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
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4
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Watchaputi K, Jayasekara LACB, Ratanakhanokchai K, Soontorngun N. Inhibition of cell cycle-dependent hyphal and biofilm formation by a novel cytochalasin 19,20‑epoxycytochalasin Q in Candida albicans. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9724. [PMID: 37322086 PMCID: PMC10272203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-mediated drug resistance is a key virulence factor of pathogenic microbes that cause a serious global health threat especially in immunocompromised individuals. Here, we investigated the antihyphal and antibiofilm activity of 19,20‑epoxycytochalasin Q (ECQ), a cytochalasin actin inhibitor isolated from medicinal mushroom Xylaria sp. BCC1067 against Candida albicans. Remarkably, 256 µg/ml of ECQ inhibited over 95% of C. albicans hyphal formation after 24 h-treatment. Combined ECQ and lipid-based biosurfactant effectively enhanced the antihyphal activity, lowering required ECQ concentrations. Hyphal fragmentation and reduction of biofilm biomass, shown by SEM and AFM visualization of ECQ-treated biofilms, were well corelated to the reduced metabolic activities of young and 24 h-preformed C. albicans biofilms. Induced intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) also occurred in accompany with the leakage of shrunken cell membrane and defective cell wall at increasing ECQ concentrations. Transcriptomic analyses via RNA-sequencing revealed a massive change (> 1300 genes) in various biological pathways, following ECQ-treatment. Coordinated expression of genes, associated with cellular response to drugs, filamentous growth, cell adhesion, biofilm formation, cytoskeleton organization, cell division cycle, lipid and cell wall metabolisms was confirmed via qRT-PCR. Protein-protein association tool identified coupled expression between key regulators of cell division cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdc19/28) and a gamma-tubulin (Tub4). They coordinated ECQ-dependent hyphal specific gene targets of Ume6 and Tec1 during different phases of cell division. Thus, we first highlight the antihyphal and antibiofilm property of the novel antifungal agent ECQ against one of the most important life-threatening fungal pathogens by providing its key mechanistic detail in biofilm-related fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanrutai Watchaputi
- Excellent Research Laboratory for Yeast Innovation, Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - L A Channa Bhathiya Jayasekara
- Excellent Research Laboratory for Yeast Innovation, Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Khanok Ratanakhanokchai
- Excellent Center of Enzyme Technology and Microbial Utilization, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Nitnipa Soontorngun
- Excellent Research Laboratory for Yeast Innovation, Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
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5
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Shi X, Seidle KA, Simms KJ, Dong F, Chilian WM, Zhang P. Endothelial progenitor cells in the host defense response. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108315. [PMID: 36436689 PMCID: PMC9944665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensive injury of endothelial cells in blood vasculature, especially in the microcirculatory system, frequently occurs in hosts suffering from sepsis and the accompanied systemic inflammation. Pathological factors, including toxic components derived from invading microbes, oxidative stress associated with tissue ischemia/reperfusion, and vessel active mediators generated during the inflammatory response, are known to play important roles in mediating endothelial injury. Collapse of microcirculation and tissue edema developed from the failure of endothelial barrier function in vital organ systems, including the lung, brain, and kidney, are detrimental, which often predict fatal outcomes. The host body possesses a substantial capacity for maintaining vascular homeostasis and repairing endothelial damage. Bone marrow and vascular wall niches house endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). In response to septic challenges, EPCs in their niche environment are rapidly activated for proliferation and angiogenic differentiation. In the meantime, release of EPCs from their niches into the blood stream and homing of these vascular precursors to tissue sites of injury are markedly increased. The recruited EPCs actively participate in host defense against endothelial injury and repair of damage in blood vasculature via direct differentiation into endothelial cells for re-endothelialization as well as production of vessel active mediators to exert paracrine and autocrine effects on angiogenesis/vasculogenesis. In recent years, investigations on significance of EPCs in host defense and molecular signaling mechanisms underlying regulation of the EPC response have achieved substantial progress, which promotes exploration of vascular precursor cell-based approaches for effective prevention and treatment of sepsis-induced vascular injury as well as vital organ system failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Kelly A Seidle
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Kevin J Simms
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Feng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - William M Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH 44272, United States of America.
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6
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Macias-Paz IU, Pérez-Hernández S, Tavera-Tapia A, Luna-Arias JP, Guerra-Cárdenas JE, Reyna-Beltrán E. Candida albicans the main opportunistic pathogenic fungus in humans. Rev Argent Microbiol 2022:S0325-7541(22)00084-0. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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7
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Phan QT, Solis NV, Lin J, Swidergall M, Singh S, Liu H, Sheppard DC, Ibrahim AS, Mitchell AP, Filler SG. Serum bridging molecules drive candidal invasion of human but not mouse endothelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010681. [PMID: 35797411 PMCID: PMC9295963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During hematogenously disseminated candidiasis, blood borne fungi must invade the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels to infect the deep tissues. Although Candida albicans, which forms hyphae, readily invades endothelial cells, other medically important species of Candida are poorly invasive in standard in vitro assays and have low virulence in immunocompetent mouse models of disseminated infection. Here, we show that Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida krusei can bind to vitronectin and high molecular weight kininogen present in human serum. Acting as bridging molecules, vitronectin and kininogen bind to αv integrins and the globular C1q receptor (gC1qR), inducing human endothelial cells to endocytose the fungus. This mechanism of endothelial cell invasion is poorly supported by mouse endothelial cells but can be restored when mouse endothelial cells are engineered to express human gC1qR or αv integrin. Overall, these data indicate that bridging molecule-mediated endocytosis is a common pathogenic strategy used by many medically important Candida spp. to invade human vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh T. Phan
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Norma V. Solis
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Jianfeng Lin
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Marc Swidergall
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Shakti Singh
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Donald C. Sheppard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ashraf S. Ibrahim
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron P. Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Filler
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Allert S, Schulz D, Kämmer P, Großmann P, Wolf T, Schäuble S, Panagiotou G, Brunke S, Hube B. From environmental adaptation to host survival: Attributes that mediate pathogenicity of Candida auris. Virulence 2022; 13:191-214. [PMID: 35142597 PMCID: PMC8837256 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2026037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species are a major cause of invasive fungal infections. While Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis are the most dominant species causing life-threatening candidiasis, C. auris recently emerged as a new species causing invasive infections with high rates of clinical treatment failures. To mimic initial phases of systemic Candida infections with dissemination via the bloodstream and to elucidate the pathogenic potential of C. auris, we used an ex vivo whole blood infection model. Similar to other clinically relevant Candida spp., C. auris is efficiently killed in human blood, but showed characteristic patterns of immune cell association, survival rates, and cytokine induction. Dual-species transcriptional profiling of C. auris-infected blood revealed a unique C. auris gene expression program during infection, while the host response proofed similar and conserved compared to other Candida species. C. auris-specific responses included adaptation and survival strategies, such as counteracting oxidative burst of immune cells, but also expression of potential virulence factors, (drug) transporters, and cell surface-associated genes. Despite comparable pathogenicity to other Candida species in our model, C. auris-specific transcriptional adaptations as well as its increased stress resistance and long-term environmental survival, likely contribute to the high risk of contamination and distribution in a nosocomial setting. Moreover, infections of neutrophils with pre-starved C. auris cells suggest that environmental preconditioning can have modulatory effects on the early host interaction. In summary, we present novel insights into C. auris pathogenicity, revealing adaptations to human blood and environmental niches distinctive from other Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Allert
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Schulz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Philipp Kämmer
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Großmann
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Wolf
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Schäuble
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Gianni Panagiotou
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Unit, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany.,Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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9
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Mu R, Zhang Y, Yan L, Liao Z, Yang Y, Su H, Dong L, Wang C. A "Bridge-Building" Glycan Scaffold Mimicking Microbial Invasion for In Situ Endothelialization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103490. [PMID: 34476850 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The globally high prevalence of peripheral artery diseases poses a pressing need for biomaterials grafts to rebuild vasculature. When implanted, they should promote endothelial cells (ECs) adhesion both profoundly and selectively-but the latter expectation remains unfulfilled. Here, this work is inspired by fungi that invade blood vessels via the "bridge" of galectins that, secreted by ECs, can simultaneously bind carbohydrates on fungal surface and integrin receptors on ECs. A glucomannan decanoate (GMDE) substrate mimicking fungal carbohydrates that highly and preferentially supports ECs adhesion while rejecting several other cell types is designed. Electrospun GMDE scaffolds efficiently sequester endogenous galectin-1-which bridges ECs to the scaffolds as it functions in fungal invasions-and promote blood perfusion in a murine limb ischemic model. Meanwhile, the application of GMDE requires no exogenous pro-angiogenic agents and causes no organ toxicity or adverse inflammation in mice, highlighting its high safety of potential translation. This glycan material, uniquely mimicking a microbial action and harnessing a secreted protein as a "bridge," represents an effective, safe, and different strategy for ischemic vascular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhencheng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Yushun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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10
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Last A, Maurer M, S. Mosig A, S. Gresnigt M, Hube B. In vitro infection models to study fungal-host interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuab005. [PMID: 33524102 PMCID: PMC8498566 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections (mycoses) affect over a billion people per year. Approximately, two million of these infections are life-threatening, especially for patients with a compromised immune system. Fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Candida, Histoplasma and Cryptococcus are opportunistic pathogens that contribute to a substantial number of mycoses. To optimize the diagnosis and treatment of mycoses, we need to understand the complex fungal-host interplay during pathogenesis, the fungal attributes causing virulence and how the host resists infection via immunological defenses. In vitro models can be used to mimic fungal infections of various tissues and organs and the corresponding immune responses at near-physiological conditions. Furthermore, models can include fungal interactions with the host-microbiota to mimic the in vivo situation on skin and mucosal surfaces. This article reviews currently used in vitro models of fungal infections ranging from cell monolayers to microfluidic 3D organ-on-chip (OOC) platforms. We also discuss how OOC models can expand the toolbox for investigating interactions of fungi and their human hosts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Last
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Michelle Maurer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Nonnenplan 2,07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander S. Mosig
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Nonnenplan 2,07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark S. Gresnigt
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology—Hans Knoell Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Neugasse 24, 07743, Jena, Germany
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11
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Strickland AB, Shi M. Mechanisms of fungal dissemination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3219-3238. [PMID: 33449153 PMCID: PMC8044058 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections are an increasing threat to global public health. There are more than six million fungal species worldwide, but less than 1% are known to infect humans. Most of these fungal infections are superficial, affecting the hair, skin and nails, but some species are capable of causing life-threatening diseases. The most common of these include Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. These fungi are typically innocuous and even constitute a part of the human microbiome, but if these pathogens disseminate throughout the body, they can cause fatal infections which account for more than one million deaths worldwide each year. Thus, systemic dissemination of fungi is a critical step in the development of these deadly infections. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of how fungi disseminate from the initial infection sites to the bloodstream, how immune cells eliminate fungi from circulation and how fungi leave the blood and enter distant organs, highlighting some recent advances and offering some perspectives on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley B Strickland
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Meiqing Shi
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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12
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Bojang E, Ghuman H, Kumwenda P, Hall RA. Immune Sensing of Candida albicans. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7020119. [PMID: 33562068 PMCID: PMC7914548 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans infections range from superficial to systemic and are one of the leading causes of fungus-associated nosocomial infections. The innate immune responses during these various infection types differ, suggesting that the host environment plays a key role in modulating the host–pathogen interaction. In addition, C. albicans is able to remodel its cell wall in response to environmental conditions to evade host clearance mechanisms and establish infection in niches, such as the oral and vaginal mucosa. Phagocytes play a key role in clearing C. albicans, which is primarily mediated by Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP)–Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR) interactions. PRRs such as Dectin-1, DC-SIGN, and TLR2 and TLR4 interact with PAMPs such as β-glucans, N-mannan and O-mannan, respectively, to trigger the activation of innate immune cells. Innate immune cells exhibit distinct yet overlapping repertoires of PAMPs, resulting in the preferential recognition of particular Candida morphotypes by them. The role of phagocytes in the context of individual infection types also differs, with neutrophils playing a prominent role in kidney infections, and dendritic cells playing a prominent role in skin infections. In this review, we provide an overview of the key receptors involved in the detection of C. albicans and discuss the differential innate immune responses to C. albicans seen in different infection types such as vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrima Bojang
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.B.); (H.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Harlene Ghuman
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.B.); (H.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Pizga Kumwenda
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.B.); (H.G.); (P.K.)
| | - Rebecca A. Hall
- Kent Fungal Group, Division of Natural Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
- Correspondence:
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Bhattarai K, Bhattarai K, Kabir ME, Bastola R, Baral B. Fungal natural products galaxy: Biochemistry and molecular genetics toward blockbuster drugs discovery. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 107:193-284. [PMID: 33641747 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites synthesized by fungi have become a precious source of inspiration for the design of novel drugs. Indeed, fungi are prolific producers of fascinating, diverse, structurally complex, and low-molecular-mass natural products with high therapeutic leads, such as novel antimicrobial compounds, anticancer compounds, immunosuppressive agents, among others. Given that these microorganisms possess the extraordinary capacity to secrete diverse chemical scaffolds, they have been highly exploited by the giant pharma companies to generate small molecules. This has been made possible because the isolation of metabolites from fungal natural sources is feasible and surpasses the organic synthesis of compounds, which otherwise remains a significant bottleneck in the drug discovery process. Here in this comprehensive review, we have discussed recent studies on different fungi (pathogenic, non-pathogenic, commensal, and endophytic/symbiotic) from different habitats (terrestrial and marines), the specialized metabolites they biosynthesize, and the drugs derived from these specialized metabolites. Moreover, we have unveiled the logic behind the biosynthesis of vital chemical scaffolds, such as NRPS, PKS, PKS-NRPS hybrid, RiPPS, terpenoids, indole alkaloids, and their genetic mechanisms. Besides, we have provided a glimpse of the concept behind mycotoxins, virulence factor, and host immune response based on fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshab Bhattarai
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Keshab Bhattarai
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Md Ehsanul Kabir
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rina Bastola
- Spinal Cord Injury Association-Nepal (SCIAN), Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Bikash Baral
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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14
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Machata S, Sreekantapuram S, Hünniger K, Kurzai O, Dunker C, Schubert K, Krüger W, Schulze-Richter B, Speth C, Rambach G, Jacobsen ID. Significant Differences in Host-Pathogen Interactions Between Murine and Human Whole Blood. Front Immunol 2021; 11:565869. [PMID: 33519798 PMCID: PMC7843371 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine infection models are widely used to study systemic candidiasis caused by C. albicans. Whole-blood models can help to elucidate host-pathogens interactions and have been used for several Candida species in human blood. We adapted the human whole-blood model to murine blood. Unlike human blood, murine blood was unable to reduce fungal burden and more substantial filamentation of C. albicans was observed. This coincided with less fungal association with leukocytes, especially neutrophils. The lower neutrophil number in murine blood only partially explains insufficient infection and filamentation control, as spiking with murine neutrophils had only limited effects on fungal killing. Furthermore, increased fungal survival is not mediated by enhanced filamentation, as a filament-deficient mutant was likewise not eliminated. We also observed host-dependent differences for interaction of platelets with C. albicans, showing enhanced platelet aggregation, adhesion and activation in murine blood. For human blood, opsonization was shown to decrease platelet interaction suggesting that complement factors interfere with fungus-to-platelet binding. Our results reveal substantial differences between murine and human whole-blood models infected with C. albicans and thereby demonstrate limitations in the translatability of this ex vivo model between hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Machata
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sravya Sreekantapuram
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hünniger
- Research Group Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Research Group Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christine Dunker
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Katja Schubert
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Wibke Krüger
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bianca Schulze-Richter
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Speth
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Günter Rambach
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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15
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Nader D, Curley GF, Kerrigan SW. A new perspective in sepsis treatment: could RGD-dependent integrins be novel targets? Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:2317-2325. [PMID: 33035665 PMCID: PMC7537604 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by the response of the body to an infection, and has recently been regarded as a global health priority because of the lack of effective treatments available. Vascular endothelial cells have a crucial role in sepsis and are believed to be a major target of pathogens during the early stages of infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that common sepsis pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, all contain a critical integrin recognition motif, Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD), in their major cell wall-exposed proteins that might act as ligands to crosslink to vascular endothelial cells, triggering systemic dysregulation resulting in sepsis. In this review, we discuss the potential of anti-integrin therapy in the treatment of sepsis and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Nader
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland; Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gerard F Curley
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven W Kerrigan
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland; Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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16
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Survival Strategies of Pathogenic Candida Species in Human Blood Show Independent and Specific Adaptations. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02435-20. [PMID: 33024045 PMCID: PMC7542370 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02435-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure their survival, pathogens have to adapt immediately to new environments in their hosts, for example, during the transition from the gut to the bloodstream. Here, we investigated the basis of this adaptation in a group of fungal species which are among the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections, the Candida species. On the basis of a human whole-blood infection model, we studied which genes and processes are active over the course of an infection in both the host and four different Candida pathogens. Remarkably, we found that, while the human host response during the early phase of infection is predominantly uniform, the pathogens pursue largely individual strategies and each one regulates genes involved in largely disparate processes in the blood. Our results reveal that C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis all have developed individual strategies for survival in the host. This indicates that their pathogenicity in humans has evolved several times independently and that genes which are central for survival in the host for one species may be irrelevant in another. Only four species, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis, together account for about 90% of all Candida bloodstream infections and are among the most common causes of invasive fungal infections of humans. However, virulence potential varies among these species, and the phylogenetic tree reveals that their pathogenicity may have emerged several times independently during evolution. We therefore tested these four species in a human whole-blood infection model to determine, via comprehensive dual-species RNA-sequencing analyses, which fungal infection strategies are conserved and which are recent evolutionary developments. The ex vivo infection progressed from initial immune cell interactions to nearly complete killing of all fungal cells. During the course of infection, we characterized important parameters of pathogen-host interactions, such as fungal survival, types of interacting immune cells, and cytokine release. On the transcriptional level, we obtained a predominantly uniform and species-independent human response governed by a strong upregulation of proinflammatory processes, which was downregulated at later time points after most of the fungal cells were killed. In stark contrast, we observed that the different fungal species pursued predominantly individual strategies and showed significantly different global transcriptome patterns. Among other findings, our functional analyses revealed that the fungal species relied on different metabolic pathways and virulence factors to survive the host-imposed stress. These data show that adaptation of Candida species as a response to the host is not a phylogenetic trait, but rather has likely evolved independently as a prerequisite to cause human infections.
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17
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Scherer AK, Blair BA, Park J, Seman BG, Kelley JB, Wheeler RT. Redundant Trojan horse and endothelial-circulatory mechanisms for host-mediated spread of Candida albicans yeast. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008414. [PMID: 32776983 PMCID: PMC7447064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The host innate immune system has developed elegant processes for the detection and clearance of invasive fungal pathogens. These strategies may also aid in the spread of pathogens in vivo, although technical limitations have previously hindered our ability to view the host innate immune and endothelial cells to probe their roles in spreading disease. Here, we have leveraged zebrafish larvae as a model to view the interactions of these host processes with the fungal pathogen Candida albicans in vivo. We examined three potential host-mediated mechanisms of fungal spread: movement inside phagocytes in a "Trojan Horse" mechanism, inflammation-assisted spread, and endothelial barrier passage. Utilizing both chemical and genetic tools, we systematically tested the loss of neutrophils and macrophages and the loss of blood flow on yeast cell spread. Both neutrophils and macrophages respond to yeast-locked and wild type C. albicans in our model and time-lapse imaging revealed that macrophages can support yeast spread in a "Trojan Horse" mechanism. Surprisingly, loss of immune cells or inflammation does not alter dissemination dynamics. On the other hand, when blood flow is blocked, yeast can cross into blood vessels but they are limited in how far they travel. Blockade of both phagocytes and circulation reduces rates of dissemination and significantly limits the distance of fungal spread from the infection site. Together, this data suggests a redundant two-step process whereby (1) yeast cross the endothelium inside phagocytes or via direct uptake, and then (2) they utilize blood flow or phagocytes to travel to distant sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison K. Scherer
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Bailey A. Blair
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Jieun Park
- Department of Cell Biology and Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brittany G. Seman
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Joshua B. Kelley
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
| | - Robert T. Wheeler
- Department of Molecular & Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, United States of America
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18
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Vera‐González N, Bailey‐Hytholt CM, Langlois L, Camargo Ribeiro F, Souza Santos EL, Junqueira JC, Shukla A. Anidulafungin liposome nanoparticles exhibit antifungal activity against planktonic and biofilm
Candida albicans. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:2263-2276. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Noel Vera‐González
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Christina M. Bailey‐Hytholt
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Luc Langlois
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
| | - Felipe Camargo Ribeiro
- Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP) São Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | - Anita Shukla
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University Providence Rhode Island USA
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19
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The Als3 Cell Wall Adhesin Plays a Critical Role in Human Serum Amyloid A1-Induced Cell Death and Aggregation in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00024-20. [PMID: 32205353 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00024-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides and proteins play critical roles in the host defense against invading pathogens. We recently discovered that recombinantly expressed human and mouse serum amyloid A1 (rhSAA1 and rmSAA1, respectively) proteins have potent antifungal activities against the major human fungal pathogen Candida albicans At high concentrations, rhSAA1 disrupts C. albicans membrane integrity and induces rapid fungal cell death. In the present study, we find that rhSAA1 promotes cell aggregation and targets the C. albicans cell wall adhesin Als3. Inactivation of ALS3 in C. albicans leads to a striking decrease in cell aggregation and cell death upon rhSAA1 treatment, suggesting that Als3 plays a critical role in SAA1 sensing. We further demonstrate that deletion of the transcriptional regulators controlling the expression of ALS3, such as AHR1, BCR1, and EFG1, in C. albicans results in similar effects to that of the als3/als3 mutant upon rhSAA1 treatment. Global gene expression profiling indicates that rhSAA1 has a discernible impact on the expression of cell wall- and metabolism-related genes, suggesting that rhSAA1 treatment could lead to a nutrient starvation effect on C. albicans cells.
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20
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Swidergall M, Khalaji M, Solis NV, Moyes DL, Drummond RA, Hube B, Lionakis MS, Murdoch C, Filler SG, Naglik JR. Candidalysin Is Required for Neutrophil Recruitment and Virulence During Systemic Candida albicans Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:1477-1488. [PMID: 31401652 PMCID: PMC6761979 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candidalysin is a cytolytic peptide toxin secreted by Candida albicans hyphae and has significantly advanced our understanding of fungal pathogenesis. Candidalysin is critical for mucosal C albicans infections and is known to activate epithelial cells to induce downstream innate immune responses that are associated with protection or immunopathology during oral or vaginal infections. Furthermore, candidalysin activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and causes cytolysis in mononuclear phagocytes. However, the role of candidalysin in driving systemic infections is unknown. METHODS In this study, using candidalysin-producing and candidalysin-deficient C albicans strains, we show that candidalysin activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and chemokine secretion in endothelial cells in vitro. RESULTS Candidalysin induces immune activation and neutrophil recruitment in vivo, and it promotes mortality in zebrafish and murine models of systemic fungal infection. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate a key role for candidalysin in neutrophil recruitment and fungal virulence during disseminated systemic C albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Swidergall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Mina Khalaji
- School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Present Affiliation: Department of Metabolic and Vascular Physiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Norma V Solis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - David L Moyes
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A Drummond
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Present Affiliation: Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans Knoell Institute), Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Craig Murdoch
- School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Scott G Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom
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21
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Swidergall M. Candida albicans at Host Barrier Sites: Pattern Recognition Receptors and Beyond. Pathogens 2019; 8:E40. [PMID: 30934602 PMCID: PMC6471378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, fungal infections have emerged as a growing threat to human health. Although the human body is at potential risk, various body sites host several commensal fungal species, including Candida albicans. In healthy individuals, C. albicans colonizes different mucosal surfaces without causing harm, while under diverse circumstances the fungus can proliferate and cause disease. In this context, the understanding of host⁻C. albicans interactions in health and during infection may lead to novel therapeutic approaches. Importantly, host cells express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which sense conserved fungal structures and orchestrate innate immune responses. Herein, important findings on the topic of the recognition of C. albicans at host barrier sites are discussed. This review briefly summarizes the importance and functions of myeloid PRRs, reviews the fungal recognition and biology of stromal cells, and highlights important C. albicans virulence attributes during site-specific proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Swidergall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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22
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Candida albicans Morphology-Dependent Host FGF-2 Response as a Potential Therapeutic Target. J Fungi (Basel) 2019; 5:jof5010022. [PMID: 30841504 PMCID: PMC6462958 DOI: 10.3390/jof5010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis mediated by proteins such as Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2) is a vital component of normal physiological processes and has also been implicated in contributing to the disease state associated with various microbial infections. Previous studies by our group and others have shown that Candida albicans, a common agent of candidiasis, induces FGF-2 secretion in vitro and angiogenesis in brains and kidneys during systemic infections. However, the underlying mechanism(s) via which the fungus increases FGF-2 production and the role(s) that FGF-2/angiogenesis plays in C. albicans disease remain unknown. Here we show, for the first time, that C. albicans hyphae (and not yeast cells) increase the FGF-2 response in human endothelial cells. Moreover, Candidalysin, a toxin secreted exclusively by C. albicans in the hyphal state, is required to induce this response. Our in vivo studies show that in the systemic C. albicans infection model, mice treated with FGF-2 exhibit significantly higher mortality rates when compared to untreated mice not given the angiogenic growth factor. Even treatment with fluconazole could not fully rescue infected animals that were administered FGF-2. Our data suggest that the increase of FGF-2 production/angiogenesis induced by Candidalysin contributes to the pathogenicity of C. albicans.
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23
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The Effects of Mentha × piperita Essential Oil on C. albicans Growth, Transition, Biofilm Formation, and the Expression of Secreted Aspartyl Proteinases Genes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8010010. [PMID: 30704020 PMCID: PMC6466576 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in resistance and changes in the spectrum of Candida infections have generated enormous interest in developing new antifungal drugs using natural molecules such as plant essential oils (EOs). Antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms has been reported for EOs. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of Mentha × piperita essential oil (EO) on C. albicans growth, transition (change from blastospore to hyphae forms), and biofilm formation as well as on the expression of certain virulent genes. We show that whole EO and its vapor attenuated the yeast’s growth, compared to that in the control. The effect of the EO was comparable to that of amphotericin-B (AmB). The EO and its vapor significantly decreased the morphological changes of C. albicans, reduced biofilm formation, and disrupted mature C. albicans biofilms. The effect produced by whole EO on biofilm formation/disruption was notably comparable to that observed with AmB. Exposure of C. albicans to EO and its vapor downregulated the expression of various genes, such as secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAP 1, 2, 3, 9, 10) and hyphal wall protein 1 (HWP1). Altogether, these results provide new insight into the efficacy of Mentha × piperita EO against C. albicans and suggest the potential of Mentha × piperita EO for use as an antifungal therapy in multiple applications.
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Han Q, Wang N, Yao G, Mu C, Wang Y, Sang J. Blocking β-1,6-glucan synthesis by deleting KRE6 and SKN1 attenuates the virulence of Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2019; 111:604-620. [PMID: 30507002 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
β-1,6-glucan is an important component of the fungal cell wall. The β-1,6-glucan synthase gene KRE6 was thought to be essential in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans because it could not be deleted in previous efforts. Also, the role of its homolog SKN1 was unclear because its deletion caused no defects. Here, we report the construction and characterization of kre6Δ/Δ, skn1Δ/Δ and kre6Δ/Δ skn1Δ/Δ mutants in C. albicans. While deleting KRE6 or SKN1 had no obvious phenotypic consequence, deleting both caused slow growth, cell separation failure, cell wall abnormalities, diminished hyphal growth, poor biofilm formation and loss of virulence in mice. Furthermore, the GPI-linked cell surface proteins Hwp1 and the invasin Als3 or Ssa1 were not detected in kre6Δ/Δ skn1Δ/Δ mutant. In GMM medium, RT-qPCR and western blotting revealed a constitutive expression of KRE6 and growth conditions-associated activation of SKN1. Like many hypha-specific genes, SKN1 is repressed by Nrg1, but its activation does not involve the transcription factor Efg1. Dysregulation of SKN1 reduces C. albicans ability to damage epithelial and endothelial cells and attenuates its virulence. Given the vital role of β-1,6-glucan synthesis in C. albicans physiology and virulence, Kre6 and Skn1 are worthy targets for developing antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhua Mu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore.,Depatment of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianli Sang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Singkum P, Muangkaew W, Suwanmanee S, Pumeesat P, Wongsuk T, Luplertlop N. Suppression of the pathogenicity of Candida albicans by the quorum-sensing molecules farnesol and tryptophol. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2019; 65:277-283. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pantira Singkum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University
| | - Watcharamat Muangkaew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University
| | - San Suwanmanee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University
| | - Potjaman Pumeesat
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University
| | - Thanwa Wongsuk
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University
| | - Natthanej Luplertlop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University
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26
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Lee EKS, Gillrie MR, Li L, Arnason JW, Kim JH, Babes L, Lou Y, Sanati-Nezhad A, Kyei SK, Kelly MM, Mody CH, Ho M, Yipp BG. Leukotriene B4-Mediated Neutrophil Recruitment Causes Pulmonary Capillaritis during Lethal Fungal Sepsis. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 23:121-133.e4. [PMID: 29290576 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans bloodstream infection causes fungal septicaemia and death in over half of afflicted patients. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) mediate defense against invasive candidiasis, but their role in protection versus tissue injury and sepsis is unclear. We observe PMN intravascular swarming and subsequent clustering in response to C. albicans yeast in a lethal septic mouse and human pulmonary circulation model. Live C. albicans sequester to the endothelium and are immediately captured by complement-dependent PMN chemotaxis, which is required for host survival. However, complement activation also leads to Leukotriene B4 (LTB4)-mediated intravascular PMN clustering and occlusion, resulting in capillaritis with pulmonary hemorrhage and hypoxemia. This clustering is unique to fungi and triggered by fungal cell wall components. PMN clustering is absent in mice lacking LTB4-receptor, and capillaritis is attenuated upon pharmacological LTB4 blockade without affecting phagocytosis. Therefore, therapeutically disrupting infection-induced capillaritis may limit organ injury without impairing host defense during fungal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther K S Lee
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Mark R Gillrie
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lu Li
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jason W Arnason
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jung Hwan Kim
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Liane Babes
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yuefei Lou
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Center for BioEngineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Stephen K Kyei
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Margaret M Kelly
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - May Ho
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bryan G Yipp
- Calvin, Phoebe and Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Faria DR, Sakita KM, Akimoto-Gunther LS, Kioshima ÉS, Svidzinski TIE, Bonfim-Mendonça PDS. Cell damage caused by vaginal Candida albicans isolates from women with different symptomatologies. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:1225-1228. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Renata Faria
- Division of Medical Mycology, Teaching and Research Laboratory in Clinical Analyses, Department of Clinical Analysis of State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karina Mayumi Sakita
- Division of Medical Mycology, Teaching and Research Laboratory in Clinical Analyses, Department of Clinical Analysis of State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luciene Setsuko Akimoto-Gunther
- Division of Medical Mycology, Teaching and Research Laboratory in Clinical Analyses, Department of Clinical Analysis of State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Érika Seki Kioshima
- Division of Medical Mycology, Teaching and Research Laboratory in Clinical Analyses, Department of Clinical Analysis of State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Inez Estivalet Svidzinski
- Division of Medical Mycology, Teaching and Research Laboratory in Clinical Analyses, Department of Clinical Analysis of State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Souza Bonfim-Mendonça
- Division of Medical Mycology, Teaching and Research Laboratory in Clinical Analyses, Department of Clinical Analysis of State University of Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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28
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Li SX, Song YJ, Zhang YS, Wu HT, Guo H, Zhu KJ, Li DM, Zhang H. Mitochondrial Complex V α Subunit Is Critical for Candida albicans Pathogenicity through Modulating Multiple Virulence Properties. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:285. [PMID: 28280492 PMCID: PMC5322696 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The α subunit (ATP1) is a vital component of mitochondrial complex V which counts for the majority of cellular ATP production in a living organism. Nevertheless, how the α subunit influences other cellular processes such as pathogenicity in Candida albicans remains poorly understood. To address this question, ATP1 mutant (atp1Δ/Δ) and the gene-reconstituted strain (atp1Δ/ATP1) have been constructed in this study and their pathogenicity-related traits are compared to those of wild type (WT). In a murine model of disseminated candidiasis, atp1Δ/Δ infected mice have a significantly higher survival rate and experience a lower fungal burden in tissues. In in vitro studies atp1Δ/Δ lose a capability to damage or destroy macrophages and endothelial cells. Furthermore, atp1Δ/Δ is not able to grow under either glucose-denial conditions or high H2O2 conditions, both of which are associated with the potency of the macrophages to kill C. albicans. Defects in filamentation and biofilm formation may impair the ability of atp1Δ/Δ to penetrate host cells and establish robust colonies in the host tissues. In concert with these pathogenic features, intracellular ATP levels of atp1Δ/Δ can drop to 1/3 of WT level. These results indicate that the α subunit of Complex V play important roles in C. albicans pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Xiu Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China; Institute of Mycology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Jun Song
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China; Institute of Mycology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Shan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China; Institute of Mycology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Tian Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China; Institute of Mycology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hui Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China; Institute of Mycology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Kun-Ju Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China; Institute of Mycology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Mei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China; Institute of Mycology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
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29
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Musthafa KS, Hmoteh J, Thamjarungwong B, Voravuthikunchai SP. Antifungal potential of eugenyl acetate against clinical isolates of Candida species. Microb Pathog 2016; 99:19-29. [PMID: 27452957 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study evaluated the efficiency of eugenyl acetate (EA), a phytochemical in clove essential oil, against clinical isolates of Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of EA against Candida isolates were in the range between 0.1% and 0.4% (v/v). Spot assay further confirmed the susceptibility of Candida isolates to the compound upon treatment with respective 1 × MIC. Growth profile measured in time kill study evidence that the compound at 1 × MIC and 1/2 × MIC retarded the growth of Candida cells, divulging the fungicidal activity. Light microscopic observation demonstrated that upon treated with EA, rough cell morphology, cell damage, and fragmented patterns were observed in C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata. Furthermore, unusual morphological changes of the organism were observed in scanning electron microscopic study. Therefore, it is validated that the compound could cause cell damage resulting in the cell death of Candida clinical isolates. Eventually, the compound at sub-MIC (0.0125% v/v) significantly inhibited serum-induced germ tube formation by C. albicans. Eugenyl acetate inhibited biofilm forming ability of the organisms as well as reduced the adherence of Candida cells to HaCaT keratinocytes cells. In addition, upon treatment with EA, the phagocytic activity of macrophages was increased significantly against C. albicans (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated the potential of EA as a valuable phytochemical to fight against emerging Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadar Syed Musthafa
- Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science, and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Jutharat Hmoteh
- Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science, and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Benjamas Thamjarungwong
- Clinical Microbiology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Supayang Piyawan Voravuthikunchai
- Excellent Research Laboratory on Natural Products, Faculty of Science, and Natural Product Research Center of Excellence, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand.
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30
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Abstract
Fungal diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality among the immunocompromised, including HIV-infected individuals and patients with cancer. Individuals without a weakened immune system can also suffer from these infections. Not surprisingly, fungi are a major target for the immune system, rendered visible to it by expression of pathogen-associated molecular patterns/signatures. We now appreciate the roles of both innate and adaptive immunity in eliminating fungal infections, and how a disproportionate or inadequate immune response can diminish the host's capacity to eliminate fungi. This review focuses on our current understanding of the roles of innate and adaptive immunity in clearing common and emergent fungal pathogens. A clearer understanding of how the host's immune response tackles fungal infection may provide useful clues as to how we might develop new agents to treat those diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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31
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Vila T, Romo JA, Pierce CG, McHardy SF, Saville SP, Lopez-Ribot JL. Targeting Candida albicans filamentation for antifungal drug development. Virulence 2016; 8:150-158. [PMID: 27268130 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1197444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans remains the main etiological agent of candidiasis, as this otherwise normal commensal of humans is capable of causing active infection in immune- and medically-compromised patients. The high morbidity and mortality rates associated with candidiasis, coupled with the emergence of drug resistance demand the development of novel therapeutic strategies. However, there is a paucity of selective targets that can be exploited in the development of new antifungals. Contrary to conventional antibiotics that kill or curtail growth, specifically targeting virulence mechanisms represents an attractive option for antifungal drug development. In C. albicans, a growing body of research over the last few decades has provided important insights into its virulence factors and their contribution to the pathogenesis of candidiasis. Of these, filamentation is the one that has received the most attention and perhaps shows the most promise as a target for new anti-virulence strategies to combat C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taissa Vila
- a Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases , The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Jesus A Romo
- a Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases , The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Christopher G Pierce
- b Department of Biology , University of the Incarnate Word , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Stanton F McHardy
- c Department of Chemistry and Center for Innovative Drug Discovery , The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - Stephen P Saville
- a Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases , The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX , USA
| | - José L Lopez-Ribot
- a Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases , The University of Texas at San Antonio , San Antonio , TX , USA
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32
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Zheng NX, Wang Y, Hu DD, Yan L, Jiang YY. The role of pattern recognition receptors in the innate recognition of Candida albicans. Virulence 2016; 6:347-61. [PMID: 25714264 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2015.1014270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is both a commensal microorganism in healthy individuals and a major fungal pathogen causing high mortality in immunocompromised patients. Yeast-hypha morphological transition is a well known virulence trait of C. albicans. Host innate immunity to C. albicans critically requires pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). In this review, we summarize the PRRs involved in the recognition of C. albicans in epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and phagocytic cells separately. We figure out the differential recognition of yeasts and hyphae, the findings on PRR-deficient mice, and the discoveries on human PRR-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Xin Zheng
- a Changzheng Hospital ; Second Military Medical University ; Shanghai , China
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33
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Goyer M, Loiselet A, Bon F, L’Ollivier C, Laue M, Holland G, Bonnin A, Dalle F. Intestinal Cell Tight Junctions Limit Invasion of Candida albicans through Active Penetration and Endocytosis in the Early Stages of the Interaction of the Fungus with the Intestinal Barrier. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149159. [PMID: 26933885 PMCID: PMC4775037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
C. albicans is a commensal yeast of the mucous membranes in healthy humans that can also cause disseminated candidiasis, mainly originating from the digestive tract, in vulnerable patients. It is necessary to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the interaction of C. albicans with enterocytes to better understand the basis of commensalism and pathogenicity of the yeast and to improve the management of disseminated candidiasis. In this study, we investigated the kinetics of tight junction (TJ) formation in parallel with the invasion of C. albicans into the Caco-2 intestinal cell line. Using invasiveness assays on Caco-2 cells displaying pharmacologically altered TJ (i.e. differentiated epithelial cells treated with EGTA or patulin), we were able to demonstrate that TJ protect enterocytes against invasion of C. albicans. Moreover, treatment with a pharmacological inhibitor of endocytosis decreased invasion of the fungus into Caco-2 cells displaying altered TJ, suggesting that facilitating access of the yeast to the basolateral side of intestinal cells promotes endocytosis of C. albicans in its hyphal form. These data were supported by SEM observations of differentiated Caco-2 cells displaying altered TJ, which highlighted membrane protrusions engulfing C. albicans hyphae. We furthermore demonstrated that Als3, a hypha-specific C. albicans invasin, facilitates internalization of the fungus by active penetration and induced endocytosis by differentiated Caco-2 cells displaying altered TJ. However, our observations failed to demonstrate binding of Als3 to E-cadherin as the trigger mechanism of endocytosis of C. albicans into differentiated Caco-2 cells displaying altered TJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Goyer
- UMR 1347, Univ Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray, F-21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Alicia Loiselet
- UMR 1347, Univ Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray, F-21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Fabienne Bon
- UMR 1347, Univ Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Coralie L’Ollivier
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Aix-Marseille Univ. Marseille; AP-HM, CHU Timone, F-13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - Michael Laue
- Robert Koch-Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gudrun Holland
- Robert Koch-Institute, Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alain Bonnin
- UMR 1347, Univ Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray, F-21079 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Frederic Dalle
- UMR 1347, Univ Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510, F-21065 Dijon Cedex, France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Service de Parasitologie Mycologie, 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray, F-21079 Dijon Cedex, France
- * E-mail:
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34
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Lin J, Wester MJ, Graus MS, Lidke KA, Neumann AK. Nanoscopic cell-wall architecture of an immunogenic ligand in Candida albicans during antifungal drug treatment. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:1002-14. [PMID: 26792838 PMCID: PMC4791122 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-06-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans evades immunity by limiting cell-wall β-glucan exposure. dSTORM imaging reveals that “unmasking”of glucan by an antifungal drug occurs through nanoscale reorganization of glucan exposure geometry. Nanostructuring of glucan might play a role in innate immune activation and provides insights into the physical regulation of glucan exposure. The cell wall of Candida albicans is composed largely of polysaccharides. Here we focus on β-glucan, an immunogenic cell-wall polysaccharide whose surface exposure is often restricted, or “masked,” from immune recognition by Dectin-1 on dendritic cells (DCs) and other innate immune cells. Previous research suggested that the physical presentation geometry of β-glucan might determine whether it can be recognized by Dectin-1. We used direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy to explore the fine structure of β-glucan exposed on C. albicans cell walls before and after treatment with the antimycotic drug caspofungin, which alters glucan exposure. Most surface-accessible glucan on C. albicans yeast and hyphae is limited to isolated Dectin-1–binding sites. Caspofungin-induced unmasking caused approximately fourfold to sevenfold increase in total glucan exposure, accompanied by increased phagocytosis efficiency of DCs for unmasked yeasts. Nanoscopic imaging of caspofungin-unmasked C. albicans cell walls revealed that the increase in glucan exposure is due to increased density of glucan exposures and increased multiglucan exposure sizes. These findings reveal that glucan exhibits significant nanostructure, which is a previously unknown physical component of the host–Candida interaction that might change during antifungal chemotherapy and affect innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin
- Center for Spatiotemporal Modeling of Cell Signaling, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Michael J Wester
- Center for Spatiotemporal Modeling of Cell Signaling, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Matthew S Graus
- Center for Spatiotemporal Modeling of Cell Signaling, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Keith A Lidke
- Center for Spatiotemporal Modeling of Cell Signaling, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
| | - Aaron K Neumann
- Center for Spatiotemporal Modeling of Cell Signaling, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
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35
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Chen XH, Gao YC, Zhang Y, Tang ZH, Yu YS, Zang GQ. TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION MIGHT INCREASE THE RISK OF INVASIVE CANDIDIASIS IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT PATIENT. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2016. [PMID: 26200971 PMCID: PMC4544255 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652015000300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep Candida infections commonly occur in immunosuppressed patients.
A rare case of a multiple deep organ infection with Candida
albicansand spinal tuberculosis was reported in a healthy young man. The
19-year-old man complained of month-long fever and lower back pain. He also had a
history of scalded mouth syndrome. Coinfection with Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and Candida albicans was diagnosed using
the culture of aspirates from different regions. Symptoms improved considerably after
antifungal and antituberculous therapy. This case illustrates that infection with
tuberculosis might impair the host's immune system and increase the risk of invasive
candidiasis in an immunocompetent patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Chao Gao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Hao Tang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Rodrigues L, Russo-Abrahão T, Cunha RA, Gonçalves T, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Characterization of extracellular nucleotide metabolism in Candida albicans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 363:fnv212. [PMID: 26538575 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most frequent agent of human disseminated fungal infection. Ectophosphatase and ectonucleotidase activities are known to influence the infectious potential of several microbes, including other non-albicans species of Candida. With the present work we aim to characterize these ecto-enzymatic activities in C. albicans. We found that C. albicans does not have a classical ecto-5'-nucleotidase enzyme and 5'AMP is cleaved by a phosphatase instead of exclusively by a nucleotidase that also can use 3'AMP as a substrate. Moreover, these enzymatic activities are not dependent on secreted soluble enzymes and change when the yeast cells are under infection conditions, including low pH, and higher temperature and CO2 content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rodrigues
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Thais Russo-Abrahão
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- CNC-Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Albac S, Schmitz A, Lopez-Alayon C, d'Enfert C, Sautour M, Ducreux A, Labruère-Chazal C, Laue M, Holland G, Bonnin A, Dalle F. Candida albicansis able to use M cells as a portal of entry across the intestinal barrierin vitro. Cell Microbiol 2015; 18:195-210. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Albac
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Antonin Schmitz
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Carolina Lopez-Alayon
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Christophe d'Enfert
- Institut Pasteur; Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Département Mycologie; Paris France
- INRA; USC 2019; Paris France
| | - Marc Sautour
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Service de Parasitologie Mycologie; 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray F-21070 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Amandine Ducreux
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Catherine Labruère-Chazal
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; Institut de Mathématiques de Bourgogne, UFR Sciences et Techniques; Dijon France
| | - Michael Laue
- Robert Koch-Institute; Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy; Nordufer 20 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Gudrun Holland
- Robert Koch-Institute; Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy; Nordufer 20 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - Alain Bonnin
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Service de Parasitologie Mycologie; 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray F-21070 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Frederic Dalle
- UMR 1347, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté; 17 Rue Sully, BP 86 510 F-21065 Dijon Cedex France
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire; Service de Parasitologie Mycologie; 2 Rue Angélique Ducoudray F-21070 Dijon Cedex France
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38
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In Silico Sub-unit Hexavalent Peptide Vaccine Against an Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm-Related Infection. Int J Pept Res Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-015-9489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
To infect the host and cause disease, many medically important fungi invade normally nonphagocytic host cells, such as endothelial cells and epithelial cells. Host cell invasion is a two-step process consisting of adherence followed by invasion. There are two general mechanisms of host cell invasion, induced endocytosis and active penetration. Furthermore, fungi can traverse epithelial or endothelial cell barriers either by proteolytic degradation of intercellular tight junctions or via a Trojan horse mechanism in which they are transported by leukocytes. Although these mechanisms of host cell invasion have been best studied using Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, it is probable that other invasive fungi also use one or more of these mechanisms to invade host cells. Identification of these invasion mechanisms holds promise to facilitate the development of new approaches to inhibit fungal invasion and thereby prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald C Sheppard
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Scott G Filler
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90502 David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90025
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Feldman M, Al-Quntar A, Polacheck I, Friedman M, Steinberg D. Therapeutic potential of thiazolidinedione-8 as an antibiofilm agent against Candida albicans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93225. [PMID: 24796422 PMCID: PMC4010395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is known as a commensal microorganism but it is also the most common fungal pathogen in humans, causing both mucosal and systemic infections. Biofilm-associated C. albicans infections present clinically important features due to their high levels of resistance to traditional antifungal agents. Quorum sensing is closely associated with biofilm formation and increasing fungal pathogenicity. We investigated the ability of the novel bacterial quorum sensing quencher thiazolidinedione-8 (S-8) to inhibit the formation of, and eradication of mature C. albicans biofilms. In addition, the capability of S-8 to alter fungal adhesion to mammalian cells was checked. S-8 exhibited specific antibiofilm and antiadhesion activities against C. albicans, at four- to eightfold lower concentrations than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Using fluorescence microscopy, we observed that S-8 dose-dependently reduces C. albicans–GFP binding to RAW macrophages. S-8 at sub-MICs also interfered with fungal morphogenesis by inhibiting the yeast-to-hyphal form transition. In addition, the tested agent strongly affected fungal cell wall characteristics by modulating its hydrophobicity. We evaluated the molecular mode of S-8 antibiofilm and antiadhesion activities using real-time RT-PCR. The expression levels of genes associated with biofilm formation, adhesion and filamentation, HWP1, ALS3 and EAP1, respectively, were dose-dependently downregulated by S-8. Transcript levels of UME6, responsible for long-term hyphal maintenance, were also significantly decreased by the tested agent. Both signaling pathways of hyphal formation-cAMP-PKA and MAPK-were interrupted by S-8. Their upstream general regulator RAS1 was markedly suppressed by S-8. In addition, the expression levels of MAPK cascade components CST20, HST7 and CPH1 were downregulated by S-8. Finally, transcriptional repressors of filament formation, TUP1 and NRG1, were dramatically upregulated by our compound. Our results indicate that S-8 holds a novel antibiofilm therapeutic mean in the treatment and prevention of biofilm-associated C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Feldman
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abed Al-Quntar
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itzhak Polacheck
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Friedman
- Institute of Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Steinberg
- Biofilm Research Laboratory, Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Lopez CM, Wallich R, Riesbeck K, Skerka C, Zipfel PF. Candida albicans uses the surface protein Gpm1 to attach to human endothelial cells and to keratinocytes via the adhesive protein vitronectin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90796. [PMID: 24625558 PMCID: PMC3953207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a major cause of invasive fungal infections worldwide. Upon infection and when in contact with human plasma as well as body fluids the fungus is challenged by the activated complement system a central part of the human innate immune response. C. albicans controls and evades host complement attack by binding several human complement regulators like Factor H, Factor H-like protein 1 and C4BP to the surface. Gpm1 (Phosphoglycerate mutase 1) is one fungal Factor H/FHL1 -binding protein. As Gpm1 is surface exposed, we asked whether Gpm1 also contributes to host cell attachment. Here, we show by flow cytometry and by laser scanning microscopy that candida Gpm1 binds to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to keratinocytes (HaCaT), and also to monocytic U937 cells. Wild type candida did bind, but the candida gpm1Δ/Δ knock-out mutant did not bind to these human cells. In addition Gpm1when attached to latex beads also conferred attachment to human endothelial cells. When analyzing Gpm1-binding to a panel of extracellular matrix proteins, the human glycoprotein vitronectin was identified as a new Gpm1 ligand. Vitronectin is a component of the extracellular matrix and also a regulator of the terminal complement pathway. Vitronectin is present on the surface of HUVEC and keratinocytes and acts as a surface ligand for fungal Gpm1. Gpm1 and vitronectin colocalize on the surface of HUVEC and HaCaT as revealed by laser scanning microscopy. The Gpm1 vitronectin interaction is inhibited by heparin and the interaction is also ionic strength dependent. Taken together, Gpm1 the candida surface protein binds to vitronectin and mediates fungal adhesion to human endothelial cells. Thus fungal Gpm1 and human vitronectin represent a new set of proteins that are relevant for fungal attachment to human cells interaction. Blockade of the Gpm1 vitronectin interaction might provide a new target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crisanto M. Lopez
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans Knöll Institute), Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Wallich
- Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christine Skerka
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans Knöll Institute), Jena, Germany
| | - Peter F. Zipfel
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans Knöll Institute), Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Filler
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor; UCLA Medical Center; Torrance, CA USA; The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Los Angeles, CA USA
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Abstract
Candida albicans invades endothelial cells by binding to N-cadherin and other cell surface receptors. This binding induces rearrangement of endothelial cell actin microfilaments, which results in the formation of pseudopods that surround the organism and pull it into the endothelial cell. Here, we investigated the role of endothelial cell septin 7 (SEPT7) in the endocytosis of C. albicans hyphae. Using confocal microscopy, we determined that SEPT7 accumulated with N-cadherin and actin microfilaments around C. albicans as it was endocytosed by endothelial cells. Affinity purification studies indicated that a complex containing N-cadherin and SEPT7 was recruited by C. albicans and that formation of this complex around C. albicans was mediated by the fungal Als3 and Ssa1 invasins. Knockdown of N-cadherin by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced recruitment of SEPT7 to C. albicans, suggesting that N-cadherin functions as a link between SEPT7 and the fungus. Also, depolymerization of actin microfilaments with cytochalasin D decreased the association between SEPT7 and N-cadherin and inhibited recruitment of both SEPT7 and N-cadherin to C. albicans, indicating the necessity of an intact cytoskeleton in the functional interaction between SEPT7 and N-cadherin. Importantly, knockdown of SEPT7 decreased accumulation of N-cadherin around C. albicans in intact endothelial cells and reduced binding of N-cadherin to this organism, as revealed by the affinity purification assay. Furthermore, SEPT7 knockdown significantly inhibited the endocytosis of C. albicans. Therefore, in response to C. albicans infection, SEPT7 forms a complex with endothelial cell N-cadherin, is required for normal accumulation of N-cadherin around C. albicans hyphae, and is necessary for maximal endocytosis of the organism. During hematogenously disseminated infection, Candida albicans invades the endothelial cell lining of the blood vessels to invade the deep tissues. C. albicans can invade endothelial cells by inducing its own endocytosis, which is triggered when the C. albicans Als3 and Ssa1 invasins bind to N-cadherin on the endothelial cell surface. How this binding induces endocytosis is incompletely understood. Septins are intracellular GTP-binding proteins that influence the function and localization of cell surface proteins. We found that C. albicans Als3 and Ssa1 bind to a complex containing N-cadherin and septin 7, which in turn interacts with endothelial cell microfilaments, thereby inducing endocytosis of the organism. The key role of septin 7 in governing receptor-mediated endocytosis is likely relevant to host cell invasion by other microbial pathogens, in addition to C. albicans.
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Gago S, García-Rodas R, Cuesta I, Mellado E, Alastruey-Izquierdo A. Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis virulence in the non-conventional host Galleria mellonella. Virulence 2013; 5:278-85. [PMID: 24193303 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of fungal infections due to C. parapsilosis and closely related cryptic species (-psilosis complex) has increased in the last few years, but differences in virulence among these species have not been widely studied. Fifteen clinical isolates of C. parapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis, and C. metapsilosis, including the type strains, were used to evaluate their virulence in Galleria mellonella larvae. Fluctuations in the hemocyte density and in the phagocytic activity were also tested. Differences in the median survival for these species were demonstrated at 37 °C (2.6 ± 1.02, 2.3 ± 0.92, and 4.53 ± 1.65 d for C. parapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis, and C. metapsilosis, respectively). Galleria mellonella hemocytes phagocytosed C. metapsilosis strains more effectively than did for C. orthopsilosis and C. parapsilosis (P<0.05). The phagocytosis rate was lower for C. parapsilosis than for C. orthopsilosis (P<0.05). The hemocyte density was increased in larvae infected with C. metapsilosis compared with those infected with C. parapsilosis or C. orthopsilosis (P<0.05). Moreover, in vitro studies of virulence factors such as pseudohyphae production and hydrolytic enzyme secretion showed that the capability of C. metapsilosis strains to produce those virulence factors was reduced. Infections due to -psilosis complex species produced tissue damage in G. mellonella and pseudohyphae could be also observed during infection with C. parapsilosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gago
- Mycology Reference Laboratory; Centro Nacional de Microbiologia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío García-Rodas
- Mycology Reference Laboratory; Centro Nacional de Microbiologia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Bioinformatic Unit; Centro Nacional de Microbiología; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Mellado
- Mycology Reference Laboratory; Centro Nacional de Microbiologia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Alastruey-Izquierdo
- Mycology Reference Laboratory; Centro Nacional de Microbiologia; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid, Spain; Spanish Network for the Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid, Spain
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45
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Filler SG. Can host receptors for fungi be targeted for treatment of fungal infections? Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:389-96. [PMID: 23796589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The invasion and stimulation of normally non-phagocytic host cells, such as epithelial and endothelial cells, is a key step in the pathogenesis of many fungal infections. In most cases, host cell invasion and/or stimulation of a proinflammatory response is induced when proteins or carbohydrates on the fungal cell surface bind to receptors on the host cell. Although many of these fungal-host cell interactions have only been investigated in vitro, the therapeutic efficacy of blocking the host cell receptors for Candida albicans and Rhizopus oryzae has been demonstrated in experimental animal models of infection. We summarize recent studies of the fungal receptors on normally non-phagocytic host cells and the therapeutic implications of blocking these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott G Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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Human endothelial cells internalize Candida parapsilosis via N-WASP-mediated endocytosis. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2777-87. [PMID: 23690407 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00535-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is a frequent cause of disseminated candidiasis and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although important in pathogenesis, interactions of this organism with endothelial cells have received less attention than those of Candida albicans. Internalization of C. parapsilosis by monolayers of human endothelial cells was examined in an in vitro assay and compared to that of C. albicans. Both live and heat-killed yeast were efficiently internalized, with heat-killed yeast subsequently being detected in an acidic subcompartment. Internalization was marked by a process of engulfment by thin membrane extensions from the endothelium. Efficiency of internalization differed among different clinical isolates and species of yeast. Opsonization of C. parapsilosis by serum factors was not sufficient to cause endocytosis; instead, serum appeared to directly stimulate endothelial uptake. Colocalization of endothelial actin and N-WASP at sites of C. parapsilosis internalization was observed. A Förster-resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe for N-WASP activity showed active N-WASP at sites of internalization for both live and heat-killed C. parapsilosis and C. albicans. An actin nucleation inhibitor (cytochalasin D) and an N-WASP inhibitor (wiskostatin) both inhibited uptake of heat-killed C. parapsilosis, as did short interfering RNA-mediated ablation of N-WASP. Thus, endocytosis by endothelial cells may represent a means of traversal of the blood vessel wall by yeast during disseminated candidiasis, and N-WASP may play a key role in the process.
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47
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Investigation of the function of Candida albicans Als3 by heterologous expression in Candida glabrata. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2528-35. [PMID: 23630968 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00013-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During hematogenously disseminated infection, blood-borne Candida albicans invades the endothelial cell lining of the vasculature to invade the deep tissues. Although the C. albicans Als3 invasin is critical for invasion and damage of endothelial cells in vitro, a C. albicans als3Δ/Δ mutant has normal virulence in the mouse model of disseminated infection. We hypothesized that the contribution of Als3 to virulence is obscured by the presence of additional C. albicans invasins. To elucidate the in vivo function of Als3, we heterologously expressed C. albicans ALS3 in Candida glabrata, a yeast that lacks a close ALS3 ortholog and has low virulence in mice. We found that following intravenous inoculation into mice, the ALS3-expressing strain preferentially trafficked to the brain, where it induced significantly elevated levels of myeloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and gamma interferon. Also, the ALS3-expressing strain had enhanced adherence to and invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro, demonstrating a potential mechanism for ALS3-mediated neurotropism. In addition, upon initiation of infection, the ALS3-expressing strain had increased trafficking to the cortex of the kidneys. With prolonged infection, this strain persisted in the kidneys at significantly higher levels than the control strain but did not induce an elevated inflammatory response. Finally, the ALS3-expressing strain had increased resistance to neutrophil killing in vitro. These results indicate that during disseminated infection, Als3 mediates initial trafficking to the brain and renal cortex and contributes to fungal persistence in the kidneys.
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Tsai PW, Chen YT, Hsu PC, Lan CY. Study of Candida albicans and its interactions with the host: A mini review. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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49
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Doyle A, López A, Pack L, Muckle A. Candida osteomyelitis in a gelding. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2013; 54:176-178. [PMID: 23904643 PMCID: PMC3552598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A 2-year-old gelding was referred for evaluation of severe right forelimb lameness. The horse was grade 4/5 lame on the right forelimb. Clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings were consistent with septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. Due to poor prognosis the owner elected euthanasia. Histopathology confirmed chronic arthritis and osteomyelitis with intralesional yeast (Candida species).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso López
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Alfonso López; e-mail:
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50
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Sudjana AN, Carson CF, Carson KC, Riley TV, Hammer KA. Candida albicans adhesion to human epithelial cells and polystyrene and formation of biofilm is reduced by sub-inhibitory Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) essential oil. Med Mycol 2012; 50:863-70. [PMID: 22587732 DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.683540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of the volatile terpene-rich oil from Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) on the formation of biofilms and the adhesion of C. albicans cells to both biotic and abiotic surfaces. Biofilm formation on polystyrene was significantly inhibited for 70% of the isolates at the lowest test concentration of 0.016% of tea tree oil (TTO) when quantified by XTT and 40% of isolates when measured by crystal violet staining. Adhesion to polystyrene, quantified by crystal violet staining, was significantly reduced for 3 isolates at 0.031%, 6 isolates at 0.062% and 0.125% and for all 7 isolates at 0.25% TTO. Reductions in adhesion were not due to loss of viability (at concentrations of ≤ 0.125%) or interactions between the TTO and polystyrene. Similarly, adhesion to buccal epithelial and HeLa cells was also significantly reduced in the presence of 0.016-0.062% TTO. Treatment with 0.125% TTO, but not 0.062%, decreased the cell surface hydrophobicity of C. albicans, indicating one potential mechanism by which adhesion may be reduced. These data demonstrate that sub-inhibitory TTO reduces the adhesion of C. albicans to both human cells and polystyrene, inhibits biofilm formation and decreases cell surface hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia N Sudjana
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology (M502), School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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