Single Amino Acid Replacements in RocA Disrupt Protein-Protein Interactions To Alter the Molecular Pathogenesis of Group A Streptococcus

Group A Streptococcus adaptation to diverse niches: lessons from transcriptomic studies

Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a major human pathogen, causing diseases ranging from mild superficial infections of the skin and pharyngeal epithelium to severe systemic and invasive diseases. Moreover, post infection auto-immune sequelae arise by a yet not fully understood mechanism. The ability of GAS to cause a wide variety of infections is linked to the expression of a large set of virulence factors and their transcriptional regulation in response to various physiological environments. The use of transcriptomics, among others -omics technologies, in addition to traditional molecular methods, has led to a better understanding of GAS pathogenesis and host adaptation mechanisms. This review focusing on bacterial transcriptomic provides new insight into gene-expression patterns in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo with an emphasis on metabolic shifts, virulence genes expression and transcriptional regulators role.

Defining Membrane Protein Topology Using pho-lac Reporter Fusions

Experimental determination of membrane protein topology can be achieved using various techniques. Here, we present the pho-lac dual reporter system, a simple, convenient, and reliable tool to analyze the topology of membrane protein in vivo. The system is based on the use of two topological markers with complementary properties: The Escherichia coli β-galactosidase, LacZ, which is active in the cytoplasm, and the E. coli alkaline phosphatase, PhoA, which is active in the bacterial periplasm. Specifically, in this pho-lac gene system, the reporter molecule is a chimera composed of the mature PhoA that is in-frame with the β-galactosidase α-peptide (LacZα). Hence, when targeted to the periplasm, the PhoA-LacZα dual reporter displays high alkaline phosphatase activity but no β-galactosidase activity. Conversely, when located in the cytoplasm, PhoA-LacZα has no phosphatase activity but exhibits high β-galactosidase activity in E. coli cells expressing the α-fragment of LacZ, LacZα (via the α-complementation phenomenon). The dual nature of the PhoA-LacZα reporter allows a simple way to normalize both enzymatic activities to obtain readily interpretable information about the subcellular location of the fusion site between the membrane protein under study and the reporter. In addition, the PhoA-LacZα reporter permits the utilization of dual indicator agar plates to easily discriminate between colonies bearing cytoplasmic fusions, periplasmic fusions, or out-of-frame fusions. In total, the phoA-lacZα fusion reporter approach is a direct and rather inexpensive method to characterize the topology of membrane proteins in vivo.

Exploring Uniform, Dual, and Dynamic Topologies of Membrane Proteins by Substituted Cysteine Accessibility Method (SCAM™)

A described simple and advanced protocol for Substituted Cysteine Accessibility Method as applied to transmembrane (TM) orientation (SCAM™) permits a topology analysis of proteins in their native state and can be universally adapted to any membrane system to either systematically map an uniform or identify and quantify the degree of mixed topology or establish transmembrane assembly dynamics from relatively static experimental data such as endpoint topologies of membrane proteins. In this approach, noncritical individual amino acids that are thought to reside in the putative extracellular or intracellular loops of a membrane protein are replaced one at the time by cysteine residue, and the orientation with respect to the membrane is evaluated by using a pair of membrane-impermeable non-detectable and detectable thiol-reactive labeling reagents. For the most water-exposed cysteine residues in proteins, the thiol pKa lies in the range of 8-9, and formation of cysteinyl thiolate ions is optimum in aqueous rather in a nonpolar environment. These features and the ease of specific chemical modification with thiol reagents are central to SCAM™. Membrane side-specific sulfhydryl labeling allows to discriminate "exposed, protected or dynamic" cysteines strategically "implanted" at desired positions throughout cysteine less target protein template. The strategy described is widely used to map the topology of membrane protein and establish its transmembrane dynamics in intact cells of both diderm (two-membraned) Gram-negative and monoderm (one-membraned) Gram-positive bacteria, cell-derived oriented membrane vesicles, and proteoliposomes.

The Bacterial Markers of Identification of Invasive CovR/CovS-Inactivated Group A Streptococcus

Necrotizing fasciitis is a severe infectious disease that results in significant mortality. Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus, GAS) is one of the most common bacterial pathogens of monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis. The early diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis is crucial; however, the typical cutaneous manifestations are not always presented in patients with GAS necrotizing fasciitis, which would lead to miss- or delayed diagnosis. GAS with spontaneous inactivating mutations in the CovR/CovS two-component regulatory system is significantly associated with destructive diseases such as necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome; however, no specific marker has been used to identify these invasive clinical isolates. This study evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of using CovR/CovS-controlled phenotypes to identify CovR/CovS-inactivated isolates. Results showed that the increase of hyaluronic acid capsule production and streptolysin O expression were not consistently presented in CovS-inactivated clinical isolates. The repression of SpeB is the phenotype with 100% sensitivity of identifying in CovS-inactivated isolates among 61 clinical isolates. Nonetheless, this phenotype failed to distinguish RopB-inactivated isolates from CovS-inactivated isolates and cannot be utilized to identify CovR-inactivated mutant and RocA (Regulator of Cov)-inactivated isolates. In this study, we identified and verified that PepO, the endopeptidase which regulates SpeB expression through degrading SpeB-inducing quorum-sensing peptide, was a bacterial marker to identify isolates with defects in the CovR/CovS pathway. These results also inform the potential strategy of developing rapid detection methods to identify invasive GAS variants during infection. IMPORTANCE Necrotizing fasciitis is rapidly progressive and life-threatening; if the initial diagnosis is delayed, deep soft tissue infection can progress to massive tissue destruction and toxic shock syndrome. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) with inactivated mutations in the CovR/CovS two-component regulatory system are related to necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome; however, no bacterial marker is available to identify these invasive clinical isolates. Inactivation of CovR/CovS resulted in the increased expression of endopeptidase PepO. Our study showed that the upregulation of PepO mediates a decrease in SpeB-inducing peptide (SIP) in the covR mutant, indicating that CovR/CovS modulates SIP-dependent quorum-sensing activity through PepO. Importantly, the sensitivity and specificity of utilizing PepO to identify clinical isolates with defects in the CovR/CovS pathway, including its upstream RocA regulator, were 100%. Our results suggest that identification of invasive GAS by PepO may be a strategy for preventing severe manifestation or poor prognosis after GAS infection.