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Zhong Y, Wu J, Liu L, Luo J, Xiong X, Wang G, Zhou Y. Characterization of a ST137 multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni strain with a tet(O)-positive genomic island from a bloodstream infection patient. Microb Pathog 2024; 195:106900. [PMID: 39208964 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a major cause of gastroenteritis and rarely cause bloodstream infection. Herein, we characterized a multidrug-resistant C. jejuni strain LZCJ isolated from a tumor patient with bloodstream infection. LZCJ was resistant to norfloxacin, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. It showed high survival rate in serum and acidic environment. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis revealed that strain LZCJ had a single chromosome of 1,629,078 bp (30.6 % G + C content) and belonged to the ST137 lineage. LZCJ shared the highest identity of 99.66 % with the chicken-derived C. jejuni MTVDSCj20. Four antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were detected, blaOXA-61, tet(O), gyrA (T86I), and cmeR (G144D and S207G). In addition, a 12,746 bp genomic island GI_LZCJ carrying 15 open reading frames (ORFs) including the resistance gene tet(O) was identified. Sequence analysis found that the GI_LZCJ was highly similar to the duck-derived C. jejuni ZS004, but with an additional ISChh1-like sequence. 137 non-synonymous mutations in motility related genes (flgF, fapR, flgS), capsular polysaccharide (CPS) coding genes (kpsE, kpsF, kpsM, kpsT), metabolism associated genes (nuoF, nuoG, epsJ, holB), and transporter related genes (comEA, gene0911) were confirmed in LZCJ compared with the best closed chicken-derived strain MTVDSCj20. Our study showed that C. jejuni strain LZCJ was highly similar to the chicken-derived strain MTVDSCj20 but with a lot of SNPs involved in motility, CPS and metabolism coding genes. This strain possessed a tet(O)-positive genomic island GI_LZCJ, which was closed to duck-derived C. jejuni ZS004, but with an additional ISChh1-like sequence. The above data indicated that the LZCJ strain may originate from foodborne bacteria on animals and the importance of continuous surveillance for the spread of foodborne bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhong
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Hejiang People's Hospital, Luzhou, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jinjing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xia Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Guangxi Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Yingshun Zhou
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Public Center of Experimental Technology of Pathogen Biology Technology Platform, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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2
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Tikhomirova A, McNabb ER, Petterlin L, Bellamy GL, Lin KH, Santoso CA, Daye ES, Alhaddad FM, Lee KP, Roujeinikova A. Campylobacter jejuni virulence factors: update on emerging issues and trends. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:45. [PMID: 38693534 PMCID: PMC11064354 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a very common cause of gastroenteritis, and is frequently transmitted to humans through contaminated food products or water. Importantly, C. jejuni infections have a range of short- and long-term sequelae such as irritable bowel syndrome and Guillain Barre syndrome. C. jejuni triggers disease by employing a range of molecular strategies which enable it to colonise the gut, invade the epithelium, persist intracellularly and avoid detection by the host immune response. The objective of this review is to explore and summarise recent advances in the understanding of the C. jejuni molecular factors involved in colonisation, invasion of cells, collective quorum sensing-mediated behaviours and persistence. Understanding the mechanisms that underpin the pathogenicity of C. jejuni will enable future development of effective preventative approaches and vaccines against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tikhomirova
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Emmylee R McNabb
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Luca Petterlin
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Georgia L Bellamy
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kyaw H Lin
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher A Santoso
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ella S Daye
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Fatimah M Alhaddad
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kah Peng Lee
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Anna Roujeinikova
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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3
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Chandran S, Hewawaduge C, Aganja RP, Lee JH. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic dual-expression plasmid-mediated delivery of Campylobacter jejuni antigens by live-attenuated Salmonella: A strategy for concurrent Th1 and Th2 immune activation and protection in chickens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:105134. [PMID: 38190867 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella and Campylobacter are food-borne pathogens that significantly affect poultry production and are transmitted to humans. Long-term protection against these pathogens in chicken relies on a balanced Th1 and Th2 response. C. jejuni antigens were screened and a fusion antigen, including CadF + FlaA adhesin and flagellin antigenic fragments was developed and safely delivered by low-endotoxicity S. Typhimurium through pJHL270, a dual-expression plasmid featuring prokaryotic (Ptrc) and eukaryotic (CMV) promoters. Antigen expression in Salmonella and host cells was confirmed by western blotting and IFA. The vaccine construct JOL2999, triggered significant increases in IgY, IgA antibodies, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, indicating humoral, mucosal, and cell-mediated responses against both pathogens. Elevations in pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, INF-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 and MHC I and II cell populations further suggest simultaneous Th1 and Th2 immune activation. Reduced pathogen load and histopathological inflammatory signs in vital organs upon challenge confirmed the protective efficacy in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivasankar Chandran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamith Hewawaduge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ram Prasad Aganja
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Thota VN, Lowary TL. Synthesis of 6-deoxy-d-ido-heptopyranose-containing fragments of the Campylobacter jejuni strain CG8486 capsular polysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 2024; 536:109058. [PMID: 38354653 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Campylobacters are important causes of gastrointestinal illness and the capsular polysaccharides (CPS) they produce are key virulence factors and targets for vaccine development. We report here the synthesis of two fragments of the Campylobacter jejuni CG8486 strain CPS that contain a rare 6-deoxy-d-ido-heptopyranose residue and, in one target, two O-methyl phosphoramidate (MeOPN) motifs. The synthetic approach features the stereoselective construction of the β-d-ido-heptopyranoside linkage via glycosylation with a β-d-galacto-heptopyranoside donor followed by a one-pot sequential C-2 and C-3 inversion. During the syntheses, we uncovered a number of interesting conformational effects with regard to the 6-deoxy-ido-heptopyranose ring, the glycosidic linkage connecting the two monosaccharides, and the MeOPN groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Narasimharao Thota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Todd L Lowary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Academia Road, Section 2, #128, Nangang, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Section 4, #1, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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5
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Myles M, Barnawi H, Mahmoudpour M, Shlimon S, Chang A, Zimmermann D, Choi C, Zebian N, Creuzenet C. Effect of the polysaccharide capsule and its heptose on the resistance of Campylobacter jejuni to innate immune defenses. Microbiologyopen 2024; 13:e1400. [PMID: 38375546 PMCID: PMC10877309 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a commensal in many animals but causes diarrhea in humans. Its polysaccharide capsule contributes to host colonization and virulence in a strain- and model-specific manner. We investigated if the capsule and its heptose are important for interactions of strain NCTC 11168 with various hosts and their innate immune defenses. We determined that they support bacterial survival in Drosophila melanogaster and enhance virulence in Galleria mellonella. We showed that the capsule had limited antiphagocytic activity in human and chicken macrophages, decreased adherence to chicken macrophages, and decreased intracellular survival in both macrophages. In contrast, the heptose increased uptake by chicken macrophages and supported adherence to human macrophages and survival within them. While the capsule triggered nitric oxide production in chicken macrophages, the heptose mitigated this and protected against nitrosative assault. Finally, the C. jejuni strain NCTC 11168 elicited strong cytokine production in both macrophages but quenched ROS production independently from capsule and heptose, and while the capsule and heptose did not protect against oxidative assault, they favored growth in biofilms under oxidative stress. This study shows that the wild-type capsule with its heptose is optimized to resist innate defenses in strain NCTC 11168 often via antagonistic effects of the capsule and its heptose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Myles
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Heba Barnawi
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudpour
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Sargon Shlimon
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Adrienne Chang
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Daniel Zimmermann
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Chiwon Choi
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Najwa Zebian
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Carole Creuzenet
- Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
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Kim J, Park M, Ahn E, Mao Q, Chen C, Ryu S, Jeon B. Stimulation of Surface Polysaccharide Production under Aerobic Conditions Confers Aerotolerance in Campylobacter jejuni. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0376122. [PMID: 36786626 PMCID: PMC10100837 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03761-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of a foodborne pathogen to tolerate environmental stress critically affects food safety by increasing the risk of pathogen survival and transmission in the food supply chain. Campylobacter jejuni, a leading bacterial cause of foodborne illnesses, is an obligate microaerophile and is sensitive to atmospheric levels of oxygen. Currently, the molecular mechanisms of how C. jejuni withstands oxygen toxicity under aerobic conditions have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we show that when exposed to aerobic conditions, C. jejuni develops a thick layer of bacterial capsules, which in turn protect C. jejuni under aerobic conditions. The presence of both capsular polysaccharides and lipooligosaccharides is required to protect C. jejuni from excess oxygen in oxygen-rich environments by alleviating oxidative stress. Under aerobic conditions, C. jejuni undergoes substantial transcriptomic changes, particularly in the genes of carbon metabolisms involved in amino acid uptake, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway despite the inability of C. jejuni to grow aerobically. Moreover, the stimulation of carbon metabolism by aerobiosis increases the level of glucose-6-phosphate, the EMP pathway intermediate required for the synthesis of surface polysaccharides. The disruption of the TCA cycle eliminates aerobiosis-mediated stimulation of surface polysaccharide production and markedly compromises aerotolerance in C. jejuni. These results in this study provide novel insights into how an oxygen-sensitive microaerophilic pathogen survives in oxygen-rich environments by adapting its metabolism and physiology. IMPORTANCE Oxygen-sensitive foodborne pathogens must withstand oxygen toxicity in aerobic environments during transmission to humans. C. jejuni is a major cause of gastroenteritis, accounting for 400 million to 500 million infection cases worldwide per year. As an obligate microaerophile, C. jejuni is sensitive to air-level oxygen. However, it has not been fully explained how this oxygen-sensitive zoonotic pathogen survives in aerobic environments and is transmitted to humans. Here, we show that under aerobic conditions, C. jejuni boosts its carbon metabolism to produce a thick layer of bacterial capsules, which in turn act as a protective barrier conferring aerotolerance. The new findings in this study improve our understanding of how oxygen-sensitive C. jejuni can survive in aerobic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshil Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungseo Park
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eunbyeol Ahn
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Qingqing Mao
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeonghwa Jeon
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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7
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Al Hakeem WG, Fathima S, Shanmugasundaram R, Selvaraj RK. Campylobacter jejuni in Poultry: Pathogenesis and Control Strategies. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2134. [PMID: 36363726 PMCID: PMC9697106 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
C. jejuni is the leading cause of human foodborne illness associated with poultry, beef, and pork consumption. C. jejuni is highly prevalent in commercial poultry farms, where horizontal transmission from the environment is considered to be the primary source of C. jejuni. As an enteric pathogen, C. jejuni expresses virulence factors regulated by a two-component system that mediates C. jejuni's ability to survive in the host. C. jejuni survives and reproduces in the avian intestinal mucus. The avian intestinal mucus is highly sulfated and sialylated compared with the human mucus modulating C. jejuni pathogenicity into a near commensal bacteria in poultry. Birds are usually infected from two to four weeks of age and remain colonized until they reach market age. A small dose of C. jejuni (around 35 CFU/mL) is sufficient for successful bird colonization. In the U.S., where chickens are raised under antibiotic-free environments, additional strategies are required to reduce C. jejuni prevalence on broilers farms. Strict biosecurity measures can decrease C. jejuni prevalence by more than 50% in broilers at market age. Vaccination and probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, organic acids, bacteriophages, bacteriocins, and quorum sensing inhibitors supplementation can improve gut health and competitively exclude C. jejuni load in broilers. Most of the mentioned strategies showed promising results; however, they are not fully implemented in poultry production. Current knowledge on C. jejuni's morphology, source of transmission, pathogenesis in poultry, and available preharvest strategies to decrease C. jejuni colonization in broilers are addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Stein RA. Campylobacter jejuni and Postinfectious Autoimmune Diseases: A Proof of Concept in Glycobiology. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1981-1991. [PMID: 36137262 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycans, one of the most diverse groups of macromolecules, are ubiquitous constituents of all cells and have many critical functions, including the interaction between microbes and their hosts. One of the best model organisms to study the host-pathogen interaction, the gastrointestinal pathogen Campylobacter jejuni dedicates extensive resources to glycosylation and exhibits a diverse array of surface sugar-coated displays. The first bacterium where N-linked glycosylation was described, C. jejuni can additionally modify proteins by O-linked glycosylation, has extracellular capsular polysaccharides that are important for virulence and represent the major determinant of the Penner serotyping scheme, and has outer membrane lipooligosaccharides that participate in processes such as colonization, survival, inflammation, and immune evasion. In addition to causing gastrointestinal disease and extraintestinal infections, C. jejuni was also linked to postinfectious autoimmune neuropathies, of which Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) are the most extensively characterized ones. These postinfectious autoimmune neuropathies occur when specific bacterial surface lipooligosaccharides mimic gangliosides in the host nervous system. C. jejuni provided the first proof of concept for the involvement of molecular mimicry in the pathogenesis of an autoimmune disease and, also, for the ability of a bacterial polymorphism to shape the clinical presentation of the postinfectious autoimmune neuropathy. The scientific journey that culminated with elucidating the mechanistic details of the C. jejuni-GBS link was the result of contributions from several fields, including microbiology, structural biology, glycobiology, genetics, and immunology and provides an inspiring and important example to interrogate other instances of molecular mimicry and their involvement in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Stein
- Industry Associate Professor NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 6 MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
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Hansen ZA, Cha W, Nohomovich B, Newton DW, Lephart P, Salimnia H, Khalife W, Shade A, Rudrik JT, Manning SD. Comparing gut resistome composition among patients with acute Campylobacter infections and healthy family members. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22368. [PMID: 34785751 PMCID: PMC8595376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01927-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter commonly causes foodborne infections and antibiotic resistance is an imminent concern. It is not clear, however, if the human gut 'resistome' is affected by Campylobacter during infection. Application of shotgun metagenomics on stools from 26 cases with Campylobacter infections and 44 healthy family members (controls) identified 406 unique antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) representing 153 genes/operons, 40 mechanisms, and 18 classes. Cases had greater ARG richness (p < 0.0001) and Shannon diversity (p < 0.0001) than controls with distinct compositions (p = 0.000999; PERMANOVA). Cases were defined by multidrug resistance genes and were dominated by Proteobacteria (40.8%), specifically those representing Escherichia (20.9%). Tetracycline resistance genes were most abundant in controls, which were dominated by Bacteroidetes (45.3%) and Firmicutes (44.4%). Hierarchical clustering of cases identified three clusters with distinct resistomes. Case clusters 1 and 3 differed from controls containing more urban and hospitalized patients. Relative to family members of the same household, ARG composition among matched cases was mostly distinct, though some familial controls had similar profiles that could be explained by a shorter time since exposure to the case. Together, these data indicate that Campylobacter infection is associated with an altered resistome composition and increased ARG diversity, raising concerns about the role of infection in the spread of resistance determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe A Hansen
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Wonhee Cha
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brian Nohomovich
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | | | - Paul Lephart
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Ashley Shade
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - James T Rudrik
- Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Bureau of Laboratories, Lansing, MI, 48913, USA
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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10
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Heikema AP, Strepis N, Horst-Kreft D, Huynh S, Zomer A, Kelly DJ, Cooper KK, Parker CT. Biomolecule sulphation and novel methylations related to Guillain-Barré syndrome-associated Campylobacter jejuni serotype HS:19. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34723785 PMCID: PMC8743553 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni strains that produce sialylated lipooligosaccharides (LOS) can cause the immune-mediated disease Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The risk of GBS after infection with C. jejuni Penner serotype HS:19 is estimated to be at least six times higher than the average risk. Aside from LOS biosynthesis genes, genomic characteristics that promote an increased risk for GBS following C. jejuni HS:19 infection, remain uncharacterized. We hypothesized that strains with the HS:19 serotype have unique genomic features that explain the increased risk for GBS. We performed genome sequencing, alignments, single nucleotide polymorphisms' analysis and methylome characterization on a subset, and pan-genome analysis on a large number of genomes to compare HS:19 with non-HS:19 C. jejuni genome sequences. Comparison of 36 C. jejuni HS:19 with 874 C. jejuni non-HS:19 genome sequences led to the identification of three single genes and ten clusters containing contiguous genes that were significantly associated with C. jejuni HS:19. One gene cluster of seven genes, localized downstream of the capsular biosynthesis locus, was related to sulphation of biomolecules. This cluster also encoded the campylobacter sialyl transferase Cst-I. Interestingly, sulphated bacterial biomolecules such as polysaccharides can promote immune responses and, therefore, (in the presence of sialic acid) may play a role in the development of GBS. Additional gene clusters included those involved in persistence-mediated pathogenicity and gene clusters involved in restriction-modification systems. Furthermore, characterization of methylomes of two HS:19 strains exhibited novel methylation patterns (5′-CATG-3 and 5′-m6AGTNNNNNNRTTG-3) that could differentially effect gene-expression patterns of C. jejuni HS:19 strains. Our study provides novel insight into specific genetic features and possible virulence factors of C. jejuni associated with the HS:19 serotype that may explain the increased risk of GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid P. Heikema
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Astrid P. Heikema,
| | - Nikolaos Strepis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Horst-Kreft
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Centre (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Aldert Zomer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David J. Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kerry K. Cooper
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Craig T. Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
- *Correspondence: Craig T. Parker,
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11
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Lopes GV, Ramires T, Kleinubing NR, Scheik LK, Fiorentini ÂM, Padilha da Silva W. Virulence factors of foodborne pathogen Campylobacterjejuni. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105265. [PMID: 34699927 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a highly frequent cause of gastrointestinal foodborne disease in humans throughout the world. Disease outcomes vary from mild to severe diarrhea, and in rare cases the Guillain-Barré syndrome or reactive arthritis can develop as a post-infection complication. Transmission to humans usually occurs via the consumption of a range of foods, especially those associated with the consumption of raw or undercooked poultry meat, unpasteurized milk, and water-based environmental sources. When associated to food or water ingestion, the C. jejuni enters the human host intestine via the oral route and colonizes the distal ileum and colon. When it adheres and colonizes the intestinal cell surfaces, the C. jejuni is expected to express several putative virulence factors, which cause damage to the intestine either directly, by cell invasion and/or production of toxin(s), or indirectly, by triggering inflammatory responses. This review article highlights various C. jejuni characteristics - such as motility and chemotaxis - that contribute to the biological fitness of the pathogen, as well as factors involved in human host cell adhesion and invasion, and their potential role in the development of the disease. We have analyzed and critically discussed nearly 180 scientific articles covering the latest improvements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Volz Lopes
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Caixa Postal 354, 96160-000, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Tassiana Ramires
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Caixa Postal 354, 96160-000, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Natalie Rauber Kleinubing
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Caixa Postal 354, 96160-000, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia Klein Scheik
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Caixa Postal 354, 96160-000, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Ângela Maria Fiorentini
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Caixa Postal 354, 96160-000, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Wladimir Padilha da Silva
- Departamento de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroindustrial, Faculdade de Agronomia Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Caixa Postal 354, 96160-000, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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12
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The Host Cellular Immune Response to Infection by Campylobacter Spp. and Its Role in Disease. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0011621. [PMID: 34031129 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00116-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are the leading cause of bacterium-derived gastroenteritis worldwide, impacting 96 million individuals annually. Unlike other bacterial pathogens of the gastrointestinal tract, Campylobacter spp. lack many of the classical virulence factors that are often associated with the ability to induce disease in humans, including an array of canonical secretion systems and toxins. Consequently, the clinical manifestations of human campylobacteriosis and its resulting gastrointestinal pathology are believed to be primarily due to the host immune response toward the bacterium. Further, while gastrointestinal infection is usually self-limiting, numerous postinfectious disorders can occur, including the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome, reactive arthritis, and irritable bowel syndrome. Because gastrointestinal disease likely results from the host immune response, the development of these postinfectious disorders may be due to dysregulation or misdirection of the same inflammatory response. As a result, it is becoming increasingly important to the Campylobacter field, and human health, that the cellular immune responses toward Campylobacter be better understood, including which immunological events are critical to the development of disease and the postinfectious disorders mentioned above. In this review, we collectively cover the cellular immune responses across susceptible hosts to Campylobacter jejuni infection, along with the tissue pathology and postinfectious disorders which may develop.
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13
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Cao H, Xu H, Ning C, Xiang L, Ren Q, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Gao R. Multi-Omics Approach Reveals the Potential Core Vaccine Targets for the Emerging Foodborne Pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:665858. [PMID: 34248875 PMCID: PMC8265506 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.665858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans around the world. The emergence of bacterial resistance is becoming more serious; therefore, development of new vaccines is considered to be an alternative strategy against drug-resistant pathogen. In this study, we investigated the pangenome of 173 C. jejuni strains and analyzed the phylogenesis and the virulence factor genes. In order to acquire a high-quality pangenome, genomic relatedness was firstly performed with average nucleotide identity (ANI) analyses, and an open pangenome of 8,041 gene families was obtained with the correct taxonomy genomes. Subsequently, the virulence property of the core genome was analyzed and 145 core virulence factor (VF) genes were obtained. Upon functional genomics and immunological analyses, five core VF proteins with high antigenicity were selected as potential core vaccine targets for humans. Furthermore, functional annotations indicated that these proteins are involved in important molecular functions and biological processes, such as adhesion, regulation, and secretion. In addition, transcriptome analysis in human cells and pig intestinal loop proved that these vaccine target genes are important in the virulence of C. jejuni in different hosts. Comprehensive pangenome and relevant animal experiments will facilitate discovering the potential core vaccine targets with improved efficiency in reverse vaccinology. Likewise, this study provided some insights into the genetic polymorphism and phylogeny of C. jejuni and discovered potential vaccine candidates for humans. Prospective development of new vaccines using the targets will be an alternative to the use of antibiotics and prevent the development of multidrug-resistant C. jejuni in humans and even other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengchun Cao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Hanxiao Xu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Chunhui Ning
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Li Xiang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Qiufang Ren
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Yusen Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Rui Gao
- School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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14
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Cloutier M, Gauthier C. Progress toward the Development of Glycan-Based Vaccines against Campylobacteriosis. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:969-986. [PMID: 32579844 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As one of the main causes of bacterial diarrhea and a major risk factor for triggering Guillain-Barré autoimmune syndrome, campylobacteriosis, that is, Campylobacter spp. infections, represents a major health issue worldwide. There is thus a pressing need for developing an effective and broad-coverage campylobacteriosis vaccine. Campylobacter jejuni, an encapsulated, multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacterium, expresses virulence-associated capsular polysaccharides (CPSs), which constitute exquisite targets for the design of glycoconjugate vaccines. In that context, synthetic carbohydrate chemistry acts as a crucial enabling technology for the preparation of homogeneous constructs while allowing antigenic epitopes to be deciphered and probed at the molecular level. This review aims at covering recent developments in CPS-based campylobacteriosis vaccines as well as in the total syntheses of C. jejuni-related mono- and oligosaccharide mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Cloutier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Charles Gauthier
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), 531, boul. des Prairies, Laval, Québec H7V 1B7, Canada
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15
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Singh A, Khan A, Ghosh T, Mondal S, Mallick AI. Gut Microbe-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles: A Potential Platform to Control Cecal Load of Campylobacter jejuni. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1186-1199. [PMID: 33724795 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute diarrheal illness and gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni infection remain significant public health risks in developing countries with substantial mortality and morbidity in humans, particularly in children under the age of five. Genetic diversities among Campylobacter jejuni and limited understanding of immunological correlations of host protection remain primary impediments for developing an effective measure to controlCampylobacter infection. Moreover, the lack of a reliable in vivo model to mimic natural infection against Campylobacter jejuni has substantially delayed the vaccine-development process. Given the role of bacterial outer membrane associated proteins in intestinal adherence and invasion as well as modulating dynamic interplay between host and pathogens, bacterial outer-membrane vesicles have emerged as a potential vaccine target against a number of gut pathogens, including Campylobacter jejuni. Here, we describe a mucosal vaccine strategy using chitosan-coated outer-membrane vesicles to induce specific immune responses against Campylobacter jejuni in mice. To overcome the challenges of mucosal delivery of outer membrane vesicles in terms of exposure to variable pH and risk of enzymatic degradation, we preferentially used chitosan as a nontoxic, mucoadhesive polymer. We show that intragastric delivery of chitosan-coated outer-membrane vesicles imparts significant immune protection against Campylobacter jejuni with high level local and systemic antibody production. Further, immunization with the outer membrane vesicles resulted in potent cellular responses with an increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell population. Moreover, significant upregulation of IFN-γ and IL-6 gene expression suggests that mucosal delivery of outer membrane vesicles promotes a Th1/Th2 mixed-type immune response. Together, as an acellular and nonreplicating canonical end product of bacterial secretion, mucosal delivery of outer membrane vesicles may represent a promising platform for developing an effective vaccine againstCampylobacter jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Afruja Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Tamal Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Samiran Mondal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Belgachia, Kolkata, 700037 West Bengal, India
| | - Amirul I. Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
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16
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Monteiro MA, Chen YH, Ma Z, Ewing CP, Mohamad Nor N, Omari E, Song E, Gabryelski P, Guerry P, Poly F. Relationships of capsular polysaccharides belonging to Campylobacter jejuni HS1 serotype complex. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247305. [PMID: 33621246 PMCID: PMC7901785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Campylobacter jejuni capsule type HS1 complex is one of the most common serotypes identified worldwide, and consists of strains typing as HS1, HS1/44, HS44 and HS1/8. The capsule structure of the HS1 type strain was shown previously to be composed of teichoic-acid like glycerol-galactosyl phosphate repeats [4-)-α-D-Galp-(1-2)-Gro-(1-P-] with non-stoichiometric fructose branches at the C2 and C3 of Gal and non-stoichiometric methyl phosphoramidate (MeOPN) modifications on the C3 of the fructose. Here, we demonstrate that the capsule of an HS1/44 strain is identical to that of the type strain of HS1, and the capsule of HS1/8 is also identical to HS1, except for an additional site of MeOPN modification at C6 of Gal. The DNA sequence of the capsule locus of an HS44 strain included an insertion of 10 genes, and the strain expressed two capsules, one identical to the HS1 type strain, but with no fructose branches, and another composed of heptoses and MeOPN. We also characterize a HS1 capsule biosynthesis gene, HS1.08, as a fructose transferase responsible for the attachment of the β-D-fructofuranoses residues at C2 and C3 of the Gal unit. In summary, the common component of all members of the HS1 complex is the teichoic-acid like backbone that is likely responsible for the observed sero-cross reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Han Chen
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zuchao Ma
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl P. Ewing
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Eman Omari
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ellen Song
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pawel Gabryelski
- Dept. of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia Guerry
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Frédéric Poly
- Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Negretti NM, Ye Y, Malavasi LM, Pokharel SM, Huynh S, Noh S, Klima CL, Gourley CR, Ragle CA, Bose S, Looft T, Parker CT, Clair G, Adkins JN, Konkel ME. A porcine ligated loop model reveals new insight into the host immune response against Campylobacter jejuni. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1-25. [PMID: 32887530 PMCID: PMC7524355 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1814121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The symptoms of infectious diarrheal disease are mediated by a combination of a pathogen's virulence factors and the host immune system. Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial cause of diarrhea worldwide due to its near-ubiquitous zoonotic association with poultry. One of the outstanding questions is to what extent the bacteria are responsible for the diarrheal symptoms via intestinal cell necrosis versus immune cell initiated tissue damage. To determine the stepwise process of inflammation that leads to diarrhea, we used a piglet ligated intestinal loop model to study the intestinal response to C. jejuni. Pigs were chosen due to the anatomical similarity between the porcine and the human intestine. We found that the abundance of neutrophil related proteins increased in the intestinal lumen during C. jejuni infection, including proteins related to neutrophil migration (neutrophil elastase and MMP9), actin reorganization (Arp2/3), and antimicrobial proteins (lipocalin-2, myeloperoxidase, S100A8, and S100A9). The appearance of neutrophil proteins also corresponded with increases of the inflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α. Compared to infection with the C. jejuni wild-type strain, infection with the noninvasive C. jejuni ∆ciaD mutant resulted in a blunted inflammatory response, with less inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil markers. These findings indicate that intestinal inflammation is driven by C. jejuni virulence and that neutrophils are the predominant cell type responding to C. jejuni infection. We propose that this model can be used as a platform to study the early immune events during infection with intestinal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Negretti
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Yinyin Ye
- Integrative Omics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Lais M Malavasi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Swechha M Pokharel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Steven Huynh
- Produce Safety and Microbiology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Susan Noh
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, USA
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Cassidy L Klima
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Christopher R Gourley
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Claude A Ragle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Santanu Bose
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Torey Looft
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Craig T Parker
- Produce Safety and Microbiology, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Geremy Clair
- Integrative Omics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Joshua N Adkins
- Integrative Omics, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Michael E Konkel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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18
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Agricultural intensification and the evolution of host specialism in the enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:11018-11028. [PMID: 32366649 PMCID: PMC7245135 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917168117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern agriculture has dramatically changed the distribution of animal species on Earth. Changes to host ecology have a major impact on the microbiota, potentially increasing the risk of zoonotic pathogens being transmitted to humans, but the impact of intensive livestock production on host-associated bacteria has rarely been studied. Here, we use large isolate collections and comparative genomics techniques, linked to phenotype studies, to understand the timescale and genomic adaptations associated with the proliferation of the most common food-born bacterial pathogen (Campylobacter jejuni) in the most prolific agricultural mammal (cattle). Our findings reveal the emergence of cattle specialist C. jejuni lineages from a background of host generalist strains that coincided with the dramatic rise in cattle numbers in the 20th century. Cattle adaptation was associated with horizontal gene transfer and significant gene gain and loss. This may be related to differences in host diet, anatomy, and physiology, leading to the proliferation of globally disseminated cattle specialists of major public health importance. This work highlights how genomic plasticity can allow important zoonotic pathogens to exploit altered niches in the face of anthropogenic change and provides information for mitigating some of the risks posed by modern agricultural systems.
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19
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Campylobacter jejuni capsule types in a Peruvian birth cohort and associations with diarrhoeal disease severity. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 147:e149. [PMID: 30868983 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818002960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of bacterial diarrhoea worldwide. The objective of this study was to examine the association between C. jejuni capsule types and clinical signs and symptoms of diarrhoeal disease in a well-defined birth cohort in Peru. Children were enrolled in the study at birth and followed until 2 years of age as part of the Malnutrition and Enteric Infections birth cohort. Associations between capsule type and clinical outcomes were assessed using the Pearson's χ2 and the Kruskal-Wallis test statistics. A total of 318 C. jejuni samples (30% from symptomatic cases) were included in this analysis. There were 22 different C. jejuni capsule types identified with five accounting for 49.1% of all isolates. The most common capsule types among the total number of isolates were HS4 complex (n = 52, 14.8%), HS5/31 complex (n = 42, 11.9%), HS15 (n = 29, 8.2%), HS2 (n = 26, 7.4%) and HS10 (n = 24, 6.8%). These five capsule types accounted for the majority of C. jejuni infections; however, there was no significant difference in prevalence between symptomatic and asymptomatic infection (all p > 0.05). The majority of isolates (n = 291, 82.7%) were predicted to express a heptose-containing capsule. The predicted presence of methyl phosphoramidate, heptose or deoxyheptose on the capsule was common.
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20
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Rojas JD, Reynolds ND, Pike BL, Espinoza NM, Kuroiwa J, Jani V, Ríos PA, Nunez RG, Yori PP, Bernal M, Meza RA, Kosek MN, McCoy AJ, Simons MP, Gregory MJ, Guerry P, Poly FM. Distribution of Capsular Types of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Children in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:541-548. [PMID: 31392944 PMCID: PMC6726929 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial cause of diarrhea worldwide. A capsular polysaccharide (CPS) conjugate vaccine is under development and requires determination of the valency. However, distribution of CPS types circulating globally is presently poorly described. We aimed to determine whether CPS type distribution in Peru differs from that in other endemic regions. We used a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of CPS encoding genes capable of distinguishing all 35 CPS types on Campylobacter isolates in two prospective communities based studies conducted in cohorts of children less than 59 months of age in Peru. Results showed that CPS type HS4 complex was the most prevalent, followed by HS3 complex and HS15. Differences in CPS type for symptomatology were not statistically significant. Most subjects demonstrated repeated infections over time with different CPS types, suggesting that CPS types may confer of a level of homologous protective immunity. In this dataset, some differences in CPS type distribution were observed in comparison to other low-middle income countries. Further studies need to be conducted in endemic areas to increase our knowledge of CPS type distribution and guide vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús D Rojas
- Bacteriology Department, Naval Medical Research Unit-6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru.,Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Brian L Pike
- U.S. National Medical Research Center, Singapore
| | - Nereyda M Espinoza
- Bacteriology Department, Naval Medical Research Unit-6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Janelle Kuroiwa
- Enteric Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Vihasi Jani
- Enteric Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Paul A Ríos
- Bacteriology Department, Naval Medical Research Unit-6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Rosa G Nunez
- Bacteriology Department, Naval Medical Research Unit-6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Pablo P Yori
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Manuela Bernal
- Bacteriology Department, Naval Medical Research Unit-6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Rina A Meza
- Bacteriology Department, Naval Medical Research Unit-6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Margaret N Kosek
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Andrea J McCoy
- Bacteriology Department, Naval Medical Research Unit-6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Mark P Simons
- Bacteriology Department, Naval Medical Research Unit-6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Michael J Gregory
- Bacteriology Department, Naval Medical Research Unit-6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia Guerry
- Enteric Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Frédéric M Poly
- Enteric Diseases Department, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
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21
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Elkoshi Z. The Binary Classification Of Chronic Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2019; 12:319-333. [PMID: 31908517 PMCID: PMC6927256 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s227279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute diseases start with an insult and end when insult disappears. If the trauma induces an immune reaction (which happens in most cases), this reaction must be terminated with some type of resolution mechanism, when the cause of the trauma ceases. Chronicity develops if insult is permanent or if the resolution mechanism is defective. Another way to reach disease chronicity is a positive feedback loop, whereby the immune reaction activates an internal, insult-like reaction. A distinction between chronic states characterized by a persistent, low suppressive effect and those characterized by a persistent, high suppressive effect of regulatory T cells (Treg), is proposed. This two-class division represents two ways to reach chronicity: (a) by maintaining inflammatory reaction long after insult disappears ("low Treg"), or (b) by suppressing inflammatory reaction prior to the disappearance of insult ("high Treg"). This two-class division may explain the strong association between certain pathogens and cancer, on one hand, and between several other pathogens and autoimmunity, on the other hand. The weak association between autoimmune diseases and HIV infection and the relatively weak association between autoimmune diseases and cancer may be elucidated as well. In addition, the model rationalizes why immune-modulating drugs, which are effective in cancer, are also effective in "high Treg" viral infections, while corticosteroids, which are generally effective in autoimmune diseases, are also effective in other "low Treg" diseases (such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and "low Treg" infections) but are not effective in solid malignancies and "high Treg" infections. Moreover, the model expounds why certain bacteria inhibit tumor growth and why these very bacteria induce autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Elkoshi
- Taro Pharmaceutical Industries, Haifa Bay, Israel
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22
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Hameed A. Human Immunity Against Campylobacter Infection. Immune Netw 2019; 19:e38. [PMID: 31921468 PMCID: PMC6943174 DOI: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a worldwide foodborne pathogen, associated with human gastroenteritis. The efficient translocation of Campylobacter and its ability to secrete toxins into host cells are the 2 key features of Campylobacter pathophysiology which trigger inflammation in intestinal cells and contribute to the development of gastrointestinal symptoms, particularly diarrhoea, in humans. The purpose of conducting this literature review is to summarise the current understanding of: i) the human immune responses involved in the elimination of Campylobacter infection and ii) the resistance potential in Campylobacter against these immune responses. This review has highlighted that the intestinal epithelial cells are the preliminary cells which sense Campylobacter cells by means of their cell-surface and cytosolic receptors, activate various receptors-dependent signalling pathways, and recruit the innate immune cells to the site of inflammation. The innate immune system, adaptive immune system, and networking between these systems play a crucial role in bacterial clearance. Different cellular constituents of Campylobacter, mainly cell membrane lipooligosaccharides, capsule, and toxins, provide protection to Campylobacter against the human immune system mediated killing. This review has also identified gaps in knowledge, which are related to the activation of following during Campylobacter infection: i) cathelicidins, bactericidal permeability-increasing proteins, chemokines, and inflammasomes in intestinal epithelial cells; ii) siglec-7 receptors in dendritic cell; iii) acute phase proteins in serum; and iv) T-cell subsets in lymphoid nodules. This review evaluates the existing literature to improve the understanding of human immunity against Campylobacter infection and identify some of the knowledge gaps for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Hameed
- Division of Life Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK
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In vitro spleen cell cytokine responses of adult mice immunized with a recombinant PorA (major outer membrane protein [MOMP]) from Campylobacter jejuni. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12024. [PMID: 31427597 PMCID: PMC6700113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48249-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no information on cytokine profiles for use as markers of protection in Campylobacter jejuni infection. To study this, we used outer membrane protein (MOMP [PorA]) as the vaccine for protection and spleen cell cytokines as markers of protection. We cloned and expressed porA from C. jejuni111 and immunized mice by the intraperitoneal route. Subsequently, mice were orally challenged with live C. jejuni 111. The vaccine induced protection as evidenced by reduced fecal excretion of C. jejuni111. Cytokines were measured in vitro after stimulation of spleen cells with MOMP. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-12, TNF-α, IL-17A and IL-17F were similar in control and test mice. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-2 and IFN-γ were higher in control mice than in test mice, and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-8 and IL-1β were higher in test mice than in control mice. Among the two anti-inflammatory cytokines, the levels were similar for IL-10 but higher for IL-4 in test mice than in control mice. Ratios of pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokines showed a bias towards an anti-inflammatory response in favor of antibody production reflecting the role of antibodies in immunity. Cytokine production patterns by spleen cells may be used as markers of protection in the mouse model.
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Burnham PM, Hendrixson DR. Campylobacter jejuni: collective components promoting a successful enteric lifestyle. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 16:551-565. [PMID: 29892020 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial diarrhoeal disease in many areas of the world. The high incidence of sporadic cases of disease in humans is largely due to its prevalence as a zoonotic agent in animals, both in agriculture and in the wild. Compared with many other enteric bacterial pathogens, C. jejuni has strict growth and nutritional requirements and lacks many virulence and colonization determinants that are typically used by bacterial pathogens to infect hosts. Instead, C. jejuni has a different collection of factors and pathways not typically associated together in enteric pathogens to establish commensalism in many animal hosts and to promote diarrhoeal disease in the human population. In this Review, we discuss the cellular architecture and structure of C. jejuni, intraspecies genotypic variation, the multiple roles of the flagellum, specific nutritional and environmental growth requirements and how these factors contribute to in vivo growth in human and avian hosts, persistent colonization and pathogenesis of diarrhoeal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Burnham
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David R Hendrixson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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25
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Ramakrishnan A, Schumack NM, Gariepy CL, Eggleston H, Nunez G, Espinoza N, Nieto M, Castillo R, Rojas J, McCoy AJ, Beck Z, Matyas GR, Alving CR, Guerry P, Poly F, Laird RM. Enhanced Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Campylobacter jejuni Conjugate Vaccine Coadministered with Liposomes Containing Monophosphoryl Lipid A and QS-21. mSphere 2019; 4:e00101-19. [PMID: 31043512 PMCID: PMC6495334 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00101-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is among the most common causes of diarrheal disease worldwide and efforts to develop protective measures against the pathogen are ongoing. One of the few defined virulence factors targeted for vaccine development is the capsule polysaccharide (CPS). We have developed a capsule conjugate vaccine against C. jejuni strain 81-176 (CPS-CRM) that is immunogenic in mice and nonhuman primates (NHPs) but only moderately immunogenic in humans when delivered alone or with aluminum hydroxide. To enhance immunogenicity, two novel liposome-based adjuvant systems, the Army Liposome Formulation (ALF), containing synthetic monophosphoryl lipid A, and ALF plus QS-21 (ALFQ), were evaluated with CPS-CRM in this study. In mice, ALF and ALFQ induced similar amounts of CPS-specific IgG that was significantly higher than levels induced by CPS-CRM alone. Qualitative differences in antibody responses were observed where CPS-CRM alone induced Th2-biased IgG1, whereas ALF and ALFQ enhanced Th1-mediated anti-CPS IgG2b and IgG2c and generated functional bactericidal antibody titers. CPS-CRM + ALFQ was superior to vaccine alone or CPS-CRM + ALF in augmenting antigen-specific Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokine responses and a significantly higher proportion of CD4+ IFN-γ+ IL-2+ TNF-α+ and CD4+ IL-4+ IL-10+ T cells. ALFQ also significantly enhanced anti-CPS responses in NHPs when delivered with CPS-CRM compared to alum- or ALF-adjuvanted groups and showed the highest protective efficacy against diarrhea following orogastric challenge with C. jejuni This study provides evidence that the ALF adjuvants may provide enhanced immunogenicity of this and other novel C. jejuni capsule conjugate vaccines in humans.IMPORTANCECampylobacter jejuni is a leading cause of diarrheal disease worldwide, and currently no preventative interventions are available. C. jejuni is an invasive mucosal pathogen that has a variety of polysaccharide structures on its surface, including a capsule. In phase 1 studies, a C. jejuni capsule conjugate vaccine was safe but poorly immunogenic when delivered alone or with aluminum hydroxide. Here, we report enhanced immunogenicity of the conjugate vaccine delivered with liposome adjuvants containing monophosphoryl lipid A without or with QS-21, known as ALF and ALFQ, respectively, in preclinical studies. Both liposome adjuvants significantly enhanced immunity in mice and nonhuman primates and improved protective efficacy of the vaccine compared to alum in a nonhuman primate C. jejuni diarrhea model, providing promising evidence that these potent adjuvant formulations may enhance immunogenicity in upcoming human studies with this C. jejuni conjugate and other malaria and HIV vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina M Schumack
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina L Gariepy
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Heather Eggleston
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Gladys Nunez
- Bacteriology Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | - Nereyda Espinoza
- Bacteriology Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | - Monica Nieto
- Bacteriology Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | - Rosa Castillo
- Bacteriology Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | - Jesus Rojas
- Bacteriology Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | - Andrea J McCoy
- Bacteriology Department, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Callao, Peru
| | - Zoltan Beck
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Guerry
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Frédéric Poly
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Renee M Laird
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Enteric Diseases, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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26
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Wanford JJ, Lango-Scholey L, Nothaft H, Hu Y, Szymanski CM, Bayliss CD. Random sorting of Campylobacter jejuni phase variants due to a narrow bottleneck during colonization of broiler chickens. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 164:896-907. [PMID: 29856309 PMCID: PMC6097035 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Phase variation (PV), involving stochastic switches in gene expression, is exploited by the human pathogen Campylobacter jejuni to adapt to different environmental and host niches. Phase-variable genes of C. jejuni modulate expression of multiple surface determinants, and hence may influence host colonization. Population bottlenecks can rapidly remove the diversity generated by PV, and strict single-cell bottlenecks can lead to propagation of PV states with highly divergent phenotypes. Using a combination of high-throughput fragment size analysis and comparison with in vivo and in silico bottleneck models, we have characterized a narrow population bottleneck during the experimental colonization of broiler chickens with C. jejuni strain 81-176. We identified high levels of variation in five PV genes in the inoculum, and subsequently, massively decreased population diversity following colonization. Each bird contained a dominant five-gene phasotype that was present in the inoculum indicative of random sorting through a narrow, non-selective bottleneck during colonization. These results are evidence of the potential for confounding effects of PV on in vivo studies of Campylobacter colonization factors and poultry vaccine studies. Our results are also an argument for population bottlenecks as mediators of stochastic variability in the propensity to survive through the food chain and cause clinical human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Wanford
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Lea Lango-Scholey
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Harald Nothaft
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christine M Szymanski
- Department of Microbiology and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Wheeler NE, Blackmore T, Reynolds AD, Midwinter AC, Marshall J, French NP, Savoian MS, Gardner PP, Biggs PJ. Genomic correlates of extraintestinal infection are linked with changes in cell morphology in Campylobacter jejuni. Microb Genom 2019; 5:e000251. [PMID: 30777818 PMCID: PMC6421344 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the most common cause of bacterial diarrheal disease in the world. Clinical outcomes of infection can range from asymptomatic infection to life-threatening extraintestinal infections. This variability in outcomes for infected patients has raised questions as to whether genetic differences between C. jejuni isolates contribute to their likelihood of causing severe disease. In this study, we compare the genomes of ten C. jejuni isolates that were implicated in extraintestinal infections with reference gastrointestinal isolates, in order to identify unusual patterns of sequence variation associated with infection outcome. We identified a collection of genes that display a higher burden of uncommon mutations in invasive isolates compared with gastrointestinal close relatives, including some that have been previously linked to virulence and invasiveness in C. jejuni. Among the top genes identified were mreB and pgp1, which are both involved in determining cell shape. Electron microscopy confirmed morphological differences in isolates carrying unusual sequence variants of these genes, indicating a possible relationship between extraintestinal infection and changes in cell morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Wheeler
- Center for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Angela D. Reynolds
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anne C. Midwinter
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Marshall
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P. French
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Matthew S. Savoian
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul P. Gardner
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Patrick J. Biggs
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- New Zealand Genomics Ltd (NZGL – as Massey Genome Service) Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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28
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Mannion A, Shen Z, Fox JG. Comparative genomics analysis to differentiate metabolic and virulence gene potential in gastric versus enterohepatic Helicobacter species. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:830. [PMID: 30458713 PMCID: PMC6247508 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Helicobacter are gram-negative, microaerobic, flagellated, mucus-inhabiting bacteria associated with gastrointestinal inflammation and classified as gastric or enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS) according to host species and colonization niche. While there are over 30 official species, little is known about the physiology and pathogenic mechanisms of EHS, which account for most in the genus, as well as what genetic factors differentiate gastric versus EHS, given they inhabit different hosts and colonization niches. The objective of this study was to perform a whole-genus comparative analysis of over 100 gastric versus EHS genomes in order to identify genetic determinants that distinguish these Helicobacter species and provide insights about their evolution/adaptation to different hosts, colonization niches, and mechanisms of virulence. Results Whole-genome phylogeny organized Helicobacter species according to their presumed gastric or EHS classification. Analysis of orthologs revealed substantial heterogeneity in physiological and virulence-related genes between gastric and EHS genomes. Metabolic reconstruction predicted that unlike gastric species, EHS appear asaccharolytic and dependent on amino/organic acids to fuel metabolism. Additionally, gastric species lack de novo biosynthetic pathways for several amino acids and purines found in EHS and instead rely on environmental uptake/salvage pathways. Comparison of virulence factor genes between gastric and EHS genomes identified overlapping yet distinct profiles and included canonical cytotoxins, outer membrane proteins, secretion systems, and survival factors. Conclusions The major differences in predicted metabolic function suggest gastric species and EHS may have evolved for survival in the nutrient-rich stomach versus the nutrient-devoid environments, respectively. Contrasting virulence factor gene profiles indicate gastric species and EHS may utilize different pathogenic mechanisms to chronically infect hosts and cause inflammation and tissue damage. The findings from this study provide new insights into the genetic differences underlying gastric versus EHS and support the need for future experimental studies to characterize these pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5171-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Mannion
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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29
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Abstract
Background: Acute diarrheal disease caused by viral, bacterial and parasitic infections are a major global health problem with substantial mortality and morbidity in children under five years of age in lower and middle income countries. However, a number of these infections also impact large segments of populations in upper income countries, as well as individuals who travel overseas for work, business or pleasure. Campylobacter has been and continues to be a leading cause of disease burden globally across all income countries. Aims: The aim of this review is to describe recent understanding in burden of disease, consider the current landscape of Campylobacter vaccine development, and address the challenges that need to be overcome. Sources: Relevant data from the literature as well as clinical trials described in European and US registries were used to conduct this review. Content: Despite advances in population health, food security, improved sanitation, water quality and the reduction of poverty, Campylobacter infections continue to plague global populations. The emerging recognition of chronic health consequences attributed to this pathogen is changing the potential valuation of preventive interventions. Advancing development of new vaccines is a present opportunity and holds promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Poly
- a Enteric Diseases Department , Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Alexander J Noll
- a Enteric Diseases Department , Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA
| | - Mark S Riddle
- b F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine , Uniformed Services University , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Chad K Porter
- a Enteric Diseases Department , Naval Medical Research Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA
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30
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Laird RM, Ma Z, Dorabawila N, Pequegnat B, Omari E, Liu Y, Maue AC, Poole ST, Maciel M, Satish K, Gariepy CL, Schumack NM, McVeigh AL, Poly F, Ewing CP, Prouty MG, Monteiro MA, Savarino SJ, Guerry P. Evaluation of a conjugate vaccine platform against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Campylobacter jejuni and Shigella. Vaccine 2018; 36:6695-6702. [PMID: 30269917 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), Campylobacter jejuni (CJ), and Shigella sp. are major causes of bacterial diarrhea worldwide, but there are no licensed vaccines against any of these pathogens. Most current approaches to ETEC vaccines are based on recombinant proteins that are involved in virulence, particularly adhesins. In contrast, approaches to Shigella and CJ vaccines have included conjugate vaccines in which Shigella lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or CJ capsule polysaccharides are chemically conjugated to proteins. We have explored the feasibility of developing a multi-pathogen vaccine by using ETEC proteins as conjugating partners for CJ and Shigella polysaccharides. We synthesized three vaccines in which two CJ polysaccharides were conjugated to two recombinant ETEC adhesins based on CFA/I (CfaEB) and CS6 (CssBA), and LPS from Shigella flexneri was also conjugated to CfaEB. The vaccines were immunogenic in mice as monovalent, bivalent and trivalent formulations. Importantly, functional antibodies capable of inducing hemaglutination inhibition (HAI) of a CFA/I expressing ETEC strain were induced in all vaccines containing CfaEB. These data suggest that conjugate vaccines could be a platform for a multi-pathogen, multi-serotype vaccine against the three major causes of diarrheal disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M Laird
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Zuchao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nelum Dorabawila
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Brittany Pequegnat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Eman Omari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yang Liu
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Alexander C Maue
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Steven T Poole
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Milton Maciel
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kavyashree Satish
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Christina L Gariepy
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Nina M Schumack
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Annette L McVeigh
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Frédéric Poly
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Cheryl P Ewing
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA; Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Michael G Prouty
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Mario A Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stephen J Savarino
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Patricia Guerry
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Al-Banna NA, Cyprian F, Albert MJ. Cytokine responses in campylobacteriosis: Linking pathogenesis to immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 41:75-87. [PMID: 29550265 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is an important enteric pathogen that causes diarrheas of different degrees of severity and several extra-intestinal manifestations, including Guillain-Barre syndrome. The variability of disease outcomes is thought to be linked to the immune response induced by C. jejuni. The virulence factors of C. jejuni induce a pro-inflammatory response, that is initiated by the intestinal epithelial cells, propagated by innate immune cells and modulated by the cells of the adaptive immune response. This review focuses on cytokines, that are reported to orchestrate the induction and propagation of pro-inflammatory immune response, and also those that are involved in control and resolution of inflammation. We describe the functional roles of a number of cytokines in modulating anti-Campylobacter immune responses: 1. cytokines of innate immunity (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8) as initiators of inflammatory response, 2. cytokines of antigen-presenting cells (IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-23) as promoters of pro-inflammatory response, 3. cytokines produced by T cells (IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-22) as activators of T cells, and 4. anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) as inhibitors of pro-inflammatory responses. We highlight the roles of cytokines as potential therapeutic agents that are under investigation. In the end, we pose several questions that remain unanswered in our quest to understand Campylobacter immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Al-Banna
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health Cluster, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Farhan Cyprian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health Cluster, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - M John Albert
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait.
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32
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Giallourou N, Medlock GL, Bolick DT, Medeiros PHQS, Ledwaba SE, Kolling GL, Tung K, Guerry P, Swann JR, Guerrant RL. A novel mouse model of Campylobacter jejuni enteropathy and diarrhea. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007083. [PMID: 29791507 PMCID: PMC5988333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter infections are among the leading bacterial causes of diarrhea and of 'environmental enteropathy' (EE) and growth failure worldwide. However, the lack of an inexpensive small animal model of enteric disease with Campylobacter has been a major limitation for understanding its pathogenesis, interventions or vaccine development. We describe a robust standard mouse model that can exhibit reproducible bloody diarrhea or growth failure, depending on the zinc or protein deficient diet and on antibiotic alteration of normal microbiota prior to infection. Zinc deficiency and the use of antibiotics create a niche for Campylobacter infection to establish by narrowing the metabolic flexibility of these mice for pathogen clearance and by promoting intestinal and systemic inflammation. Several biomarkers and intestinal pathology in this model also mimic those seen in human disease. This model provides a novel tool to test specific hypotheses regarding disease pathogenesis as well as vaccine development that is currently in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Giallourou
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory L. Medlock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - David T. Bolick
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Pedro HQS Medeiros
- Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Solanka E. Ledwaba
- Department of Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Glynis L. Kolling
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Tung
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Patricia Guerry
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R. Swann
- Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L. Guerrant
- Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
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Mayer S, Moeller R, Monteiro JT, Ellrott K, Josenhans C, Lepenies B. C-Type Lectin Receptor (CLR)-Fc Fusion Proteins As Tools to Screen for Novel CLR/Bacteria Interactions: An Exemplary Study on Preselected Campylobacter jejuni Isolates. Front Immunol 2018; 9:213. [PMID: 29487596 PMCID: PMC5816833 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are carbohydrate-binding receptors that recognize their ligands often in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Upon ligand binding, myeloid CLRs in innate immunity trigger or inhibit a variety of signaling pathways, thus initiating or modulating effector functions such as cytokine production, phagocytosis, and antigen presentation. CLRs bind to various pathogens, including viruses, fungi, parasites, and bacteria. The bacterium Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is a very frequent Gram-negative zoonotic pathogen of humans, causing severe intestinal symptoms. Interestingly, C. jejuni expresses several glycosylated surface structures, for example, the capsular polysaccharide (CPS), lipooligosaccharide (LOS), and envelope proteins. This “Methods” paper describes applications of CLR–Fc fusion proteins to screen for yet unknown CLR/bacteria interactions using C. jejuni as an example. ELISA-based detection of CLR/bacteria interactions allows a first prescreening that is further confirmed by flow cytometry-based binding analysis and visualized using confocal microscopy. By applying these methods, we identified Dectin-1 as a novel CLR recognizing two selected C. jejuni isolates with different LOS and CPS genotypes. In conclusion, the here-described applications of CLR–Fc fusion proteins represent useful methods to screen for and identify novel CLR/bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Mayer
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rebecca Moeller
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - João T Monteiro
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Ellrott
- Medical School Hannover, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Josenhans
- Medical School Hannover, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.,Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Immunology Unit and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Elmi A, Dorey A, Watson E, Jagatia H, Inglis NF, Gundogdu O, Bajaj-Elliott M, Wren BW, Smith DGE, Dorrell N. The bile salt sodium taurocholate induces Campylobacter jejuni outer membrane vesicle production and increases OMV-associated proteolytic activity. Cell Microbiol 2017; 20. [PMID: 29205766 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni, the leading cause of bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide, secretes an arsenal of virulence-associated proteins within outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). C. jejuni OMVs contain three serine proteases (HtrA, Cj0511, and Cj1365c) that cleave the intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) tight and adherens junction proteins occludin and E-cadherin, promoting enhanced C. jejuni adhesion to and invasion of IECs. C. jejuni OMVs also induce IECs innate immune responses. The bile salt sodium taurocholate (ST) is sensed as a host signal to coordinate the activation of virulence-associated genes in the enteric pathogen Vibrio cholerae. In this study, the effect of ST on C. jejuni OMVs was investigated. Physiological concentrations of ST do not have an inhibitory effect on C. jejuni growth until the early stationary phase. Coculture of C. jejuni with 0.1% or 0.2% (w/v) ST stimulates OMV production, increasing both lipid and protein concentrations. C. jejuni ST-OMVs possess increased proteolytic activity and exhibit a different protein profile compared to OMVs isolated in the absence of ST. ST-OMVs exhibit enhanced cytotoxicity and immunogenicity to T84 IECs and enhanced killing of Galleria mellonella larvae. ST increases the level of mRNA transcripts of the OMVs-associated serine protease genes and the cdtABC operon that encodes the cytolethal distending toxin. Coculture with ST significantly enhances the OMVs-induced cleavage of E-cadherin and occludin. C. jejuni OMVs also cleave the major endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein BiP/GRP78 and this activity is associated with the Cj1365c protease. These data suggest that C. jejuni responds to the presence of physiological concentrations of the bile salt ST that increases OMV production and the synthesis of virulence-associated factors that are secreted within the OMVs. We propose that these events contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdi Elmi
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Amber Dorey
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Heena Jagatia
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mona Bajaj-Elliott
- Infection, Immunity, Inflammation and Physiological Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - David G E Smith
- School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nick Dorrell
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Sainato R, ElGendy A, Poly F, Kuroiwa J, Guerry P, Riddle MS, Porter CK. Epidemiology of Campylobacter Infections among Children in Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 98:581-585. [PMID: 29260646 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is a frequently isolated bacterial pathogen among children with diarrhea. Data are lacking on the distribution and spectrum of disease associated with Campylobacter species and Campylobacter jejuni capsular polysaccharide (CPS) types. This information is essential because current vaccine research seeks to target specific CPS types. An effective CPS-conjugate vaccine will need to cover CPS types that are both common and associated with severe disease. The US Naval Medical Research Unit-3 conducted several prospective cohort studies researching diarrheal disease in Egypt from 1995 to 2003. In total, 1,057 children were enrolled and followed to a maximum age of 36 months. We analyzed Campylobacter-positive stool samples that were collected while subjects were symptomatic, along with corresponding clinical data. Of 441 Campylobacter isolates, 322 represented primary infections (189 C. jejuni, 127 Campylobacter coli, six unspeciated). There were 19 C. jejuni CPS types identified; eight accounted for 63.5% of primary C. jejuni infections. We also screened for the presence of the type-6 secretion system (T6SS), a putative virulence determinant. The T6SS was found in 18.0% of C. coli isolates and 57.6% of C. jejuni isolates (P < 0.001), and was not uniformly distributed among CPS types (P < 0.001). Strains with the T6SS were not associated with more severe disease. Clinical presentations across species and CPS types appeared similar. This study adds to the growing epidemiological data and also provides some analysis of the clinical spectrum associated with infection by specific Campylobacter species, C. jejuni capsule types, and possible virulence determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sainato
- Department of Pediatrics, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Atef ElGendy
- United States Naval Medical Research Unit-3, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Frédéric Poly
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Janelle Kuroiwa
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Patricia Guerry
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Mark S Riddle
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Chad K Porter
- Enteric Diseases Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland
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Coadministration of the Campylobacter jejuni N-Glycan-Based Vaccine with Probiotics Improves Vaccine Performance in Broiler Chickens. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01523-17. [PMID: 28939610 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01523-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Source attribution studies report that the consumption of contaminated poultry is the primary source for acquiring human campylobacteriosis. Oral administration of an engineered Escherichia coli strain expressing the Campylobacter jejuni N-glycan reduces bacterial colonization in specific-pathogen-free leghorn chickens, but only a fraction of birds respond to vaccination. Optimization of the vaccine for commercial broiler chickens has great potential to prevent the entry of the pathogen into the food chain. Here, we tested the same vaccination approach in broiler chickens and observed similar efficacies in pathogen load reduction, stimulation of the host IgY response, the lack of C. jejuni resistance development, uniformity in microbial gut composition, and the bimodal response to treatment. Gut microbiota analysis of leghorn and broiler vaccine responders identified one member of Clostridiales cluster XIVa, Anaerosporobacter mobilis, that was significantly more abundant in responder birds. In broiler chickens, coadministration of the live vaccine with A. mobilis or Lactobacillus reuteri, a commonly used probiotic, resulted in increased vaccine efficacy, antibody responses, and weight gain. To investigate whether the responder-nonresponder effect was due to the selection of a C. jejuni "supercolonizer mutant" with altered phase-variable genes, we analyzed all poly(G)-containing loci of the input strain compared to nonresponder colony isolates and found no evidence of phase state selection. However, untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics identified a potential biomarker negatively correlated with C. jejuni colonization levels that is possibly linked to increased microbial diversity in this subgroup. The comprehensive methods used to examine the bimodality of the vaccine response provide several opportunities to improve the C. jejuni vaccine and the efficacy of any vaccination strategy.IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of human diarrheal disease worldwide and is listed by the World Health Organization as a high-priority pathogen. C. jejuni infection typically occurs through the ingestion of contaminated chicken meat, so many efforts are targeted at reducing C. jejuni levels at the source. We previously developed a vaccine that reduces C. jejuni levels in egg-laying chickens. In this study, we improved vaccine performance in meat birds by supplementing the vaccine with probiotics. In addition, we demonstrated that C. jejuni colonization levels in chickens are negatively correlated with the abundance of clostridia, another group of common gut microbes. We describe new methods for vaccine optimization that will assist in improving the C. jejuni vaccine and other vaccines under development.
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Phase-Variable Changes in the Position of O-Methyl Phosphoramidate Modifications on the Polysaccharide Capsule of Campylobacter jejuni Modulate Serum Resistance. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00027-17. [PMID: 28461446 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00027-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni polysaccharide capsules (CPS) are characterized by the presence of nonstoichiometric O-methyl phosphoramidate (MeOPN) modifications. The lack of stoichiometry is due to phase variation at homopolymeric tracts within the MeOPN transferase genes. C. jejuni strain 81-176 contains two MeOPN transferase genes and has been shown previously to contain MeOPN modifications at the 2 and 6 positions of the galactose (Gal) moiety in the CPS. We demonstrate here that one of the two MeOPN transferases, encoded by CJJ81176_1435, is bifunctional and is responsible for the addition of MeOPN to both the 2 and the 6 positions of Gal. A new MeOPN at the 4 position of Gal was observed in a mutant lacking the CJJ81176_1435 transferase and this was encoded by the CJJ81176_1420 transferase. During routine growth of 81-176, the CJJ81176_1420 transferase was predominantly in an off configuration, while the CJJ81176_1435 transferase was primarily on. However, exposure to normal human serum selected for cells expressing the CJJ81176_1420 transferase. MeOPN modifications appear to block binding of naturally occurring antibodies to the 81-176 CPS. The absence of MeOPN-4-Gal resulted in enhanced sensitivity to serum killing, whereas the loss of MeOPN-2-Gal and MeOPN-6-Gal resulted in enhanced resistance to serum killing, perhaps by allowing more MeOPN to be put onto the 4 position of Gal.IMPORTANCECampylobacter jejuni undergoes phase variation in genes encoding surface antigens, leading to the concept that a strain of this organism consists of multiple genotypes that are selected for fitness in various environments. Methyl phosphoramidate modifications on the capsule of C. jejuni block access of preexisting antibodies in normal human sera to the polysaccharide chain, thus preventing activation of the classical arm of the complement cascade. We show that the capsule of strain 81-176 contains more sites of MeOPN modifications than previously recognized and that one site, on the 4 position of galactose, is more critical to complement resistance than the others. Exposure to normal human serum selects for variants in the population expressing this MeOPN modification.
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Key Role of Capsular Polysaccharide in the Induction of Systemic Infection and Abortion by Hypervirulent Campylobacter jejuni. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00001-17. [PMID: 28373351 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00001-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic pathogen, and a hypervirulent clone, named clone SA, has recently emerged as the predominant cause of ovine abortion in the United States. To induce abortion, orally ingested Campylobacter must translocate across the intestinal epithelium, spread systemically in the circulation, and reach the fetoplacental tissue. Bacterial factors involved in these steps are not well understood. C. jejuni is known to produce capsular polysaccharide (CPS), but the specific role that CPS plays in systemic infection and particularly abortion in animals remains to be determined. In this study, we evaluated the role of CPS in bacteremia using a mouse model and in abortion using a pregnant guinea pig model following oral challenge. Compared with C. jejuni NCTC 11168 and 81-176, a clone SA isolate (IA3902) resulted in significantly higher bacterial counts and a significantly longer duration of bacteremia in mice. The loss of capsule production via gene-specific mutagenesis in IA3902 led to the complete abolishment of bacteremia in mice and abortion in pregnant guinea pigs, while complementation of capsule expression almost fully restored these phenotypes. The capsule mutant strain was also impaired for survival in guinea pig sera and sheep blood. Sequence-based analyses revealed that clone SA possesses a unique CPS locus with a mosaic structure, which has been stably maintained in all clone SA isolates derived from various hosts and times. These findings establish CPS as a key virulence factor for the induction of systemic infection and abortion in pregnant animals and provide a viable candidate for the development of vaccines against hypervirulent C. jejuni.
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The Helical Shape of Campylobacter jejuni Promotes In Vivo Pathogenesis by Aiding Transit through Intestinal Mucus and Colonization of Crypts. Infect Immun 2016; 84:3399-3407. [PMID: 27647867 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00751-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a helix-shaped enteric bacterial pathogen and a common cause of gastroenteritis. We recently developed a mouse model for this human pathogen utilizing the SIGIRR-deficient mouse strain, which exhibits significant intestinal inflammation in response to intestinal C. jejuni infection. In the current study, this mouse model was used to define whether C. jejuni's characteristic helical shape plays a role in its ability to colonize and elicit inflammation in the mouse intestine. Mice were infected with the previously characterized straight-rod Δpgp1 and Δpgp2 mutant strains, along with a newly characterized curved-rod Δ1228 mutant strain. We also compared the resultant infections and pathology to those elicited by the helix-shaped wild-type C. jejuni and complemented strains. Despite displaying wild-type colonization of the intestinal lumen, the straight-rod Δpgp1 and Δpgp2 mutants were essentially nonpathogenic, while all strains with a curved or helical shape retained their expected virulence. Furthermore, analysis of C. jejuni localization within the ceca of infected mice determined that the primary difference between the rod-shaped, nonpathogenic mutants and the helix-shaped, pathogenic strains was the ability to colonize intestinal crypts. Rod-shaped mutants appeared unable to colonize intestinal crypts due to an inability to pass through the intestinal mucus layer to directly contact the epithelium. Together, these results support a critical role for C. jejuni's helical morphology in enabling it to traverse and colonize the mucus-filled intestinal crypts of their host, a necessary step required to trigger intestinal inflammation in response to C. jejuni.
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Zhang X, Qi C, Guo Y, Zhou W, Zhang Y. Toll-like receptor 4-related immunostimulatory polysaccharides: Primary structure, activity relationships, and possible interaction models. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 149:186-206. [PMID: 27261743 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is an important polysaccharide receptor; however, the relationships between the structures and biological activities of TLR4 and polysaccharides remain unknown. Many recent findings have revealed the primary structure of TLR4/MD-2-related polysaccharides, and several three-dimensional structure models of polysaccharide-binding proteins have been reported; and these models provide insights into the mechanisms through which polysaccharides interact with TLR4. In this review, we first discuss the origins of polysaccharides related to TLR4, including polysaccharides from higher plants, fungi, bacteria, algae, and animals. We then briefly describe the glucosidic bond types of TLR4-related heteroglycans and homoglycans and describe the typical molecular weights of TLR4-related polysaccharides. The primary structures and activity relationships of polysaccharides with TLR4/MD-2 are also discussed. Finally, based on the existing interaction models of LPS with TLR4/MD-2 and linear polysaccharides with proteins, we provide insights into the possible interaction models of polysaccharide ligands with TLR4/MD-2. To our knowledge, this review is the first to summarize the primary structures and activity relationships of TLR4-related polysaccharides and the possible mechanisms of interaction for TLR4 and TLR4-related polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Chunhui Qi
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Yan Guo
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Wenxia Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Yongxiang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China.
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Abstract
Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of global childhood mortality and morbidity. Several recent epidemiological studies highlight the rate of diarrheal diseases in different parts of the world and draw attention to the impact on childhood growth and survival. Despite the well-documented global burden of diarrheal diseases, currently there are no combination diarrheal vaccines, only licensed vaccines for rotavirus and cholera, and Salmonella typhi-based vaccines for typhoid fever. The recognition of the impact of diarrheal episodes on infant growth, as seen in resource-poor countries, has spurred action from governmental and non-governmental agencies to accelerate research toward affordable and effective vaccines against diarrheal diseases. Both travelers and children in endemic countries will benefit from a combination diarrheal vaccine, but it can be argued that the greater proportion of any positive impact will be on the public health status of the latter. The history of combination pediatric vaccines indicate that monovalent or single disease vaccines are typically licensed first prior to formulation in a combination vaccine, and that the combinations themselves undergo periodic revision in response to need for improvement in safety or potential for wider coverage of important pediatric pathogens. Nevertheless combination pediatric vaccines have proven to be an effective tool in limiting or eradicating communicable childhood diseases worldwide. The landscape of diarrheal vaccine candidates indicates that there now several in active development that offer options for potential testing of combinations to combat those bacterial and viral pathogens responsible for the heaviest disease burden—rotavirus, ETEC, Shigella, Campylobacter, V. cholera and Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malabi M Venkatesan
- a Bacterial Diseases Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research ; Silver Spring , MD , USA
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Polyphosphate kinases modulate Campylobacter jejuni outer membrane constituents and alter its capacity to invade and survive in intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Emerg Microbes Infect 2015; 4:e77. [PMID: 26714783 PMCID: PMC4715166 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2015.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the most prevalent cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Polyphosphate kinases 1 and 2 (PPK1 and PPK2) regulate several cellular processes, including the biosynthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Despite their importance, whether PPK1 and PPK2 modulate the composition of C. jejuni outer membrane constituents (OMCs) and consequently impact its interaction with host cells remains unknown. Our comparative analysis between C. jejuni wild type, Δppk1, and Δppk2 strains showed qualitative and quantitative differences in the total OMC composition among these strains. Importantly, these OMC variations observed on the C. jejuni polyphosphate kinase mutants are directly related to their capacity to invade, survive, and alter the immune response of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. Specifically, sub-fractionation of the C. jejuni OMC indicated that OMC proteins are uniquely associated with bacterial invasion, whereas C. jejuni OMC proteins, lipids, and lipoglycans are all associated with C. jejuni intracellular survival. This study provides new insights regarding the function of polyphosphate kinases and their role in C. jejuni infection.
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The immunobiology of Campylobacter jejuni: Innate immunity and autoimmune diseases. Immunobiology 2015; 221:535-43. [PMID: 26709064 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Campylobacter jejuni causes gastroenteritis and Guillain-Barré syndrome in humans. Recent advances in the immunobiology of C. jejuni have been made. This review summarizes C. jejuni-binding innate receptors and highlights the role of innate immunity in autoimmune diseases. This human pathogen produces a variety of glycoconjugates, including human ganglioside-like determinants and multiple activators of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Furthermore, C. jejuni targets MyD88, NLRP3 inflammasome, TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs), macrophage galactose-type lectin (MGL), and immunoglobulin-like receptors (TREM2, LMIR5/CD300b). The roles of these innate receptors and signaling molecules have been extensively studied. MyD88-mediated TLR activation or inflammasome-dependent IL-1β secretion is essential for autoimmune induction. TRIF mediates the production of type I interferons that promote humoral immune responses and immunoglobulin class-switching. Siglec-1 and Siglec-7 interact directly with gangliosides. Siglec-1 activation enhances phagocytosis and inflammatory responses. MGL internalizes GalNAc-containing glycoconjugates. TREM2 is well-known for its role in phagocytosis. LMIR5 recognizes C. jejuni components and endogenous sulfoglycolipids. Several lines of evidence from animal models of autoimmune diseases suggest that simultaneous activation of innate immunity in the presence of autoreactive lymphocytes or antigen mimicry may link C. jejuni to immunopathology.
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Updated Campylobacter jejuni Capsule PCR Multiplex Typing System and Its Application to Clinical Isolates from South and Southeast Asia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144349. [PMID: 26630669 PMCID: PMC4668122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni produces a polysaccharide capsule that is the major determinant of the Penner serotyping scheme. This passive slide agglutination typing system was developed in the early 1980’s and was recognized for over two decades as the gold standard for C. jejuni typing. A preliminary multiplex PCR technique covering 17 serotypes was previously developed in order to replace this classic serotyping scheme. Here we report the completion of the multiplex PCR technology that is able to identify all the 47 Penner serotypes types known for C. jejuni. The number of capsule types represented within the 47 serotypes is 35. We have applied this method to a collection of 996 clinical isolates from Thailand, Cambodia and Nepal and were able to successfully determine capsule types of 98% of these.
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Jiao Y, Ma Z, Ewing CP, Guerry P, Monteiro MA. Synthesis and immunodetection of 6-O-methyl-phosphoramidyl-α-D-galactose: a Campylobacter jejuni antigenic determinant. Carbohydr Res 2015; 418:9-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hodgins DC, Barjesteh N, St Paul M, Ma Z, Monteiro MA, Sharif S. Evaluation of a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine to reduce colonization by Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:204. [PMID: 26032784 PMCID: PMC4467597 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni is a leading bacterial cause of food-borne illness in humans. Symptoms range from mild gastroenteritis to dysentery. Contaminated chicken meat is the most common cause of infection. Broiler chickens become colonized with high numbers of C. jejuni in the intestinal tract, but do not become clinically ill. Vaccination of broiler chicks to control colonization by C. jejuni is challenging because immune function is limited in the first 2 weeks post-hatch and immune suppressive maternal antibodies are common. In addition, there is little time for induction of immunity, since broilers reach slaughter weight by 5–6 weeks of age. In the current study the immunogenicity of a C. jejuni capsular polysaccharide—diphtheria toxoid conjugated vaccine (CPSconj), administered subcutaneously with various adjuvants was assessed and the efficacy of vaccination for reducing cecal colonization after experimental challenge was evaluated by determining colony-forming units (CFU) of C. jejuni in cecal contents. Results The CPSconj vaccine was immunogenic when administered as three doses at 3, 4 and 5 weeks of age to specific pathogen free chicks lacking maternal antibodies (seroconversion rates up to 75%). Commercial broiler chicks (having maternal antibodies) receiving two doses of CPSconj vaccine at 7 and 21 days of age did not seroconvert before oral challenge at 29 days, but 33% seroconverted post challenge; none of the placebo-injected, challenged birds seroconverted. Vaccinated birds had significantly lower numbers of C. jejuni in cecal contents than control birds at necropsy (38 days of age). CFU of C. jejuni did not differ significantly among groups of birds receiving CPSconj vaccine with different adjuvants. In two trials, the mean reduction in CFU associated with vaccination was 0.64 log10 units. Conclusions The CPSconj vaccine was immunogenic in chicks lacking maternal antibodies, vaccinated beginning at 3 weeks of age. In commercial broiler birds (possessing maternal antibodies) vaccinated at 7 and 21 days of age, 33% of birds seroconverted by 9 days after challenge, and there was a modest, but significant, reduction in cecal counts of C. jejuni. Further studies are needed to optimize adjuvant, route of delivery and scheduling of administration of this vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Neda Barjesteh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Michael St Paul
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada. .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Zuchao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
| | | | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent work has added to the understanding of the burden of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and non-jejuni/coli Campylobacter strains in children living in the developing world. RECENT FINDINGS New diagnostic modalities and carefully designed field studies are demonstrating that the burden of Campylobacter diarrhea in children in the developing world has been greatly underestimated. Furthermore, there is emerging recognition of an association between Campylobacter infection and malnutrition. Important progress has been made toward a Campylobacter jejuni vaccine. Finally, evidence of antibiotic resistance continues to be an important issue that is accentuated by the realization that the burden of disease is greater than previously recognized. SUMMARY Additional research is needed to refine our understanding of the epidemiology of Campylobacter infections in developing countries, in particular to improve estimates of the burden of Campylobacter diarrhea in endemic settings, to determine the impact of recurrent Campylobacter infections on child development, and to describe the prevalence and clinical significance of non-jejuni/coli Campylobacter infections. Progressive antibiotic resistance of isolates argues for augmented and expanded control measures of antibiotics in livestock. Continued work in vaccine development is warranted as is the extension of data available on the serotypes related to burden in different areas of the world and the relationship of serotypes to disease severity.
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Wong A, Lange D, Houle S, Arbatsky NP, Valvano MA, Knirel YA, Dozois CM, Creuzenet C. Role of capsular modified heptose in the virulence ofCampylobacter jejuni. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:1136-58. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; DSB 3031 London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Dirk Lange
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; DSB 3031 London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
| | | | - Nikolay P. Arbatsky
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Miguel A. Valvano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; DSB 3031 London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
- Centre for Infection and Immunity; Queen's University of Belfast; Belfast UK
| | - Yuriy A. Knirel
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | | | - Carole Creuzenet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Western University; DSB 3031 London ON N6A 5C1 Canada
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Stahl M, Vallance BA. Insights into Campylobacter jejuni colonization of the mammalian intestinal tract using a novel mouse model of infection. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:143-8. [PMID: 25831043 PMCID: PMC4615362 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1016691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A lack of relevant disease models for Campylobacter jejuni has long been an obstacle to research into this common enteric pathogen. We recently published that mice deficient in Single IgG Interleukin-1 related receptor (SIGIRR), a repressor of MyD88-dependent innate immune signaling, were highly susceptible to enteric infection by murine bacterial pathogens. Subsequently, we successfully employed these mice as an animal model for the human pathogen C. jejuni and gained substantial new insights into infection by this pathogen. The infected mice developed significant intestinal inflammation, primarily via TLR4 stimulation. Furthermore, the resulting gastroenteritis was dependent on C. jejuni pathogenesis as bacterial strains suffering mutations in key virulence factors were attenuated in causing disease. The ability to infect SIGIRR-deficient mice with C. jejuni sheds new light onto how these bacteria colonize the mucus layer of the intestinal tract, invade epithelial cells, and raises new prospects for studying the virulence strategies and pathogenesis of C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Stahl
- Division of Gastroenterology; BC's Children's Hospital; The Child and Family Research Institute and The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology; BC's Children's Hospital; The Child and Family Research Institute and The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada,Correspondence to: Bruce A Vallance;
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Dhurandhare VM, Mishra GP, Lam S, Wang CC. Direct synthesis of methyl phosphoramidates in carbohydrates. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9457-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct one-step synthesis with high regioselectivity, 16 examples up to quantitative yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M. Dhurandhare
- Institute of Chemistry
- Taipei 115
- Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics
- Taiwan International Graduate Program
| | | | - Sarah Lam
- Institute of Chemistry
- Taipei 115
- Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry
- Taipei 115
- Taiwan
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics
- Taiwan International Graduate Program
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