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Servello FA, Fernandes R, Eder M, Harris N, Martin OMF, Oswal N, Lindberg A, Derosiers N, Sengupta P, Stroustrup N, Apfeld J. Neuronal temperature perception induces specific defenses that enable C. elegans to cope with the enhanced reactivity of hydrogen peroxide at high temperature. eLife 2022; 11:e78941. [PMID: 36226814 PMCID: PMC9635881 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is the most common reactive chemical that organisms face on the microbial battlefield. The rate with which hydrogen peroxide damages biomolecules required for life increases with temperature, yet little is known about how organisms cope with this temperature-dependent threat. Here, we show that Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes use temperature information perceived by sensory neurons to cope with the temperature-dependent threat of hydrogen peroxide produced by the pathogenic bacterium Enterococcus faecium. These nematodes preemptively induce the expression of specific hydrogen peroxide defenses in response to perception of high temperature by a pair of sensory neurons. These neurons communicate temperature information to target tissues expressing those defenses via an insulin/IGF1 hormone. This is the first example of a multicellular organism inducing their defenses to a chemical when they sense an inherent enhancer of the reactivity of that chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rute Fernandes
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Matthias Eder
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Nathan Harris
- Department of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Olivier MF Martin
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Natasha Oswal
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Anders Lindberg
- Biology Department, Northeastern UniversityBostonUnited States
| | | | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Nicholas Stroustrup
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Javier Apfeld
- Biology Department, Northeastern UniversityBostonUnited States
- Bioengineering Department, Northeastern UniversityBostonUnited States
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The p38 MAPK/PMK-1 Pathway Is Required for Resistance to Nocardia farcinica Infection in Caenorhabditis elegance. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101071. [PMID: 36297128 PMCID: PMC9609018 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardia farcinica is an opportunistic pathogen that causes nocardiosis primarily in patients with compromised immune systems. In this study, we used the genetically tractable organism Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to study the innate immune responses to N. farcinica infection. We found that unlike other pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, N. farcinica failed to kill adult worms. In another words, adult worms exposed to N. farcinica exhibited a normal lifespan, compared with those fed the standard laboratory food bacterium Escherichia coli OP50. Interestingly, deletion of three core genes (pmk-1, nsy-1 and sek-1) in the p38 MAPK/PMK-1 pathway reduced the survival of worm exposure to N. farcinica, highlighting a crucial role of this pathway for C. elegans in resistance to N. farcinica. Furthermore, our results revealed that N. farcinica exposure up-regulated the level of PMK-1 phosphorylation. The activation of PMK-1 promoted nuclear translocation of a transcription factor SKN-1/Nrf2, which in turn mediated N. farcinica infection resistance in C. elegans. Our results provide an excellent example that the integrity of immune system is key aspect for counteract with pathogenesis of N. farcinica.
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Ghazisaeedi F, Meens J, Hansche B, Maurischat S, Schwerk P, Goethe R, Wieler LH, Fulde M, Tedin K. A virulence factor as a therapeutic: the probiotic Enterococcus faecium SF68 arginine deiminase inhibits innate immune signaling pathways. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2106105. [PMID: 35921516 PMCID: PMC9351580 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2106105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The probiotic bacterial strain Enterococcus faecium SF68 has been shown to alleviate symptoms of intestinal inflammation in human clinical trials and animal feed supplementation studies. To identify factors involved in immunomodulatory effects on host cells, E. faecium SF68 and other commensal and clinical Enterococcus isolates were screened using intestinal epithelial cell lines harboring reporter fusions for NF-κB and JNK(AP-1) activation to determine the responses of host cell innate immune signaling pathways when challenged with bacterial protein and cell components. Cell-free, whole-cell lysates of E. faecium SF68 showed a reversible, inhibitory effect on both NF-κB and JNK(AP-1) signaling pathway activation in intestinal epithelial cells and abrogated the response to bacterial and other Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. The inhibitory effect was species-specific, and was not observed for E. avium, E. gallinarum, or E. casseliflavus. Screening of protein fractions of E. faecium SF68 lysates yielded an active fraction containing a prominent protein identified as arginine deiminase (ADI). The E. faecium SF68 arcA gene encoding arginine deiminase was cloned and introduced into E. avium where it conferred the same NF-κB inhibitory effects on intestinal epithelial cells as seen for E. faecium SF68. Our results indicate that the arginine deiminase of E. faecium SF68 is responsible for inhibition of host cell NF-κB and JNK(AP-1) pathway activation, and is likely to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects observed in prior clinical human and animal trials. The implications for the use of this probiotic strain for preventive and therapeutic purposes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Ghazisaeedi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Meens
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bianca Hansche
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Sanofi-AventisGmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Maurischat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Schwerk
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar H. Wieler
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Fulde
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Tedin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany,CONTACT Karsten Tedin Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Strasse7, Berlin14163Germany
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Wasselin V, Budin-Verneuil A, Rincé I, Léger L, Boukerb AM, Hartke A, Benachour A, Riboulet-Bisson E. The enigmatic physiological roles of AhpCF, Gpx, Npr and Kat in peroxide stress response of Enterococcus faecium. Res Microbiol 2022; 173:103982. [PMID: 35931249 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.103982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the physiological roles of the primary peroxide scavenging activities of Enterococcus faecium AUS0004 strain were analysed. This healthcare-associated pathogen harbours genes encoding putative NADH peroxidase (Npr), alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (AhpCF), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) and manganese-dependent catalase (Mn-Kat). Gene expression analyses showed that npr and kat genes are especially and significantly induced in cells treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH), which suggested an important function of these enzymes to protect E. faecium against peroxide stress. Mutants affected in one or several predicted anti-oxidative activities mentioned above showed that neither the peroxidases nor the catalase are implicated in the defence against peroxide challenges. However, our investigations allowed us to show that Npr is responsible for the degradation of approximately 45% of metabolically derived H2O2 which avoids accumulation of the peroxide to lethal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Wasselin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Aurélie Budin-Verneuil
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Isabelle Rincé
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Loïc Léger
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Amine Mohamed Boukerb
- Normandie Univ, LMSM EA4312-Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment, 27000 Evreux, France.
| | - Axel Hartke
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Abdellah Benachour
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Eliette Riboulet-Bisson
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
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Gupta V, Shekhawat SS, Kulshreshtha NM, Gupta AB. A systematic review on chlorine tolerance among bacteria and standardization of their assessment protocol in wastewater. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 86:261-291. [PMID: 35906907 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Though chlorine is a cost-effective disinfectant for water and wastewaters, the bacteria surviving after chlorination pose serious public health and environmental problems. This review critically assesses the mechanism of chlorine disinfection as described by various researchers; factors affecting chlorination efficacy; and the re-growth potential of microbial contaminations in treated wastewater post chlorination to arrive at meaningful doses for ensuring health safety. Literature analysis shows procedural inconsistencies in the assessment of chlorine tolerant bacteria, making it extremely difficult to compare the tolerance characteristics of different reported tolerant bacteria. A comparison of logarithmic reduction after chlorination and the concentration-time values for prominent pathogens led to the generation of a standard protocol for the assessment of chlorine tolerance. The factors that need to be critically monitored include applied chlorine doses, contact time, determination of chlorine demands of the medium, and the consideration of bacterial counts immediately after chlorination and in post chlorinated samples (regrowth). The protocol devised here appropriately assesses the chlorine-tolerant bacteria and urges the scientific community to report the regrowth characteristics as well. This would increase the confidence in data interpretation that can provide a better understanding of chlorine tolerance in bacteria and aid in formulating strategies for effective chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Gupta
- Alumnus, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore; School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sandeep Singh Shekhawat
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India E-mail: ; School of Life and Basic Sciences, SIILAS Campus, Jaipur National University Jaipur, India
| | - Niha Mohan Kulshreshtha
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India E-mail:
| | - Akhilendra Bhushan Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, India E-mail:
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Schiffer JA, Stumbur SV, Seyedolmohadesin M, Xu Y, Serkin WT, McGowan NG, Banjo O, Torkashvand M, Lin A, Hosea CN, Assié A, Samuel BS, O’Donnell MP, Venkatachalam V, Apfeld J. Modulation of sensory perception by hydrogen peroxide enables Caenorhabditis elegans to find a niche that provides both food and protection from hydrogen peroxide. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010112. [PMID: 34941962 PMCID: PMC8699984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the most common chemical threat that organisms face. Here, we show that H2O2 alters the bacterial food preference of Caenorhabditis elegans, enabling the nematodes to find a safe environment with food. H2O2 induces the nematodes to leave food patches of laboratory and microbiome bacteria when those bacterial communities have insufficient H2O2-degrading capacity. The nematode's behavior is directed by H2O2-sensing neurons that promote escape from H2O2 and by bacteria-sensing neurons that promote attraction to bacteria. However, the input for H2O2-sensing neurons is removed by bacterial H2O2-degrading enzymes and the bacteria-sensing neurons' perception of bacteria is prevented by H2O2. The resulting cross-attenuation provides a general mechanism that ensures the nematode's behavior is faithful to the lethal threat of hydrogen peroxide, increasing the nematode's chances of finding a niche that provides both food and protection from hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie A. Schiffer
- Biology Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephanie V. Stumbur
- Biology Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maedeh Seyedolmohadesin
- Physics Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yuyan Xu
- Biology Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William T. Serkin
- Biology Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Natalie G. McGowan
- Biology Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Oluwatosin Banjo
- Biology Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mahdi Torkashvand
- Physics Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Albert Lin
- Department of Physics, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ciara N. Hosea
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Adrien Assié
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Buck S. Samuel
- Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research and Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael P. O’Donnell
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Vivek Venkatachalam
- Physics Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Javier Apfeld
- Biology Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Bioengineering Department, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Wasselin V, Staerck C, Rincé I, Léger L, Budin-Verneuil A, Hartke A, Benachour A, Riboulet-Bisson E. Characterisation of the manganese superoxide dismutase of Enterococcus faecium. Res Microbiol 2021; 172:103876. [PMID: 34474124 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The manganese superoxide dismutase (SodA) of E. faecium strain AUS0004 has been characterised. It is most closely related to Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus villorium, and Enterococcus mundtii with 100%, 91,55%, 90,85%, and 90,58% homology, respectively, but more distant from SodA of E. faecalis (81.68%). A sodA deletion mutant has been constructed. Compared to the parental strain, the ΔsodA mutant was affected in aerobic growth and more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH), and the superoxide anion (O2•-) generator menadione. The E. faecium strain AUS0004 is part of those bacteria accumulating H2O2 to high concentrations (around 5 mM) starting from late exponential growth phase. Accumulation of the peroxide was around 25% less in the mutant suggesting that this part of H2O2 is due to the dismutation of O2•- by SodA. The sodA gene of E. faecium AUS0004 was induced by oxygen, peroxides and menadione but the corresponding regulator remains hitherto unknown. Finally, we showed that SodA activity is important for virulence in the Galleria mellonella model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Wasselin
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Cindy Staerck
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Isabelle Rincé
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Loïc Léger
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Aurélie Budin-Verneuil
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Axel Hartke
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Abdellah Benachour
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Eliette Riboulet-Bisson
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN U2RM-Stress and Virulence, Esplanade de la Paix, 14032 Caen, France.
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Ivanovic M, Mirkovic N, Mirkovic M, Miocinovic J, Radulovic A, Solevic Knudsen T, Radulovic Z. Autochthonous Enterococcus durans PFMI565 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BGBU1-4 in Bio-Control of Listeria monocytogenes in Ultrafiltered Cheese. Foods 2021; 10:1448. [PMID: 34206521 PMCID: PMC8304694 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, consumers are interested in cheese produced without chemical additives or high-temperature treatments, among which, protective lactic acid bacteria (LAB) cultures could play a major role. In this study, the aims were to isolate, identify and characterize antilisterial LAB from traditionally produced cheese, and utilize suitable LAB in cheese production. Among 200 isolated LAB colonies, isolate PFMI565, with the strongest antilisterial activity, was identified as Enterococcus durans. E. durans PFMI565 was sensitive to clinically important antibiotics (erytromicin, tetracycline, kanamycin, penicillin, vancomycin) and had low acidifying activity in milk. E. durans PFMI565 and the previously isolated bacteriocin producer, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BGBU1-4, were tested for their capability to control Listeria monocytogenes in experimentally contaminated ultrafiltered (UF) cheeses during 35 days of storage at 4 °C. The greatest reductions of L. monocytogenes numbers were achieved in UF cheese made with L. lactis subsp. lactis BGBU1-4 or with the combination of L. lactis subsp. lactis BGBU1-4 and E. durans PFMI565. This study underlines the potential application of E. durans PFMI565 and L. lactis subsp. lactis BGBU1-4 in bio-control of L. monocytogenes in UF cheese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ivanovic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (A.R.); (Z.R.)
| | - Nemanja Mirkovic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (A.R.); (Z.R.)
| | - Milica Mirkovic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (A.R.); (Z.R.)
| | - Jelena Miocinovic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (A.R.); (Z.R.)
| | - Ana Radulovic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (A.R.); (Z.R.)
| | - Tatjana Solevic Knudsen
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Zorica Radulovic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (M.M.); (J.M.); (A.R.); (Z.R.)
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Revtovich AV, Tjahjono E, Singh KV, Hanson BM, Murray BE, Kirienko NV. Development and Characterization of High-Throughput Caenorhabditis elegans - Enterococcus faecium Infection Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:667327. [PMID: 33996637 PMCID: PMC8116795 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.667327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Enterococcus includes two Gram-positive pathogens of particular clinical relevance: E. faecalis and E. faecium. Infections with each of these pathogens are becoming more frequent, particularly in the case of hospital-acquired infections. Like most other bacterial species of clinical importance, antimicrobial resistance (and, specifically, multi-drug resistance) is an increasing threat, with both species considered to be of particular importance by the World Health Organization and the US Centers for Disease Control. The threat of antimicrobial resistance is exacerbated by the staggering difference in the speeds of development for the discovery and development of the antimicrobials versus resistance mechanisms. In the search for alternative strategies, modulation of host-pathogen interactions in general, and virulence inhibition in particular, have drawn substantial attention. Unfortunately, these approaches require a fairly comprehensive understanding of virulence determinants. This requirement is complicated by the fact that enterococcal infection models generally require vertebrates, making them slow, expensive, and ethically problematic, particularly when considering the thousands of animals that would be needed for the early stages of experimentation. To address this problem, we developed the first high-throughput C. elegans-E. faecium infection model involving host death. Importantly, this model recapitulates many key aspects of murine peritonitis models, including utilizing similar virulence determinants. Additionally, host death is independent of peroxide production, unlike other E. faecium-C. elegans virulence models, which allows the assessment of other virulence factors. Using this system, we analyzed a panel of lab strains with deletions of targeted virulence factors. Although removal of certain virulence factors (e.g., Δfms15) was sufficient to affect virulence, multiple deletions were generally required to affect pathogenesis, suggesting that host-pathogen interactions are multifactorial. These data were corroborated by genomic analysis of selected isolates with high and low levels of virulence. We anticipate that this platform will be useful for identifying new treatments for E. faecium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elissa Tjahjono
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kavindra V. Singh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Blake M. Hanson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Barbara E. Murray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
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10
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Li YX, Wang NN, Zhou YX, Lin CG, Wu JS, Chen XQ, Chen GJ, Du ZJ. Planococcus maritimus ML1206 Isolated from Wild Oysters Enhances the Survival of Caenorhabditis elegans against Vibrio anguillarum. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19030150. [PMID: 33809116 PMCID: PMC7999227 DOI: 10.3390/md19030150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the widespread occurrence of aquaculture diseases and the broad application of antibiotics, drug-resistant pathogens have increasingly affected aquatic animals’ health. Marine probiotics, which live under high pressure in a saltwater environment, show high potential as a substitute for antibiotics in the field of aquatic disease control. In this study, twenty strains of non-hemolytic bacteria were isolated from the intestine of wild oysters and perch, and a model of Caenorhabditis elegans infected by Vibrio anguillarum was established. Based on the model, ML1206, which showed a 99% similarity of 16S rRNA sequence to Planococcus maritimus, was selected as a potential marine probiotic, with strong antibacterial capabilities and great acid and bile salt tolerance, to protect Caenorhabditis elegans from being damaged by Vibrio anguillarum. Combined with plate counting and transmission electron microscopy, it was found that strain ML1206 could significantly inhibit Vibrio anguillarum colonization in the intestinal tract of Caenorhabditis elegans. Acute oral toxicity tests in mice showed that ML1206 was safe and non-toxic. The real-time qPCR results showed a higher expression level of genes related to the antibacterial peptide (ilys-3) and detoxification (ugt-22, cyp-35A3, and cyp-14A3) in the group of Caenorhabditis elegans protected by ML1206 compared to the control group. It is speculated that ML1206, as a potential probiotic, may inhibit the infection caused by Vibrio anguillarum through stimulating Caenorhabditis elegans to secrete antibacterial effectors and detoxification proteins. This paper provides a new direction for screening marine probiotics and an experimental basis to support the potential application of ML1206 as a marine probiotic in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Xiu Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Nan-Nan Wang
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Yan-Xia Zhou
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Chun-Guo Lin
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Jing-Shan Wu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Xin-Qi Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
| | - Guan-Jun Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (G.J.C.); (Z.-J.D.)
| | - Zong-Jun Du
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; (Y.-X.L.); (N.-N.W.); (Y.-X.Z.); (C.-G.L.); (J.-S.W.); (X.-Q.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
- Correspondence: (G.J.C.); (Z.-J.D.)
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11
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Schiffer JA, Servello FA, Heath WR, Amrit FRG, Stumbur SV, Eder M, Martin OMF, Johnsen SB, Stanley JA, Tam H, Brennan SJ, McGowan NG, Vogelaar AL, Xu Y, Serkin WT, Ghazi A, Stroustrup N, Apfeld J. Caenorhabditis elegans processes sensory information to choose between freeloading and self-defense strategies. eLife 2020; 9:e56186. [PMID: 32367802 PMCID: PMC7213980 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide is the preeminent chemical weapon that organisms use for combat. Individual cells rely on conserved defenses to prevent and repair peroxide-induced damage, but whether similar defenses might be coordinated across cells in animals remains poorly understood. Here, we identify a neuronal circuit in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that processes information perceived by two sensory neurons to control the induction of hydrogen peroxide defenses in the organism. We found that catalases produced by Escherichia coli, the nematode's food source, can deplete hydrogen peroxide from the local environment and thereby protect the nematodes. In the presence of E. coli, the nematode's neurons signal via TGFβ-insulin/IGF1 relay to target tissues to repress expression of catalases and other hydrogen peroxide defenses. This adaptive strategy is the first example of a multicellular organism modulating its defenses when it expects to freeload from the protection provided by molecularly orthologous defenses from another species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William R Heath
- Biology Department, Northeastern UniversityBostonUnited States
| | | | | | - Matthias Eder
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Olivier MF Martin
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
| | - Sean B Johnsen
- Biology Department, Northeastern UniversityBostonUnited States
| | | | - Hannah Tam
- Biology Department, Northeastern UniversityBostonUnited States
| | - Sarah J Brennan
- Biology Department, Northeastern UniversityBostonUnited States
| | | | | | - Yuyan Xu
- Biology Department, Northeastern UniversityBostonUnited States
| | | | - Arjumand Ghazi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghUnited States
- Departments of Developmental Biology and Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghUnited States
| | - Nicholas Stroustrup
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Javier Apfeld
- Biology Department, Northeastern UniversityBostonUnited States
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12
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Fiore E, Van Tyne D, Gilmore MS. Pathogenicity of Enterococci. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0053-2018. [PMID: 31298205 PMCID: PMC6629438 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.gpp3-0053-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are unusually well adapted for survival and persistence in a variety of adverse environments, including on inanimate surfaces in the hospital environment and at sites of infection. This intrinsic ruggedness undoubtedly played a role in providing opportunities for enterococci to interact with other overtly drug-resistant microbes and acquire additional resistances on mobile elements. The rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance among hospital-adapted enterococci has rendered hospital-acquired infections a leading therapeutic challenge. With about a quarter of a genome of additional DNA conveyed by mobile elements, there are undoubtedly many more properties that have been acquired that help enterococci persist and spread in the hospital setting and cause diseases that have yet to be defined. Much remains to be learned about these ancient and rugged microbes, particularly in the area of pathogenic mechanisms involved with human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Fiore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Daria Van Tyne
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael S Gilmore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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13
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Rhizobium induces DNA damage in Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3784-3792. [PMID: 30808764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815656116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In their natural habitat of rotting fruit, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans feeds on the complex bacterial communities that thrive in this rich growth medium. Hundreds of diverse bacterial strains cultured from such rotting fruit allow C. elegans growth and reproduction when tested individually. In screens for C. elegans responses to single bacterial strains associated with nematodes in fruit, we found that Rhizobium causes a genome instability phenotype; we observed abnormally long or fragmented intestinal nuclei due to aberrant nuclear division, or defective karyokinesis. The karyokinesis defects were restricted to intestinal cells and required close proximity between bacteria and the worm. A genetic screen for C. elegans mutations that cause the same intestinal karyokinesis defect followed by genome sequencing of the isolated mutant strains identified mutations that disrupt DNA damage repair pathways, suggesting that Rhizobium may cause DNA damage in C. elegans intestinal cells. We hypothesized that such DNA damage is caused by reactive oxygen species produced by Rhizobium and found that hydrogen peroxide added to benign Escherichia coli can cause the same intestinal karyokinesis defects in WT C. elegans Supporting this model, free radical scavengers suppressed the Rhizobium-induced C. elegans DNA damage. Thus, Rhizobium may signal to eukaryotic hosts via reactive oxygen species, and the host may respond with DNA damage repair pathways.
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14
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Persistence of vancomycin resistance genes and transposable elements in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from groundwater intended for human consumption: A public health implication. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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15
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Oladeinde A, Lipp E, Chen CY, Muirhead R, Glenn T, Cook K, Molina M. Transcriptome Changes of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 Laboratory Strains in Response to Photo-Degraded DOM. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:882. [PMID: 29867797 PMCID: PMC5953345 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated gene expression changes in three bacterial strains (Escherichia coli C3000, Escherichia coli O157:H7 B6914, and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212), commonly used as indicators of water quality and as control strains in clinical, food, and water microbiology laboratories. Bacterial transcriptome responses from pure cultures were monitored in microcosms containing water amended with manure-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM), previously exposed to simulated sunlight for 12 h. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase (qRT-PCR) to compare differentially expressed temporal transcripts between bacteria incubated in microcosms containing sunlight irradiated and non-irradiated DOM, for up to 24 h. In addition, we used whole genome sequencing simultaneously with RNA-seq to identify single nucleotide variants (SNV) acquired in bacterial populations during incubation. These results indicate that E. coli and E. faecalis have different mechanisms for removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from irradiated DOM. They are also able to produce micromolar concentrations of H2O2 from non-irradiated DOM, that should be detrimental to other bacteria present in the environment. Notably, this study provides an assessment of the role of two conjugative plasmids carried by the E. faecalis and highlights the differences in the overall survival dynamics of environmentally-relevant bacteria in the presence of naturally-produced ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelumola Oladeinde
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Student Volunteer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Erin Lipp
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Chia-Ying Chen
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, National Research Council Associate, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Travis Glenn
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kimberly Cook
- Bacterial Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Marirosa Molina
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Athens, GA, United States
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16
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GIBSON AMANDAK, MORRAN LEVIT. A Model for Evolutionary Ecology of Disease: The Case for Caenorhabditis Nematodes and Their Natural Parasites. J Nematol 2018. [DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2017-083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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17
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Gibson AK, Morran LT. A Model for Evolutionary Ecology of Disease: The Case for Caenorhabditis Nematodes and Their Natural Parasites. J Nematol 2017; 49:357-372. [PMID: 29353923 PMCID: PMC5770282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the outstanding questions in disease ecology and evolution call for combining observation of natural host-parasite populations with experimental dissection of interactions in the field and the laboratory. The "rewilding" of model systems holds great promise for this endeavor. Here, we highlight the potential for development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and its close relatives as a model for the study of disease ecology and evolution. This powerful laboratory model was disassociated from its natural habitat in the 1960s. Today, studies are uncovering that lost natural history, with several natural parasites described since 2008. Studies of these natural Caenorhabditis-parasite interactions can reap the benefits of the vast array of experimental and genetic tools developed for this laboratory model. In this review, we introduce the natural parasites of C. elegans characterized thus far and discuss resources available to study them, including experimental (co)evolution, cryopreservation, behavioral assays, and genomic tools. Throughout, we present avenues of research that are interesting and feasible to address with caenorhabditid nematodes and their natural parasites, ranging from the maintenance of outcrossing to the community dynamics of host-associated microbes. In combining natural relevance with the experimental power of a laboratory supermodel, these fledgling host-parasite systems can take on fundamental questions in evolutionary ecology of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Levi T Morran
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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18
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Goh HMS, Yong MHA, Chong KKL, Kline KA. Model systems for the study of Enterococcal colonization and infection. Virulence 2017; 8:1525-1562. [PMID: 28102784 PMCID: PMC5810481 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1279766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are common inhabitants of the human gastrointestinal tract, as well as frequent opportunistic pathogens. Enterococci cause a range of infections including, most frequently, infections of the urinary tract, catheterized urinary tract, bloodstream, wounds and surgical sites, and heart valves in endocarditis. Enterococcal infections are often biofilm-associated, polymicrobial in nature, and resistant to antibiotics of last resort. Understanding Enterococcal mechanisms of colonization and pathogenesis are important for identifying new ways to manage and intervene with these infections. We review vertebrate and invertebrate model systems applied to study the most common E. faecalis and E. faecium infections, with emphasis on recent findings examining Enterococcal-host interactions using these models. We discuss strengths and shortcomings of each model, propose future animal models not yet applied to study mono- and polymicrobial infections involving E. faecalis and E. faecium, and comment on the significance of anti-virulence strategies derived from a fundamental understanding of host-pathogen interactions in model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. M. Sharon Goh
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - M. H. Adeline Yong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kelvin Kian Long Chong
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Kimberly A. Kline
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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19
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Issi L, Rioux M, Rao R. The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans - A Versatile In Vivo Model to Study Host-microbe Interactions. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29155731 DOI: 10.3791/56487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a method using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host to study microbial interaction. Microbes are introduced via the diet making the intestine the primary location for disease. The nematode intestine structurally and functionally mimics mammalian intestines and is transparent making it amenable to microscopic study of colonization. Here we show that pathogens can cause disease and death. We are able to identify microbial mutants that show altered virulence. Its conserved innate response to biotic stresses makes C. elegans an excellent system to probe facets of host innate immune interactions. We show that hosts with mutations in the dual oxidase gene cannot produce reactive oxygen species and are unable to resist microbial insult. We further demonstrate the versatility of the presented survival assay by showing that it can be used to study the effects of inhibitors of microbial growth. This assay may also be used to discover fungal virulence factors as targets for the development of novel antifungal agents, as well as provide an opportunity to further uncover host-microbe interactions. The design of this assay lends itself well to high throughput whole-genome screens, while the ability to cryo-preserve worms for future use makes it a cost-effective and attractive whole animal model to study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Issi
- Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
| | - Meredith Rioux
- Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
| | - Reeta Rao
- Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute;
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20
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Egea J, Fabregat I, Frapart YM, Ghezzi P, Görlach A, Kietzmann T, Kubaichuk K, Knaus UG, Lopez MG, Olaso-Gonzalez G, Petry A, Schulz R, Vina J, Winyard P, Abbas K, Ademowo OS, Afonso CB, Andreadou I, Antelmann H, Antunes F, Aslan M, Bachschmid MM, Barbosa RM, Belousov V, Berndt C, Bernlohr D, Bertrán E, Bindoli A, Bottari SP, Brito PM, Carrara G, Casas AI, Chatzi A, Chondrogianni N, Conrad M, Cooke MS, Costa JG, Cuadrado A, My-Chan Dang P, De Smet B, Debelec-Butuner B, Dias IHK, Dunn JD, Edson AJ, El Assar M, El-Benna J, Ferdinandy P, Fernandes AS, Fladmark KE, Förstermann U, Giniatullin R, Giricz Z, Görbe A, Griffiths H, Hampl V, Hanf A, Herget J, Hernansanz-Agustín P, Hillion M, Huang J, Ilikay S, Jansen-Dürr P, Jaquet V, Joles JA, Kalyanaraman B, Kaminskyy D, Karbaschi M, Kleanthous M, Klotz LO, Korac B, Korkmaz KS, Koziel R, Kračun D, Krause KH, Křen V, Krieg T, Laranjinha J, Lazou A, Li H, Martínez-Ruiz A, Matsui R, McBean GJ, Meredith SP, Messens J, Miguel V, Mikhed Y, Milisav I, Milković L, Miranda-Vizuete A, Mojović M, Monsalve M, Mouthuy PA, Mulvey J, Münzel T, Muzykantov V, Nguyen ITN, Oelze M, Oliveira NG, Palmeira CM, Papaevgeniou N, Pavićević A, Pedre B, Peyrot F, Phylactides M, Pircalabioru GG, Pitt AR, Poulsen HE, Prieto I, Rigobello MP, Robledinos-Antón N, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Rolo AP, Rousset F, Ruskovska T, Saraiva N, Sasson S, Schröder K, Semen K, Seredenina T, Shakirzyanova A, Smith GL, Soldati T, Sousa BC, Spickett CM, Stancic A, Stasia MJ, Steinbrenner H, Stepanić V, Steven S, Tokatlidis K, Tuncay E, Turan B, Ursini F, Vacek J, Vajnerova O, Valentová K, Van Breusegem F, Varisli L, Veal EA, Yalçın AS, Yelisyeyeva O, Žarković N, Zatloukalová M, Zielonka J, Touyz RM, Papapetropoulos A, Grune T, Lamas S, Schmidt HHHW, Di Lisa F, Daiber A. European contribution to the study of ROS: A summary of the findings and prospects for the future from the COST action BM1203 (EU-ROS). Redox Biol 2017; 13:94-162. [PMID: 28577489 PMCID: PMC5458069 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) provides an ideal framework to establish multi-disciplinary research networks. COST Action BM1203 (EU-ROS) represents a consortium of researchers from different disciplines who are dedicated to providing new insights and tools for better understanding redox biology and medicine and, in the long run, to finding new therapeutic strategies to target dysregulated redox processes in various diseases. This report highlights the major achievements of EU-ROS as well as research updates and new perspectives arising from its members. The EU-ROS consortium comprised more than 140 active members who worked together for four years on the topics briefly described below. The formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) is an established hallmark of our aerobic environment and metabolism but RONS also act as messengers via redox regulation of essential cellular processes. The fact that many diseases have been found to be associated with oxidative stress established the theory of oxidative stress as a trigger of diseases that can be corrected by antioxidant therapy. However, while experimental studies support this thesis, clinical studies still generate controversial results, due to complex pathophysiology of oxidative stress in humans. For future improvement of antioxidant therapy and better understanding of redox-associated disease progression detailed knowledge on the sources and targets of RONS formation and discrimination of their detrimental or beneficial roles is required. In order to advance this important area of biology and medicine, highly synergistic approaches combining a variety of diverse and contrasting disciplines are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Egea
- Institute Teofilo Hernando, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine. Univerisdad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and University of Barcelona (UB), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yves M Frapart
- LCBPT, UMR 8601 CNRS - Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Agnes Görlach
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kateryna Kubaichuk
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Manuela G Lopez
- Institute Teofilo Hernando, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine. Univerisdad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Andreas Petry
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, JLU Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jose Vina
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Paul Winyard
- University of Exeter Medical School, St Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Kahina Abbas
- LCBPT, UMR 8601 CNRS - Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Opeyemi S Ademowo
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Catarina B Afonso
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B47ET, UK
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Haike Antelmann
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fernando Antunes
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica and Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Portugal
| | - Mutay Aslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Markus M Bachschmid
- Vascular Biology Section & Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rui M Barbosa
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vsevolod Belousov
- Molecular technologies laboratory, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Carsten Berndt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Bernlohr
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, USA
| | - Esther Bertrán
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and University of Barcelona (UB), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Serge P Bottari
- GETI, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1029, CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble-Alpes University and Radio-analysis Laboratory, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Paula M Brito
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Guia Carrara
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana I Casas
- Department of Pharmacology & Personalized Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Afroditi Chatzi
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK
| | - Niki Chondrogianni
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Helmholtz Center Munich, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Dept. Environmental & Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - João G Costa
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Barbara De Smet
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bilge Debelec-Butuner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Irundika H K Dias
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Joe Dan Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry, Science II, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - Amanda J Edson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mariam El Assar
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Spain
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Laboratoire d'Excellence Inflamex, Faculté de Médecine Xavier Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical Faculty, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ana S Fernandes
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Kari E Fladmark
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ulrich Förstermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Rashid Giniatullin
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Zoltán Giricz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical Faculty, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Görbe
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical Faculty, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Helen Griffiths
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Vaclav Hampl
- Department of Physiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alina Hanf
- Molecular Cardiology, Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jan Herget
- Department of Physiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pablo Hernansanz-Agustín
- Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melanie Hillion
- Institute for Biology-Microbiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serap Ilikay
- Harran University, Arts and Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Cancer Biology Lab, Osmanbey Campus, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Pidder Jansen-Dürr
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vincent Jaquet
- Dept. of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mahsa Karbaschi
- Oxidative Stress Group, Dept. Environmental & Occupational Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Marina Kleanthous
- Molecular Genetics Thalassaemia Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Lars-Oliver Klotz
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Bato Korac
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" and Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kemal Sami Korkmaz
- Department of Bioengineering, Cancer Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Rafal Koziel
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Damir Kračun
- Experimental and Molecular Pediatric Cardiology, German Heart Center Munich at the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Krause
- Dept. of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Krieg
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - João Laranjinha
- Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Antigone Lazou
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece
| | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antonio Martínez-Ruiz
- Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Reiko Matsui
- Vascular Biology Section & Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gethin J McBean
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stuart P Meredith
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B47ET, UK
| | - Joris Messens
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Verónica Miguel
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Yuliya Mikhed
- Molecular Cardiology, Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irina Milisav
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Milković
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Miranda-Vizuete
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miloš Mojović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - María Monsalve
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pierre-Alexis Mouthuy
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - John Mulvey
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Molecular Cardiology, Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vladimir Muzykantov
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Targeted Therapeutics & Translational Nanomedicine, ITMAT/CTSA Translational Research Center University of Pennsylvania The Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Isabel T N Nguyen
- Department of Nephrology & Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Oelze
- Molecular Cardiology, Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nuno G Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Palmeira
- Center for Neurosciences & Cell Biology of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences of the Faculty of Sciences & Technology of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nikoletta Papaevgeniou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., 116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Aleksandra Pavićević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Brandán Pedre
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Peyrot
- LCBPT, UMR 8601 CNRS - Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; ESPE of Paris, Paris Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Marios Phylactides
- Molecular Genetics Thalassaemia Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Andrew R Pitt
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B47ET, UK
| | - Henrik E Poulsen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Frederiksberg Hospital, University Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark; Department Q7642, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ignacio Prieto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Pia Rigobello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Natalia Robledinos-Antón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leocadio Rodríguez-Mañas
- Fundación para la Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Spain; Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Spain
| | - Anabela P Rolo
- Center for Neurosciences & Cell Biology of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Life Sciences of the Faculty of Sciences & Technology of the University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francis Rousset
- Dept. of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tatjana Ruskovska
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Goce Delcev University, Stip, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Nuno Saraiva
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Shlomo Sasson
- Institute for Drug Research, Section of Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Unit, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Khrystyna Semen
- Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Tamara Seredenina
- Dept. of Pathology and Immunology, Centre Médical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anastasia Shakirzyanova
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Science II, University of Geneva, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - Bebiana C Sousa
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B47ET, UK
| | - Corinne M Spickett
- Life & Health Sciences and Aston Research Centre for Healthy Ageing, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Ana Stancic
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic" and Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marie José Stasia
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, CHU Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG, F38000 Grenoble, France; CDiReC, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, F-38043, France
| | - Holger Steinbrenner
- Institute of Nutrition, Department of Nutrigenomics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Višnja Stepanić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sebastian Steven
- Molecular Cardiology, Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kostas Tokatlidis
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK
| | - Erkan Tuncay
- Department of Biophysics, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belma Turan
- Department of Biophysics, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fulvio Ursini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Vajnerova
- Department of Physiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology, Laboratory of Biotransformation, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lokman Varisli
- Harran University, Arts and Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Cancer Biology Lab, Osmanbey Campus, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Elizabeth A Veal
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, and Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - A Suha Yalçın
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Neven Žarković
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Martina Zatloukalová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | | | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Andreas Papapetropoulos
- Laboratoty of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Tilman Grune
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Department of Toxicology, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Santiago Lamas
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology & Personalized Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Molecular Cardiology, Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
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Characterization of a Francisella tularensis-Caenorhabditis elegans Pathosystem for the Evaluation of Therapeutic Compounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00310-17. [PMID: 28652232 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00310-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious Gram-negative intracellular pathogen that causes tularemia. Because of its potential as a bioterrorism agent, there is a need for new therapeutic agents. We therefore developed a whole-animal Caenorhabditis elegans-F. tularensis pathosystem for high-throughput screening to identify and characterize potential therapeutic compounds. We found that the C. elegans p38 mitogen-activate protein (MAP) kinase cascade is involved in the immune response to F. tularensis, and we developed a robust F. tularensis-mediated C. elegans killing assay with a Z' factor consistently of >0.5, which was then utilized to screen a library of FDA-approved compounds that included 1,760 small molecules. In addition to clinically used antibiotics, five FDA-approved drugs were also identified as potential hits, including the anti-inflammatory drug diflunisal that showed anti-F. tularensis activity in vitro Moreover, the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diflunisal, at 4× MIC, blocked the replication of an F. tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) in primary human macrophages and nonphagocytic cells. Diflunisal was nontoxic to human erythrocytes and HepG2 human liver cells at concentrations of ≥32 μg/ml. Finally, diflunisal exhibited synergetic activity with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in both a checkerboard assay and a macrophage infection assay. In conclusion, the liquid C. elegans-F. tularensis LVS assay described here allows screening for anti-F. tularensis compounds and suggests that diflunisal could potentially be repurposed for the management of tularemia.
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22
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Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important starter, commensal, or pathogenic microorganisms. The stress physiology of LAB has been studied in depth for over 2 decades, fueled mostly by the technological implications of LAB robustness in the food industry. Survival of probiotic LAB in the host and the potential relatedness of LAB virulence to their stress resilience have intensified interest in the field. Thus, a wealth of information concerning stress responses exists today for strains as diverse as starter (e.g., Lactococcus lactis), probiotic (e.g., several Lactobacillus spp.), and pathogenic (e.g., Enterococcus and Streptococcus spp.) LAB. Here we present the state of the art for LAB stress behavior. We describe the multitude of stresses that LAB are confronted with, and we present the experimental context used to study the stress responses of LAB, focusing on adaptation, habituation, and cross-protection as well as on self-induced multistress resistance in stationary phase, biofilms, and dormancy. We also consider stress responses at the population and single-cell levels. Subsequently, we concentrate on the stress defense mechanisms that have been reported to date, grouping them according to their direct participation in preserving cell energy, defending macromolecules, and protecting the cell envelope. Stress-induced responses of probiotic LAB and commensal/pathogenic LAB are highlighted separately due to the complexity of the peculiar multistress conditions to which these bacteria are subjected in their hosts. Induction of prophages under environmental stresses is then discussed. Finally, we present systems-based strategies to characterize the "stressome" of LAB and to engineer new food-related and probiotic LAB with improved stress tolerance.
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Galbadage T, Shepherd TF, Cirillo SLG, Gumienny TL, Cirillo JD. The Caenorhabditis elegans p38 MAPK Gene plays a key role in protection from mycobacteria. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:436-52. [PMID: 26919641 PMCID: PMC4905996 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are critical mediators of cellular responses to pathogens and are activated in response to infection, but investigation is difficult in multi-cell hosts due to developmental lethality of mutations. Mycobacterium marinum (Mm) is an established model for tuberculosis, a disease afflicting nearly one-third of the world's population. We found that Mm-infected Caenorhabditis elegans display >80% mortality, but nonpathogenic M. smegmatis cause <15% mortality. C. elegans display pathological changes when infected with Mm, whereas Mm mutants produce lower mortality, suggesting that C. elegans is a promising virulence model for detailed genetic analysis. C. elegans MAPK mutants are hypersusceptible to mycobacterial infection; however, the C. elegans TOL-like, TGF-β and insulin-like pathway genes do not play important roles in susceptibility. We show that pathogenic mycobacteria inhibit MAPK-mediated protection through the MAPK phosphatase gene and demonstrate that C. elegans provide a genetically tractable pathogenicity model of both the host and pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thushara Galbadage
- Departments of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, 77807-3260
| | - Tonya F Shepherd
- Departments of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, 77807-3260
| | - Suat L G Cirillo
- Departments of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, 77807-3260
| | - Tina L Gumienny
- Department of Biology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas, 76204-5799
| | - Jeffrey D Cirillo
- Departments of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, 77807-3260
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Pritchard RE, Balish MF. Mycoplasma iowae: relationships among oxygen, virulence, and protection from oxidative stress. Vet Res 2015; 46:36. [PMID: 25880161 PMCID: PMC4367981 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The poultry-associated bacterium Mycoplasma iowae colonizes multiple sites in embryos, with disease or death resulting. Although M. iowae accumulates in the intestinal tract, it does not cause disease at that site, but rather only in tissues that are exposed to atmospheric O2. The activity of M. iowae catalase, encoded by katE, is capable of rapid removal of damaging H2O2 from solution, and katE confers a substantial reduction in the amount of H2O2 produced by Mycoplasma gallisepticum katE transformants in the presence of glycerol. As catalase-producing bacteria are often beneficial to hosts with inflammatory bowel disease, we explored whether M. iowae was exclusively protective against H2O2-producing bacteria in a Caenorhabditis elegans model, whether its protectiveness changed in response to O2 levels, and whether expression of genes involved in H2O2 metabolism and virulence changed in response to O2 levels. We observed that M. iowae was in fact protective against H2O2-producing Streptococcus pneumoniae, but not HCN-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and that M. iowae cells grown in 1% O2 promoted survival of C. elegans to a greater extent than M. iowae cells grown in atmospheric O2. Transcript levels of an M. iowae gene encoding a homolog of Mycoplasma pneumoniae CARDS toxin were 5-fold lower in cells grown in low O2. These data suggest that reduced O2, representing the intestinal environment, triggers M. iowae to reduce its virulence capabilities, effecting a change from a pathogenic mode to a potentially beneficial one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Pritchard
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA. .,Present address: Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Kentucky Wesleyan College, Owensboro, KY, 42301, USA.
| | - Mitchell F Balish
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
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Bhatla N, Horvitz HR. Light and hydrogen peroxide inhibit C. elegans Feeding through gustatory receptor orthologs and pharyngeal neurons. Neuron 2015; 85:804-18. [PMID: 25640076 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
While gustatory sensing of the five primary flavors (sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and savory) has been extensively studied, pathways that detect non-canonical taste stimuli remain relatively unexplored. In particular, while reactive oxygen species cause generalized damage to biological systems, no gustatory mechanism to prevent ingestion of such material has been identified in any organism. We observed that light inhibits C. elegans feeding and used light as a tool to uncover molecular and neural mechanisms for gustation. Light can generate hydrogen peroxide, and we discovered that hydrogen peroxide similarly inhibits feeding. The gustatory receptor family members LITE-1 and GUR-3 are required for the inhibition of feeding by light and hydrogen peroxide. The I2 pharyngeal neurons increase calcium in response to light and hydrogen peroxide, and these responses require GUR-3 and a conserved antioxidant enzyme peroxiredoxin PRDX-2. Our results demonstrate a gustatory mechanism that mediates the detection and blocks ingestion of a non-canonical taste stimulus, hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Bhatla
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - H Robert Horvitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Pritchard RE, Prassinos AJ, Osborne JD, Raviv Z, Balish MF. Reduction of hydrogen peroxide accumulation and toxicity by a catalase from Mycoplasma iowae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105188. [PMID: 25127127 PMCID: PMC4134286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma iowae is a well-established avian pathogen that can infect and damage many sites throughout the body. One potential mediator of cellular damage by mycoplasmas is the production of H2O2 via a glycerol catabolic pathway whose genes are widespread amongst many mycoplasma species. Previous sequencing of M. iowae serovar I strain 695 revealed the presence of not only genes for H2O2 production through glycerol catabolism but also the first documented mycoplasma gene for catalase, which degrades H2O2. To test the activity of M. iowae catalase in degrading H2O2, we studied catalase activity and H2O2 accumulation by both M. iowae serovar K strain DK-CPA, whose genome we sequenced, and strains of the H2O2-producing species Mycoplasma gallisepticum engineered to produce M. iowae catalase by transformation with the M. iowae putative catalase gene, katE. H2O2-mediated virulence by M. iowae serovar K and catalase-producing M. gallisepticum transformants were also analyzed using a Caenorhabditis elegans toxicity assay, which has never previously been used in conjunction with mycoplasmas. We found that M. iowae katE encodes an active catalase that, when expressed in M. gallisepticum, reduces both the amount of H2O2 produced and the amount of damage to C. elegans in the presence of glycerol. Therefore, the correlation between the presence of glycerol catabolism genes and the use of H2O2 as a virulence factor by mycoplasmas might not be absolute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Pritchard
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - John D. Osborne
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ziv Raviv
- Department of Veterinary Preventative Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mitchell F. Balish
- Department of Microbiology, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Li X, Qiao J, Yang L, Li X, Qiao S, Pang X, Tian F, Chen H, He C. Mutation of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase gene ahpC of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae affects hydrogen peroxide accumulation during the rice-pathogen interaction. Res Microbiol 2014; 165:605-11. [PMID: 25084557 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is usually generated by normal aerobic respiration of pathogens and by the host defense response during plant-pathogen interactions. In this study, histochemical localization of H2O2 accumulation in rice inoculated with the wild-type strain (PXO99(A)) and the gene deletion mutant (ΔahpC) of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C (AhpC) of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), the bacterial blight pathogen of rice, was analyzed. The ΔahpC mutant displayed a significant decrease in endogenous H2O2 accumulation which was induced by the compensatory increase in H2O2 scavenging activity. The change in the bacterial endogenous H2O2 level affected the total amount of H2O2 accumulation during the interaction with rice plants. These results suggested that Xoo contributes to H2O2 accumulation in rice in a compatible interaction, and pathogen-driving H2O2 is in association with cell collapse of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jiaju Qiao
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Lipeng Yang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Xinling Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China.
| | - Suyu Qiao
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Xinyue Pang
- Medical Technology and Engineering College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China.
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Huamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Chenyang He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Kamodyová N, Minárik G, Hodosy J, Celec P. Single consumption of Bryndza cheese temporarily affects oral microbiota and salivary markers of oxidative stress. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:716-24. [PMID: 24997802 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several oral diseases are associated with changes in oral microbiota and higher oxidative stress. Enterococcus faecalis has been hypothesized to directly contribute to the oxidative stress in oral cavity. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of single consumption of unpasteurized Bryndza cheese containing enterococci on changes of microbiota and oxidative status in saliva. Fourteen healthy volunteers aged 23-30 years were asked to eat 100 g of Bryndza cheese. Saliva samples were collected before and 1, 10, 100 min, and 24 h after Bryndza cheese consumption. Species-specific PCR and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis were used to characterize oral microbiota. Markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status were measured in saliva. PCR identified E. faecium in 36 % of probands saliva up to 1 day after consumption of enterococci containing Bryndza cheese. E. faecalis was detected in 57 % of probands saliva up to 10 min and in one proband up to 100 min after Bryndza cheese consumption. T-RFLP analysis confirmed short-term changes in composition of oral microbiota after Bryndza cheese ingestion. Nevertheless, the microbiota was completely restored after 24 h. One minute after ingestion of Bryndza cheese, salivary advanced oxidation protein products were significantly increased (by 74.6 %, P < 0.001), and total antioxidant capacity was decreased (by 22.0 %, P < 0.05). This study shows that single consumption of enterococci containing Bryndza cheese can temporally affect the composition of oral microbiota and oxidative stress in saliva. Further studies should identify the impact of these changes to the pathogenesis of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Kamodyová
- Institute of Molecular BioMedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia,
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Borgo F, Ballestriero F, Ferrario C, Fortina MG. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Enterococcus italicus and Lactococcus garvieae isolated from food. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-0924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Yuen GJ, Ausubel FM. Enterococcus infection biology: lessons from invertebrate host models. J Microbiol 2014; 52:200-10. [PMID: 24585051 PMCID: PMC4556283 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-4011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The enterococci are commensals of the gastrointestinal tract of many metazoans, from insects to humans. While they normally do not cause disease in the intestine, they can become pathogenic when they infect sites outside of the gut. Recently, the enterococci have become important nosocomial pathogens, with the majority of human enterococcal infections caused by two species, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Studies using invertebrate infection models have revealed insights into the biology of enterococcal infections, as well as general principles underlying host innate immune defense. This review highlights recent findings on Enterococcus infection biology from two invertebrate infection models, the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella and the free-living bacteriovorous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace J. Yuen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick M. Ausubel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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A cytoprotective perspective on longevity regulation. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:409-20. [PMID: 23726168 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are many mechanisms of lifespan extension, including the disruption of insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling, metabolism, translation, and feeding. Despite the disparate functions of these pathways, inhibition of each induces responses that buffer stress and damage. Here, emphasizing data from genetic analyses in Caenorhabditis elegans, we explore the effectors and upstream regulatory components of numerous cytoprotective mechanisms activated as major elements of longevity programs, including detoxification, innate immunity, proteostasis, and oxidative stress response. We show that their induction underpins longevity extension across functionally diverse triggers and across species. Intertwined with the evolution of longevity, cytoprotective pathways are coupled to the surveillance of core cellular components, with important implications in normal and aberrant responses to drugs, chemicals, and pathogens.
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Chibebe Junior J, Fuchs BB, Sabino CP, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC, Ribeiro MS, Gilmore MS, Rice LB, Tegos GP, Hamblin MR, Mylonakis E. Photodynamic and antibiotic therapy impair the pathogenesis of Enterococcus faecium in a whole animal insect model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55926. [PMID: 23457486 PMCID: PMC3573038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium has emerged as one of the most important pathogens in healthcare-associated infections worldwide due to its intrinsic and acquired resistance to many antibiotics, including vancomycin. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an alternative therapeutic platform that is currently under investigation for the control and treatment of infections. PDT is based on the use of photoactive dye molecules, widely known as photosensitizer (PS). PS, upon irradiation with visible light, produces reactive oxygen species that can destroy lipids and proteins causing cell death. We employed Galleria mellonella (the greater wax moth) caterpillar fatally infected with E. faecium to develop an invertebrate host model system that can be used to study the antimicrobial PDT (alone or combined with antibiotics). In the establishment of infection by E. faecium in G. mellonella, we found that the G. mellonella death rate was dependent on the number of bacterial cells injected into the insect hemocoel and all E. faecium strains tested were capable of infecting and killing G. mellonella. Antibiotic treatment with ampicillin, gentamicin or the combination of ampicillin and gentamicin prolonged caterpillar survival infected by E. faecium (P = 0.0003, P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0001, respectively). In the study of antimicrobial PDT, we verified that methylene blue (MB) injected into the insect followed by whole body illumination prolonged the caterpillar survival (P = 0.0192). Interestingly, combination therapy of larvae infected with vancomycin-resistant E. faecium, with antimicrobial PDT followed by vancomycin, significantly prolonged the survival of the caterpillars when compared to either antimicrobial PDT (P = 0.0095) or vancomycin treatment alone (P = 0.0025), suggesting that the aPDT made the vancomycin resistant E. faecium strain more susceptible to vancomycin action. In summary, G. mellonella provides an invertebrate model host to study the antimicrobial PDT and to explore combinatorial aPDT-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Chibebe Junior
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Pindamonhangaba, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JCJ); (EM)
| | - Beth B. Fuchs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Caetano P. Sabino
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana C. Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio O. C. Jorge
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Univ Estadual Paulista/UNESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martha S. Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael S. Gilmore
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Louis B. Rice
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University/Rhode Island and Miriam Hospitals, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - George P. Tegos
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Center for Molecular Discovery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard-Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University/Rhode Island and Miriam Hospitals, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JCJ); (EM)
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Li X, Hu R, Zhu W, Fan J, Pang X, Wang N, Wang L, Yang L, Zhao C, He C. MRT letter: localization of endogenous hydrogen peroxide by modified processes of sample preparation for transmission electron microscope in Escherichia coli. Microsc Res Tech 2012; 76:121-5. [PMID: 23161475 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) was detected cytochemically by its reaction with cerium chloride (CeCl(3)) to produce electron-dense deposits of cerium perhydroxides. The sequence of fixation and CeCl(3) staining of H(2)O(2) in the processing of transmission electron microscope (TEM) sample preparation is crucial to the localization of endogenous H(2)O(2) in Escherichia coli. In this study, results confirmed that the process that fixation simultaneously with CeCl(3) staining provided optimum effects for H(2)O(2) localization in E. coli. The modified process of TEM provides very efficient protection for H(2)O(2) localization and more accurate quantization for the H(2)O(2) accumulation in bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
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Inhibition of Fe-induced colon oxidative stress by lactobacilli in mice. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 29:209-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Rangel NA, Lin L, Rakariyatham K, Bach A, Trinh K, Clement MHS, Srinivasan C. Unincorporated iron pool is linked to oxidative stress and iron levels in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biometals 2012; 25:971-85. [PMID: 22684251 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) are relatively short-lived and are difficult to measure directly; so indirect methods have been explored for measuring these transient species. One technique that has been developed using Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae systems, relies on a connection between elevated superoxide levels and the build-up of a high-spin form of iron (Fe(III)) that is detectable by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy at g = 4.3. This form of iron is referred to as "free" iron. EPR signals at g = 4.3 are commonly encountered in biological samples owing to mononuclear high-spin (S = 5/2) Fe(III) ions in sites of low symmetry. Unincorporated iron in this study refers to this high-spin Fe(III) that is captured by desferrioxamine which is detected by EPR at g value of 4.3. Previously, we published an adaptation of Fe(III) EPR methodology that was developed for Caenorhabditis elegans, a multi-cellular organism. In the current study, we have systematically characterized various factors that modulate this unincorporated iron pool. Our results demonstrate that the unincorporated iron as monitored by Fe(III) EPR at g = 4.3 increased under conditions that were known to elevate steady-state ROS levels in vivo, including: paraquat treatment, hydrogen peroxide exposure, heat shock treatment, or exposure to higher growth temperature. Besides the exogenous inducers of oxidative stress, physiological aging, which is associated with elevated ROS and ROS-mediated macromolecular damage, also caused a build-up of this iron. In addition, increased iron availability increased the unincorporated iron pool as well as generalized oxidative stress. Overall, unincorporated iron increased under conditions of oxidative stress with no change in total iron levels. However, when total iron levels increased in vivo, an increase in both the pool of unincorporated iron and oxidative stress was observed suggesting that the status of the unincorporated iron pool is linked to oxidative stress and iron levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Rangel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA 92834, USA
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Höring S, Schütz M, Autenrieth IB, Gröbner S. Lysozyme facilitates adherence of Enterococcus faecium to host cells and induction of necrotic cell death. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:554-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Franz CMAP, Huch M, Abriouel H, Holzapfel W, Gálvez A. Enterococci as probiotics and their implications in food safety. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 151:125-40. [PMID: 21962867 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 455] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci belong to the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and they are of importance in foods due to their involvement in food spoilage and fermentations, as well as their utilisation as probiotics in humans and slaughter animals. However, they are also important nosocomial pathogens that cause bacteraemia, endocarditis and other infections. Some strains are resistant to many antibiotics and possess virulence factors such as adhesins, invasins, pili and haemolysin. The role of enterococci in disease has raised questions on their safety for use in foods or as probiotics. Studies on the incidence of virulence traits among enterococcal strains isolated from food showed that some can harbour virulence traits, but it is also thought that virulence is not the result of the presence of specific virulence determinants alone, but is rather a more intricate process. Specific genetic lineages of hospital-adapted strains have emerged, such as E. faecium clonal complex (CC) 17 and E. faecalis CC2, CC9, CC28 and CC40, which are high risk enterococcal clonal complexes. These are characterised by the presence of antibiotic resistance determinants and/or virulence factors, often located on pathogenicity islands or plasmids. Mobile genetic elements thus are considered to play a major role in the establishment of problematic lineages. Although enterococci occur in high numbers in certain types of fermented cheeses and sausages, they are not deliberately added as starter cultures. Some E. faecium and E. faecalis strains are used as probiotics and are ingested in high numbers, generally in the form of pharmaceutical preparations. Such probiotics are administered to treat diarrhoea, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea or irritable bowel syndrome, to lower cholesterol levels or to improve host immunity. In animals, enterococcal probiotics are mainly used to treat or prevent diarrhoea, for immune stimulation or to improve growth. From a food microbiological point of view, the safety of the bacteria used as probiotics must be assured, and data on the major strains in use so far indicate that they are safe. The advantage of use of probiotics in slaughter animals, from a food microbiological point of view, lies in the reduction of zoonotic pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of animals which prevents the transmission of these pathogens via food. The use of enterococcal probiotics should, in view of the development of problematic lineages and the potential for gene transfer in the gastrointestinal tract of both humans and animals, be carefully monitored, and the advantages of using these and new strains should be considered in a well contemplated risk/benefit analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M A P Franz
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institute, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str.9, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Mechanism of copper surface toxicity in vancomycin-resistant enterococci following wet or dry surface contact. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:6049-59. [PMID: 21742916 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00597-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Contaminated touch surfaces have been implicated in the spread of hospital-acquired infections, and the use of biocidal surfaces could help to reduce this cross-contamination. In a previous study we reported the death of aqueous inocula of pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis or Enterococcus faecium isolates, simulating fomite surface contamination, in 1 h on copper alloys, compared to survival for months on stainless steel. In our current study we observed an even faster kill of over a 6-log reduction of viable enterococci in less than 10 min on copper alloys with a "dry" inoculum equivalent to touch contamination. We investigated the effect of copper(I) and copper(II) chelation and the quenching of reactive oxygen species on cell viability assessed by culture and their effects on genomic DNA, membrane potential, and respiration in situ on metal surfaces. We propose that copper surface toxicity for enterococci involves the direct or indirect action of released copper ionic species and the generation of superoxide, resulting in arrested respiration and DNA breakdown as the first stages of cell death. The generation of hydroxyl radicals by the Fenton reaction does not appear to be the dominant instrument of DNA damage. The bacterial membrane potential is unaffected in the early stages of wet and dry surface contact, suggesting that the membrane is not compromised until after cell death. These results also highlight the importance of correct surface cleaning protocols to perpetuate copper ion release and prevent the chelation of ions by contaminants, which could reduce the efficacy of the surface.
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Pyrosequencing-based comparative genome analysis of the nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecium and identification of a large transferable pathogenicity island. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:239. [PMID: 20398277 PMCID: PMC2858755 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecium is an important cause of nosocomial infections in immunocompromized patients. Results We present a pyrosequencing-based comparative genome analysis of seven E. faecium strains that were isolated from various sources. In the genomes of clinical isolates several antibiotic resistance genes were identified, including the vanA transposon that confers resistance to vancomycin in two strains. A functional comparison between E. faecium and the related opportunistic pathogen E. faecalis based on differences in the presence of protein families, revealed divergence in plant carbohydrate metabolic pathways and oxidative stress defense mechanisms. The E. faecium pan-genome was estimated to be essentially unlimited in size, indicating that E. faecium can efficiently acquire and incorporate exogenous DNA in its gene pool. One of the most prominent sources of genomic diversity consists of bacteriophages that have integrated in the genome. The CRISPR-Cas system, which contributes to immunity against bacteriophage infection in prokaryotes, is not present in the sequenced strains. Three sequenced isolates carry the esp gene, which is involved in urinary tract infections and biofilm formation. The esp gene is located on a large pathogenicity island (PAI), which is between 64 and 104 kb in size. Conjugation experiments showed that the entire esp PAI can be transferred horizontally and inserts in a site-specific manner. Conclusions Genes involved in environmental persistence, colonization and virulence can easily be aquired by E. faecium. This will make the development of successful treatment strategies targeted against this organism a challenge for years to come.
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A pathogenesis assay using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans reveals novel roles for yeast AP-1, Yap1, and host dual oxidase BLI-3 in fungal pathogenesis. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2009; 8:1218-27. [PMID: 19502579 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00367-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of systemic fungal infections is difficult because of the limited number of antimycotic drugs available. Thus, there is an immediate need for simple and innovative systems to assay the contribution of individual genes to fungal pathogenesis. We have developed a pathogenesis assay using Caenorhabditis elegans, an established model host, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae as the invading fungus. We have found that yeast infects nematodes, causing disease and death. Our data indicate that the host produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to fungal infection. Yeast mutants sod1Delta and yap1Delta, which cannot withstand ROS, fail to cause disease, except in bli-3 worms, which carry a mutation in a dual oxidase gene. Chemical inhibition of the NADPH oxidase activity abolishes ROS production in worms exposed to yeast. This pathogenesis assay is useful for conducting systematic, whole-genome screens to identify fungal virulence factors as alternative targets for drug development and exploration of host responses to fungal infections.
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Top J, Willems R, Bonten M. Emergence of CC17 Enterococcus faecium: from commensal to hospital-adapted pathogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 52:297-308. [PMID: 18279340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
For many years, Enterococcus faecium was considered to be a commensal of the digestive tract, which only sporadically caused opportunistic infections in severely ill patients. Over the last two decades, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREF) has emerged worldwide as an important cause of nosocomial infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. The global Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) epidemic was preceded by the emergence of ampicillin-resistant E. faecium (AREfm) in the United States in the early 1980s, followed by the rapid emergence of VRE in the 1990s. A similar increase of VRE may occur in countries with still low levels of VRE in hospitals (such as The Netherlands), but increasing incidence of AREfm infections. Molecular epidemiological studies of both human- and animal-derived E. faecium isolates using multilocus sequence typing revealed the existence of host-specific genogroups, including a specific genetic lineage designated CC17, associated with hospital-related isolates. These strains were characterized by ampicillin and quinolone resistance. In addition, the majority of these CC17 isolates contain over hundred hospital-clade-specific genes, including mobile elements, phage genes and plasmid sequences, hypothetical and membrane proteins and antibiotic and regulatory genes and a putative pathogenicity island including the esp gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janetta Top
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Powell JR, Ausubel FM. Models of Caenorhabditis elegans infection by bacterial and fungal pathogens. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 415:403-27. [PMID: 18370168 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-570-1_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a simple model host for studying the relationship between the animal innate immune system and a variety of bacterial and fungal pathogens. Extensive genetic and molecular tools are available in C. elegans, facilitating an in-depth analysis of host defense factors and pathogen virulence factors. Many of these factors are conserved in insects and mammals, indicating the relevance of the nematode model to the vertebrate innate immune response. Here, we describe pathogen assays for a selection of the most commonly studied bacterial and fungal pathogens using the C. elegans model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Powell
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Chávez V, Mohri-Shiomi A, Maadani A, Vega LA, Garsin DA. Oxidative stress enzymes are required for DAF-16-mediated immunity due to generation of reactive oxygen species by Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2007; 176:1567-77. [PMID: 17483415 PMCID: PMC1931534 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.072587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans has recently been developed as a model for microbial pathogenesis, yet little is known about its immunological defenses. Previous work implicated insulin signaling in mediating pathogen resistance in a manner dependent on the transcriptional regulator DAF-16, but the mechanism has not been elucidated. We present evidence that C. elegans, like mammalian phagocytes, produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to pathogens. Signs of oxidative stress occur in the intestine - the site of the host-pathogen interface - suggesting that ROS release is localized to this tissue. Evidence includes the accumulation of lipofuscin, a pigment resulting from oxidative damage, at this site. In addition, SOD-3, a superoxide dismutase regulated by DAF-16, is induced in intestinal tissue after exposure to pathogenic bacteria. Moreover, we show that the oxidative stress response genes sod-3 and ctl-2 are required for DAF-16-mediated resistance to Enterococcus faecalis using a C. elegans killing assay. We propose a model whereby C. elegans responds to pathogens by producing ROS in the intestine while simultaneously inducing a DAF-16-dependent oxidative stress response to protect adjacent tissues. Because insulin-signaling mutants overproduce oxidative stress response enzymes, the model provides an explanation for their increased resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Chávez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Li X, Li H, Pang X, Feng H, Zhi D, Wen J, Wang J. Localization changes of endogenous hydrogen peroxide during cell division cycle of Xanthomonas. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 300:207-13. [PMID: 17375266 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-006-9385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Production and localization of endogenous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were investigated in strains of Xanthomonas by histochemical analysis under electron microscopy. Even though the levels of endogenous H2O2 production were different among various strains, the produced H2O2 was localized in the cell wall of all Xanthomonas strains tested. The impairment of the level of endogenous H2O2 accumulation resulted in a significantly decreased growth rate of bacteria, regardless if the difference of the H2O2 level is originally present between wild type strains or caused by mutation of the ahpC gene of Xanthomonas. The endogenous accumulation of H2O2 positively correlates with the cell division. Interestingly, the accumulated H2O2 was also localized in the mesosome-like structure and nucleoids during the cell division cycle. Furthermore, results revealed quantitative and dimensional changes of H2O2 accumulation in the two additional locations. These findings indicated that the additional locations of the accumulated H2O2 were closely associated with the process of cell division. Together, these results suggest that the endogenous H2O2 production plays an important role in cell proliferation of Xanthomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Lavigne JP, Blanc-Potard AB, Bourg G, O'callaghan D, Sotto A. Caenorhabditis elegans : modèle d'étude in vivo de la virulence bactérienne. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:439-46. [PMID: 17027180 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2006.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans presents many advantages as a model system. The worm has recently emerged as a potentially useful tool for the study of host-pathogen interactions. This paper presents advantages and inconveniences of this model, the variety of bacterial pathogens studied, and its use to monitor virulence of Extraintestinal Escherichia coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Lavigne
- Laboratoire de bactériologie, virologie, parasitologie, CHU de Nîmes, groupe hospitalo-universitaire de Carémeau, place du Professeur-Robert-Debré, 30029 Nîmes cedex 09, France.
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Yamamoto Y, Pargade V, Lamberet G, Gaudu P, Thomas F, Texereau J, Gruss A, Trieu-Cuot P, Poyart C. The Group B Streptococcus NADH oxidase Nox-2 is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis during aerobic growth and contributes to virulence. Mol Microbiol 2006; 62:772-85. [PMID: 16999835 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Numerous Streptococcaceae produce an H2O-forming NADH oxidase, Nox-2, which has been generally implicated in aerobic survival. We examined the roles of Nox-2 in Group B Streptococcus (GBS), a leading agent of neonatal infections. While nox2 inactivation caused an aerobic growth arrest, no improvement was seen by addition of antioxidants to cultures, suggesting that this defect was not due to accumulation of toxic oxygen species. Using several approaches, we show that the observed inability of the nox2 mutant to grow aerobically is mainly due to an underlying defect in fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis: (i) the nox2 aerobic growth defect is fully and rapidly complemented by adding oleic acid to culture medium, and (ii) direct assimilation of this unsaturated FA in both wild type (WT) and nox2 GBS membranes is demonstrated and correlated with mutant growth rescue. We propose that NAD+ depletion in the nox2 mutant results in reduced acetyl-CoA production, which perturbs FA biosynthesis and hence blocks growth in aerobiosis. The nox2 aerobic growth defect was also complemented when GBS respiration metabolism was activated by exogenous haem and menaquinone. The membrane NADH oxidase activity generated by the functional respiratory chain thus compensates the cytoplasmic NADH oxidase deficiency. The nox2 mutant was attenuated for virulence, as assessed in lung, intraperitoneal and intravenous murine infection models. As the nox2 defect seems only to affect aerobic growth of GBS, its reduced virulence supports the suggestion that aerobic conditions and NADH oxidase activities are relevant to the GBS infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamamoto
- Unité Bactéries Lactiques et Pathogènes Opportunistes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Bâtiment 222, 78352 Jouy en Josas, France
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48
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Moy TI, Ball AR, Anklesaria Z, Casadei G, Lewis K, Ausubel FM. Identification of novel antimicrobials using a live-animal infection model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10414-10419. [PMID: 16801562 PMCID: PMC1482800 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604055103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarming increase of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens points to the need for novel therapeutic approaches to combat infection. To discover novel antimicrobials, we devised a screen to identify compounds that promoted the survival of the model laboratory nematode Caenorhabditis elegans infected with the human opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis. E. faecalis colonizes the nematode intestinal tract, forming a persistent lethal infection. Infected nematodes were rescued by antibiotic treatment in a dose-dependent manner, and antibiotic treatment markedly reduced the number of bacteria colonizing the nematode intestine. To facilitate high throughput screening of compound libraries, we adapted a previously developed agar-based C. elegans-E. faecalis infection assay so that it could be carried out in liquid medium in standard 96-well microtiter plates. We used this simple infection system to screen 6,000 synthetic compounds and 1,136 natural product extracts. We identified 16 compounds and 9 extracts that promoted nematode survival. Some of the compounds and extracts inhibited E. faecalis growth in vitro, but, in contrast to traditional antibiotics, the in vivo effective dose of many of these compounds was significantly lower than the minimum inhibitory concentration needed to prevent the growth of E. faecalis in vitro. Moreover, many of the compounds and extracts had little or no affect on in vitro bacterial growth. Our findings indicate that the whole-animal C. elegans screen identifies not only traditional antibiotics, but also compounds that target bacterial virulence or stimulate host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence I Moy
- *Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Anthony R Ball
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Zafia Anklesaria
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; and
| | - Gabriele Casadei
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Kim Lewis
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Frederick M Ausubel
- *Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114;
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114; and
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van den Berg MCW, Woerlee JZ, Ma H, May RC. Sex-dependent resistance to the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Genetics 2006; 173:677-83. [PMID: 16582430 PMCID: PMC1526500 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.106.056093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences occur in most species and affect a variety of biological traits including morphology, behavior, and life history. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans exists as a population of self-fertile hermaphrodites with occasional males, which differ anatomically and behaviorally from hermaphrodites. Here we show that male C. elegans also differ from hermaphrodites in their susceptibility to a fungal pathogen, Cryptococcus neoformans. Wild-type males show greater resistance than hermaphrodite animals to killing by this pathogen and this resistance can be induced in hermaphrodite animals by inappropriate activation of the male sex-determination pathway. Resistance is molecularly determined, rather than resulting from behavioral changes or reproductive differences, and requires the activity of the stress-response transcription factor DAF-16. Finally, we demonstrate that resistance to C. neoformans correlates broadly with longevity within the Caenorhabditis genus. Our results hint at an overlap between the pathways controlling immunity and longevity and raise the possibility that differential regulation of these pathways may contribute to sex-dependent and species-dependent variation.
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Tang RJ, Breger J, Idnurm A, Gerik KJ, Lodge JK, Heitman J, Calderwood SB, Mylonakis E. Cryptococcus neoformans gene involved in mammalian pathogenesis identified by a Caenorhabditis elegans progeny-based approach. Infect Immun 2006; 73:8219-25. [PMID: 16299318 PMCID: PMC1307092 DOI: 10.1128/iai.73.12.8219-8225.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans can serve as a substitute host for the study of microbial pathogenesis. We found that mutations in genes of the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans involved in mammalian virulence allow C. elegans to produce greater numbers of progeny than when exposed to wild-type fungus. We used this property to screen a library of C. neoformans mutants for strains that permit larger C. elegans brood sizes. In this screen, we identified a gene homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae ROM2. C. neoformans rom2 mutation resulted in a defect in mating and growth defects at elevated temperature or in the presence of cell wall or hyperosmolar stresses. An effect of the C. neoformans rom2 mutation in virulence was confirmed in a murine inhalation infection model. We propose that a screen for progeny-permissive mutants of microorganisms can serve as a high-throughput method for identifying novel loci related to mammalian pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Tang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Gray-Jackson 504, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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