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Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spontaneously released by many gram-negative bacteria during their growth and constitute an important virulence factor for bacteria, helping them to survive through harsh environmental conditions. Native OMVs, naturally-released from bacteria, are produced at a level too low for vaccine manufacturing, requiring chemical treatment (detergent-extracted) or genetic manipulation, resulting in generalized modules for membrane antigens (GMMAs). Over the years, the nature and properties of OMVs have made them a viable platform for vaccine development. There are a few licensed OMV vaccines mainly for the prevention of meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). There are several candidates in clinical development against other gram-negative organisms from which the OMVs are derived, but also against heterologous targets in which the OMVs are used as carriers (e.g. coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The use of OMVs for targets other than those from which they are derived is a major advancement in OMV technology, improving its versatility by being able to deliver protein or polysaccharide antigens. Other advances include the range of genetic modifications that can be made to improve their safety, reduce reactogenicity, and increase immunogenicity and protective efficacy. However, significant challenges remain, such as identification of general tools for high-content surface expression of heterologous proteins on the OMV surface. Here, we outline the progress of OMV vaccines to date, particularly discussing licensed OMV-based vaccines and candidates in clinical development. Recent trends in preclinical research are described, mainly focused on genetic manipulation and chemical conjugation for the use of OMVs as carriers for heterologous protein and polysaccharide antigens. Remaining challenges with the use of OMVs and directions for future research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy.
| | | | - Usman Nakakana
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH) S.r.l., Siena, Italy
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Mat Rani NNI, Alzubaidi ZM, Butt AM, Mohammad Faizal NDF, Sekar M, Azhari H, Mohd Amin MCI. Outer membrane vesicles as biomimetic vaccine carriers against infections and cancers. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1784. [PMID: 35194964 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, nanoparticle-based therapeutic modalities have emerged as promising treatment options for cancer and infectious diseases. To improve prognosis, chemotherapeutic and antimicrobial drugs must be delivered selectively to the target sites. Researchers have increasingly focused their efforts on improving drug delivery, with a particular emphasis on cancer and infectious diseases. When drugs are administered systemically, they become diluted and can diffuse to all tissues but only until the immune system intervenes and quickly removes them from circulation. To enhance and prolong the systemic circulation of drugs, nanocarriers have been explored and used; however, nanocarriers have a major drawback in that they can trigger immune responses. Numerous nanocarriers for optimal drug delivery have been developed using innovative and effective biointerface technologies. Autologous cell-derived drug carriers, such as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), have demonstrated improved bioavailability and reduced toxicity. Thus, this study investigates the use of biomimetic OMVs as biomimetic vaccine carriers against infections and cancers to improve our understanding in the field of nanotechnology. In addition, discussion on the advantages, disadvantages, and future prospects of OMVs will also be explored. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Zahraa M Alzubaidi
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adeel Masood Butt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nur Dini Fatini Mohammad Faizal
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Hanisah Azhari
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Cairul Iqbal Mohd Amin
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Product review on the IMD serogroup B vaccine Bexsero®. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2020043. [PMID: 35192786 PMCID: PMC8986181 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bexsero® is a multicomponent vaccine composed of four major proteins of Neisseria meningitidis: the fHbp, NHBA, NadA and PorA. This vaccine was licensed against invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) due to serogroup B isolates. When administered alone, Bexsero® showed a safety profile similar to other childhood vaccines. It provides an excellent immunogenicity but that requires booster doses in infants and young children. Although the vaccine does not seem to impact on acquisition of carriage of serogroup B isolates, it confers protection against isolates of serogroup B harboring distinct but cross-reactive variants of fHbp, NadA and NHBA. Primary vaccination schemes in infancy underwent a rapid increase after a toddler booster suggesting an anamnestic response and the establishment of a memory response. As Bexsero® targets sub-capsular proteins that can be conserved regardless the capsule, the vaccine can be effective against non-B isolates such as isolates of serogroups W and X.
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Gong W, Pan C, Cheng P, Wang J, Zhao G, Wu X. Peptide-Based Vaccines for Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:830497. [PMID: 35173740 PMCID: PMC8841753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.830497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. As a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the global TB mortality rate in 2020 is rising, making TB prevention and control more challenging. Vaccination has been considered the best approach to reduce the TB burden. Unfortunately, BCG, the only TB vaccine currently approved for use, offers some protection against childhood TB but is less effective in adults. Therefore, it is urgent to develop new TB vaccines that are more effective than BCG. Accumulating data indicated that peptides or epitopes play essential roles in bridging innate and adaptive immunity and triggering adaptive immunity. Furthermore, innovations in bioinformatics, immunoinformatics, synthetic technologies, new materials, and transgenic animal models have put wings on the research of peptide-based vaccines for TB. Hence, this review seeks to give an overview of current tools that can be used to design a peptide-based vaccine, the research status of peptide-based vaccines for TB, protein-based bacterial vaccine delivery systems, and animal models for the peptide-based vaccines. These explorations will provide approaches and strategies for developing safer and more effective peptide-based vaccines and contribute to achieving the WHO's End TB Strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou City, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The 8th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Optimized Detoxification of a Live Attenuated Vaccine Strain (SG9R) to Improve Vaccine Strategy against Fowl Typhoid. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9020122. [PMID: 33546449 PMCID: PMC7913755 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The live attenuated vaccine strain, SG9R, has been used against fowl typhoid worldwide, but it can revert to the pathogenic smooth strain owing to single nucleotide changes such as nonsense mutations in the rfaJ gene. As SG9R possesses an intact Salmonella plasmid with virulence genes, it exhibits dormant pathogenicity and can cause fowl typhoid in young chicks and stressed or immunocompromised brown egg-laying hens. To tackle these issues, we knocked out the rfaJ gene of SG9R (named Safe-9R) to eliminate the reversion risk and generated detoxified strains of Safe-9R by knocking out lpxL, lpxM, pagP, and phoP/phoQ genes to attenuate the virulence. Among the knockout strains, live ΔlpxL- (Dtx-9RL) and ΔlpxM-9R (Dtx-9RM) strains induced remarkably less expression of inflammatory cytokines in chicken macrophage cells, and oil emulsion (OE) Dtx-9RL did not cause body weight loss in chicks. Live Dtx-9RM exhibited efficacy against field strain challenge in one week without any bacterial re-isolation, while the un-detoxified strains showed the development of severe liver lesions and re-isolation of challenged strains. Thus, SG9R was optimally detoxified by knockout of lpxL and lpxM, and Dtx-9RL and Dtx-9RM might be applicable as OE and live vaccines, respectively, to prevent fowl typhoid irrespective of the age of chickens.
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Micoli F, MacLennan CA. Outer membrane vesicle vaccines. Semin Immunol 2020; 50:101433. [PMID: 33309166 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) have received increased attention in recent years as a vaccine platform against bacterial pathogens. OMV from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B have been extensively explored. Following the success of the MeNZB OMV vaccine in controlling an outbreak of N. meningitidis B in New Zealand, additional research and development resulted in the licensure of the OMV-containing four-component 4CMenB vaccine, Bexsero. This provided broader protection against multiple meningococcal B strains. Advances in the field of genetic engineering have permitted further improvements in the platform resulting in increased yields, reduced endotoxicity and decoration with homologous and heterologous antigens to enhance immuno genicity and provide broader protection. The OMV vaccine platform has been extended to many other pathogens. In this review, we discuss progress in the development of the OMV vaccine delivery platform, highlighting successful applications, together with potential challenges and gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Calman A MacLennan
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 62 Buckingham Gate, London, United Kingdom; Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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The serogroup B meningococcal outer membrane vesicle-based vaccine 4CMenB induces cross-species protection against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008602. [PMID: 33290434 PMCID: PMC7748408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need for a gonorrhea vaccine due to the high disease burden associated with gonococcal infections globally and the rapid evolution of antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Ng). Current gonorrhea vaccine research is in the stages of antigen discovery and the identification of protective immune responses, and no vaccine has been tested in clinical trials in over 30 years. Recently, however, it was reported in a retrospective case-control study that vaccination of humans with a serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis (Nm) outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine (MeNZB) was associated with reduced rates of gonorrhea. Here we directly tested the hypothesis that Nm OMVs induce cross-protection against gonorrhea in a well-characterized female mouse model of Ng genital tract infection. We found that immunization with the licensed Nm OMV-based vaccine 4CMenB (Bexsero) significantly accelerated clearance and reduced the Ng bacterial burden compared to administration of alum or PBS. Serum IgG and vaginal IgA and IgG that cross-reacted with Ng OMVs were induced by 4CMenB vaccination by either the subcutaneous or intraperitoneal routes. Antibodies from vaccinated mice recognized several Ng surface proteins, including PilQ, BamA, MtrE, NHBA (known to be recognized by humans), PorB, and Opa. Immune sera from both mice and humans recognized Ng PilQ and several proteins of similar apparent molecular weight, but MtrE was only recognized by mouse serum. Pooled sera from 4CMenB-immunized mice showed a 4-fold increase in serum bactericidal50 titers against the challenge strain; in contrast, no significant difference in bactericidal activity was detected when sera from 4CMenB-immunized and unimmunized subjects were compared. Our findings directly support epidemiological evidence that Nm OMVs confer cross-species protection against gonorrhea, and implicate several Ng surface antigens as potentially protective targets. Additionally, this study further defines the usefulness of murine infection model as a relevant experimental system for gonorrhea vaccine development.
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Shi J, Ma Z, Pan H, Liu Y, Chu Y, Wang J, Chen L. Biofilm-encapsulated nano drug delivery system for the treatment of colon cancer. J Microencapsul 2020; 37:481-491. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2020.1797914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiwei Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Pan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuqi Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinglei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lijiang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang, China
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Rossi O, Citiulo F, Mancini F. Outer membrane vesicles: moving within the intricate labyrinth of assays that can predict risks of reactogenicity in humans. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 17:601-613. [PMID: 32687736 PMCID: PMC7899674 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1780092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are exosomes naturally released from the surface of Gram-negative bacteria. Since the ’80s, OMVs have been proposed as powerful vaccine platforms due to their intrinsic self-adjuvanticity and ability to present multiple antigens in natural conformation. However, the presence of several pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), especially lipid A, has raised concerns about potential systemic reactogenicity in humans. Recently, chemical and genetic approaches allowed to efficiently modulate the balance between reactogenicity and immunogenicity for the use of OMV in humans. Several assays (monocyte activation test, rabbit pyrogenicity test, limulus amebocyte lysate, human transfectant cells, and toxicology studies) were developed to test, with highly predictive potential, the risk of reactogenicity in humans before moving to clinical use. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on how different assays were and can be used to successfully evaluate systemic reactogenicity during clinical development and after licensure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rossi
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l (GVGH) , Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Citiulo
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l (GVGH) , Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancini
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health S.r.l (GVGH) , Siena, Italy
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Adriani R, Mousavi Gargari SL, Nazarian S, Sarvary S, Noroozi N. Immunogenicity of Vibrio cholerae outer membrane vesicles secreted at various environmental conditions. Vaccine 2018; 36:322-330. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shim SM, Song EJ, Song D, Lee TY, Kim DJ, Nam JH, Gwin Jeong D, Lee CK, Kim SH, Kim JK. Nontoxic outer membrane vesicles efficiently increase the efficacy of an influenza vaccine in mice and ferrets. Vaccine 2017; 35:3741-3748. [PMID: 28576571 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a further-modified outer membrane vesicle (fmOMV) from the ΔmsbB/ΔpagP mutant of Escherichia coli transformed with the plasmid, pLpxF, in order to use it as an adjuvant for pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza vaccine. We evaluated the efficacy of the pH1N1 influenza vaccine containing the fmOMV in animal models as compared to the commercial adjuvants, alum or AddaVaxTM. The fmOMV-adjuvanted pH1N1 influenza vaccine induced a significant increase in the humoral immunity; however, this effect was less than that of the AddaVaxTM. The fmOMV-adjuvanted vaccine displayed pronounced an enhanced protective efficacy with increased T cell immune response and reduced the viral load in the lungs of the infected mice after challenging them with a lethal dose of the homologous virus. Moreover, it resulted in a significantly higher cross-protection against heterologous virus challenge than that of the pH1N1 vaccine with alum or with no adjuvants. In ferrets, the fmOMV-adjuvanted vaccine elicited a superior antibody response based on the HI titer and efficiently protected the animals from the lethal viral challenges. Taken together, the nontoxic fmOMV could be a promising adjuvant for inducing robust T cell priming into the pH1N1 vaccine and might be broadly applicable to the development of preventive measures against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Mu Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Lee
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Nam
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kil Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, 52 Naesudong-ro, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudae-ro, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
The majority of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in the developed world is caused by capsular group B Neisseria meningitidis, however success with vaccination against organisms bearing this capsule has previously been restricted to control of geographically limited clonal outbreaks. As we enter a new era, with the first routine program underway to control endemic group B meningococcal disease for infants in the UK, it is timely to review the key landmarks in group B vaccine development, and discuss the issues determining whether control of endemic group B disease will be achieved. Evidence of a reduction in carriage acquisition of invasive group B meningococcal strains, after vaccination among adolescents, is imperative if routine immunization is to drive population control of disease beyond those who are vaccinated (i.e. through herd immunity). The need for multiple doses to generate a sufficiently protective response and reactogenicity remain significant problems with the new generation of vaccines. Despite these limitations, early data from the UK indicate that new group B meningococcal vaccines have the potential to have a major impact on meningococcal disease, and to provide new insight into how we might do better in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Y Wang
- a School of Medicine , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,b Department of Paediatrics , Oxford Vaccine Group , Oxford , UK
| | - A J Pollard
- b Department of Paediatrics , Oxford Vaccine Group , Oxford , UK.,c NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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Piccini G, Torelli A, Gianchecchi E, Piccirella S, Montomoli E. FightingNeisseria meningitidis: past and current vaccination strategies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:1393-1407. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2016.1187068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Leitner DR, Lichtenegger S, Temel P, Zingl FG, Ratzberger D, Roier S, Schild-Prüfert K, Feichter S, Reidl J, Schild S. A combined vaccine approach against Vibrio cholerae and ETEC based on outer membrane vesicles. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:823. [PMID: 26322032 PMCID: PMC4531250 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric infections induced by pathogens like Vibrio cholerae and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) remain a massive burden in developing countries with increasing morbidity and mortality rates. Previously, we showed that the immunization with genetically detoxified outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from V. cholerae elicits a protective immune response based on the generation of O antigen antibodies, which effectively block the motility by binding to the sheathed flagellum. In this study, we investigated the potential of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-modified and toxin negative OMVs isolated from V. cholerae and ETEC as a combined OMV vaccine candidate. Our results indicate that the immunization with V. cholerae or ETEC OMVs induced a species-specific immune response, whereas the combination of both OMV species resulted in a high-titer, protective immune response against both pathogens. Interestingly, the immunization with V. cholerae OMVs alone resulted in a so far uncharacterized and cholera toxin B-subunit (CTB) independent protection mechanism against an ETEC colonization. Furthermore, we investigated the potential use of V. cholerae OMVs as delivery vehicles for the heterologously expression of the ETEC surface antigens, CFA/I, and FliC. Although we induced a detectable immune response against both heterologously expressed antigens, none of these approaches resulted in an improved protection compared to a simple combination of V. cholerae and ETEC OMVs. Finally, we expanded the current protection model from V. cholerae to ETEC by demonstrating that the inhibition of motility via anti-FliC antibodies represents a relevant protection mechanism of an OMV-based ETEC vaccine candidate in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Schild
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of GrazGraz, Austria
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15
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Mehta OH, Norheim G, Hoe JC, Rollier CS, Nagaputra JC, Makepeace K, Saleem M, Chan H, Ferguson DJP, Jones C, Sadarangani M, Hood DW, Feavers I, Derrick JP, Pollard AJ, Moxon ER. Adjuvant effects elicited by novel oligosaccharide variants of detoxified meningococcal lipopolysaccharides on Neisseria meningitidis recombinant PorA protein: a comparison in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115713. [PMID: 25545241 PMCID: PMC4278719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has adjuvant properties that can be exploited to assist vaccine immunogenicity. The modified penta-acylated LPS retains the adjuvant properties of hexa-acylated LPS but has a reduced toxicity profile. In this study we investigated whether two modified glycoform structures (LgtE and IcsB) of detoxified penta-acylated LPS exhibited differential adjuvant properties when formulated as native outer membrane vesicles (nOMVs) as compared to the previously described LgtB variant. Detoxified penta-acylated LPS was obtained by disruption of the lpxL1 gene (LpxL1 LPS), and three different glycoforms were obtained by disruption of the lgtB, lgtE or icsB genes respectively. Mice (mus musculus) were immunized with a recombinant PorA P1.7-2,4 (rPorA) protein co-administered with different nOMVs (containing a different PorA serosubtype P1.7,16), each of which expressed one of the three penta-acylated LPS glycoforms. All nOMVs induced IgG responses against the rPorA, but the nOMVs containing the penta-acylated LgtB-LpxL1 LPS glycoform induced significantly greater bactericidal activity compared to the other nOMVs or when the adjuvant was Alhydrogel. Compared to LgtE or IcsB LPS glycoforms, these data support the use of nOMVs containing detoxified, modified LgtB-LpxL1 LPS as a potential adjuvant for future meningococcal protein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojas H Mehta
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Gunnstein Norheim
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - J Claire Hoe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Jerry C Nagaputra
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Makepeace
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PT, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Chan
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3OG, United Kingdom
| | - David J P Ferguson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Derek W Hood
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital (John Radcliffe), Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Feavers
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3OG, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P Derrick
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - E Richard Moxon
- The NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
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16
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Gasparini R, Amicizia D, Domnich A, Lai PL, Panatto D. Neisseria meningitidis B vaccines: recent advances and possible immunization policies. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:345-64. [PMID: 24476428 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.880341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Since the development of the first-generation vaccines based on outer membrane vesicles (OMV), which were able to contain strain-specific epidemics, but were not suitable for universal use, enormous steps forward in the prevention of Neisseria meningitidis B have been made. The first multicomponent vaccine, Bexsero(®), has recently been authorized for use; other vaccines, bivalent rLP2086 and next-generation OMV vaccines, are under development. The new vaccines may substantially contribute to reducing invasive bacterial infections as they could cover most Neisseria meningitidis B strains. Moreover, other potentially effective serogroup B vaccine candidates are being studied in preclinical settings. It is therefore appropriate to review what has recently been achieved in the prevention of disease caused by serogroup B.
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17
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Panatto D, Amicizia D, Lai PL, Cristina ML, Domnich A, Gasparini R. New versus old meningococcal group B vaccines: how the new ones may benefit infants & toddlers. Indian J Med Res 2013; 138:835-46. [PMID: 24521624 PMCID: PMC3978970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis is associated with high mortality and high disability rates and mainly affects children under one year of age. Vaccination is the best way to prevent meningococcal disease, especially in infants and toddlers. The introduction of massive meningococcal serogroup C vaccination has drastically reduced the incidence of disease caused by this serogroup, and serogroup B has now become the main causative agent in several industrialized countries. The first serogroup B vaccines, which were used for more than two decades, were based on outer membrane vesicles and proved to be protective only against specific epidemic strains in Cuba, Norway, Brazil and New Zealand. Moreover, these often elicited a scant immune response in young children. Innovative genomics-based reverse vaccinology subsequently enabled researchers to identify genes encoding for surface proteins that are able to elicit a strong immune response against several B strains. This important discovery led to the development and recent approval in Europe of the four-component meningococcal serogroup B (4CMenB) vaccine. Large clinical trials have shown high immunogenicity and tolerability and acceptable safety levels of 4CMenB in infants and toddlers. This vaccine is expected to cover a large number of circulating invasive strains and may also be efficacious against other serogroups. Young children are particularly vulnerable to the devastating consequences of meningococcal disease. Given the high performance of 4CMenB and its non-interference with routine vaccinations, this age-group will be the first to benefit from the introduction of this vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Panatto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy,Reprint requests: Dr D. Panatto, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, via Pastore 1-16132, Genoa, Italy e-mail:
| | - D. Amicizia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - PL. Lai
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - ML. Cristina
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - A. Domnich
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - R. Gasparini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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18
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Pinto VB, Burden R, Wagner A, Moran EE, Lee CH. The development of an experimental multiple serogroups vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79304. [PMID: 24244473 PMCID: PMC3828347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A native outer membrane vesicles (NOMV) vaccine was developed from three antigenically diverse strains of Neisseria meningitidis that express the L1,8, L2, and L3,7 lipooligosaccharide (LOS) immunotypes, and whose synX, and lpxL1 genes were deleted.. Immunogenicity studies in mice showed that the vaccine induced bactericidal antibody against serogroups B, C, W, Y and X N. meningitidis strains. However, this experimental NOMV vaccine was not effective against serogroup A N. meningitidis strains. N. meningitidis capsular polysaccharide (PS) from serogroups A, C, W and Y were effective at inducing bactericidal antibody when conjugated to either tetanus toxoid or the fHbp1-fHbp2 fusion protein fHbp(1+2). The combination of the NOMV vaccine and the N. meningitidis serogroup A capsular polysaccharide (MAPS) protein conjugate was capable of inducing bactericidal antibodies against a limited number of N. meningitidis strains from serogroups A, B, C, W, Y and X tested in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerian B. Pinto
- Division of Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Springs, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robert Burden
- Division of Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Springs, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Allyn Wagner
- Division of Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Springs, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth E. Moran
- Division of Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Springs, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Che-Hung Lee
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
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19
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Jones HE, Copland A, Hamstra HJ, Cohen J, Brown J, Klein N, van der Ley P, Dixon G. LOS oligosaccharide modification enhances dendritic cell responses to meningococcal native outer membrane vesicles expressing a non-toxic lipid A. Cell Microbiol 2013; 16:519-34. [PMID: 24152255 PMCID: PMC4204155 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are released by many bacteria, and contain immunogenic antigens in addition to harmful inflammatory factors, like lipopolysaccharides. Chemically detoxified OMV have been used in vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis (Nm); however, little is known about their interaction with antigen presenting cells. In this study, we investigated the interaction of Nm OMV with human dendritic cells (DC) to gain further understanding of their biological activity. We engineered a novel serogroup B Nm that is unencapsulated (siaD), expresses pentacylated lipid A (lpxL1), hence conferring reduced toxicity, and expresses an lgtB oligosaccharide structure designed to target OMV to DC via DC-SIGN. We show that the lgtB moiety is critical for internalization of NOMV by DC. Furthermore, the lgtB moiety significantly enhances DC maturation, IL-10 and IL-23 production in the presence of a pentacylated lipid A. While different DC phenotypes were observed for each NOMV, this had little effect on Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation; however, lgtBsignificantly increased Th17 cell expansion in the presence of pentacylated lipid A. We believe that lpxL1/lgtB NOMV should be considered further as a vaccine vector, particularly considering the importance of lgtB in antigen uptake and further human studies on antigen-specific responses should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Jones
- Infectious Diseases Microbiology Unit, Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK
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20
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Ferrand J, Ferrero RL. Recognition of Extracellular Bacteria by NLRs and Its Role in the Development of Adaptive Immunity. Front Immunol 2013; 4:344. [PMID: 24155747 PMCID: PMC3801148 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immune recognition of bacteria is the first requirement for mounting an effective immune response able to control infection. Over the previous decade, the general paradigm was that extracellular bacteria were only sensed by cell surface-expressed Toll-like receptors (TLRs), whereas cytoplasmic sensors, including members of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family, were specific to pathogens capable of breaching the host cell membrane. It has become apparent, however, that intracellular innate immune molecules, such as the NLRs, play key roles in the sensing of not only intracellular, but also extracellular bacterial pathogens or their components. In this review, we will discuss the various mechanisms used by bacteria to activate NLR signaling in host cells. These mechanisms include bacterial secretion systems, pore-forming toxins, and outer membrane vesicles. We will then focus on the influence of NLR activation on the development of adaptive immune responses in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ferrand
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University , Clayton, VIC , Australia
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21
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Sanders H, Kaaijk P, van den Dobbelsteen GP. Preclinical evaluation of MenB vaccines: prerequisites for clinical development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:31-42. [PMID: 23256737 DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines against disease caused by several serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis, vaccines targeting meningococci expressing the serogroup B capsule (MenB) have focused on subcapsular antigens, due to crossreactivity of the polysaccharide with human glycoproteins. Protein vaccines composed of outer membrane vesicles have been used successfully to control epidemics of MenB disease in several countries; however, these are specific for epidemic strains. Currently, a single serogroup B vaccine, aiming to provide comprehensive coverage, has been approved for use, and several others are undergoing clinical trials. Data on potential new vaccine candidates, from discovery to initial preclinical evaluation, are regularly published. In this review, the data required to progress from preclinical to clinical development of MenB vaccines are outlined, with reference to relevant regulatory guidelines. The issues caused by a lack of reliable animal models, particularly with respect to determination of protective efficacy, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Sanders
- Bacterial Vaccines, Crucell Holland, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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van de Waterbeemd B, Zomer G, Kaaijk P, Ruiterkamp N, Wijffels RH, van den Dobbelsteen GPJM, van der Pol LA. Improved production process for native outer membrane vesicle vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65157. [PMID: 23741478 PMCID: PMC3669287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An improved detergent-free process has been developed to produce vaccine based on native outer membrane vesicles (NOMV) against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B. Performance was evaluated with the NonaMen vaccine concept, which provides broad coverage based on nine distinct PorA antigens. Scalable aseptic equipment was implemented, replacing undesirable steps like ultracentrifugation, inactivation with phenol, and the use of preservatives. The resulting process is more consistent and gives a higher yield than published reference processes, enabling NOMV production at commercial scale. Product quality met preliminary specifications for 9 consecutive batches, and an ongoing study confirmed real-time stability up to 12 months after production. As the NOMV had low endotoxic activity and induced high bactericidal titres in mice, they are expected to be safe and effective in humans. The production process is not limited to NonaMen and may be applicable for other N. meningitidis serogroups and other gram-negative pathogens. The current results therefore facilitate the late-stage development and clinical evaluation of NOMV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas van de Waterbeemd
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Vaccinology, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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23
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Lipopolysaccharide modifications of a cholera vaccine candidate based on outer membrane vesicles reduce endotoxicity and reveal the major protective antigen. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2379-93. [PMID: 23630951 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01382-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The causative agent of the life-threatening gastrointestinal infectious disease cholera is the Gram-negative, facultative human pathogen Vibrio cholerae. We recently started to investigate the potential of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from V. cholerae as an alternative approach for a vaccine candidate against cholera and successfully demonstrated the induction of a long-lasting, high-titer, protective immune response upon immunization with OMVs using the mouse model. In this study, we present immunization data using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-modified OMVs derived from V. cholerae, which allowed us to improve and identify the major protective antigen of the vaccine candidate. Our results indicate that reduction of endotoxicity can be achieved without diminishing the immunogenic potential of the vaccine candidate by genetic modification of lipid A. Although the protective potential of anti-LPS antibodies has been suggested many times, this is the first comprehensive study that uses defined LPS mutants to characterize the LPS-directed immune response of a cholera vaccine candidate in more detail. Our results pinpoint the O antigen to be the essential immunogenic structure and provide a protective mechanism based on inhibition of motility, which prevents a successful colonization. In a detailed analysis using defined antisera, we can demonstrate that only anti-O antigen antibodies, but not antibodies directed against the major flagellar subunit FlaA or the most abundant outer membrane protein, OmpU, are capable of effectively blocking the motility by binding to the sheathed flagellum and provide protection in a passive immunization assay.
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24
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Holst J, Oster P, Arnold R, Tatley MV, Næss LM, Aaberge IS, Galloway Y, McNicholas A, O'Hallahan J, Rosenqvist E, Black S. Vaccines against meningococcal serogroup B disease containing outer membrane vesicles (OMV): lessons from past programs and implications for the future. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1241-53. [PMID: 23857274 PMCID: PMC3901813 DOI: 10.4161/hv.24129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The utility of wild-type outer membrane vesicle (wtOMV) vaccines against serogroup B (MenB) meningococcal disease has been explored since the 1970s. Public health interventions in Cuba, Norway and New Zealand have demonstrated that these protein-based vaccines can prevent MenB disease. Data from large clinical studies and retrospective statistical analyses in New Zealand give effectiveness estimates of at least 70%. A consistent pattern of moderately reactogenic and safe vaccines has been seen with the use of approximately 60 million doses of three different wtOMV vaccine formulations. The key limitation of conventional wtOMV vaccines is their lack of broad protective activity against the large diversity of MenB strains circulating globally. The public health intervention in New Zealand (between 2004–2008) when MeNZB was used to control a clonal MenB epidemic, provided a number of new insights regarding international and public-private collaboration, vaccine safety surveillance, vaccine effectiveness estimates and communication to the public. The experience with wtOMV vaccines also provide important information for the next generation of MenB vaccines designed to give more comprehensive protection against multiple strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Holst
- Division of Infectious Disease Control; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Oslo, Norway
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25
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Preclinical safety and immunogenicity evaluation of a nonavalent PorA native outer membrane vesicle vaccine against serogroup B meningococcal disease. Vaccine 2013; 31:1065-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Sadarangani M, Hoe JC, Callaghan MJ, Jones C, Chan H, Makepeace K, Daniels-Treffandier H, Deadman ME, Bayliss C, Feavers I, van der Ley P, Pollard AJ. Construction of Opa-positive and Opa-negative strains of Neisseria meningitidis to evaluate a novel meningococcal vaccine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51045. [PMID: 23251421 PMCID: PMC3521020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis is a major global pathogen causing invasive disease with a mortality of 5-10%. Most disease in developed countries is caused by serogroup B infection, against which there is no universal vaccine. Opacity-associated adhesin (Opa) proteins are major meningococcal outer membrane proteins, which have shown recent promise as a potential novel vaccine. Immunisation of mice with different Opa variants elicited high levels of meningococcal-specific bactericidal antibodies, demonstrating proof in principle for this approach. Opa proteins are critical in meningococcal pathogenesis, mediating bacterial adherence to host cells, and modulating human cellular immunity via interactions with T cells and neutrophils, although there are conflicting data regarding their effects on CD4(+) T cells. We constructed Opa-positive and Opa-negative meningococcal strains to allow further evaluation of Opa as a vaccine component. All four opa genes from N. meningitidis strain H44/76 were sequentially disrupted to construct all possible combinations of N. meningitidis strains deficient in one, two, three, or all four opa genes. The transformations demonstrated that homologous recombination of exogenous DNA into the meningococcal chromosome can occur with as little as 80 bp, and that minor sequence differences are permissible. Anti-Opa bactericidal antibody responses following immunisation of mice with recombinant Opa were specific to the Opa variant used in immunisation. No immunomodulatory effects were observed when Opa was contained within meningococcal outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), compared to Opa-negative OMVs. These observations support the incorporation of Opa in meningococcal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Sadarangani
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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27
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van de Waterbeemd B, Streefland M, van Keulen L, van den IJssel J, de Haan A, Eppink MH, van der Pol LA. Identification and optimization of critical process parameters for the production of NOMV vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis. Vaccine 2012; 30:3683-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Huston WM, Harvie M, Mittal A, Timms P, Beagley KW. Vaccination to protect against infection of the female reproductive tract. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2012; 8:81-94. [PMID: 22149343 DOI: 10.1586/eci.11.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Infection of the female genital tract can result in serious morbidities and mortalities from reproductive disability, pelvic inflammatory disease and cancer, to impacts on the fetus, such as infant blindness. While therapeutic agents are available, frequent testing and treatment is required to prevent the occurrence of the severe disease sequelae. Hence, sexually transmitted infections remain a major public health burden with ongoing social and economic barriers to prevention and treatment. Unfortunately, while there are two success stories in the development of vaccines to protect against HPV infection of the female reproductive tract, many serious infectious agents impacting on the female reproductive tract still have no vaccines available. Vaccination to prevent infection of the female reproductive tract is an inherently difficult target, with many impacting factors, such as appropriate vaccination strategies/mechanisms to induce a suitable protective response locally in the genital tract, variation in the local immune responses due to the hormonal cycle, selection of vaccine antigen(s) that confers effective protection against multiple variants of a single pathogen (e.g., the different serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis) and timing of the vaccine administration prior to infection exposure. Despite these difficulties, there are numerous ongoing efforts to develop effective vaccines against these infectious agents and it is likely that this important human health field will see further major developments in the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina M Huston
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, 60 Musk Avenue, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.
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29
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Analysis of the bactericidal response to an experimental Neisseria meningitidis vesicle vaccine. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:659-65. [PMID: 22461527 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00070-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rabbit immunogenicity studies on an experimental trivalent native outer membrane vesicle vaccine derived from three serogroup B strains were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this vaccine at inducing an antibody response with serum bactericidal activity against meningococcal strains of other serogroups in addition to serogroup B strains. The results showed that the vaccine was capable of inducing an effective broad-based bactericidal antibody response in rabbits against a small sample of Neisseria meningitidis strains of serogroups C, W135, and X and, to a lesser extent, serogroups A and Y. Analysis of antibody specificity using a bactericidal depletion assay revealed that antibodies to lipooligosaccharide (LOS), PorA, and NadA induced in rabbits by the experimental trivalent outer membrane vesicle vaccine were responsible for most of the bactericidal activity against strains of the other N. meningitidis serogroups. In the case of serogroup A N. meningitidis strains, the outer membrane antigen NadA was primarily responsible for protection. The outer membrane antigens fHbp and OpcA were also effective in removing some bactericidal activity from the sera.
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30
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Kim SH, Lee YH, Lee SH, Lee SR, Huh JW, Kim SU, Chang KT. Mouse model for hemolytic uremic syndrome induced by outer membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli O157:H7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:427-34. [PMID: 22029600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2011.00869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by acute renal failure in children and is typically complicated with thrombocytopenia and hemolytic anemia. Although mouse models of HUS have been evaluated using Shiga toxin (STx) combined with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS), no HUS model has been tested using purified outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from STx-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7. Accordingly, we investigated whether OMVs of STEC O157:H7 conveying STx2 and LPS can cause HUS-like symptoms in mice inoculated intraperitoneally. Three types of OMVs differing in LPS acylation status and STx2 amount were used to compare their ability to induce HUS-like symptoms. Native OMVs (nOMV) with fully hexa-acylated LPS caused HUS-like symptoms at 72-96 h after dually divided injections of 1 μg nOMV per animal. However, elevated doses of modified OMVs (mOMV) carrying mainly penta-acylated LPS were required to induce similar HUS signs. Moreover, mitomycin-C-induced OMVs (mcOMV) that were enriched with STx2 induced HUS-like symptoms similar to those of nOMV at the same dose. These results suggest that the OMVs of STEC O157:H7 potentiated with STx2 and fully hexa-acylated LPS can be utilized for inducing HUS-like symptoms in mice and could be the causative material involved in the development of HUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyun Kim
- The National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Cheongwon, Chungbuk, Korea
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31
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Lee DH, Kim SH, Kang W, Choi YS, Lee SH, Lee SR, You S, Lee HK, Chang KT, Shin EC. Adjuvant effect of bacterial outer membrane vesicles with penta-acylated lipopolysaccharide on antigen-specific T cell priming. Vaccine 2011; 29:8293-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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32
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Koeberling O, Seubert A, Santos G, Colaprico A, Ugozzoli M, Donnelly J, Granoff DM. Immunogenicity of a meningococcal native outer membrane vesicle vaccine with attenuated endotoxin and over-expressed factor H binding protein in infant rhesus monkeys. Vaccine 2011; 29:4728-34. [PMID: 21571025 PMCID: PMC3114263 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously investigated immunogenicity of meningococcal native outer membrane vesicle (NOMV) vaccines prepared from recombinant strains with attenuated endotoxin (ΔLpxL1) and over-expressed factor H binding protein (fHbp) in a mouse model. The vaccines elicited broad serum bactericidal antibody responses. While human toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) is mainly stimulated by wildtype meningococcal endotoxin, mouse TLR-4 is stimulated by both the wildtype and mutant endotoxin. An adjuvant effect in mice of the mutant endotoxin would be expected to be much less in humans, and may have contributed to the broad mouse bactericidal responses. Here we show that as previously reported for humans, rhesus primate peripheral blood mononuclear cells incubated with a NOMV vaccine from ΔLpxL1 recombinant strains had lower proinflammatory cytokine responses than with a control wildtype NOMV vaccine. The cytokine responses to the mutant vaccine were similar to those elicited by a detergent-treated, wildtype outer membrane vesicle vaccine that had been safely administered to humans. Monkeys (N=4) were immunized beginning at ages 2-3 months with three doses of a NOMV vaccine prepared from ΔLpxL1 recombinant strains with over-expressed fHbp in the variant 1 and 2 groups. The mutant NOMV vaccine elicited serum bactericidal titers≥1:4 against all 10 genetically diverse strains tested, including 9 with heterologous PorA to those in the vaccine. Negative-control animals had serum bactericidal titers<1:4. Thus, the mutant NOMV vaccine elicited broadly protective serum antibodies in a non-human infant primate model that is more relevant for predicting human antibody responses than mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan M. Granoff
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609
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A critical threshold of meningococcal factor H binding protein expression is required for increased breadth of protective antibodies elicited by native outer membrane vesicle vaccines. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:736-42. [PMID: 21367981 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00542-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Native outer membrane vesicles (NOMV) (not detergent treated), which are prepared from recombinant strains with attenuated endotoxin activity and overexpressed factor H binding protein (fHbp), elicited broad serum bactericidal antibody responses in mice. The amount of overexpressed fHbp required for optimal immunogenicity is not known. In this study we prepared NOMV vaccines from LpxL1 knockout (ΔLpxL1) mutants with penta-acylated lipooligosaccharide and attenuated endotoxin activity. The recombinant strains had wild-type (1×) fHbp expression or were engineered for 3-fold- or 10-fold-increased fHbp expression (3× or 10× fHbp). Control vaccines included NOMV from ΔLpxL1/ΔfHbp mutants or recombinant fHbp. In mice, only the 10× fHbp NOMV vaccine elicited significantly higher serum IgG anti-fHbp antibody titers than the corresponding 1× fHbp NOMV or recombinant fHbp vaccine. The 10× fHbp NOMV vaccine also elicited higher bactericidal responses (P < 0.05) against five group B strains with heterologous PorA than the recombinant fHbp or 1× fHbp NOMV vaccine. The 3× fHbp NOMV vaccine gave higher bactericidal titers against only one strain. Serum bactericidal titers in mice immunized with the control ΔfHbp NOMV vaccines were <1:10, and bactericidal titers in mice immunized with the 10× fHbp NOMV vaccine were <1:10 after adsorption of anti-fHbp antibodies. Mixing antiserum to NOMV vaccines from fHbp knockout mutants with antiserum to recombinant fHbp did not increase anti-fHbp bactericidal titers. Thus, a critical threshold of increased fHbp expression is required for NOMV vaccines to elicit broad serum bactericidal responses, and the antibodies conferring protection are directed primarily at fHbp.
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Zollinger WD, Donets MA, Schmiel DH, Pinto VB, Labrie JE, Moran EE, Brandt BL, Ionin B, Marques R, Wu M, Chen P, Stoddard MB, Keiser PB. Design and evaluation in mice of a broadly protective meningococcal group B native outer membrane vesicle vaccine. Vaccine 2010; 28:5057-67. [PMID: 20653107 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine based on native outer membrane vesicles (NOMV) that has potential to provide safe, broad based protection against group B strains of Neisseria meningitidis has been developed. Three antigenically diverse group B strains of N. meningitidis were chosen and genetically modified to improve safety and expression of desirable antigens. Safety was enhanced by disabling three genes: synX, lpxL1, and lgtA. The vaccine strains were genetically configured to have three sets of antigens each with potential to induce protective antibodies against a wide range of group B strains. Preliminary immunogenicity studies with combined NOMV from the three strains confirmed the capacity of the vaccine to induce a broad based bactericidal antibody response. Analysis of the bactericidal activity indicated that antibodies to the LOS were responsible for a major portion of the bactericidal activity and that these antibodies may enhance the bactericidal activity of anti-protein antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendell D Zollinger
- Division of Bacterial and Rickettsial Diseases, 503 Robert Grant Ave., Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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35
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Keiser PB, Gibbs BT, Coster TS, Moran EE, Stoddard MB, Labrie JE, Schmiel DH, Pinto V, Chen P, Zollinger WD. A phase 1 study of a group B meningococcal native outer membrane vesicle vaccine made from a strain with deleted lpxL2 and synX and stable expression of opcA. Vaccine 2010; 28:6970-6. [PMID: 20732470 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This phase 1 clinical trial assessed the safety and immunogenicity of a native outer membrane vesicle (NOMV) vaccine prepared from a lpxL2(-) synX(-) mutant of strain 44/76 with opcA expression stabilized. Thirty-four volunteers were assigned to one of the three dose groups (25 mcg, 25 mcg with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, and 50 mcg) to receive three intramuscular injections at 0, 6 and 24 weeks. Specific local and systemic adverse events (AEs) were solicited by diary and at visits on days 1, 2, 7 and 14 after each vaccination and at the end of the study at 30 weeks. Blood chemistries, complete blood count, and coagulation studies were measured on each vaccination day and again two days later. Blood for antibody measurements and bactericidal assays were drawn 0, 14, and 42 days after each vaccination. The proportion of volunteers who developed a fourfold or greater increase in serum bactericidal activity (SBA) to the wild-type parent of the vaccine strain with high opcA expression at 6 weeks after the third dose was 12/26 (0.46, 95% confidence interval 0.27-0.65). Antibody levels to OpcA were significantly higher in vaccine responders than in non-responders (p=0.008), and there was a trend for higher antibody levels to the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) (p=0.059). Bactericidal depletion assays on sera from volunteers with high-titer responses also indicate a major contribution of anti-OpcA and anti-LOS antibodies to the bactericidal response.These results suggest that genetically modified NOMV vaccines can induce protection against group B meningococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Keiser
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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36
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Russell MW, Mestecky J. Tolerance and protection against infection in the genital tract. Immunol Invest 2010; 39:500-25. [PMID: 20450289 DOI: 10.3109/08820131003674834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The genital tract is a unique immunological environment that must support the reproductive function and resist infection. Particularly in the female tract, immunoregulatory and immunosuppressive activities that permit the growth of the fetus create an environment that can readily be exploited by microbes that have become well-adapted to this location. Cellular and molecular mediators of immune responses differ from those found at other mucosal surfaces. Mechanisms of immune response induction and delivery, as well as immune effector functions at the genital mucosae need to be considered in the development of vaccines against infections of the genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14214, USA.
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37
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van de Waterbeemd B, Streefland M, van der Ley P, Zomer B, van Dijken H, Martens D, Wijffels R, van der Pol L. Improved OMV vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis using genetically engineered strains and a detergent-free purification process. Vaccine 2010; 28:4810-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Abstract
No broadly effective vaccines are available for prevention of group B meningococcal disease, which accounts for >50% of all cases. The group B capsule is an autoantigen and is not a suitable vaccine target. Outer-membrane vesicle vaccines appear to be safe and effective, but serum bactericidal responses in infants are specific for a porin protein, PorA, which is antigenically variable. To broaden protection, outer-membrane vesicle vaccines have been prepared from >1 strain, from mutants with >1 PorA, or from mutants with genetically detoxified endotoxin and overexpressed desirable antigens, such as factor H binding protein. Also, recombinant protein vaccines such as factor H binding protein, given alone or in combination with other antigens, are in late-stage clinical development and may be effective against the majority of group B strains. Thus, the prospects have never been better for developing vaccines for prevention of meningococcal disease, including that caused by group B strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan M Granoff
- Center for Immunobiology and Vaccine Development, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA.
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The transcriptional repressor FarR is not involved in meningococcal fatty acid resistance mediated by the FarAB efflux pump and dependent on lipopolysaccharide structure. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:3160-9. [PMID: 20348314 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02833-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Free fatty acids are important antimicrobial substances regulating the homeostasis of colonizing bacteria on epithelial surfaces. Here, we show that meningococci express a functional farAB efflux pump, which is indispensable for fatty acid resistance. However, other than in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the transcriptional regulator FarR is not involved in regulation of this operon in Neisseria meningitidis. We tested the susceptibility of 23 meningococcal isolates against saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids, proving that meningococci are generally highly resistant, with the exception of serogroup Y strains belonging to sequence type 23. Using genetically determined lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-truncated mutant strains, we show that addition of the LPS core oligosaccharide and hexa-acylation of its membrane anchor lipid A are imperative for fatty acid resistance of meningococci. The sensitivity of the serogroup Y strains is due to naturally occurring mutations within the lpxL1 gene, which is responsible for addition of the sixth acyl chain on the LPS membrane anchor lipid A. Therefore, fatty acid resistance in meningococci is provided by both the active efflux pump FarAB and by the natural permeability barrier of the Gram-negative outer membrane. The transcriptional regulator FarR is not implicated in fatty acid resistance in meningococci, possibly giving rise to a constitutively active FarAB efflux pump system and thus revealing diverse mechanisms of niche adaptation in the two closely related Neisseria species.
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Coincorporation of LpxL1 and PagL mutant lipopolysaccharides into liposomes with Neisseria meningitidis opacity protein: influence on endotoxic and adjuvant activity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:487-95. [PMID: 20107001 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00423-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Neisseria meningitidis normally contains six acyl chains. Penta-acylated LPS forms were generated through inactivation of the lpxL1 gene or through the expression of the Bordetella bronchiseptica pagL gene in N. meningitidis. The resulting LPS species, designated LpxL1 LPS and PagL LPS, respectively, display reduced endotoxic activity compared to wild-type LPS. Here, we determined the adjuvant potential of PagL LPS by comparison with the broadly used LpxL1 LPS. We also investigated the potential benefit for adjuvanticity of coincorporating these LPS species, together with the meningococcal opacity-associated protein OpaJ as a model antigen, in a liposomal delivery system. PagL LPS showed a higher endotoxic activity than LpxL1 LPS, and their incorporation into liposomes significantly reduced their endotoxic activity as determined by measuring the induction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in a murine macrophage cell line. To determine the adjuvant effect, BALB/c mice were immunized with OpaJ-containing liposomes and either free LPS or LPS coincorporated into the proteoliposomes. OpaJ-containing liposomes adjuvanted with AlPO(4) or not adjuvanted at all were included as control groups. In the appropriate dose, PagL LPS showed a superior adjuvant effect compared with LpxL1 LPS, and for both LPS types, free LPS showed a higher adjuvant effect than when coincorporated into the liposomes, as evidenced by higher titers of IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies against OpaJ(+) meningococci and higher bactericidal titers. In conclusion, PagL LPS is a better adjuvant than LpxL1 LPS, but coincorporation of either LPS into proteoliposomes did not improve their adjuvant activity.
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41
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Kim SH, Lee SR, Kim KS, Ko A, Kim E, Kim YH, Chang KT. Shiga toxin A subunit mutant of Escherichia coli O157:H7 releases outer membrane vesicles containing the B-pentameric complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 58:412-20. [PMID: 20199568 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxins (STx) are secreted extracellularly through the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Escherichia coli O157:H7. In an attempt to produce STxA-deficient OMVs from E. coli O157:H7, site-specific deletions of the stx1A and stx2A subunit genes were carried out. The STxA-deficient phenotype of the stx1A/stx2A mutant was confirmed by Vero cell cytotoxicity and VTEC-RPLA assay. Western blot analyses showed that the B (STxB) subunits were present without coupling to STxA in the OMVs of the STxA-deficient mutant. Furthermore, STxB was located in its homo-pentameric complexes, as revealed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with anti-STxB antibodies. These results suggest that STxB alone can be oligomerized into the B pentamer in the periplasm, and subsequently entrapped into the OMVs. Determination of the median lethal dose concentration for the OMV preparations suggests that the STxA-deficient OMVs containing STxB complex could be safely used as vaccine delivery vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyun Kim
- The National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Cheongwon, Korea
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42
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Stoddard MB, Pinto V, Keiser PB, Zollinger W. Evaluation of a whole-blood cytokine release assay for use in measuring endotoxin activity of group B Neisseria meningitidis vaccines made from lipid A acylation mutants. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:98-107. [PMID: 19923573 PMCID: PMC2812078 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00342-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial endotoxin interacts with the human immune system via complex immunological pathways. The evaluation of endotoxicity is important in the development of safe vaccines and immunomodulatory therapeutics. The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay is generally accepted by the FDA for use for the quantification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while the rabbit pyrogen test (RPT) is used to estimate pyrogenicity during early development and production. Other in vitro assays, such as cytokine release assays with human whole blood (WB) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), have also been used and may better estimate the human immunological response to products containing novel LPS molecules. In this study, WB and PBMC interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release assays were used to estimate the endotoxic activities of purified LPS and native outer membrane vesicle (NOMV) vaccines derived from wild-type (hexa-acylated lipid A) and genetically detoxified (penta- and tetra-acylated lipid A) group B Neisseria meningitidis. A method for quantification of the differences in endotoxicity observed in the WB and PBMC assays is elucidated. The LAL assay was shown to be relatively insensitive to lipid A variations, and the RPT was less sensitive than the cytokine release assay with WB. The IL-6 and TNF-alpha assays with WB but not the assays with PBMCs distinguished between vaccines containing LPS from penta- and tetra-acylated strains. The high degree of sensitivity of the WB system to LPS variations and the presumed relevance of the use of human tissues to predict toxicity in humans suggest that this assay may be particularly well suited for the safety evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics containing acylation variants of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerian Pinto
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Paul B. Keiser
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland
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43
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Characterization of an antibody depletion assay for analysis of bactericidal antibody specificity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1789-95. [PMID: 19828765 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00255-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Serum bactericidal antibodies are important for protection against systemic Neisseria meningitidis infections. Consequently, identifying the specific targets of bactericidal antibodies is important for understanding protective immunity to meningococcal disease and for vaccine development and evaluation. We have developed a new assay that can be used to investigate the specificity of serum bactericidal antibodies. Prior to testing for bactericidal activity, antibodies specific for a given antigen or group of antigens are depleted from a serum sample by incubation with the antigen(s) bound to the wells of a 96-well microplate. A dilution series of the antigen is bound to the plate to assess the effectiveness of the antigen in removing the bactericidal antibodies. Removal of antibodies with solid-phase antigen prior to bactericidal testing avoids depletion of complement by soluble immune complexes that can form when soluble antigen is present in the bactericidal test mixture (direct inhibition). The parameters associated with this assay are investigated and compared with those associated with a direct-inhibition assay. The bactericidal depletion assay can be an effective tool for studying the specificity of serum bactericidal antibodies.
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44
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Mullaney E, Brown PA, Smith SM, Botting CH, Yamaoka YY, Terres AM, Kelleher DP, Windle HJ. Proteomic and functional characterization of the outer membrane vesicles from the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 3:785-96. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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45
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Lewis S, Sadarangani M, Hoe JC, Pollard AJ. Challenges and progress in the development of a serogroup B meningococcal vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:729-45. [PMID: 19485754 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Serogroup B meningococci cause the majority of the meningococcal disease burden in developed countries. Production of an effective and safe vaccine for serogroup B organisms has been hampered by the poor immunogenicity of the capsular polysaccharide that defines this group of bacteria. Previous efforts have focused on outer membrane vesicle vaccines, which have been implemented successfully during clonal outbreaks. However, the search for a universal vaccine against endemic polyclonal serogroup B meningococcal disease continues. In this review, we have highlighted recent development of outer membrane vesicle vaccines and progress in the evaluation of recombinant outer membrane protein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Lewis
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK.
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46
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Genetically modified L3,7 and L2 lipooligosaccharides from Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B confer a broad cross-bactericidal response. Infect Immun 2009; 77:2084-93. [PMID: 19289516 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01108-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently available Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) vaccines are based on outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that are obtained from wild-type strains. They are purified with the aim of decreasing the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) content and hence reduce the reactogenicity of the vaccine even though LOS is a potential protective antigen. In <2-year-old children, these MenB vaccines confer protection only against strains expressing homologous PorA, a major and variable outer membrane protein. Our objective was to develop a safe LOS-based vaccine against MenB. To this end, we used modified porA knockout strains expressing genetically detoxified (msbB gene-deleted) L2 and L3,7 LOSs, allowing the production of LOS-enriched OMVs. The vaccine-induced antibodies were found to be bactericidal against nearly all invasive strains, irrespective of capsular serogroup. In addition, we have also demonstrated that LOS lacking the terminal galactose (with a lgtB mutation; truncated L3 LOS), but not LOS produced without the galE gene, induced a bactericidal antibody response in mice similar to that seen for LOS containing the full lacto-N-neotetraose (L3,7 LOS). In conclusion, a bivalent detoxified LOS OMV-based vaccine demonstrated the potential to afford a broad cross-protection against meningococcal disease.
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47
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Durand V, MacKenzie J, de Leon J, Mesa C, Quesniaux V, Montoya M, Le Bon A, Wong SY. Role of lipopolysaccharide in the induction of type I interferon-dependent cross-priming and IL-10 production in mice by meningococcal outer membrane vesicles. Vaccine 2009; 27:1912-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 01/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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48
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Jain V, Sahu R, Misra-Bhattacharya S, Vyas SP, Kohli D. Enhancement of T-helper type I immune responses against hepatitis B surface antigen by LPS derivatives adjuvanted liposomes delivery system. J Drug Target 2008; 16:706-15. [DOI: 10.1080/10611860802295607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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49
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Characterization of Vibrio cholerae outer membrane vesicles as a candidate vaccine for cholera. Infect Immun 2008; 77:472-84. [PMID: 19001078 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01139-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) offer a new approach for an effective cholera vaccine. We recently demonstrated that immunization of female mice with OMVs induces a long-lasting immune response and results in protection of their neonatal offspring from Vibrio cholerae intestinal colonization. This study investigates the induced protective immunity observed after immunization with OMVs in more detail. Analysis of the stomach contents and sera of the neonates revealed significant amounts of anti-OMV immunoglobulins (Igs). Swapping of litters born to immunized and nonvaccinated control mice allowed us to distinguish between prenatal and neonatal uptakes of Igs. Transfer of Igs to neonates via milk was sufficient for complete protection of the neonates from colonization with V. cholerae, while prenatal transfer alone reduced colonization only. Detection of IgA and IgG1 in the fecal pellets of intranasally immunized adult mice indicates an induced immune response at the mucosal surface in the gastrointestinal tract, which is the site of colonization by V. cholerae. When a protocol with three intranasal immunizations 14 days apart was used, the OMVs proved to be efficacious at doses as low as 0.025 microg per immunization. This is almost equivalent to OMV concentrations found naturally in the supernatants of LB-grown cultures of V. cholerae. Heterologous expression of the periplasmic alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) of Escherichia coli resulted in the incorporation of PhoA into OMVs derived from V. cholerae. Intranasal immunization with OMVs loaded with PhoA induced a specific immune response against this heterologous antigen in mice. The detection of an immune response against this heterologously expressed protein is a promising step toward the potential use of OMVs as antigen delivery vehicles in vaccine design.
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50
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Schild S, Nelson EJ, Camilli A. Immunization with Vibrio cholerae outer membrane vesicles induces protective immunity in mice. Infect Immun 2008; 76:4554-63. [PMID: 18678672 PMCID: PMC2546833 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00532-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) during growth. In this study, we immunized female mice by the intranasal, intragastric, or intraperitoneal route with purified OMVs derived from V. cholerae. Independent of the route of immunization, mice induced specific, high-titer immune responses of similar levels against a variety of antigens present in the OMVs. After the last immunization, the half-maximum total immunoglobulin titer was stable over a 3-month period, indicating that the immune response was long lasting. The induction of specific isotypes, however, was dependent on the immunization route. Immunoglobulin A, for example, was induced to a significant level only by mucosal immunization, with the intranasal route generating the highest titers. We challenged the offspring of immunized female mice with V. cholerae via the oral route in two consecutive periods, approximately 30 and 95 days after the last immunization. Regardless of the route of immunization, the offspring was protected against colonization with V. cholerae in both challenge periods. Our results show that mucosal immunizations via both routes with OMVs derived from V. cholerae induce long-term protective immune responses against this gastrointestinal pathogen. These findings may contribute to the development of "nonliving," OMV-based vaccines against V. cholerae and other enteric pathogens, using the oral or intranasal route of immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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