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Xu J, Ma S, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Huang L, Xu H, Suleiman IM, Li P, Wang Z, Xie J. Mycobacterium marinum MMAR_0267-regulated copper utilization facilitates bacterial escape from phagolysosome. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1180. [PMID: 39300168 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06860-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The host limits Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) by enriching copper in high concentrations. This research investigates how Mtb escapes copper stress. The membrane protein encoded by Mtb Rv0102, when its homolog in M. smegmatis (MSMEG_4702) was knocked out, resulted in a fourfold decrease in intracellular copper levels and enhanced tolerance to elevated extracellular copper concentrations. Similarly, knockout mutants of its homolog in M. marinum (MMAR_0267) showed increased virulence in zebrafish and higher bacterial load within macrophages. In THP-1 cells infected with MMAR_0267 deletion mutants, the intracellular survival of these mutants increased, along with reduced THP-1 cell apoptosis. Deficiency in copper down-regulated the transcriptional level of the virulence factor CFP-10 in M. marinum, suppressed cytosolic signaling via the macrophage STING pathway, leading to decreased production of IFN-β and reduced cell apoptosis. In conclusion, these findings highlight the significant impact of copper on the survival and reproduction of mycobacteria, underscoring the importance of studying mycobacterial adaptation mechanisms in copper-rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shaying Ma
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing the Fourth Hospital, Jiankang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing the Fourth Hospital, Jiankang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Lingxi Huang
- Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing the Fourth Hospital, Jiankang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Hongxiang Xu
- Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing the Fourth Hospital, Jiankang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Ismail Mohamed Suleiman
- Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing the Fourth Hospital, Jiankang Road, Yuzhong, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Peibo Li
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China.
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Jianping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China.
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2
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Novoa-Aponte L, Argüello JM. Unique underlying principles shaping copper homeostasis networks. J Biol Inorg Chem 2022; 27:509-528. [PMID: 35802193 PMCID: PMC9470648 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-022-01947-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Copper is essential in cells as a cofactor for key redox enzymes. Bacteria have acquired molecular components that sense, uptake, distribute, and expel copper ensuring that cuproenzymes are metallated and steady-state metal levels are maintained. Toward preventing deleterious reactions, proteins bind copper ions with high affinities and transfer the metal via ligand exchange, warranting that copper ions are always complexed. Consequently, the directional copper distribution within cell compartments and across cell membranes requires specific dynamic interactions and metal exchange between cognate holo-apo protein partners. These metal exchange reactions are determined by thermodynamic and kinetics parameters and influenced by mass action. Then, copper distribution can be conceptualized as a molecular system of singular interacting elements that maintain a physiological copper homeostasis. This review focuses on the impact of copper high-affinity binding and exchange reactions on the homeostatic mechanisms, the conceptual models to describe the cell as a homeostatic system, the various molecule functions that contribute to copper homeostasis, and the alternative system architectures responsible for copper homeostasis in model bacteria. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Novoa-Aponte
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott St, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.,Genetics and Metabolism Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - José M Argüello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott St, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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3
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Shey-Njila O, Hikal AF, Gupta T, Sakamoto K, Yahyaoui Azami H, Watford WT, Quinn FD, Karls RK. CtpB Facilitates Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth in Copper-Limited Niches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5713. [PMID: 35628523 PMCID: PMC9147137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is required for aerobic respiration by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its human host, but this essential element is toxic in abundance. Copper nutritional immunity refers to host processes that modulate levels of free copper to alternately starve and intoxicate invading microbes. Bacteria engulfed by macrophages are initially contained within copper-limited phagosomes, which fuse with ATP7A vesicles that pump in toxic levels of copper. In this report, we examine how CtpB, a P-type ATPase in M. tuberculosis, aids in response to nutritional immunity. In vitro, the induced expression of ctpB in copper-replete medium inhibited mycobacterial growth, while deletion of the gene impaired growth only in copper-starved medium and within copper-limited host cells, suggesting a role for CtpB in copper acquisition or export to the copper-dependent respiration supercomplex. Unexpectedly, the absence of ctpB resulted in hypervirulence in the DBA/2 mouse infection model. As ctpB null strains exhibit diminished growth only in copper-starved conditions, reduced copper transport may have enabled the mutant to acquire a "Goldilocks" amount of the metal during transit through copper-intoxicating environments within this model system. This work reveals CtpB as a component of the M. tuberculosis toolkit to counter host nutritional immunity and underscores the importance of elucidating copper-uptake mechanisms in pathogenic mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Shey-Njila
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (O.S.-N.); (A.F.H.); (T.G.); (H.Y.A.); (W.T.W.); (F.D.Q.)
| | - Ahmed F. Hikal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (O.S.-N.); (A.F.H.); (T.G.); (H.Y.A.); (W.T.W.); (F.D.Q.)
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Tuhina Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (O.S.-N.); (A.F.H.); (T.G.); (H.Y.A.); (W.T.W.); (F.D.Q.)
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Hind Yahyaoui Azami
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (O.S.-N.); (A.F.H.); (T.G.); (H.Y.A.); (W.T.W.); (F.D.Q.)
| | - Wendy T. Watford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (O.S.-N.); (A.F.H.); (T.G.); (H.Y.A.); (W.T.W.); (F.D.Q.)
| | - Frederick D. Quinn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (O.S.-N.); (A.F.H.); (T.G.); (H.Y.A.); (W.T.W.); (F.D.Q.)
| | - Russell K. Karls
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (O.S.-N.); (A.F.H.); (T.G.); (H.Y.A.); (W.T.W.); (F.D.Q.)
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4
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Zhen ZH, Qin S, Ren QM, Wang Y, Ma YY, Wang YC. Reciprocal Effect of Copper and Iron Regulation on the Proteome of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:673402. [PMID: 34041232 PMCID: PMC8141849 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.673402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria can acclimate to changing copper and iron concentrations in the environment via metal homeostasis, but a general mechanism for interpreting their dynamic relationships is sparse. In this study, we assessed growth and chlorophyll fluorescence of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and investigated proteomic responses to copper and iron deductions. Results showed that copper and iron exerted reciprocal effect on the growth and photosynthesis of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 at combinations of different concentrations. And some proteins involved in the uptake of copper and iron and the photosynthetic electron transport system exhibit Cu-Fe proteomic association. The protein abundance under copper and iron deduction affected the photosynthetic electronic activity of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and eventually affected the growth and photosynthesis. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the Cu-Fe proteomic association of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 can be elucidated via the uptake system of outer membrane-periplasmic space-inner plasma membrane-thylakoid membrane, and this association is mainly required to maintain electron transfer. This study provides a broader view regarding the proteomic association between Cu and Fe in cyanobacteria, which will shed light on the role of these two metal elements in cyanobacterial energy metabolism and biomass accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-He Zhen
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Song Qin
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing-Min Ren
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Yu-Ying Ma
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China
| | - Yin-Chu Wang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, China.,Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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5
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Schätzle H, Brouwer EM, Liebhart E, Stevanovic M, Schleiff E. Comparative Phenotypic Analysis of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 Mutants of Porinlike Genes. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:645-658. [PMID: 33879642 PMCID: PMC9705863 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2103.03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Porins are essential for the viability of Gram-negative bacteria. They ensure the uptake of nutrients, can be involved in the maintenance of outer membrane integrity and define the antibiotic or drug resistance of organisms. The function and structure of porins in proteobacteria is well described, while their function in photoautotrophic cyanobacteria has not been systematically explored. We compared the domain architecture of nine putative porins in the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and analyzed the seven candidates with predicted OprB-domain. Single recombinant mutants of the seven genes were created and their growth capacity under different conditions was analyzed. Most of the putative porins seem to be involved in the transport of salt and copper, as respective mutants were resistant to elevated concentrations of these substances. In turn, only the mutant of alr2231 was less sensitive to elevated zinc concentrations, while mutants of alr0834, alr4741 and all4499 were resistant to high manganese concentrations. Notably the mutant of alr4550 shows a high sensitivity against harmful compounds, which is indicative for a function related to the maintenance of outer membrane integrity. Moreover, the mutant of all5191 exhibited a phenotype which suggests either a higher nitrate demand or an inefficient nitrogen fixation. The dependency of porin membrane insertion on Omp85 proteins was tested exemplarily for Alr4550, and an enhanced aggregation of Alr4550 was observed in two omp85 mutants. The comparative analysis of porin mutants suggests that the proteins in parts perform distinct functions related to envelope integrity and solute uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schätzle
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,FIERCE, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Brouwer
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elisa Liebhart
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mara Stevanovic
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,FIERCE, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Corresponding author Phone: +49 69 798 29287 Fax: +49 69 798 29286 E-mail:
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6
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Goethe E, Gieseke A, Laarmann K, Lührs J, Goethe R. Identification and Characterization of Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Zinc Transporters. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:JB.00049-21. [PMID: 33722846 PMCID: PMC8117522 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00049-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc uptake in bacteria is essential to maintain cellular homeostasis and survival. ZnuABC is an important zinc importer of numerous bacterial genera, which is expressed to restore zinc homeostasis when the cytosolic concentration decreases beyond a critical threshold. Upon zinc limitation the fast-growing nonpathogenic organism Mycobacterium smegmatis (MSMEG) as well as the ruminant pathogen M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) increases expression of genes encoding ZnuABC homologues, but also of genes encoding other transporters. This suggests an involvement of these transporters in zinc homeostasis. Here we characterized the putative zinc transporters of MSMEG (ZnuABC and ZnuABC2) and MAP (ZnuABC, MptABC, and MAP3774-76). Deletion of either ZnuABC or ZnuABC2 in MSMEG did not lead to growth defects, but to an increased expression of zinc marker genes in MSMEGΔznuABC, indicating cytosolic zinc limitation. However, chromatin immunoprecipitation proved direct binding of the global zinc regulator Zur to promoter regions of both znuABC and znuABC2. Simultaneous deletion of both transporters caused severe growth defects, which could be restored either by homologous complementation with single ZnuABC transporters or supplementation of growth media with zinc but not iron, manganese, cobalt, or magnesium. Heterologous complementation of the double mutant with MAP transporters also resulted in reconstitution of growth. Nonradioactive FluoZinTM-3AM zinc uptake assays directly revealed the competence of all transporters to import zinc. Finally, structural and phylogenetic analyses provided evidence of a novel class of ZnuABC transporters represented by the ZnuABC2 of MSMEG, which is present only in actinobacteria, mainly in the genera Nocardia, Streptomyces and fast growing Mycobacteria IMPORTANCEZinc is necessary for bacterial growth but simultaneously toxic when in excess. Hence, bacterial cells have developed systems to alter intracellular concentration. Regulation of these systems is primarily executed at transcriptional level by regulator proteins which sense femtomolar changes in the zinc level. In environmental and pathogenic mycobacteria zinc starvation induces expression of common zinc import systems such as the ZnuABC transporter, but also of other additional not yet characterized transport systems. In this study, we characterized the role of such systems in zinc transport. We showed that transport systems of both species whose transcription is induced upon zinc starvation can exchangeably restore cellular zinc homeostasis in transporter deficient mutants by transporting zinc into the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ayla Gieseke
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kristin Laarmann
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Janita Lührs
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralph Goethe
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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7
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Nutritional immunity: the impact of metals on lung immune cells and the airway microbiome during chronic respiratory disease. Respir Res 2021; 22:133. [PMID: 33926483 PMCID: PMC8082489 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional immunity is the sequestration of bioavailable trace metals such as iron, zinc and copper by the host to limit pathogenicity by invading microorganisms. As one of the most conserved activities of the innate immune system, limiting the availability of free trace metals by cells of the immune system serves not only to conceal these vital nutrients from invading bacteria but also operates to tightly regulate host immune cell responses and function. In the setting of chronic lung disease, the regulation of trace metals by the host is often disrupted, leading to the altered availability of these nutrients to commensal and invading opportunistic pathogenic microbes. Similarly, alterations in the uptake, secretion, turnover and redox activity of these vitally important metals has significant repercussions for immune cell function including the response to and resolution of infection. This review will discuss the intricate role of nutritional immunity in host immune cells of the lung and how changes in this fundamental process as a result of chronic lung disease may alter the airway microbiome, disease progression and the response to infection.
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8
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Saha P, Kumari Agarwala P, Dadhich R, Adhyapak P, Kapoor S, Madhavan N. Ligand Induced Cu II Transport Restricts Cancer and Mycobacterial Growth: Towards a Plug-and-Select Ion Channel Scaffold. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1424-1429. [PMID: 33347676 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic channels with high ion selectivity are attractive drug targets for diseases involving ion dysregulation. Achieving selective transport of divalent ions is highly challenging due their high hydration energies. A small tripeptide amphiphilic scaffold installed with a pybox ligand selectively transports CuII ions across membranes. The peptide forms stable dimeric pores in the membrane and transports ions by a Cu2+ /H+ antiport mechanism. The ligand-induced excellent CuII selectivity as well as high membrane permeability of the peptide is exploited to promote cancer cell death. The peptide's ability to restrict mycobacterial growth serves as seeds to evolve antibacterial strategies centred on selectively modulating ion homeostasis in pathogens. This simple peptide can potentially function as a universal, yet versatile, scaffold wherein the ion selectivity can be precisely controlled by modifying the ligand at the C terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichita Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Prema Kumari Agarwala
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Ruchika Dadhich
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Pranav Adhyapak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Nandita Madhavan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
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9
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Andrei A, Öztürk Y, Khalfaoui-Hassani B, Rauch J, Marckmann D, Trasnea PI, Daldal F, Koch HG. Cu Homeostasis in Bacteria: The Ins and Outs. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E242. [PMID: 32962054 PMCID: PMC7558416 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element for all living organisms and used as cofactor in key enzymes of important biological processes, such as aerobic respiration or superoxide dismutation. However, due to its toxicity, cells have developed elaborate mechanisms for Cu homeostasis, which balance Cu supply for cuproprotein biogenesis with the need to remove excess Cu. This review summarizes our current knowledge on bacterial Cu homeostasis with a focus on Gram-negative bacteria and describes the multiple strategies that bacteria use for uptake, storage and export of Cu. We furthermore describe general mechanistic principles that aid the bacterial response to toxic Cu concentrations and illustrate dedicated Cu relay systems that facilitate Cu delivery for cuproenzyme biogenesis. Progress in understanding how bacteria avoid Cu poisoning while maintaining a certain Cu quota for cell proliferation is of particular importance for microbial pathogens because Cu is utilized by the host immune system for attenuating pathogen survival in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Andrei
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
- Fakultät für Biologie, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yavuz Öztürk
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
| | | | - Juna Rauch
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
| | - Dorian Marckmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
| | | | - Fevzi Daldal
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Hans-Georg Koch
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs Universität Freiburg; Stefan Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.A.); (Y.O.); (J.R.); (D.M.)
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10
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Kavunja HW, Biegas KJ, Banahene N, Stewart JA, Piligian BF, Groenevelt JM, Sein CE, Morita YS, Niederweis M, Siegrist MS, Swarts BM. Photoactivatable Glycolipid Probes for Identifying Mycolate-Protein Interactions in Live Mycobacteria. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7725-7731. [PMID: 32293873 PMCID: PMC7949286 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria have a distinctive glycolipid-rich outer membrane, the mycomembrane, which is a critical target for tuberculosis drug development. However, proteins that associate with the mycomembrane, or that are involved in its metabolism and host interactions, are not well-characterized. To facilitate the study of mycomembrane-related proteins, we developed photoactivatable trehalose monomycolate analogues that metabolically incorporate into the mycomembrane in live mycobacteria, enabling in vivo photo-cross-linking and click-chemistry-mediated analysis of mycolate-interacting proteins. When deployed in Mycobacterium smegmatis with quantitative proteomics, this strategy enriched over 100 proteins, including the mycomembrane porin (MspA), several proteins with known mycomembrane synthesis or remodeling functions (CmrA, MmpL3, Ag85, Tdmh), and numerous candidate mycolate-interacting proteins. Our approach is highly versatile, as it (i) enlists click chemistry for flexible protein functionalization; (ii) in principle can be applied to any mycobacterial species to identify endogenous bacterial proteins or host proteins that interact with mycolates; and (iii) can potentially be expanded to investigate protein interactions with other mycobacterial lipids. This tool is expected to help elucidate fundamental physiological and pathological processes related to the mycomembrane and may reveal novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert W Kavunja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Kyle J Biegas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Nicholas Banahene
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Jessica A Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Brent F Piligian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Jessica M Groenevelt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Caralyn E Sein
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
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11
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Abstract
Zinc homeostasis is crucial for bacterial cells, since imbalances affect viability. However, in mycobacteria, knowledge of zinc metabolism is incomplete. Mycobacterium smegmatis (MSMEG) is an environmental, nonpathogenic Mycobacterium that is widely used as a model organism to study mycobacterial metabolism and pathogenicity. How MSMEG maintains zinc homeostasis is largely unknown. SmtB and Zur are important regulators of bacterial zinc metabolism. In mycobacteria, these regulators are encoded by an operon, whereas in other bacterial species, SmtB and Zur are encoded on separate loci. Here, we show that the smtB-zur operon is consistently present within the genus Mycobacterium but otherwise found only in Nocardia, Saccharothrix, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae By RNA deep sequencing, we determined the Zur and SmtB regulons of MSMEG and compared them with transcriptional responses after zinc starvation or excess. We found an exceptional genomic clustering of genes whose expression was strongly induced by zur deletion and zinc starvation. These genes encoded zinc importers such as ZnuABC and three additional putative zinc transporters, including the porin MspD, as well as alternative ribosomal proteins. In contrast, only a few genes were affected by deletion of smtB and zinc excess. The zinc exporter ZitA was most prominently regulated by SmtB. Moreover, transcriptional analyses in combination with promoter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed a special regulation of the smtB-zur operon itself: an apparently zinc-independent, constitutive expression of smtB-zur resulted from sensitive coregulation by both SmtB and Zur. Overall, our data revealed yet unknown peculiarities of mycobacterial zinc homeostasis.IMPORTANCE Zinc is crucial for many biological processes, as it is an essential cofactor of enzymes and a structural component of regulatory and DNA binding proteins. Hence, all living cells require zinc to maintain constant intracellular levels. However, in excess, zinc is toxic. Therefore, cellular zinc homeostasis needs to be tightly controlled. In bacteria, this is achieved by transcriptional regulators whose activity is mediated via zinc-dependent conformational changes promoting or preventing their binding to DNA. SmtB and Zur are important antagonistically acting bacterial regulators in mycobacteria. They sense changes in zinc concentrations in the femtomolar range and regulate transcription of genes for zinc acquisition, storage, and export. Here, we analyzed the role of SmtB and Zur in zinc homeostasis in Mycobacterium smegmatis Our results revealed novel insights into the transcriptional processes of zinc homeostasis in mycobacteria and their regulation.
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12
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The role of metal ions in the virulence and viability of bacterial pathogens. Biochem Soc Trans 2019; 47:77-87. [PMID: 30626704 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions fulfil a plethora of essential roles within bacterial pathogens. In addition to acting as necessary cofactors for cellular proteins, making them indispensable for both protein structure and function, they also fulfil roles in signalling and regulation of virulence. Consequently, the maintenance of cellular metal ion homeostasis is crucial for bacterial viability and pathogenicity. It is therefore unsurprising that components of the immune response target and exploit both the essentiality of metal ions and their potential toxicity toward invading bacteria. This review provides a brief overview of the transition metal ions iron, manganese, copper and zinc during infection. These essential metal ions are discussed in the context of host modulation of bioavailability, bacterial acquisition and efflux, metal-regulated virulence factor expression and the molecular mechanisms that contribute to loss of viability and/or virulence during host-imposed metal stress.
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13
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Stewart LJ, Thaqi D, Kobe B, McEwan AG, Waldron KJ, Djoko KY. Handling of nutrient copper in the bacterial envelope. Metallomics 2019; 11:50-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00218e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The insertion of copper into bacterial cuproenzymesin vivodoes not always require a copper-binding metallochaperone – why?
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa J. Stewart
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - Denis Thaqi
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre
- The University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre
- The University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience
| | - Alastair G. McEwan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre
- The University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
| | - Kevin J. Waldron
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences
- Newcastle University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
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14
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Zhang Y, Ying H, Xu Y. Comparative genomics and metagenomics of the metallomes. Metallomics 2019; 11:1026-1043. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00023b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent achievements and advances in comparative genomic and metagenomic analyses of trace metals were reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Huimin Ying
- Department of Endocrinology
- Hangzhou Xixi Hospital
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yinzhen Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
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15
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Raghunandanan S, Ramachandran R, Gomez RL, Devanarayanan S, Bommakanti A, Kondapi AK, Varadarajan R, Kumar RA. Rv0474 is a copper-responsive transcriptional regulator that negatively regulates expression of RNA polymerase β subunit in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEBS J 2018; 285:3849-3869. [PMID: 30120904 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We characterize Rv0474, a putative transcriptional regulatory protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is found to function as a copper-responsive transcriptional regulator at toxic levels of copper. It is an autorepressor, but at elevated levels (10-250 μm) of copper ions the repression is relieved resulting in an increase in Rv0474 expression. Copper-bound Rv0474 is recruited to the rpoB promoter leading to its repression resulting in the growth arrest of the bacterium. Mutational analysis showed that the helix-turn-helix and leucine zipper domains of Rv0474 are essential for its binding to Rv0474 and rpoB promoters, respectively. The mechanism of Rv0474-mediated rpoB regulation seems to be operational only in pathogenic mycobacteria that can persist inside the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajith Raghunandanan
- Mycobacterium Research Laboratory, Tropical Disease Biology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Ranjit Ramachandran
- Mycobacterium Research Laboratory, Tropical Disease Biology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Roshna Lawrence Gomez
- Mycobacterium Research Laboratory, Tropical Disease Biology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | | | - Akhila Bommakanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anand Kumar Kondapi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Ramakrishnan Ajay Kumar
- Mycobacterium Research Laboratory, Tropical Disease Biology Division, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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16
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Oetiker N, Norambuena R, Martínez-Bussenius C, Navarro CA, Amaya F, Álvarez SA, Paradela A, Jerez CA. Possible Role of Envelope Components in the Extreme Copper Resistance of the Biomining Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9070347. [PMID: 29996532 PMCID: PMC6070983 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans resists extremely high concentrations of copper. Strain ATCC 53993 is much more resistant to the metal compared with strain ATCC 23270, possibly due to the presence of a genomic island in the former one. The global response of strain ATCC 53993 to copper was analyzed using iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation) quantitative proteomics. Sixty-seven proteins changed their levels of synthesis in the presence of the metal. On addition of CusCBA efflux system proteins, increased levels of other envelope proteins, such as a putative periplasmic glucan biosynthesis protein (MdoG) involved in the osmoregulated synthesis of glucans and a putative antigen O polymerase (Wzy), were seen in the presence of copper. The expression of A. ferrooxidansmdoG or wzy genes in a copper sensitive Escherichia coli conferred it a higher metal resistance, suggesting the possible role of these components in copper resistance of A. ferrooxidans. Transcriptional levels of genes wzy, rfaE and wzz also increased in strain ATCC 23270 grown in the presence of copper, but not in strain ATCC 53993. Additionally, in the absence of this metal, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) amounts were 3-fold higher in A. ferrooxidans ATCC 53993 compared with strain 23270. Nevertheless, both strains grown in the presence of copper contained similar LPS quantities, suggesting that strain 23270 synthesizes higher amounts of LPS to resist the metal. On the other hand, several porins diminished their levels in the presence of copper. The data presented here point to an essential role for several envelope components in the extreme copper resistance by this industrially important acidophilic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Oetiker
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Norambuena
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile.
| | - Cristóbal Martínez-Bussenius
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile.
| | - Claudio A Navarro
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile.
| | - Fernando Amaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile.
| | - Sergio A Álvarez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile.
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Proteomics Laboratory, National Biotechnology Center, CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos A Jerez
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile.
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17
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18
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Singh P, Rameshwaram NR, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Cell envelope lipids in the pathophysiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:689-710. [PMID: 29771143 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular bacterium that persists and replicates inside macrophages. The bacterium possesses an unusual lipid-rich cell envelope that provides a hydrophobic impermeable barrier against many environmental stressors and allows it to survive extremely hostile intracellular surroundings. Since the lipid-rich envelope is crucial for M. tuberculosis virulence, the components of the cell wall lipid biogenesis pathways constitute an attractive target for the development of vaccines and antimycobacterial chemotherapeutics. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the mycobacterial cell envelope lipid components and their contributions to the physiology and pathogenicity of mycobacteria. We also discussed the current status of the antimycobacterial drugs that target biosynthesis, export and regulation of cell envelope lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India.,Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576 104, India
| | - Nagender Rao Rameshwaram
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
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19
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Vincent M, Duval RE, Hartemann P, Engels-Deutsch M. Contact killing and antimicrobial properties of copper. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1032-1046. [PMID: 29280540 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of antibiotic resistance, the interest for antimicrobial agents has recently increased again in public health. Copper was recognized in 2008 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as the first metallic antimicrobial agent. This led to many investigations of the various properties of copper as an antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral agent. This review summarizes the latest findings about 'contact killing', the mechanism of action of copper nanoparticles and the different ways micro-organisms develop resistance to copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vincent
- CNRS, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès Nancy, France
| | - R E Duval
- CNRS, UMR 7565, SRSMC, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, UMR 7565, SRSMC, Nancy, France.,ABC Platform®, Nancy, France
| | - P Hartemann
- Faculté de Médecine, EA 7298, ERAMBO, DESP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M Engels-Deutsch
- CNRS, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.,Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès Nancy, France.,Faculté de Médecine, EA 7298, ERAMBO, DESP, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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20
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González-Sánchez A, Cubillas CA, Miranda F, Dávalos A, García-de Los Santos A. The ropAe gene encodes a porin-like protein involved in copper transit in Rhizobium etli CFN42. Microbiologyopen 2017; 7:e00573. [PMID: 29280343 PMCID: PMC6011978 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient for all aerobic forms of life. Its oxidation states (Cu+/Cu2+) make this metal an important cofactor of enzymes catalyzing redox reactions in essential biological processes. In gram‐negative bacteria, Cu uptake is an unexplored component of a finely regulated trafficking network, mediated by protein–protein interactions that deliver Cu to target proteins and efflux surplus metal to avoid toxicity. Rhizobium etliCFN42 is a facultative symbiotic diazotroph that must ensure its appropriate Cu supply for living either free in the soil or as an intracellular symbiont of leguminous plants. In crop fields, rhizobia have to contend with copper‐based fungicides. A detailed deletion analysis of the pRet42e (505 kb) plasmid from an R. etli mutant with enhanced CuCl2 tolerance led us to the identification of the ropAe gene, predicted to encode an outer membrane protein (OMP) with a β–barrel channel structure that may be involved in Cu transport. In support of this hypothesis, the functional characterization of ropAe revealed that: (I) gene disruption increased copper tolerance of the mutant, and its complementation with the wild‐type gene restored its wild‐type copper sensitivity; (II) the ropAe gene maintains a low basal transcription level in copper overload, but is upregulated when copper is scarce; (III) disruption of ropAe in an actP (copA) mutant background, defective in copper efflux, partially reduced its copper sensitivity phenotype. Finally, BLASTP comparisons and a maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis highlight the diversification of four RopA paralogs in members of the Rhizobiaceae family. Orthologs of RopAe are highly conserved in the Rhizobiales order, poorly conserved in other alpha proteobacteria and phylogenetically unrelated to characterized porins involved in Cu or Mn uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio González-Sánchez
- Programa de Ingeniería Genómica, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ciro A Cubillas
- Deparment of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fabiola Miranda
- Deparment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Araceli Dávalos
- Programa de Ingeniería Genómica, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Alejandro García-de Los Santos
- Programa de Ingeniería Genómica, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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21
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Manning TJ, Wilkerson K, Holder T, Bartley AC, Jackson C, Plummer S, Phillips D, Krajewski L, Wylie G. Pharmacokinetic studies of a three-component complex that repurposes the front line antibiotic isoniazid against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017; 107:149-155. [PMID: 29050764 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The frontline tuberculosis (Tb) antibiotic isoniazid has been repurposed using a three component complex aimed at increasing the delivery efficiency and adding new avenues to its mechanism of action. This study focuses on pharmacokinetic studies of the isoniazid-sucrose-copper (II)-PEG-3350 complex. The assays include the Plasma Protein Binding Assay (85.8%), Caco-2 Permeability Assay (B→APapp, 0.13 × 10-6 cm/s), Cytochrome P450 Inhibition Assay (i.e. CYP2B6, IC50 = 7.26 μM), In vitro microsomal Stability Assay (t1/2 NADPH-Dependent > 240 min), and HepG2 Cytotoxicity (no toxicity). The National Cancer Institute's 60 cell line panel is used to measure activity against cancer cells. The percent growth values averaged over all 60 cell lines indicates the complex has no anti-cancer activity, which also suggests a lack of general toxicity. It also provides data for the complexes specificity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Manning
- Chemistry Department, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA.
| | - Kyle Wilkerson
- Chemistry Department, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA
| | - Taylor Holder
- Chemistry Department, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA
| | | | - Chelsea Jackson
- Chemistry Department, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA
| | - Sydney Plummer
- Chemistry Department, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA
| | - Dennis Phillips
- PAMS Facility, Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Logan Krajewski
- Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) Facility, National High Field Magnet Lab, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Greg Wylie
- NMR Lab, Chemistry Department, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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22
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Dalecki AG, Crawford CL, Wolschendorf F. Copper and Antibiotics: Discovery, Modes of Action, and Opportunities for Medicinal Applications. Adv Microb Physiol 2017; 70:193-260. [PMID: 28528648 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Copper is a ubiquitous element in the environment as well as living organisms, with its redox capabilities and complexation potential making it indispensable for many cellular functions. However, these same properties can be highly detrimental to prokaryotes and eukaryotes when not properly controlled, damaging many biomolecules including DNA, lipids, and proteins. To restrict free copper concentrations, all bacteria have developed mechanisms of resistance, sequestering and effluxing labile copper to minimize its deleterious effects. This weakness is actively exploited by phagocytes, which utilize a copper burst to destroy pathogens. Though administration of free copper is an unreasonable therapeutic antimicrobial itself, due to insufficient selectivity between host and pathogen, small-molecule ligands may provide an opportunity for therapeutic mimicry of the immune system. By modulating cellular entry, complex stability, resistance evasion, and target selectivity, ligand/metal coordination complexes can synergistically result in high levels of antibacterial activity. Several established therapeutic drugs, such as disulfiram and pyrithione, display remarkable copper-dependent inhibitory activity. These findings have led to development of new drug discovery techniques, using copper ions as the focal point. High-throughput screens for copper-dependent inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus uncovered several new compounds, including a new class of inhibitors, the NNSNs. In this review, we highlight the microbial biology of copper, its antibacterial activities, and mechanisms to discover new inhibitors that synergize with copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Dalecki
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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23
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Turner AG, Ong CLY, Walker MJ, Djoko KY, McEwan AG. Transition Metal Homeostasis in Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Adv Microb Physiol 2017; 70:123-191. [PMID: 28528647 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trace metals such as Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu are essential for various biological functions including proper innate immune function. The host immune system has complicated and coordinated mechanisms in place to either starve and/or overload invading pathogens with various metals to combat the infection. Here, we discuss the roles of Fe, Mn and Zn in terms of nutritional immunity, and also the roles of Cu and Zn in metal overload in relation to the physiology and pathogenesis of two human streptococcal species, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. S. pneumoniae is a major human pathogen that is carried asymptomatically in the nasopharynx by up to 70% of the population; however, transition to internal sites can cause a range of diseases such as pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and bacteraemia. S. pyogenes is a human pathogen responsible for diseases ranging from pharyngitis and impetigo, to severe invasive infections. Both species have overlapping capacity with respect to metal acquisition, export and regulation and how metal homeostasis relates to their virulence and ability to invade and survive within the host. It is becoming more apparent that metals have an important role to play in the control of infection, and with further investigations, it could lead to the potential use of metals in novel antimicrobial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Turner
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Cheryl-Lynn Y Ong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karrera Y Djoko
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alastair G McEwan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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24
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Abstract
Transition metals are required trace elements for all forms of life. Due to their unique inorganic and redox properties, transition metals serve as cofactors for enzymes and other proteins. In bacterial pathogenesis, the vertebrate host represents a rich source of nutrient metals, and bacteria have evolved diverse metal acquisition strategies. Host metal homeostasis changes dramatically in response to bacterial infections, including production of metal sequestering proteins and the bombardment of bacteria with toxic levels of metals. In response, bacteria have evolved systems to subvert metal sequestration and toxicity. The coevolution of hosts and their bacterial pathogens in the battle for metals has uncovered emerging paradigms in social microbiology, rapid evolution, host specificity, and metal homeostasis across domains. This review focuses on recent advances and open questions in our understanding of the complex role of transition metals at the host-pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D Palmer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37212;
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37212;
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, Tennessee 37212
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25
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Marcus SA, Sidiropoulos SW, Steinberg H, Talaat AM. CsoR Is Essential for Maintaining Copper Homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151816. [PMID: 26999439 PMCID: PMC4801387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a pathogen infecting one third of the world population, faces numerous challenges within the host, including high levels of copper. We have previously shown that M. tuberculosis CsoR is a copper inducible transcriptional regulator. Here we examined the hypothesis that csoR is necessary for maintaining copper homeostasis and surviving under various stress conditions. With an unmarked csoR knockout strain, we were able to characterize the role of csoR in M. tuberculosis as it faced copper and host stress. Growth under high levels of copper demonstrated that M. tuberculosis survives copper stress significantly better in the absence of csoR. Yet under minimal levels of copper, differential expression analysis revealed that the loss of csoR results in a cell wide hypoxia-type stress response with the induction of the DosR regulon. Despite the stress placed on M. tuberculosis by the loss of csoR, survival of the knockout strain was increased compared to wild type during the early chronic stages of mouse infection, suggesting that csoR could play an active role in modulating M. tuberculosis fitness within the host. Overall, analysis of CsoR provided an increased understanding of the M. tuberculosis copper response with implications for other intracellular pathogens harboring CsoR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Marcus
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sarah W. Sidiropoulos
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Howard Steinberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Adel M. Talaat
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Pérez N, Johnson R, Sen B, Ramakrishnan G. Two parallel pathways for ferric and ferrous iron acquisition support growth and virulence of the intracellular pathogen Francisella tularensis Schu S4. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:453-68. [PMID: 26918301 PMCID: PMC4905997 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron acquisition mechanisms in Francisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, include the Francisella siderophore locus (fsl) siderophore operon and a ferrous iron–transport system comprising outer‐membrane protein FupA and inner‐membrane transporter FeoB. To characterize these mechanisms and to identify any additional iron uptake systems in the virulent subspecies tularensis, single and double deletions were generated in the fsl and feo iron acquisition systems of the strain Schu S4. Deletion of the entire fsl operon caused loss of siderophore production that could be restored by complementation with the biosynthetic genes fslA and fslC and Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporter gene fslB. 55Fe‐transport assays demonstrated that siderophore‐iron uptake required the receptor FslE and MFS transporter FslD. A ΔfeoB′ mutation resulted in loss of ability to transport ferrous iron (55Fe2+). A ΔfeoB′ ΔfslA mutant that required added exogenous siderophore for growth in vitro was unable to grow within tissue culture cells and was avirulent in mice, indicating that no compensatory cryptic iron uptake systems were induced in vivo. These studies demonstrate that the fsl and feo pathways function independently and operate in parallel to effectively support virulence of F. tularensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Pérez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Richard Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Bhaswati Sen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
| | - Girija Ramakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, 22908
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27
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Neyrolles O, Wolschendorf F, Mitra A, Niederweis M. Mycobacteria, metals, and the macrophage. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:249-63. [PMID: 25703564 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative intracellular pathogen that thrives inside host macrophages. A key trait of M. tuberculosis is to exploit and manipulate metal cation trafficking inside infected macrophages to ensure survival and replication inside the phagosome. Here, we describe the recent fascinating discoveries that the mammalian immune system responds to infections with M. tuberculosis by overloading the phagosome with copper and zinc, two metals which are essential nutrients in small quantities but are toxic in excess. M. tuberculosis has developed multi-faceted resistance mechanisms to protect itself from metal toxicity including control of uptake, sequestration inside the cell, oxidation, and efflux. The host response to infections combines this metal poisoning strategy with nutritional immunity mechanisms that deprive M. tuberculosis from metals such as iron and manganese to prevent bacterial replication. Both immune mechanisms rely on the translocation of metal transporter proteins to the phagosomal membrane during the maturation process of the phagosome. This review summarizes these recent findings and discusses how metal-targeted approaches might complement existing TB chemotherapeutic regimens with novel anti-infective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Neyrolles
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France; Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Univer-sité Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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28
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Speer A, Sun J, Danilchanka O, Meikle V, Rowland JL, Walter K, Buck BR, Pavlenok M, Hölscher C, Ehrt S, Niederweis M. Surface hydrolysis of sphingomyelin by the outer membrane protein Rv0888 supports replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:881-97. [PMID: 26036301 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sphingomyelinases secreted by pathogenic bacteria play important roles in host-pathogen interactions ranging from interfering with phagocytosis and oxidative burst to iron acquisition. This study shows that the Mtb protein Rv0888 possesses potent sphingomyelinase activity cleaving sphingomyelin, a major lipid in eukaryotic cells, into ceramide and phosphocholine, which are then utilized by Mtb as carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus sources, respectively. An Mtb rv0888 deletion mutant did not grow on sphingomyelin as a sole carbon source anymore and replicated poorly in macrophages indicating that Mtb utilizes sphingomyelin during infection. Rv0888 is an unusual membrane protein with a surface-exposed C-terminal sphingomyelinase domain and a putative N-terminal channel domain that mediated glucose and phosphocholine uptake across the outer membrane in an M. smegmatis porin mutant. Hence, we propose to name Rv0888 as SpmT (sphingomyelinase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis). Erythrocyte membranes contain up to 27% sphingomyelin. The finding that Rv0888 accounts for half of Mtb's hemolytic activity is consistent with its sphingomyelinase activity and the observation that Rv0888 levels are increased in the presence of erythrocytes and sphingomyelin by 5- and 100-fold, respectively. Thus, Rv0888 is a novel outer membrane protein that enables Mtb to utilize sphingomyelin as a source of several essential nutrients during intracellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Speer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jim Sun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Olga Danilchanka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Virginia Meikle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Rowland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kerstin Walter
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Borstel, Germany
| | - Bradford R Buck
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mikhail Pavlenok
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Borstel, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence 'Inflammation at Interfaces', Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Niederweis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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29
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Disulfiram and Copper Ions Kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Synergistic Manner. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015. [PMID: 26033731 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00692‐15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a severe disease affecting millions worldwide. Unfortunately, treatment strategies are hampered both by the prohibitively long treatment regimen and the rise of drug-resistant strains. Significant effort has been expended in the search for new treatments, but few options have successfully emerged, and new treatment modalities are desperately needed. Recently, there has been growing interest in the synergistic antibacterial effects of copper ions (Cu(II/I)) in combination with certain small molecular compounds, and we have previously reported development of a drug screening strategy to harness the intrinsic bactericidal properties of Cu(II/I). Here, we describe the copper-dependent antimycobacterial properties of disulfiram, an FDA-approved and well-tolerated sobriety aid. Disulfiram was inhibitory to mycobacteria only in the presence of Cu(II/I) and exerted its bactericidal activity well below the active concentration of Cu(II/I) or disulfiram alone. No other physiologically relevant bivalent transition metals (e.g., Fe(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), and Co(II)) exhibited this effect. We demonstrate that the movement of the disulfiram-copper complex across the cell envelope is porin independent and can inhibit intracellular protein functions. Additionally, the complex is able to synergistically induce intracellular copper stress responses significantly more than Cu(II/I) alone. Our data suggest that by complexing with disulfiram, Cu(II/I) is likely allowed unfettered access to vulnerable intracellular components, bypassing the normally sufficient copper homeostatic machinery. Overall, the synergistic antibacterial activity of Cu(II/I) and disulfiram reveals the susceptibility of the copper homeostasis system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to chemical attacks and establishes compounds that act in concert with copper as a new class of bacterial inhibitors.
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30
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Disulfiram and Copper Ions Kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a Synergistic Manner. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4835-44. [PMID: 26033731 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00692-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a severe disease affecting millions worldwide. Unfortunately, treatment strategies are hampered both by the prohibitively long treatment regimen and the rise of drug-resistant strains. Significant effort has been expended in the search for new treatments, but few options have successfully emerged, and new treatment modalities are desperately needed. Recently, there has been growing interest in the synergistic antibacterial effects of copper ions (Cu(II/I)) in combination with certain small molecular compounds, and we have previously reported development of a drug screening strategy to harness the intrinsic bactericidal properties of Cu(II/I). Here, we describe the copper-dependent antimycobacterial properties of disulfiram, an FDA-approved and well-tolerated sobriety aid. Disulfiram was inhibitory to mycobacteria only in the presence of Cu(II/I) and exerted its bactericidal activity well below the active concentration of Cu(II/I) or disulfiram alone. No other physiologically relevant bivalent transition metals (e.g., Fe(II), Ni(II), Mn(II), and Co(II)) exhibited this effect. We demonstrate that the movement of the disulfiram-copper complex across the cell envelope is porin independent and can inhibit intracellular protein functions. Additionally, the complex is able to synergistically induce intracellular copper stress responses significantly more than Cu(II/I) alone. Our data suggest that by complexing with disulfiram, Cu(II/I) is likely allowed unfettered access to vulnerable intracellular components, bypassing the normally sufficient copper homeostatic machinery. Overall, the synergistic antibacterial activity of Cu(II/I) and disulfiram reveals the susceptibility of the copper homeostasis system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to chemical attacks and establishes compounds that act in concert with copper as a new class of bacterial inhibitors.
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Fu Y, Chang FMJ, Giedroc DP. Copper transport and trafficking at the host-bacterial pathogen interface. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:3605-13. [PMID: 25310275 PMCID: PMC4268108 DOI: 10.1021/ar500300n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
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The human innate immune system has evolved the
means to reduce
the bioavailability of first-row late d-block transition metal ions
to invading microbial pathogens in a process termed “nutritional
immunity”. Transition metals from Mn(II) to Zn(II) function
as metalloenzyme cofactors in all living cells, and the successful
pathogen is capable of mounting an adaptive response to mitigate the
effects of host control of transition metal bioavailability. Emerging
evidence suggests that Mn, Fe, and Zn are withheld from the pathogen
in classically defined nutritional immunity, while Cu is used to kill
invading microorganisms. This Account summarizes new molecular-level
insights into copper trafficking across cell membranes from studies
of a number of important bacterial pathogens and model organisms,
including Escherichia coli, Salmonella species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, to illustrate general principles
of cellular copper resistance. Recent highlights of copper chemistry
at the host–microbial
pathogen interface include the first high resolution structures and
functional characterization of a Cu(I)-effluxing P1B-ATPase,
a new class of bacterial copper chaperone, a fungal Cu-only superoxide
dismutase SOD5, and the discovery of a small molecule Cu-bound SOD
mimetic. Successful harnessing by the pathogen of host-derived bactericidal
Cu to reduce the bacterial load of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is
an emerging theme; in addition, recent studies continue to emphasize
the importance of short lifetime protein–protein interactions
that orchestrate the channeling of Cu(I) from donor to target without
dissociation into bulk solution; this, in turn, mitigates the off-pathway
effects of Cu(I) toxicity in both the periplasm in Gram negative organisms
and in the bacterial cytoplasm. It is unclear as yet, outside of the
photosynthetic bacteria, whether Cu(I) is trafficked to other cellular
destinations, for example, to cuproenzymes or other intracellular
storage sites, or the general degree to which copper chaperones vs
copper efflux transporters are essential for bacterial pathogenesis
in the vertebrate host. Future studies will be directed toward
the identification and structural
characterization of other cellular targets of Cu(I) trafficking and
resistance, the physical and mechanistic characterization of Cu(I)-transfer
intermediates, and elucidation of the mutual dependence of Cu(I) trafficking
and cellular redox status on thiol chemistry in the cytoplasm. Crippling
bacterial control of Cu(I) sensing, trafficking, and efflux may represent
a viable strategy for the development of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Feng-Ming James Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
| | - David P. Giedroc
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7102, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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Huertas MJ, López-Maury L, Giner-Lamia J, Sánchez-Riego AM, Florencio FJ. Metals in cyanobacteria: analysis of the copper, nickel, cobalt and arsenic homeostasis mechanisms. Life (Basel) 2014; 4:865-86. [PMID: 25501581 PMCID: PMC4284471 DOI: 10.3390/life4040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traces of metal are required for fundamental biochemical processes, such as photosynthesis and respiration. Cyanobacteria metal homeostasis acquires an important role because the photosynthetic machinery imposes a high demand for metals, making them a limiting factor for cyanobacteria, especially in the open oceans. On the other hand, in the last two centuries, the metal concentrations in marine environments and lake sediments have increased as a result of several industrial activities. In all cases, cells have to tightly regulate uptake to maintain their intracellular concentrations below toxic levels. Mechanisms to obtain metal under limiting conditions and to protect cells from an excess of metals are present in cyanobacteria. Understanding metal homeostasis in cyanobacteria and the proteins involved will help to evaluate the use of these microorganisms in metal bioremediation. Furthermore, it will also help to understand how metal availability impacts primary production in the oceans. In this review, we will focus on copper, nickel, cobalt and arsenic (a toxic metalloid) metabolism, which has been mainly analyzed in model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Huertas
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Luis López-Maury
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Giner-Lamia
- Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, IBB-CBME, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| | - Ana María Sánchez-Riego
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Florencio
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Sevilla, Spain.
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Lamrabet O, Ghigo E, Mège JL, Lepidi H, Nappez C, Raoult D, Drancourt M. MspA-Mycobacterium tuberculosis-transformant with reduced virulence: The “unbirthday paradigm”. Microb Pathog 2014; 76:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Giner-Lamia J, López-Maury L, Florencio FJ. Global transcriptional profiles of the copper responses in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108912. [PMID: 25268225 PMCID: PMC4182526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential element involved in fundamental processes like respiration and photosynthesis. However, it becomes toxic at high concentration, which has forced organisms to control its cellular concentration. We have recently described a copper resistance system in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, which is mediated by the two-component system, CopRS, a RND metal transport system, CopBAC and a protein of unknown function, CopM. Here, we report the transcriptional responses to copper additions at non-toxic (0.3 µM) and toxic concentrations (3 µM) in the wild type and in the copper sensitive copR mutant strain. While 0.3 µM copper slightly stimulated metabolism and promoted the exchange between cytochrome c6 and plastocyanin as soluble electron carriers, the addition of 3 µM copper catalyzed the formation of ROS, led to a general stress response and induced expression of Fe-S cluster biogenesis genes. According to this, a double mutant strain copRsufR, which expresses constitutively the sufBCDS operon, tolerated higher copper concentration than the copR mutant strain, suggesting that Fe-S clusters are direct targets of copper toxicity in Synechocystis. In addition we have also demonstrated that InrS, a nickel binding transcriptional repressor that belong to the CsoR family of transcriptional factor, was involved in heavy metal homeostasis, including copper, in Synechocystis. Finally, global gene expression analysis of the copR mutant strain suggested that CopRS only controls the expression of copMRS and copBAC operons in response to copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Giner-Lamia
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis López-Maury
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail: (LLM); (FJF)
| | - Francisco J. Florencio
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail: (LLM); (FJF)
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35
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Barnett JP, Scanlan DJ, Blindauer CA. Identification of major zinc-binding proteins from a marine cyanobacterium: insight into metal uptake in oligotrophic environments. Metallomics 2014; 6:1254-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00048j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The open ocean cyanobacteriumSynechococcussp. WH8102 thrives at extremely low zinc concentrations. Metalloproteomics experiments have identified an outer-membrane bound porin with zinc-binding ability that is upregulated at low zinc levels, suggesting a role for porins in highly efficient zinc uptake.
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