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Yang Y, Padilla A, de Guillen K, Mammri L, Gracy J, Declerck N, Déméné H. Structural Insights into of the Allosteric Activation of the LicT Antiterminator by PTS-Mediated Phosphorylation. Structure 2020; 28:244-251.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2019.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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2
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Ronneau S, Caballero-Montes J, Coppine J, Mayard A, Garcia-Pino A, Hallez R. Regulation of (p)ppGpp hydrolysis by a conserved archetypal regulatory domain. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:843-854. [PMID: 30496454 PMCID: PMC6344854 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory and regulatory domains allow bacteria to adequately respond to environmental changes. The regulatory ACT (Aspartokinase, Chorismate mutase and TyrA) domains are mainly found in metabolic-related proteins as well as in long (p)ppGpp synthetase/hydrolase enzymes. Here, we investigate the functional role of the ACT domain of SpoT, the only (p)ppGpp synthetase/hydrolase of Caulobacter crescentus. We show that SpoT requires the ACT domain to efficiently hydrolyze (p)ppGpp. In addition, our in vivo and in vitro data show that the phosphorylated version of EIIANtr (EIIANtr∼P) interacts directly with the ACT and inhibits the hydrolase activity of SpoT. Finally, we highlight the conservation of the ACT-dependent interaction between EIIANtr∼P and SpoT/Rel along with the phosphotransferase system (PTSNtr)-dependent regulation of (p)ppGpp accumulation upon nitrogen starvation in Sinorhizobium meliloti, a plant-associated α-proteobacterium. Thus, this work suggests that α-proteobacteria might have inherited from a common ancestor, a PTSNtr dedicated to modulate (p)ppGpp levels in response to nitrogen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverin Ronneau
- Bacterial Cell cycle & Development (BCcD), Biology of Microorganisms Research Unit (URBM), Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Julien Caballero-Montes
- Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 12 Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Coppine
- Bacterial Cell cycle & Development (BCcD), Biology of Microorganisms Research Unit (URBM), Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Mayard
- Bacterial Cell cycle & Development (BCcD), Biology of Microorganisms Research Unit (URBM), Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Abel Garcia-Pino
- Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 12 Rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Régis Hallez
- Bacterial Cell cycle & Development (BCcD), Biology of Microorganisms Research Unit (URBM), Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur, 61 Rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgium
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3
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Determination of protein phosphorylation by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J Microbiol 2019; 57:93-100. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-9021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
SixA, a well-conserved protein found in proteobacteria, actinobacteria, and cyanobacteria, is the only reported example of a bacterial phosphohistidine phosphatase. A single protein target of SixA has been reported to date: the Escherichia coli histidine kinase ArcB. The present work analyzes an ArcB-independent growth defect of a sixA deletion in E. coli A screen for suppressors, analysis of various mutants, and phosphorylation assays indicate that SixA modulates phosphorylation of the nitrogen-related phosphotransferase system (PTSNtr). The PTSNtr is a widely conserved bacterial pathway that regulates diverse metabolic processes through the phosphorylation states of its protein components, EINtr, NPr, and EIIANtr, which receive phosphoryl groups on histidine residues. However, a mechanism for dephosphorylating this system has not been reported. The results presented here suggest a model in which SixA removes phosphoryl groups from the PTSNtr by acting on NPr. This work uncovers a new role for the phosphohistidine phosphatase SixA and, through factors that affect SixA expression or activity, may point to additional inputs that regulate the PTSNtr IMPORTANCE One common means to regulate protein activity is through phosphorylation. Protein phosphatases exist to reverse this process, returning the protein to the unphosphorylated form. The vast majority of protein phosphatases that have been identified target phosphoserine, phosphotheronine, and phosphotyrosine. A widely conserved phosphohistidine phosphatase was identified in Escherichia coli 20 years ago but remains relatively understudied. The present work shows that this phosphatase modulates the nitrogen-related phosphotransferase system, a pathway that is regulated by nitrogen and carbon metabolism and affects diverse aspects of bacterial physiology. Until now, there was no known mechanism for removing phosphoryl groups from this pathway.
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Pérez‐Pantoja D, Kim J, Platero R, de Lorenzo V. The interplay of EIIANtrwith C‐source regulation of thePupromoter ofPseudomonas putidamt‐2. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:4555-4566. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Pérez‐Pantoja
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e InnovaciónUniversidad Tecnológica Metropolitana Ignacio Valdivieso 2409, San Joaquín, Santiago Chile
| | - Juhyun Kim
- Systems Biology ProgramCentro Nacional de Biotecnología‐CSIC Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049 Spain
| | - Raúl Platero
- Systems Biology ProgramCentro Nacional de Biotecnología‐CSIC Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049 Spain
| | - Víctor de Lorenzo
- Systems Biology ProgramCentro Nacional de Biotecnología‐CSIC Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049 Spain
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6
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Mörk-Mörkenstein M, Heermann R, Göpel Y, Jung K, Görke B. Non-canonical activation of histidine kinase KdpD by phosphotransferase protein PtsN through interaction with the transmitter domain. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:54-73. [PMID: 28714556 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The two-component system KdpD/KdpE governs K+ homeostasis by controlling synthesis of the high affinity K+ transporter KdpFABC. When sensing low environmental K+ concentrations, the dimeric kinase KdpD autophosphorylates in trans and transfers the phosphoryl-group to the response regulator KdpE, which subsequently activates kdpFABC transcription. In Escherichia coli, KdpD can also be activated by interaction with the non-phosphorylated form of the accessory protein PtsN. PtsN stimulates KdpD kinase activity thereby increasing phospho-KdpE levels. Here, we analyzed the interplay between KdpD/KdpE and PtsN. PtsN binds specifically to the catalytic DHp domain of KdpD, which is also contacted by KdpE. Accordingly, PtsN and KdpE compete for binding, providing a paradox. Low levels of non-phosphorylated PtsN stimulate, whereas high amounts reduce kdpFABC expression by blocking access of KdpE to KdpD. Ligand fishing experiments provided insight as they revealed ternary complex formation of PtsN/KdpD2 /KdpE in vivo demonstrating that PtsN and KdpE bind different protomers in the KdpD dimer. PtsN may bind one protomer to stimulate phosphorylation of the second KdpD protomer, which then phosphorylates bound KdpE. Phosphorylation of PtsN prevents its incorporation in ternary complexes. Interaction with the conserved DHp domain enables PtsN to regulate additional kinases such as PhoR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Mörk-Mörkenstein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Heermann
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department of Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried/München, Germany
| | - Yvonne Göpel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) at the Department of Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried/München, Germany
| | - Boris Görke
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
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7
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Binepal G, Wenderska IB, Crowley P, Besingi RN, Senadheera DB, Jeannine Brady L, Cvitkovitch DG. K+ modulates genetic competence and the stress regulon of Streptococcus mutans. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:719-730. [PMID: 28530170 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) is the most abundant cation in dental plaque fluid. Previously, we reported the link between K+ transport via Trk2 in Streptococcus mutans and its two critical virulence attributes: acid tolerance and surface adhesion. Herein, we build further on the intimate link between K+ levels and S. mutans biology. High (>25 mM) versus low (≤5 mM) K+ concentrations in the growth medium affected conformational epitopes of cell surface-localized adhesin P1. At low K+, the expression of stress response elements gcrR and codY, cell-adhesion-associated genes such as spaP and metabolism-associated genes such as bglP was induced at stationary phase (P<0.05), suggesting that K+-mediated regulation is growth phase-dependent and stress-sensitive. Production of the newly discovered secretory protein encoded by SMU_63c was strongly dependent on the availability of K+ and growth phase. This protein is a newly discovered regulator of genetic competence and biofilm cell density. Thus, the influence of K+ on DNA transformation efficiency was also examined. Compared with 25 mM K+ concentration, the presence of low K+ reduced the transformation frequency by 100-fold. Genetic transformation was abolished in a strain lacking a Trk2 system under all K+ concentrations tested. Consistent with these findings, repression of competence-associated genes, comS and comX, was observed under low environmental K+ conditions and in the strain lacking Trk2. Taken together, these results highlight a pivotal role for environmental K+ as a regulatory cation that modulates stress responses and genetic transformation in S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursonika Binepal
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Toronto, Canada
| | - Iwona B Wenderska
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paula Crowley
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Richard N Besingi
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Dilani B Senadheera
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Toronto, Canada
| | - L Jeannine Brady
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Dennis G Cvitkovitch
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Toronto, Canada
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8
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Growth Inhibition by External Potassium of Escherichia coli Lacking PtsN (EIIANtr) Is Caused by Potassium Limitation Mediated by YcgO. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:1868-1882. [PMID: 27137496 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01029-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The absence of PtsN, the terminal phosphoacceptor of the phosphotransferase system comprising PtsP-PtsO-PtsN, in Escherichia coli confers a potassium-sensitive (K(s)) phenotype as the external K(+) concentration ([K(+)]e) is increased above 5 mM. A growth-inhibitory increase in intracellular K(+) content, resulting from hyperactivated Trk-mediated K(+) uptake, is thought to cause this K(s) We provide evidence that the K(s) of the ΔptsN mutant is associated with K(+) limitation. Accordingly, the moderate K(s) displayed by the ΔptsN mutant was exacerbated in the absence of the Trk and Kup K(+) uptake transporters and was associated with reduced cellular K(+) content. Conversely, overproduction of multiple K(+) uptake proteins suppressed the K(s) Expression of PtsN variants bearing the H73A, H73D, and H73E substitutions of the phosphorylation site histidine of PtsN complemented the K(s) Absence of the predicted inner membrane protein YcgO (also called CvrA) suppressed the K(s), which was correlated with elevated cellular K(+) content in the ΔptsN mutant, but the ΔptsN mutation did not alter YcgO levels. Heterologous overexpression of ycgO also led to K(s) that was associated with reduced cellular K(+) content, exacerbated by the absence of Trk and Kup and alleviated by overproduction of Kup. Our findings are compatible with a model that postulates that K(s) in the ΔptsN mutant occurs due to K(+) limitation resulting from activation of K(+) efflux mediated by YcgO, which may be additionally stimulated by [K(+)]e, implicating a role for PtsN (possibly its dephosphorylated form) as an inhibitor of YcgO activity. IMPORTANCE This study examines the physiological link between the phosphotransferase system comprising PtsP-PtsO-PtsN and K(+) ion metabolism in E. coli Studies on the physiological defect that renders an E. coli mutant lacking PtsN to be growth inhibited by external K(+) indicate that growth impairment results from cellular K(+) limitation that is mediated by YcgO, a predicted inner membrane protein. Additional observations suggest that dephospho-PtsN may inhibit and external K(+) may stimulate K(+) limitation mediated by YcgO. It is speculated that YcgO-mediated K(+) limitation may be an output of a response to certain stresses, which by modulating the phosphotransfer capacity of the PtsP-PtsO-PtsN phosphorelay leads to growth cessation and stress tolerance.
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9
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Gao G, Wang A, Gong BL, Li QQ, Liu YH, He ZM, Li G. A novel metagenome-derived gene cluster from termite hindgut: Encoding phosphotransferase system components and high glucose tolerant glucosidase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 84:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Lüttmann D, Göpel Y, Görke B. Cross-Talk between the Canonical and the Nitrogen-Related Phosphotransferase Systems Modulates Synthesis of the KdpFABC Potassium Transporter in Escherichia coli. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 25:168-77. [DOI: 10.1159/000375497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many Proteobacteria possess the regulatory nitrogen-related phosphotransferase system (PTS<sup>Ntr</sup>), which operates in parallel to the transport PTS. PTS<sup>Ntr</sup> is composed of the proteins EI<sup>Ntr</sup> and NPr and the final phosphate acceptor EIIA<sup>Ntr</sup>. Both PTSs can exchange phosphoryl groups among each other. Proteins governing K<sup>+</sup> uptake represent a major target of PTS<sup>Ntr</sup> in <i>Escherichia coli</i>. Nonphosphorylated EIIA<sup>Ntr</sup> binds and stimulates the K<sup>+</sup> sensor KdpD, which activates expression of the <i>kdpFABC</i> operon encoding a K<sup>+</sup> transporter. Here we show that this regulation also operates in an <i>ilvG</i><sup><i>+</i></sup> strain ruling out previous concern about interference with a nonfunctional <i>ilvG</i> allele present in many strains. Furthermore, we analyzed phosphorylation of EIIA<sup>Ntr</sup>. In wild-type cells EIIA<sup>Ntr</sup> is predominantly phosphorylated, regardless of the growth stage and the utilized carbon source. However, cross-phosphorylation of EIIA<sup>Ntr</sup> by the transport PTS becomes apparent in the absence of EI<sup>Ntr</sup>: EIIA<sup>Ntr</sup> is predominantly nonphosphorylated when cells grow on a PTS sugar and phosphorylated when a non-PTS carbohydrate is utilized. These differences in phosphorylation are transduced into corresponding <i>kdpFABC</i> transcription levels. Thus, the transport PTS may affect phosphorylation of EIIA<sup>Ntr</sup> and accordingly modulate processes controlled by EIIA<sup>Ntr</sup>. Our data suggest that this cross-talk becomes most relevant under conditions that would inhibit activity of EI<sup>Ntr</sup>.
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11
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Karstens K, Zschiedrich CP, Bowien B, Stülke J, Görke B. Phosphotransferase protein EIIANtr interacts with SpoT, a key enzyme of the stringent response, in Ralstonia eutropha H16. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2014; 160:711-722. [PMID: 24515609 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.075226-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
EIIA(Ntr) is a member of a truncated phosphotransferase (PTS) system that serves regulatory functions and exists in many Proteobacteria in addition to the sugar transport PTS. In Escherichia coli, EIIA(Ntr) regulates K(+) homeostasis through interaction with the K(+) transporter TrkA and sensor kinase KdpD. In the β-Proteobacterium Ralstonia eutropha H16, EIIA(Ntr) influences formation of the industrially important bioplastic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). PHB accumulation is controlled by the stringent response and induced under conditions of nitrogen deprivation. Knockout of EIIA(Ntr) increases the PHB content. In contrast, absence of enzyme I or HPr, which deliver phosphoryl groups to EIIA(Ntr), has the opposite effect. To clarify the role of EIIA(Ntr) in PHB formation, we screened for interacting proteins that co-purify with Strep-tagged EIIA(Ntr) from R. eutropha cells. This approach identified the bifunctional ppGpp synthase/hydrolase SpoT1, a key enzyme of the stringent response. Two-hybrid and far-Western analyses confirmed the interaction and indicated that only non-phosphorylated EIIA(Ntr) interacts with SpoT1. Interestingly, this interaction does not occur between the corresponding proteins of E. coli. Vice versa, interaction of EIIA(Ntr) with KdpD appears to be absent in R. eutropha, although R. eutropha EIIA(Ntr) can perfectly substitute its homologue in E. coli in regulation of KdpD activity. Thus, interaction with KdpD might be an evolutionary 'ancient' task of EIIA(Ntr) that was subsequently replaced by interaction with SpoT1 in R. eutropha. In conclusion, EIIA(Ntr) might integrate information about nutritional status, as reflected by its phosphorylation state, into the stringent response, thereby controlling cellular PHB content in R. eutropha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Karstens
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christopher P Zschiedrich
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Botho Bowien
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Stülke
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Boris Görke
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Center of Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.,Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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12
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A role for EIIA Ntr in controlling fluxes in the central metabolism of E. coli K12. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:2879-2889. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Untiet V, Karunakaran R, Krämer M, Poole P, Priefer U, Prell J. ABC transport is inactivated by the PTS(Ntr) under potassium limitation in Rhizobium leguminosarum 3841. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64682. [PMID: 23724079 PMCID: PMC3665714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PTSNtr is a regulatory phosphotransferase system in many bacteria. Mutation of the PTSNtr enzymes causes pleiotropic growth phenotypes, dry colony morphology and a posttranslational inactivation of ABC transporters in Rhizobium leguminosarum 3841. The PTSNtr proteins EINtr and 2 copies of EIIANtr have been described previously. Here we identify the intermediate phosphocarrier protein NPr and show its phosphorylation by EINtrin vitro. Furthermore we demonstrate that phosphorylation of EINtr and NPr is required for ABC transport activation and that the N-terminal GAF domain of EINtr is not required for autophosphorylation. Previous studies have shown that non-phosphorylated EIIANtr is able to modulate the transcriptional activation of the high affinity potassium transporter KdpABC. In R. leguminosarum 3841 kdpABC expression strictly depends on EIIANtr. Here we demonstrate that under strong potassium limitation ABC transport is inactivated, presumably by non-phosphorylated EIIANtr. This is to our knowledge the first report where PTSNtr dictates an essential cellular function. This is achieved by the inverse regulation of two important ATP dependent transporter classes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philip Poole
- Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jürgen Prell
- Soil Ecology, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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Lee CR, Park YH, Kim M, Kim YR, Park S, Peterkofsky A, Seok YJ. Reciprocal regulation of the autophosphorylation of enzyme INtr by glutamine and α-ketoglutarate in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:473-85. [PMID: 23517463 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (sugar PTS), most proteobacteria possess a paralogous system (nitrogen phosphotransferase system, PTS(Ntr)). The first proteins in both pathways are enzymes (enzyme I(sugar) and enzyme I(Ntr)) that can be autophosphorylated by phosphoenolpyruvate. The most striking difference between enzyme I(sugar) and enzyme I(Ntr) is the presence of a GAF domain at the N-terminus of enzyme I(Ntr). Since the PTS(Ntr) was identified in 1995, it has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes in many proteobacteria and many of these regulations have been shown to be dependent on the phosphorylation state of PTS(Ntr) components. However, there has been little evidence that any component of this so-called PTS(Ntr) is directly involved in nitrogen metabolism. Moreover, a signal regulating the phosphorylation state of the PTS(Ntr) had not been uncovered. Here, we demonstrate that glutamine and α-ketoglutarate, the canonical signals of nitrogen availability, reciprocally regulate the phosphorylation state of the PTS(Ntr) by direct effects on enzyme I(Ntr) autophosphorylation and the GAF signal transduction domain is necessary for the regulation of enzyme I(Ntr) activity by the two signal molecules. Taken together, our results suggest that the PTS(Ntr) senses nitrogen availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ro Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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15
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Lopez-de Los Santos Y, Chan H, Cantu VA, Rettner R, Sanchez F, Zhang Z, Saier MH, Soberon X. Genetic engineering of the phosphocarrier protein NPr of the Escherichia coli phosphotransferase system selectively improves sugar uptake activity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29931-9. [PMID: 22767600 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.345660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) in prokaryotes mediates the uptake and phosphorylation of its numerous substrates through a phosphoryl transfer chain where a phosphoryl transfer protein, HPr, transfers its phosphoryl group to any of several sugar-specific Enzyme IIA proteins in preparation for sugar transport. A phosphoryl transfer protein of the PTS, NPr, homologous to HPr, functions to regulate nitrogen metabolism and shows virtually no enzymatic cross-reactivity with HPr. Here we describe the genetic engineering of a "chimeric" HPr/NPr protein, termed CPr14 because 14 amino acid residues of the interface were replaced. CPr14 shows decreased activity with most PTS permeases relative to HPr, but increases activity with the broad specificity mannose permease. The results lead to the proposal that HPr is not optimal for most PTS permeases but instead represents a compromise with suboptimal activity for most PTS permeases. The evolutionary implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossef Lopez-de Los Santos
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis del Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenue Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México, P. C. 62210
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16
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Lüttmann D, Göpel Y, Görke B. The phosphotransferase protein EIIA(Ntr) modulates the phosphate starvation response through interaction with histidine kinase PhoR in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 2012; 86:96-110. [PMID: 22812494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many Proteobacteria possess the paralogous PTS(Ntr), in addition to the sugar transport phosphotransferase system (PTS). In the PTS(Ntr) phosphoryl-groups are transferred from phosphoenolpyruvate to protein EIIA(Ntr) via the phosphotransferases EI(Ntr) and NPr. The PTS(Ntr) has been implicated in regulation of diverse physiological processes. In Escherichia coli, the PTS(Ntr) plays a role in potassium homeostasis. In particular, EIIA(Ntr) binds to and stimulates activity of a two-component histidine kinase (KdpD) resulting in increased expression of the genes encoding the high-affinity K(+) transporter KdpFABC. Here, we show that the phosphate (pho) regulon is likewise modulated by PTS(Ntr). The pho regulon, which comprises more than 30 genes, is activated by the two-component system PhoR/PhoB under conditions of phosphate starvation. Mutants lacking EIIA(Ntr) are unable to fully activate the pho genes and exhibit a growth delay upon adaptation to phosphate limitation. In contrast, pho expression is increased above the wild-type level in mutants deficient for EIIA(Ntr) phosphorylation suggesting that non-phosphorylated EIIA(Ntr) modulates pho. Protein interaction analyses reveal binding of EIIA(Ntr) to histidine kinase PhoR. This interaction increases the amount of phosphorylated response regulator PhoB. Thus, EIIA(Ntr) is an accessory protein that modulates the activities of two distinct sensor kinases, KdpD and PhoR, in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Lüttmann
- Department of General Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, Georg-August-University, Grisebachstrasse 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Escalante A, Salinas Cervantes A, Gosset G, Bolívar F. Current knowledge of the Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate–carbohydrate phosphotransferase system: peculiarities of regulation and impact on growth and product formation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1483-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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