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Talib A, Khan Z, Bokhari H, Hidayathula S, Jilani G, Khan AA. Respiring cellular nano-magnets. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 80:526-531. [PMID: 28866196 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Magnetotactic bacteria provide an interesting example for the biosynthesis of magnetic (Fe3O4 or Fe3S4) nanoparticles, synthesized through a process known as biologically controlled mineralization, resulting in complex monodispersed, and nanostructures with unique magnetic properties. In this work, we report a novel aerobic bacterial strain isolated from sludge of an oil refinery. Microscopic and staining analysis revealed that it was a gram positive rod with the capability to thrive in a medium (9K) supplemented, with Fe2+ ions at an acidic pH (~3.2). The magnetic behaviour of these cells was tested by their alignment towards a permanent magnet, and later on confirmed by magnetometry analysis. The X-ray diffraction studies proved the cellular biosynthesis of magnetite nanoparticles inside the bacteria. This novel, bio-nano-magnet, could pave the way for green synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles to be used in industrial and medical applications such as MRI, magnetic hyperthermia and ferrofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Talib
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, 45550 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zanib Khan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Post Graduate College No. 2, Mandian, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Habib Bokhari
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, 45550 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Syed Hidayathula
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11362 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Jilani
- Department of Soil Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah ARID Agriculture University, Shamsabad, Murree Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, 45550 Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Matlakowska R, Sklodowska A. Adaptive responses of chemolithoautotrophic acidophilic Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans to sewage sludge. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:1485-98. [PMID: 17578413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03208.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic variability of two strains of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans genus during growth in sewage sludge. METHODS AND RESULTS Compared with A. ferrooxidans cells grown in mineral medium, those grown in sewage sludge demonstrated remarkable changes in ultrastructure (transmission electron microscopy) and significantly elongated lag phases. These latter cells also lacked carboxysomes and rusticyanin, showed lower level of cytochromes and exhibited modifications to their outer membrane proteins (SDS-PAGE). Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that most restriction fragments were highly conserved and shared by strains grown under different conditions. However, in relation to cells grown in mineral medium, sludge-grown A. ferrooxidans lacked a number of restriction fragments, clearly indicating structural changes to the chromosomal DNA of the organism. CONCLUSIONS In combination, the results of this study provide evidence of adaptive responses by chemolithoautotrophic acidophilic A. ferrooxidans to facilitate growth in sewage sludge. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The obtained results are important from scientific as well as industrial application point of view, because they confirmed that A. ferrooxidans highly sensitive to organic compounds bacteria is useful in biotechnologies of heavy metal removal from shale ore, polluted soils and sewage sludge containing organic hazardous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matlakowska
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, Faculty of Biology, Warsaw University, Warsaw, Poland
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Matlakowska R, Sklodowska A. Adaptive changes of chemolithoautotrophic acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria during growth in sewage sludge. Can J Microbiol 2007; 52:1189-98. [PMID: 17473888 DOI: 10.1139/w06-084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A chemolithoauthotrophic, acidophilic, sulfur-oxidizing strain was isolated from sewage sludge and identified as Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. The morphology and physiology of the isolate grown in mineral medium or sterilized sewage sludge were investigated. Morphological and ultrastructural differences between cells grown in mineral medium and sewage sludge were clearly visible. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed some changes in the protein expression profiles in the periplasmic fraction as well as a lower level of cytochromes. Adaptation of A. thiooxidans to sewage sludge was not only a physiological process but also included genetic changes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using pulsed field gel electrophoresis showed structural changes in chromosomal DNA of such bacteria. Most of the restriction fragments were highly conserved and shared by strains grown under different conditions. Cultivation in mineral medium did, however, lead to the appearance of an additional restriction fragment. In combination, the obtained results provide evidence of adaptive responses by A. thioxidans during growth in sewage sludge and confirm that this bacteria can be useful in biotechnologies of heavy metal bioleaching from different environments polluted with hazardous compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Matlakowska
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Analysis, Faculty of Biology, Warsaw University, Poland
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4
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Abstract
The extension of (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques to study cellular metabolism over recent years has provided valuable data supporting the occurrence, diversity and extent of carbon cycling in the carbohydrate metabolism of micro-organisms. The occurrence of such cycles, resulting from the simultaneous operation of different and sometimes opposite individual steps, is inherently related to the network organisation of cellular metabolism. These cycles are tentatively classified here as 'reversibility', 'metabolic' and 'substrate' cycles on the basis of their balance in carbon and cofactors. Current hypotheses concerning the physiological relevance of carbohydrate cycles are discussed in light of the (13)C-NMR data. They most likely represent system-level mechanisms for coherent and timely partitioning of carbon resources to fit with the various biosynthetic, energetic or redox needs of cells and/or additional strategies in the adaptive capacity of micro-organisms to face variation in environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Portais
- Laboratoire de Génie Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 6022, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue Saint-Leu, 80039 Amiens Cedex, France.
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Abstract
The Entner-Doudoroff pathway is now known to be very widely distributed in nature. Biochemical and physiological studies show that the Entner-Doudoroff pathway can operate in a linear and catabolic mode, in a 'cyclic' mode, in a modified mode involving non-phosphorylated intermediates, or in alternative modes involving C1 metabolism and anabolism. Molecular and genetic analyses of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway in Zymomonas mobilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have led to an improved understanding of some fundamental aspects of metabolic controls. It can be argued that the Entner-Doudoroff pathway is more primitive than Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Conway
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 68588-0118
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6
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Leyland ML, Hamblin MJ, Kelly DJ. Eubacterial isocitrate dehydrogenase with dual specificity for NAD and NADP fromRhodomicrobium vannielii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Shuttleworth KL, Unz RF, Wichlacz PL. Glucose Catabolism in Strains of Acidophilic, Heterotrophic Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 1985; 50:573-9. [PMID: 16346876 PMCID: PMC238671 DOI: 10.1128/aem.50.3.573-579.1985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathways of glucose catabolism, potentially operational in six strains of obligately aerobic, acidophilic bacteria, including
Acidiphilium cryptum
strain Lhet2, were investigated by short-term radiorespirometry and enzyme assays. Short-term radiorespirometry was conducted at pH 3.0 with specifically labeled [
14
C]glucose. The high rate and yield of C-1 oxidized to CO
2
indicated that the Entner-Doudoroff, pentose phosphate, or both pathways were operational in all strains. Apparent nonequivalent yields of CO
2
from C-1 and estimated CO
2
from C-4 (C-1 > C-4) were suggestive of simultaneous glucose catabolism by both pathways in all strains tested. Variation in the relative contribution of the two pathways of glucose catabolism appears to account for observed strain differences. Calculation of the actual percent pathway participation was not feasible. Enzyme assays were completed with crude extracts of glucose-grown cells to substantiate the results obtained by radiorespirometry. The key enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway (2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrase) were present in all strains examined (PW2, Lhet2, KLB, OP, and QBP). However, none of the strains exhibited detectable levels of the key enzyme of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, 6-phosphofructokinase. All strains contained glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and fructose bisphosphate aldolase. The results of the enzyme study supported the contention that the pentose phosphate and Entner-Doudoroff pathways are operational for glucose catabolism in the acidophilic heterotrophs, and that the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway is apparently absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Shuttleworth
- Department of Civil Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Sugio T, Kudo S, Tano T, Imai K. Glucose transport system in a facultative iron-oxidizing bacterium, Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. J Bacteriol 1982; 150:1109-14. [PMID: 6804437 PMCID: PMC216330 DOI: 10.1128/jb.150.3.1109-1114.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Properties of a heat-labile glucose transport system in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans strain AP-44 were investigated with iron-grown cells. [14C]glucose was incorporated into cell fractions, and the cells metabolized [14C]glucose to 14CO2. Amytal, rotenone, cyanide, azide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide strongly inhibited [14C]glucose uptake activity, suggesting the presence of an energy-dependent glucose transport system in T. ferrooxidans. Heavy metals, such as mercury, silver, uranium, and molybdate, markedly inhibited the transport activity at 1 mM. When grown on mixotrophic medium, the bacteria preferentially utilized ferrous iron as an energy source. When iron was exhausted, the cells used glucose if the concentration of ferrous sulfate in the medium was higher than 3% (wt/vol). However, when ferrous sulfate was lower than 1%, both of the energy sources were consumed simultaneously.
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Regulation of glucose catabolism in Thiobacillus A2 grown in the chemostat under dual limitation by succinate and glucose. Arch Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00422311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Wood AP, Kelly DP. Glucose catabolism by Thiobacillus A2 grown in chemostat culture under carbon or nitrogen limitation. Arch Microbiol 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00411296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Chapter 4 Biogeochemistry of Iron. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1116(08)71060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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12
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Wood AP, Kelly D. Comparative radiorespirometric studies of glucose oxidation in three facultatively heterotrophic thiobacilli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1978.tb02880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Steinmüller W, Bock E. Enzymatic studies on autotrophically, mixotrophically and heterotrophically grown Nitrobacter agilis with special reference to nitrite oxidase. Arch Microbiol 1977; 115:51-4. [PMID: 931509 DOI: 10.1007/bf00427844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitrobacter agilis was grown autotrophically on nitrite, mixotrophically on nitrite together with either acetate or pyruvate and heterotrophically on acetate and casamino acids, pyruvate and casamino acids or pyruvate and nitrate. The enzymatic activities differed most in the key enzymes of lithotrophic metabolism. Nitrite oxidase was repressed 90% in 10 days after transition to heterotrophic growth and was no longer detectable after several transfers. The induction of nitrite oxidase began after a lag of 2 days and reached the autotrophic level after 7 days when pyruvate was the carbon and energy source and after 9 days using acetate.
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Wood AP, Kelly DP, Thurston CF. Simultaneous operation of three catabolic pathways in the metabolism of glucose by Thiobacillus A2. Arch Microbiol 1977; 113:265-74. [PMID: 879964 DOI: 10.1007/bf00492034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes essential to the operation of the Embden-Meyerhof glycolytic pathway, the Entner-Duodoroff pathway and oxidative pentose phosphate pathway were present in Thiobacillus A2 grown on glucose and other sugars. Radiorespirometry under various conditions with Thiobacillus A2 oxidising glucose specifically labelled with 14C in carbon atoms 1, 2, 3, 3 + 4, 6 or universally labelled demonstrated the simultaneous operation of the Embden-Meyerhof (48%), Entner-Doudoroff (28%), and pentose phosphate (24%) pathways in release of carbon dioxide from glucose. Growth on succinate, or autotrophically on formate or thiosulphate resulted in repression of most enzymes of the pathways, but high aldolase levels were retained indicating its role in gluconeogenesis and the Calvin cycle. Different fructose diphosphatase activities were found in succinate- and thiosulphate-grown organisms. The results indicate that all three major catabolic pathways for glucose function in Thiobacillus A2 grown on sugars. Thiobacillus acidophilus showed a different radiorespirometric pattern and apparently used the Entner-Duodoroff (64.5%) and pentose phosphate (35.5%) pathways, but showed unusually high release of carbon atom 6, as was also found for T. ferrooxidans.
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Tuttle JH, Dugan PR, Apel WA. Leakage of cellular material from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans in the presence of organic acids. Appl Environ Microbiol 1977; 33:459-69. [PMID: 848961 PMCID: PMC170703 DOI: 10.1128/aem.33.2.459-469.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiobacillus ferroodixans cells released varying amounts of iron, phosphate, sugar, ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, and substances that absorbed light at both 260 and 280 nm, when exposed to 10(-2) to 10(-1) M concentrations of these organic acids: propionic, butyric, valeric, hexanoic, and oxalacetic. These acids also retarded iron oxidation by the cells. Electron microscope observation of cells after exposure to the organic acids showed varying degrees of cell envelope disruption, suggesting that the mode of inhibition of autotrophic iron oxidation in the cell involves interference with the function of the cell envelope, possibly the cell membrane.
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Pelroy RA, Bassham JA. Photosynthetic and dark carbon metabolism in unicellular blue-green algae. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1972; 86:25-38. [PMID: 4628178 DOI: 10.1007/bf00412397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Tabita R, Lundgren DG. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from the chemolithotroph Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. J Bacteriol 1971; 108:343-52. [PMID: 4399340 PMCID: PMC247072 DOI: 10.1128/jb.108.1.343-352.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was partially purified from both glucose-grown and iron-glucose-grown Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The enzyme possesses a dual nucleotide specificity for either nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and has a molecular weight of 110,000 as determined by gel electrophoresis. Evidence is presented that T. ferrooxidans glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is identical when isolated from cells grown mixotrophically (iron-glucose grown) or cells grown heterotrophically (glucose-grown cells). The enzyme is activated by Mg(2+), and to a lesser extent by low concentrations of Mn(2+). Reduced NAD inhibits the enzyme from T. ferrooxidans. No deviation from normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics was observed in velocity versus substrate concentration experiments. Adenosine triphosphate exerted a profound inhibition of the enzyme; the effect was 10 times more pronounced in the presence of NAD as compared to NADP. The physiological significance of this inhibition is discussed.
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Tabita R, Lundgren DG. Utilization of glucose and the effect of organic compounds on the chemolithotroph Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. J Bacteriol 1971; 108:328-33. [PMID: 5122808 PMCID: PMC247070 DOI: 10.1128/jb.108.1.328-333.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of glucose by the chemolithotroph Thiobacillus ferrooxidans results in a repression of the ability to oxidize iron, the substrate for autotrophic growth. An assay with resting cells was used to measure iron oxidation rates. Concomitant with the decreased iron oxidation rates, the enzyme responsible for carbon dioxide fixation, ribulose diphosphate (RuDP) carboxylase, was also repressed. Maximum iron oxidation rates precede peak RuDP carboxylase levels, consistent with the role of these processes in autotrophic metabolism in nonrepressed cells. The degree of iron oxidation repression depends on the organic substrate supplied, as does the level of RuDP carboxylase. The uptake of glucose parallels an increase in synthesis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and the accumulation in cells of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. The organism is also capable of growing on glucose and other organic supplements in the absence of its inorganic energy source; growth rates depend on the organic substrate supplied.
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