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Motyka-Pomagruk A, Babinska-Wensierska W, Sledz W, Kaczorowska AK, Lojkowska E. Phyloproteomic study by MALDI-TOF MS in view of intraspecies variation in a significant homogenous phytopathogen Dickeya solani. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18863. [PMID: 37914755 PMCID: PMC10620192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dickeya solani is an economically significant pectinolytic phytopathogen belonging to the Pectobacteriaceae family, which causes soft rot and blackleg diseases. Despite its notable impact on global potato production, there are no effective methods to control this pest. Here, we undertook a phyloproteomic study on 20 D. solani strains, of various origin and year of isolation, with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) supported by an in-depth characterization of the strains in terms of the virulence-associated phenotype. In spite of high homogeneity in this species, we herein revealed for the first time intraspecies variation in the MALDI-TOF MS protein profiles among the studied D. solani isolates. Finally, representative mass spectra for the four delineated clades are presented. A majority of the analysed D. solani strains showed high virulence potential, while two strains stood out in their growth dynamics, virulence factors production and ability to macerate plant tissue. Nonetheless, the metabolic profiles of D. solani strains turned out to be uniform, except for gelatinase activity. Given that all D. solani isolates distinctly grouped from the other Dickeya species in the MALDI-TOF MS analysis, there is strong evidence supporting the potential routine use of this method for fast and reliable to-species identification of D. solani isolates of environmental origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Motyka-Pomagruk
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, 58 Abrahama, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
- Research & Development Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, 20 Podwale Przedmiejskie, 80-824, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Weronika Babinska-Wensierska
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, 58 Abrahama, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
- Research & Development Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, 20 Podwale Przedmiejskie, 80-824, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Sledz
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, 58 Abrahama, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
- Research & Development Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, 20 Podwale Przedmiejskie, 80-824, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna-Karina Kaczorowska
- Collection of Plasmids and Microorganisms (KPD), Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 59 Wita Stwosza Street, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ewa Lojkowska
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, 58 Abrahama, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland.
- Research & Development Laboratory, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, University of Gdansk, 20 Podwale Przedmiejskie, 80-824, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Nascimento F, Vicente C, Cock P, Tavares M, Rossi M, Hasegawa K, Mota M. From plants to nematodes: Serratia grimesii BXF1 genome reveals an adaptation to the modulation of multi-species interactions. Microb Genom 2018; 4. [PMID: 29781797 PMCID: PMC6113876 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia grimesii BXF1 is a bacterium with the ability to modulate the development of several eukaryotic hosts. Strain BXF1 was isolated from the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of pine wilt disease affecting pine forests worldwide. This bacterium potentiates Bursaphelenchus xylophilus reproduction, acts as a beneficial pine endophyte, and possesses fungal and bacterial antagonistic activities, further indicating a complex role in a wide range of trophic relationships. In this work, we describe and analyse the genome sequence of strain BXF1, and discuss several important aspects of its ecological role. Genome analysis indicates the presence of several genes related to the observed production of antagonistic traits, plant growth regulation and the modulation of nematode development. Moreover, most of the BXF1 genes are involved in environmental and genetic information processing, which is consistent with its ability to sense and colonize several niches. The results obtained in this study provide the basis to a better understanding of the role and evolution of strain BXF1 as a mediator of interactions between organisms involved in a complex disease system. These results may also bring new insights into general Serratia and Enterobacteriaceae evolution towards multitrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Nascimento
- 2Information and Computer Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.,1Nemalab/ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Vicente
- 1Nemalab/ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal.,3Department of Environmental Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Peter Cock
- 2Information and Computer Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Maria Tavares
- 4Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Márcio Rossi
- 4Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Bioprocessos, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Koichi Hasegawa
- 3Department of Environmental Biology, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Manuel Mota
- 1Nemalab/ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7002-554 Évora, Portugal.,5Departamento Ciências da Vida, EPCV Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, C. Grande 376, Lisboa, 1749-024, Portugal
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Ravindran A, Saenkham P, Levy J, Tamborindeguy C, Lin H, Gross DC, Pierson E. Characterization of the Serralysin-Like Gene of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' Associated with Potato Zebra Chip Disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:327-335. [PMID: 29106346 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-17-0064-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The nonculturable bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' is the causative agent of zebra chip disease in potato. Computational analysis of the 'Ca. L. solanacearum' genome revealed a serralysin-like gene based on conserved domains characteristic of genes encoding metalloprotease enzymes similar to serralysin. Serralysin and other serralysin family metalloprotease are typically characterized as virulence factors and are secreted by the type I secretion system (T1SS). The 'Ca. L. solanacearum' serralysin-like gene is located next to and divergently transcribed from genes encoding a T1SS. Based on its relationship to the T1SS and the role of other serralysin family proteases in circumventing host antimicrobial defenses, it was speculated that a functional 'Ca. L. solanacearum' serralysin-like protease could be a potent virulence factor. Gene expression analysis showed that, from weeks 2 to 6, the expression of the 'Ca. L. solanacearum' serralysin-like gene was at least twofold higher than week 1, indicating that gene expression stays high as the disease progresses. A previously constructed serralysin-deficient mutant of Serratia liquefaciens FK01, an endophyte associated with insects, as well as an Escherichia coli lacking serralysin production were used as surrogates for expression analysis of the 'Ca. L. solanacearum' serralysin-like gene. The LsoA and LsoB proteins were expressed as both intact proteins and chimeric S. liquefaciens-'Ca. L. solanacearum' serralysin-like proteins to facilitate secretion in the S. liquefaciens surrogate and as intact proteins or as a truncated LsoB protein containing just the putative catalytic domains in the E. coli surrogate. None of the 'Ca. L. solanacearum' protein constructs expressed in either surrogate demonstrated proteolytic activity in skim milk or zymogram assays, or in colorimetric assays using purified protein, suggesting that the 'Ca. L. solanacearum' serralysin-like gene does not encode a functional protease, or at least not in our surrogate systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aravind Ravindran
- First and sixth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, second, third, and seventh authors: Department of Horticultural Sciences, and fourth author: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843; and fifth author: Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, CDPG, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Panatda Saenkham
- First and sixth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, second, third, and seventh authors: Department of Horticultural Sciences, and fourth author: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843; and fifth author: Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, CDPG, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Julien Levy
- First and sixth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, second, third, and seventh authors: Department of Horticultural Sciences, and fourth author: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843; and fifth author: Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, CDPG, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Cecilia Tamborindeguy
- First and sixth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, second, third, and seventh authors: Department of Horticultural Sciences, and fourth author: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843; and fifth author: Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, CDPG, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Hong Lin
- First and sixth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, second, third, and seventh authors: Department of Horticultural Sciences, and fourth author: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843; and fifth author: Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, CDPG, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Dennis C Gross
- First and sixth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, second, third, and seventh authors: Department of Horticultural Sciences, and fourth author: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843; and fifth author: Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, CDPG, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
| | - Elizabeth Pierson
- First and sixth authors: Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, second, third, and seventh authors: Department of Horticultural Sciences, and fourth author: Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843; and fifth author: Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, CDPG, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648
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Wang N, Trivedi P. Citrus huanglongbing: a newly relevant disease presents unprecedented challenges. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2013; 103:652-65. [PMID: 23441969 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-12-0331-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the oldest citrus diseases and has been known for over a century. HLB is caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter' spp. that are phloem-limited, fastidious α-proteobacteria and infect hosts in different Kingdoms (i.e., Animalia and Plantae). When compared with well-characterized, cultivatable plant-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria, the interactions of uncultured insect-vectored plant-pathogenic bacteria, including 'Ca. Liberibacter' spp., with their hosts remain poorly understood. 'Ca. Liberibacter' spp. have been known to cause HLB, which has been rapidly spreading worldwide, resulting in dramatic economic losses. HLB presents an unprecedented challenge to citrus production. In this review, we focus on the most recent research on citrus, 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', and psyllid interactions, specifically considering the following topics: evolutionary relationships among 'Ca. Liberibacter' spp., genetic diversity, host range, genome analysis, transmission, virulence mechanisms, and the ecological importance of HLB. Currently, no efficient management strategy is available to control HLB, although some promising progress has been made. Further studies are needed to understand citrus, 'Ca. L. asiaticus', and psyllid interactions to design innovative management strategies. Although HLB has been problematic for over a century, we can only win the battle against HLB with a coordinated and deliberate effort by the citrus industry, citrus growers, researchers, legislatures, and governments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Wang
- Cirtrus Research Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Lake Alfred 33850, USA.
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Yan Q, Sreedharan A, Wei S, Wang J, Pelz-Stelinski K, Folimonova S, Wang N. Global gene expression changes in Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus during the transmission in distinct hosts between plant and insect. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:391-404. [PMID: 23336388 PMCID: PMC6638839 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening disease is a destructive disease of citrus worldwide, which is associated with Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. This phloem-limited fastidious pathogen is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, and appears to be an intracellular pathogen that maintains an intimate association with the psyllid or the plant throughout its life cycle. The molecular basis of the interaction of this pathogen with its hosts is not well understood. We hypothesized that, during infection, Ca. L. asiaticus differentially expresses the genes critical for its survival and/or pathogenicity in either host. To test this hypothesis, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to compare the gene expression of Ca. L. asiaticus in planta and in psyllid. Overall, 381 genes were analysed for their gene expression in planta and in psyllid. Among them, 182 genes were up-regulated in planta compared with in psyllid (P < 0.05), 16 genes were up-regulated in psyllid (P < 0.05) and 183 genes showed no statistically significant difference (P ≥ 0.05) in expression between in planta and in psyllid. Our study indicates that the expression of the Ca. L. asiaticus genes involved in transcriptional regulation, transport system, secretion system, flagella assembly, metabolic pathway and stress resistance are changed significantly in a host-specific manner to adapt to the distinct environments of plant and insect. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study to evaluate the differential expression of Ca. L. asiaticus genes in a plant host and its insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
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Linhartová I, Bumba L, Mašín J, Basler M, Osička R, Kamanová J, Procházková K, Adkins I, Hejnová-Holubová J, Sadílková L, Morová J, Sebo P. RTX proteins: a highly diverse family secreted by a common mechanism. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2011; 34:1076-112. [PMID: 20528947 PMCID: PMC3034196 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2010.00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeats-in-toxin (RTX) exoproteins of Gram-negative bacteria form a steadily growing family of proteins with diverse biological functions. Their common feature is the unique mode of export across the bacterial envelope via the type I secretion system and the characteristic, typically nonapeptide, glycine- and aspartate-rich repeats binding Ca2+ ions. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the organization of rtx loci and on the biological and biochemical activities of therein encoded proteins. Applying several types of bioinformatic screens on the steadily growing set of sequenced bacterial genomes, over 1000 RTX family members were detected, with the biological functions of most of them remaining to be characterized. Activities of the so far characterized RTX family members are then discussed and classified according to functional categories, ranging from the historically first characterized pore-forming RTX leukotoxins, through the large multifunctional enzymatic toxins, bacteriocins, nodulation proteins, surface layer proteins, up to secreted hydrolytic enzymes exhibiting metalloprotease or lipase activities of industrial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Linhartová
- Institute of Microbiology AS CR v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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A novel serralysin metalloprotease from Deinococcus radiodurans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 1784:1256-64. [PMID: 18590838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2008.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A hypothetical protein (DR2310) from the radiation resistant organism Deinococcus radiodurans harbors highly conserved Zn+2-binding (HEXXH) domain and Met-turn (SVMSY), characteristic of the serralysin family of secreted metalloproteases from Gram negative bacteria. Deletion mutagenesis of DR2310 confirmed that the ORF is expressed in Deinococcus radiodurans as a secreted protease of 85 kDa. Biochemical analysis revealed DR2310 to be a Ca+2 and Zn+2-requiring metalloprotease. Unique features such as a long N-terminus, replacement of the highly conserved C-terminal glycine rich Ca+2-binding repeats with a single N-terminal aspartate rich eukaryotic thrombospondin type-3 Ca+2-binding repeat and absence of C-terminal secretion signals make it a novel member of serralysin family. This is the first report of a functional serralysin family metalloprotease from a Gram positive organism.
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Yang S, Peng Q, Zhang Q, Yi X, Choi CJ, Reedy RM, Charkowski AO, Yang CH. Dynamic regulation of GacA in type III secretion, pectinase gene expression, pellicle formation, and pathogenicity of Dickeya dadantii (Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937). MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:133-142. [PMID: 18052890 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-1-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Dickeya dadantii (Erwinia chrysanthemi 3937) secretes exoenzymes, including pectin-degrading enzymes, leading to the loss of structural integrity of plant cell walls. A type III secretion system (T3SS) is essential for full virulence of this bacterium within plant hosts. The GacS/GacA two-component signal transduction system participates in important biological roles in several gram-negative bacteria. In this study, a gacA deletion mutant (Ech137) of D. dadantii was constructed to investigate the effect of this mutation on pathogenesis and other phenotypes. Compared with wild-type D. dadantii, Ech137 had a delayed biofilm-pellicle formation. The production of pectate lyase (Pel), protease, and cellulase was diminished in Ech137 compared with the wild-type cells. Reduced transcription of two endo-Pel genes, pelD and pelL, was found in Ech137 using a green fluorescence protein-based fluorescence-activated cell sorter promoter activity assay. In addition, the transcription of T3SS genes dspE (an effector), hrpA (a structural protein of the T3SS pilus), and hrpN (a T3SS harpin) was reduced in Ech137. A lower amount of rsmB regulatory RNA was found in gacA mutant Ech137 compared with the wild-type bacterium by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Compared with wild-type D. dadantii, a lower amount of hrpL mRNA was observed in Ech137 at 12 h grown in medium. Although the role of RsmA, rsmB, and RsmC in D. dadantii is not clear, from the regulatory pathway revealed in E. carotovora, the lower expression of dspE, hrpA, and hrpN in Ech137 may be due to a post-transcriptional regulation of hrpL through the Gac-Rsm regulatory pathway. Consequently, the reduced exoenzyme production and Pel gene expression in the mutant may be sue partially to the regulatory role of rsmB-RsmA on exoenzyme expression. Similar to in vitro results, a lower expression of T3SS and pectinase genes of Ech137 also was observed in bacterial cells inoculated into Saintpaulia ionantha leaves, perhaps accounting for the observed reduction in local maceration. Interestingly, compared with the wild-type D. dadantii, although a lower concentration of Ech137 was observed at day 3 and 4 postinoculation, there is no significant difference in bacterial concentration between the wild-type bacterium and Ech137 in the early stage of infection. Finally, the nearly abolished systemic invasion ability of Ech137 suggests that GacA of D. dadantii is essential for the pathogenicity and systemic movement of the bacterium in S. ionantha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihui Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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Song JK, Kim HS, Ahn HJ, Song BK, Rhee JS. Heterologous ABC exporter-based cloning of gram-negative bacterial type I secretion pathway-dependent metalloproteases from an Erwinia genomic DNA library in Escherichia coli. Enzyme Microb Technol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Corbett M, Virtue S, Bell K, Birch P, Burr T, Hyman L, Lilley K, Poock S, Toth I, Salmond G. Identification of a new quorum-sensing-controlled virulence factor in Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica secreted via the type II targeting pathway. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2005; 18:334-42. [PMID: 15828685 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-18-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the secreted proteins of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica revealed a low-abundance protein that was identified by mass spectrometry as a homologue of a Xanthomonas campestris avirulence protein with unknown function. The predicted Svx protein has an N-terminal signal sequence and zinc binding-region signature, and the mature protein is post-translationally modified. A 2D difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) showed that the protein is secreted by the type II (out) secretion apparatus, which is also responsible for the secretion of the major known virulence factors, PelC and CelV. Transcription of the svx gene is under N-acyl-homoserine lactone-mediated quorum-sensing control. The svx gene was inactivated by transposon insertion. The mutant showed a decrease in virulence in potato plant assays, demonstrating a role for Svx in the pathogenicity of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica. These results show that Svx is a previously unidentified virulence determinant which is secreted by the out machinery and is regulated by quorum sensing, two systems employed by several other virulence factors. Thus, the type II secretory machine is a conduit for virulence factors other than the main pectinnases and cellulase in E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
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Anderson LM, Stockwell VO, Loper JE. An Extracellular Protease of Pseudomonas fluorescens Inactivates Antibiotics of Pantoea agglomerans. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2004; 94:1228-1234. [PMID: 18944458 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2004.94.11.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 and Pantoea agglomerans strains Eh252 and C9-1 are biological control agents that suppress fire blight, an important disease of pear and apple caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora. Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 suppresses disease largely through competitive exclusion of E. amylovora on surfaces of blossoms, the primary infection court, whereas Pantoea agglomerans strains Eh252 and C9-1 produce antibiotics that are toxic to E. amylovora. In this study, an extracellular protease produced by A506 is characterized and evaluated for its capacity to inactivate the antibiotics produced by the strains of Pantoea agglomerans. Activity of the extracellular protease was optimal at pH 9 and inhibited by zinc- or calcium-chelators, indicating that the protease is an alkaline metalloprotease. In an agar plate bioassay, partially purified extracellular protease inactivated the antibiotics mccEh252 and herbicolin O, which are produced by Pantoea agglomerans strains Eh252 and C9-1, respectively. Derivatives of A506 deficient in extracellular protease production were obtained by transposon mutagenesis, and the aprX gene encoding the protease was cloned and sequenced. Strain A506 inactivated mccEh252 and herbicolin O in agar plate bioassays, whereas the aprX mutant did not inactivate the antibiotics. Both A506 and the aprX mutant were insensitive to antibiosis by C9-1 and Eh252; thus, the protease was not required to protect A506 from antibiosis. These data highlight a previously unknown role of the extracellular protease produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 in interactions among plant-associated microbes.
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Barabote RD, Johnson OL, Zetina E, San Francisco SK, Fralick JA, San Francisco MJD. Erwinia chrysanthemi tolC is involved in resistance to antimicrobial plant chemicals and is essential for phytopathogenesis. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:5772-8. [PMID: 13129948 PMCID: PMC193971 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.19.5772-5778.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2003] [Accepted: 07/17/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TolC is the outer-membrane component of several multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps and plays an important role in the survival and virulence of many gram-negative bacterial animal pathogens. We have identified and characterized the outer-membrane protein-encoding gene tolC in the bacterial plant pathogen Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16. The gene was found to encode a 51-kDa protein with 70% identity to its Escherichia coli homologue. The E. chrysanthemi gene was able to functionally complement the E. coli tolC gene with respect to its role in MDR efflux pumps. A tolC mutant of E. chrysanthemi was found to be extremely sensitive to antimicrobial agents, including several plant-derived chemicals. This mutant was unable to grow in planta and its ability to cause plant tissue maceration was severely compromised. The tolC mutant was shown to be defective in the efflux of berberine, a model antimicrobial plant chemical. These results suggest that by conferring resistance to the antimicrobial compounds produced by plants, the E. chrysanthemi tolC plays an important role in the survival and colonization of the pathogen in plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi D Barabote
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA
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Bowen DJ, Rocheleau TA, Grutzmacher CK, Meslet L, Valens M, Marble D, Dowling A, Ffrench-Constant R, Blight MA. Genetic and biochemical characterization of PrtA, an RTX-like metalloprotease from Photorhabdus. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2003; 149:1581-1591. [PMID: 12777498 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play a key role in the interaction between pathogens and their hosts. The bacterial entomopathogen Photorhabdus lives in symbiosis with nematodes that invade insects. Following entry into the insect, the bacteria are released from the nematode gut into the open blood system of the insect. Here they secrete factors which kill the host and also convert the host tissues into food for the replicating bacteria and nematodes. One of the secreted proteins is PrtA, which is shown here to be a repeats-in-toxin (RTX) alkaline zinc metalloprotease. PrtA has high affinity for artificial substrates such as casein and gelatin and can be inhibited by zinc metalloprotease inhibitors. The metalloprotease also shows a calcium- and temperature-dependent autolysis. The prtA gene carries the characteristic RTX repeated motifs and predicts high similarity to proteases from Erwinia chrysanthemi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens. The prtA gene resides in a locus encoding both the protease ABC transporter (prtBCD) and an intervening ORF encoding a protease inhibitor (inh). PrtA activity is detectable 24 h after artificial bacterial infection of an insect, suggesting that the protease may play a key role in degrading insect tissues rather than in overcoming the insect immune system. Purified PrtA also shows cytotoxicity to mammalian cell cultures, supporting its proposed role in bioconversion of the insect cadaver into food for bacterial and nematode development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bowen
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | | | | | - Laurence Meslet
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Michelle Valens
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Marble
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - Andrea Dowling
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Mark A Blight
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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14
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Toth IK, Bell KS, Holeva MC, Birch PRJ. Soft rot erwiniae: from genes to genomes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2003; 4:17-30. [PMID: 20569359 DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00149.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED SUMMARY The soft rot erwiniae, Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica (Eca), E. carotovora ssp. carotovora (Ecc) and E. chrysanthemi (Ech) are major bacterial pathogens of potato and other crops world-wide. We currently understand much about how these bacteria attack plants and protect themselves against plant defences. However, the processes underlying the establishment of infection, differences in host range and their ability to survive when not causing disease, largely remain a mystery. This review will focus on our current knowledge of pathogenesis in these organisms and discuss how modern genomic approaches, including complete genome sequencing of Eca and Ech, may open the door to a new understanding of the potential subtlety and complexity of soft rot erwiniae and their interactions with plants. TAXONOMY The soft rot erwiniae are members of the Enterobacteriaceae, along with other plant pathogens such as Erwinia amylovora and human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Yersinia spp. Although the genus name Erwinia is most often used to describe the group, an alternative genus name Pectobacterium was recently proposed for the soft rot species. HOST RANGE Ech mainly affects crops and other plants in tropical and subtropical regions and has a wide host range that includes potato and the important model host African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha). Ecc affects crops and other plants in subtropical and temperate regions and has probably the widest host range, which also includes potato. Eca, on the other hand, has a host range limited almost exclusively to potato in temperate regions only. Disease symptoms: Soft rot erwiniae cause general tissue maceration, termed soft rot disease, through the production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes. Environmental factors such as temperature, low oxygen concentration and free water play an essential role in disease development. On potato, and possibly other plants, disease symptoms may differ, e.g. blackleg disease is associated more with Eca and Ech than with Ecc. USEFUL WEBSITES http://www.scri.sari.ac.uk/TiPP/Erwinia.htm, http://www.ahabs.wisc.edu:16080/ approximately pernalab/erwinia/index.htm, http://www.tigr.org/tdb/mdb/mdbinprogress.html, http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/E_carotovora/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian K Toth
- Plant-Pathogen Interactions Programme, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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15
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Valens M, Broutelle AC, Lefebvre M, Blight MA. A zinc metalloprotease inhibitor, Inh, from the insect pathogen Photorhabdus luminescens. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:2427-2437. [PMID: 12177336 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-8-2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogen Photorhabdus luminescens secretes many proteins during the late stages of insect larvae infection and during in vitro laboratory culture. The authors have previously characterized and purified a 55 kDa zinc metalloprotease, PrtA, from culture supernatants of P. luminescens. PrtA is secreted via a classical type I secretory pathway and is encoded within the operon prtA-inh-prtBCD. The 405 bp inh gene encodes a 14.8 kDa pre-protein that is translocated to the periplasm by the classical signal-peptide-dependent sec pathway, yielding the mature 11.9 kDa inhibitor Inh. Inh is a specific inhibitor of the protease PrtA. This study describes the purification of Inh and the initial characterization of its in vitro protease inhibition properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Valens
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Pathogenèse Comparée, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France1
| | - Anne-Cécile Broutelle
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Pathogenèse Comparée, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France1
| | - Mélanie Lefebvre
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Pathogenèse Comparée, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France1
| | - Mark A Blight
- Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Laboratoire de Pathogenèse Comparée, CNRS UMR 8621, Bâtiment 360, Université Paris XI, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France1
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16
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Fernández L, Secades P, Lopez JR, Márquez I, Guijarro JA. Isolation and analysis of a protease gene with an ABC transport system in the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri: insertional mutagenesis and involvement in virulence. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:2233-2243. [PMID: 12101310 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-7-2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes enteric redmouth disease in salmonids. A gene from Y. ruckeri encoding an extracellular protease termed yrp1 (Yersinia ruckeri protease 1) was cloned from a Sau3AI library constructed in pUC19 and analysed in gelatin-supplemented medium. The nucleotide sequence of the yrp1 gene indicated an ORF encoding a protein of 477 aa. On the basis of the high degree of homology in the amino acid sequence as well as its conservative motifs, this protein was included within the serralysin metalloendopeptidase subfamily (EC 3.4.24.12). The yrp1 N-terminal sequence showed a 14 aa propeptide followed by a 10 aa sequence identical to the one deduced previously from the 47 kDa purified protease. Additional results demonstrated that the yrp1 gene encodes the 47 kDa protein. In contrast to other Yersinia species, the yrp1 protease is secreted by a type I Gram-negative bacterial ABC exporter protein secretion system composed of three genes termed yrpD, yrpE and yrpF, and a protease inhibitor inh. The development of genetic methods for this species has allowed the exploration of the organization and the putative role of the Yrp1 genetic locus. Thus, site-directed insertion mutations into the yrp1 and the yrpE genes were constructed by the integration of the mobilizable suicide vector pIVET8 containing internal portions of both coding sequences. Complementation studies of those mutants with different loci indicated that they are organized as a single operon. The mutant strains lacked protease activity as well as the Yrp1 protein and, although physiologically similar to the parental strain when growing on nutrient broth medium, they were attenuated in virulence when bacteria were injected intraperitoneally into rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). This is the first report of defined mutations in Y. ruckeri to show the implication of a factor such as an extracellular protease in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fernández
- Área de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biologia Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnologia de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain1
| | - P Secades
- Área de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biologia Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnologia de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain1
| | - J R Lopez
- Área de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biologia Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnologia de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain1
| | - I Márquez
- SERIDA, Laboratorio de Sanidad Animal de Jove, 33299 Gijon, Spain2
| | - J A Guijarro
- Área de Microbiologia, Departamento de Biologia Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnologia de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain1
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17
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Palacios JL, Zaror I, Martínez P, Uribe F, Opazo P, Socías T, Gidekel M, Venegas A. Subset of hybrid eukaryotic proteins is exported by the type I secretion system of Erwinia chrysanthemi. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:1346-58. [PMID: 11157948 PMCID: PMC95009 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.4.1346-1358.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Erwinia chrysanthemi exports degradative enzymes by using a type I protein secretion system. The proteases secreted by this system lack an N-terminal signal peptide but contain a C-terminal secretion signal. To explore the substrate specificity of this system, we have expressed the E. chrysanthemi transporter system (prtDEF genes) in Escherichia coli and tested the ability of this ABC transporter to export hybrid proteins carrying C-terminal fragments of E. chrysanthemi protease B. The C terminus contains six glycine-rich repeated motifs, followed by two repeats of the sequences DFLV and DIIV. Two types of hybrid proteins were assayed for transport, proteins with the 93-residue-protease-B C terminus containing one glycine-rich repeat and both hydrophobic terminal repeats and proteins with the 181-residue C terminus containing all repeat motifs. Although the shorter C terminus is unable to export the hybrids, the longer C terminus can promote the secretion of hybrid proteins with N termini as large as 424 amino acids, showing that the glycine-rich motifs are required for the efficient secretion of these hybrids. However, the secretion of hybrids occurs only if these proteins do not carry disulfide bonds in their mature structures. These latter results suggest that disulfide bond formation can occur prior to or during the secretion. Disulfide bonds may prevent type I secretion of hybrids. One simple hypothesis to explain these results is that the type I channel is too narrow to permit the export of proteins with secondary structures stabilized by disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Palacios
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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18
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Carlile AJ, Bindschedler LV, Bailey AM, Bowyer P, Clarkson JM, Cooper RM. Characterization of SNP1, a cell wall-degrading trypsin, produced during infection by Stagonospora nodorum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2000; 13:538-550. [PMID: 10796020 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.5.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stagonospora (= Septoria) nodorum when grown in liquid culture with wheat cell walls as the sole carbon and nitrogen source secretes numerous extracellular depolymerases, including a rapidly produced, alkaline, trypsin-like protease (SNP1). The enzyme was purified 417-fold by cation exchange chromatography and has a molecular mass of 25 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, pI 8.7, and pH optimum of 8.5. It cleaved peptide bonds on the carboxyl side of lysine or arginine, was strongly inhibited by the trypsin inhibitors aprotinin and leupeptin and weakly by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and its activity was stimulated by calcium. SNP1 has the characteristic, conserved, fungal, trypsin N terminus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers based on this sequence and the conserved trypsin active site were used to amplify a DNA fragment that facilitated isolation of the corresponding genomic clone from a lambda library of S. nodorum. The full-length sequence confirmed its identity as a trypsin-like protease containing the N-terminal sequence of the previously purified enzyme. Infected leaf tissue contained a protease, not present in controls, that coeluted with the fungal trypsin from cation exchange, and had properties (pI and inhibitor characteristics) similar to those of the fungal trypsin. SNP1 expression in planta was detected by Northern (RNA) blotting, reverse transcription PCR, and green fluorescent protein confocal microscopy. SNP1 released hydroxyproline from wheat cell walls. The release of hydroxyproline, together with its early expression in planta, suggests that SNP1 participates in the degradation of host cell walls during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Carlile
- Microbial Pathogenicity Group, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, UK
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19
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Zhang Y, Bak DD, Heid H, Geider K. Molecular characterization of a protease secreted by Erwinia amylovora. J Mol Biol 1999; 289:1239-51. [PMID: 10373365 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.2846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A protease with a molecular mass of 48 kDa is secreted by the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora in minimal medium. We characterized this activity as a metalloprotease, since the enzyme was inhibited by EDTA and o -phenanthroline. A gene cluster was determined to encode four genes connected to protease expression, including a structural gene (prtA) and three genes (prtD, prtE, prtF) for secretion of the protease, which are transcribed in the same direction. The organization of the protease gene cluster in E. amylovora is different from that in other Gram-negative bacteria, such as Erwinia chrysanthemi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens. On the basis of the conservative motif of metalloproteases, PrtA was identified to be a member of the metzincin subfamily of zinc-binding metalloproteases, and was confirmed to be the 48 kDa protease on gels by sequencing of tryptic peptide fragments derived from the protein. The protease is apparently secreted into the external medium through the type I secretion pathway via PrtD, PrtE and PrtF which share more than 90% identity with the secretion apparatus for lipase of S. marcescens. A protease mutant was created by Tn 5 -insertions, and the mutation localized in the prtD gene. The lack of protease reduced colonization of an E. amylovora secretion mutant labelled with the gene for the green fluorescent protein (gfp) in the parenchyma of apple leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Zellbiologie, Rosenhof, Ladenburg, D-68526, Germany
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20
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12 Virulence Determinants in the Bacterial Phytopathogen Erwinia. J Microbiol Methods 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
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21
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Delepelaire P. Erwinia metalloprotease permease: aspects of secretion pathway and secretion functions. Methods Enzymol 1998; 292:67-81. [PMID: 9711547 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(98)92008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Delepelaire
- Département des Biotechnologies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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22
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Harris SJ, Shih YL, Bentley SD, Salmond GP. The hexA gene of Erwinia carotovora encodes a LysR homologue and regulates motility and the expression of multiple virulence determinants. Mol Microbiol 1998; 28:705-17. [PMID: 9643539 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a gene important for the regulation of exoenzyme virulence factor synthesis in the plant pathogen Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora (Ecc) and virulence and motility in Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica (Eca). This gene, hexA (hyperproduction of exoenzymes), is a close relative of the Erwinia chrysanthemi (Echr) gene pecT and encodes a member of the LysR family of transcriptional regulators. hexA mutants in both Ecc and Eca produce abnormally high levels of the exoenzyme virulence factors pectate lyase, cellulase and protease. In addition, Eca hexA mutants show increased expression of the fliA and fliC genes and hypermotility. Consistent with a role as a global regulator, expression of hexA from even a low-copy plasmid can suppress exoenzyme production in Ecc and Eca and motility in Eca. Production of the quorum-sensing pheromone OHHL in Ecc hexA is higher throughout the growth curve compared with the wild-type strain. Overexpression of Ecc hexA also caused widespread effects in several strains of the opportunistic human pathogen, Serratia. Low-copy hexA expression resulted in repression of exoenzyme, pigment and antibiotic production and repression of the spreading phenotype. Finally, mutations in hexA were shown to increase Ecc or Eca virulence in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
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23
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Monday SR, Schiller NL. Alginate synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: the role of AlgL (alginate lyase) and AlgX. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:625-32. [PMID: 8550492 PMCID: PMC177704 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.3.625-632.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies localized an alginate lyase gene (algL) within the alginate biosynthetic gene cluster at 34 min on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa chromosome. Insertion of a Tn501 polar transposon in a gene (algX) directly upstream of algL in mucoid P. aeruginosa FRD1 inactivated expression of algX, algL, and other downstream genes, including algA. This strain is phenotypically nonmucoid; however, alginate production could be restored by complementation in trans with a plasmid carrying all of the genes inactivated by the insertion, including algL and algX. Alginate production was also recovered when a merodiploid that generated a complete alginate gene cluster on the chromosome was constructed. However, alginate production by merodiploids formed in the algX::Tn501 mutant using an alginate cluster with an algL deletion was not restored to wild-type levels unless algL was provided on a plasmid in trans. In addition, complementation studies of Tn501 mutants using plasmids containing specific deletions in either algL or algX revealed that both genes were required to restore the mucoid phenotype. Escherichia coli strains which expressed algX produced a unique protein of approximately 53 kDa, consistent with the gene product predicted from the DNA sequencing data. These studies demonstrate that AlgX, whose biochemical function remains to be defined, and AlgL, which has alginate lyase activity, are both involved in alginate production by P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Monday
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521-0121, USA
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24
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Li X, Tetling S, Winkler UK, Jaeger KE, Benedik MJ. Gene cloning, sequence analysis, purification, and secretion by Escherichia coli of an extracellular lipase from Serratia marcescens. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:2674-80. [PMID: 7618881 PMCID: PMC167541 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.7.2674-2680.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding extracellular lipase of Serratia marcescens has been identified from a phage lambda genomic library. Formation of orange-red fluorescent plaques on rhodamine B-triolein plates was used to identify phages carrying the lipase gene. A 2.8-kb SalI fragment was subcloned into a plasmid, and lipase was expressed in Escherichia coli. Extracellular lipase was detected in the presence of the secretion plasmid pGSD6 carrying the genes prtD, -E, and -F, which guide the secretion of protease from Erwinia chrysanthemi. Determination of the nucleotide sequence of the entire cloned fragment revealed an open reading frame coding for a 613-amino-acid protein with a predicted M(r) of 64,800. Analysis of the amino acid sequence revealed significant homology (around 70%) to lipases of Pseudomonas fluorescens strains. The lipase-specific consensus sequence G-X1-S-X2-G resided in the amino-terminal part of the protein, and carboxyl-terminal consensus sequences were an L-X-G-G-B-G-B-B-X repeat motif and a so-called aspartate box, respectively, which are both found in proteins secreted by the class I secretion pathway. Lipase was purified from the supernatant of a culture carrying a lipase expression vector, and analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed an M(r) of 64,000 for the purified protein. Our results suggest that the lipase of S. marcescens belongs to the group of extracellular enzyme proteins secreted by the class I secretion pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Department of Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences, University of Houston, Texas 77204-5934, USA
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25
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Stöcker W, Grams F, Baumann U, Reinemer P, Gomis-Rüth FX, McKay DB, Bode W. The metzincins--topological and sequential relations between the astacins, adamalysins, serralysins, and matrixins (collagenases) define a superfamily of zinc-peptidases. Protein Sci 1995; 4:823-40. [PMID: 7663339 PMCID: PMC2143131 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structures of the zinc endopeptidases human neutrophil collagenase, adamalysin II from rattle snake venom, alkaline proteinase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and astacin from crayfish are topologically similar, with respect to a five-stranded beta-sheet and three alpha-helices arranged in typical sequential order. The four proteins exhibit the characteristic consensus motif HEXXHXXGXXH, whose three histidine residues are involved in binding of the catalytically essential zinc ion. Moreover, they all share a conserved methionine residue beneath the active site metal as part of a superimposable "Met-turn." This structural relationship is supported by a sequence alignment performed on the basis of topological equivalence showing faint but distinct sequential similarity. The alkaline proteinase is about equally distant (26% sequence identity) to both human neutrophil collagenase and astacin and a little further away from adamalysin II (17% identity). The pairs astacin/adamalysin II, astacin/human neutrophil collagenase, and adamalysin II/human neutrophil collagenase exhibit sequence identities of 16%, 14%, and 13%, respectively. Therefore, the corresponding four distinct families of zinc peptidases, the astacins, the matrix metalloproteinases (matrixins, collagenases), the adamalysins/reprolysins (snake venom proteinases/reproductive tract proteins), and the serralysins (large bacterial proteases from Serratia, Erwinia, and Pseudomonas) appear to have originated by divergent evolution from a common ancestor and form a superfamily of proteolytic enzymes for which the designation "metzincins" has been proposed. There is also a faint but significant structural relationship of the metzincins to the thermolysin-like enzymes, which share the truncated zinc-binding motif HEXXH and, moreover, similar topologies in their N-terminal domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Stöcker
- Zoologisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Vroemen S, Heldens J, Boyd C, Henrissat B, Keen NT. Cloning and characterization of the bgxA gene from Erwinia chrysanthemi D1 which encodes a beta-glucosidase/xylosidase enzyme. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1995; 246:465-77. [PMID: 7891660 DOI: 10.1007/bf00290450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A beta-glucosidase/xylosidase gene from Erwinia chrysanthemi strain D1 was cloned and sequenced. This gene, named bgxA, encodes a ca. 71 kDa protein product which, following removal of the leader peptide, resulted in a ca. 69 kDa mature protein that accumulated in the periplasmic space of E. chrysanthemi strain D1 and Escherichia coli cells expressing the cloned gene. The protein exhibited both beta-glucosidase and beta-xylosidase activities but gave no detectable activity on xylan or carboxymethyl cellulose. The enzyme was classified as a type 3 glycosyl hydrolase, but was unusual in having a truncated B region at the carboxyl-terminus. Several E. chrysanthemi strains isolated from corn produced the glucosidase/xylosidase activity but not those isolated from dicot plants. However, bgxA marker exchange mutants of strain D1 were not detectably altered in virulence on corn leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vroemen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
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27
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Ostolaza H, Soloaga A, Goni FM. The Binding of Divalent Cations to Escherichia coli alpha-Haemolysin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- H Maeda
- Department of Microbiology, Kumamoto University Medical School, Japan
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29
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Abstract
A scheme based on the zinc binding site [1992, FEBS Lett. 312, 110-114] has been extended to classify zinc metalloproteases into distinct families. The gluzincins, defined by the HEXXH motif and a glutamic acid as the third zinc ligand, include the thermolysin, endopeptidase-24.11, aminopeptidase, angiotensin converting enzyme, endopeptidase-24.15, and tetanus and botulinum neurotoxin families. The metzincins, defined by the HEXXH motif, a histidine as the third zinc ligand and a Met-turn, include the astacin, serralysin, reprolysin and matrixin families. The inverted zincin motif, HXXEH, defines the inverzincin family of insulin-degrading enzymes, the HXXE motif defines the carboxypeptidase family, and the HXH motif DD-carboxypeptidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Hooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, UK
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30
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Freeman TL, San Francisco MJ. Cloning of a galacturonic acid uptake gene fromErwinia chrysanthemiEC16. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb06810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Walton
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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32
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Collmer A, Bauer DW. Erwinia chrysanthemi and Pseudomonas syringae: plant pathogens trafficking in extracellular virulence proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1994; 192:43-78. [PMID: 7859513 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-78624-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Collmer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-4203
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33
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Factors affecting the virulence of soft rot Erwinia species: the molecular biology of an opportunistic phytopathogen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-0746-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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34
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Abstract
Extracellular zinc-containing metalloproteases are widely distributed in the bacterial world. The most extensively studied are those which are associated with pathogenic bacteria or bacteria which have industrial significance. They are found practically wherever they are sought in both gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms, be they aerobic or anaerobic. This ubiquity in itself implies that these enzymes serve important functions for the organisms which produce them. Because of the importance of zinc to enzymatic activity, it is not surprising that there is a pervasive amino acid sequence homology in the primary structure of this family of enzymes regardless of their source. The evidence suggests that both convergent and divergent evolutionary forces are at work. Within the large family of bacterial zinc-containing metalloendopeptidases, smaller family units are observed, such as thermolysin-like, elastase-like, and Serratia protease-like metalloproteases from various bacterial species. While this review was in the process of construction, a new function for zinc-containing metalloproteases was discovered: the neurotoxins of Clostridium tetani and Clostridium botulinum type B have been shown to be zinc metalloproteases with specificity for synaptobrevin, an integral membrane protein of small synaptic vesicles which is involved in neurotransmission. Additional understanding of the mode of action of proteases which contribute to pathogenicity could lead to the development of inhibitors, such as chelators, surrogate substrates, or antibodies, which could prevent or interrupt the disease process. Further studies of this broad family of metalloproteases will provide important additional insights into the pathogenesis and structure-function relationships of enzymes and will lead to the development of products, including "designer proteins," which might be industrially and/or therapeutically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Häse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65212
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35
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Dow JM, Fan MJ, Newman MA, Daniels MJ. Differential expression of conserved protease genes in crucifer-attacking pathovars of Xanthomonas campestris. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993; 59:3996-4003. [PMID: 8285704 PMCID: PMC195858 DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.12.3996-4003.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of Xanthomonas campestris pathovars armoraciae and raphani, which cause leaf spotting diseases in brassicas, produce a major extracellular protease in liquid culture which was partially purified. The protease (PRT 3) was a zinc-requiring metalloenzyme and was readily distinguishable from the two previously characterized proteases (PRT 1 and PRT 2) of X. campestris pv. campestris by the pattern of degradation of beta-casein and sensitivity to inhibitors. PRT 3 was produced at a low level in the vascular brassica pathogen X. campestris pv. campestris (five strains tested), in which PRT 1 and PRT 2 predominate. In contrast, expression of PRT 1, a serine protease, could not be detected in the six tested strains of the leaf spotting mesophyll pathogens. However, all these strains had DNA fragments which hybridized to a prtA probe and which probably carry a functional prtA (the structural gene for PRT 1). The structural gene for PRT 3 (prtC) was cloned by screening a genomic library of X. campestris pv. raphani in a protease-deficient X. campestris pv. campestris strain. Subcloning and Tn5 mutagenesis located the structural gene to 1.2 kb of DNA. DNA fragments which hybridized to the structural gene were found in all strains of the crucifer-attacking X. campestris pathovars tested as well as in a number of other pathovars. Experiments in which the pattern of protease production of the pathovars was manipulated by introduction of cloned genes into heterologous pathovars suggested that no determinative relationship exists between the pattern of protease gene expression and the (vascular or mesophyllic) mode of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Dow
- Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre for Plant Science Research, Norwich, United Kingdom
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36
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Abstract
Two tandem metalloprotease-encoding structural genes, prtA and prtB, were sequenced from Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16. These were highly homologous to previously reported genes from the same bacteria, as well as to three other metalloprotease-encoding genes from enteric bacteria. The three tandem prt structural genes from strain EC16 were closely linked to a cluster of genes previously found to be essential for extracellular secretion of the metalloproteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boyd
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
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37
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Schiller NL, Monday SR, Boyd CM, Keen NT, Ohman DE. Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa alginate lyase gene (algL): cloning, sequencing, and expression in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1993; 175:4780-9. [PMID: 8335634 PMCID: PMC204930 DOI: 10.1128/jb.175.15.4780-4789.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucoid strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produce a viscous exopolysaccharide called alginate and also express alginate lyase activity which can degrade this polymer. By transposon mutagenesis and gene replacement techniques, the algL gene encoding a P. aeruginosa alginate lyase enzyme was found to reside between algG and algA within the alginate biosynthetic gene cluster at 35 min on the P. aeruginosa chromosome. DNA sequencing data for algL predicted a protein product of ca. 41 kDa, including a 27-amino-acid signal sequence, which would be consistent with its possible localization in the periplasmic space. Expression of the algL gene in Escherichia coli cells resulted in the expression of alginate lyase activity and the appearance of a new protein of ca. 39 kDa detected on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. In mucoid P. aeruginosa strains, expression of algL was regulated by AlgB, which also controls expression of other genes within the alginate gene cluster. Since alginate lyase activity is associated with the ability to produce and secrete alginate polymers, alginate lyase may play a role in alginate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Schiller
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside 92521
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38
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Ghigo JM, Wandersman C. Cloning, nucleotide sequence and characterization of the gene encoding the Erwinia chrysanthemi B374 PrtA metalloprotease: a third metalloprotease secreted via a C-terminal secretion signal. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1992; 236:135-44. [PMID: 1494344 DOI: 10.1007/bf00279652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Erwinia chrysanthemi, a phytopathogenic enterobacterium, secretes three proteases (PrtA, PrtB and PrtC) into the extracellular medium. The gene encoding the 50 kDa protease, prtA, was subcloned from a recombinant cosmid carrying a fragment of the E. chrysanthemi B374 chromosome. prtA was shown to be located immediately 3' to the structural genes for the other two extracellular proteases. The amino acid sequence of PrtA, as predicted from the prtA nucleotide sequence, showed a high level of homology with a family of metalloproteases that are all secreted via a signal peptide-independent pathway, including PrtB and PrtC of E. chrysanthemi B374, PrtC of E. chrysanthemi EC16, PrtSM of Serratia marcescens and AprA of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PrtA secretion requires the E. chrysanthemi protease secretion factors PrtD, PrtE and PrtF. The secretion signal of PrtA is near to the carboxy-terminal end of the protein, as was previously shown to be the case for PrtB and PrtSM and for Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin. The C-termini of these four proteins do not show extensive primary sequence homology, but PrtA, PrtB and PrtSM each have a potential amphipathic alpha-helix located close to the C-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ghigo
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, URA CNRS 1149, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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39
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Abstract
Crystal structures available for four metalloendopeptidases have revealed zinc ligands for these enzymes. New sequence information has made it possible to compare the primary structures of the zinc-binding site in metalloendopeptidases. A scheme based on the zinc-binding site is proposed to classify metalloendopeptidases into five distinct families: thermolysin, astacin, serratia, matrixin, and snake venom metalloproteinases. Two histidines and one glutamate are zinc-ligands in the thermolysin family. Three histidines and one tyrosine are zinc ligands in the other four families, which are further distinguished by the identity of the residue following the third histidine and by the environment surrounding the tyrosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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40
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Abstract
Erwinia chrysanthemi, a Gram-negative phytopathogenic bacterium, was previously shown to secrete 3 related extracellular metalloproteases, A, B and C via a specific signal-peptide-independent pathway. A new gene (prtG) encoding a fourth, 52-kDa metalloprotease was identified on the same recombinant cosmid (pEW1) that carries the genes for the previously described proteases (prtA, prtB and prtC), for the specific secretion factors (prtD, prtE and prtF) and for a protease inhibitor (inh) cloned from E. chrysanthemi B374. The predicted sequence of PrtG was similar to those of PrtA, PrtB and PrtC, its secretion required PrtD, PrtE and PrtF; its secretion signal was located at the C terminus but its proteolytic activity was distinct from that of the 3 other proteases. Results presented here suggest that prtG could be the first gene of an operon that includes inh, prtD, prtE and prtF.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ghigo
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire, URA CNRS 1149, Institut Pasteur, Paris
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41
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Dammann T, Wohlleben W. A metalloprotease gene from Streptomyces coelicolor 'Müller' and its transcriptional activator, a member of the LysR family. Mol Microbiol 1992; 6:2267-78. [PMID: 1406267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A metalloprotease gene (mprA) and its regulatory gene (mprR) from Streptomyces coelicolor 'Müller' DSM3030 were isolated and their DNA sequences determined. The protease secreted by the heterologous host Streptomyces lividans was characterized biochemically as a metalloprotease with a M(r) of 20,000, which is in good agreement with data derived from DNA sequence analysis. The mprA gene is transcribed divergently from mprR, the deduced protein of which displays homology to prokaryotic transcriptional regulators of the LysR family. The regulatory protein (MprR) was shown to bind to the intergenic region between mprR and mprA. It was found to activate transcription of mprA in S. lividans and also in Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dammann
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Germany
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42
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Suh Y, Benedik MJ. Production of active Serratia marcescens metalloprotease from Escherichia coli by alpha-hemolysin HlyB and HlyD. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:2361-6. [PMID: 1551853 PMCID: PMC205859 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.7.2361-2366.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens produces an abundant extracellular metalloprotease. The gene for this protease had previously been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, in which no functional protease could be found. However, the protease gene carries the LXGGXGND repeat motif found in alpha-hemolysin and other proteins secreted by homologous systems. Using a dual-plasmid complementation system, we show that the alpha-hemolysin hlyB and hlyD transport determinants are sufficient to allow secretion and activation of a functional metalloprotease species from E. coli, as are the comparable protease secretion functions of Erwinia chrysanthemi. However, strains expressing protease with the hlyBD transport system are unstable and rapidly lose the ability to produce functional protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suh
- Department of Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences, University of Houston, Texas 77204-5934
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43
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Preston JF, Rice JD, Ingram LO, Keen NT. Differential depolymerization mechanisms of pectate lyases secreted by Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:2039-42. [PMID: 1548242 PMCID: PMC205812 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.6.2039-2042.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The four pectate lyases (EC 4.2.2.2) secreted by Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 have been individually produced as recombinant enzymes in Escherichia coli. Oligogalacturonates formed from polygalacturonic acid during reactions catalyzed by each enzyme have been determined by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. PLa catalyzes the formation of a series of oligomers ranging from dimer to dodecamer through a random endolytic depolarization mechanism. PLb and PLc are trimer- and tetramer-generating enzymes with an identical combination of endolytic and exolytic mechanisms. PLe catalyzes a nonrandom endolytic depolymerization with the formation of dimer as the predominant product. The pectate lyases secreted by E. chrysanthemi EC16 represent a battery of enzymes with three distinct approaches to the depolymerization of plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Preston
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0116
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44
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Keen NT, Ridgway D, Boyd C. Cloning and characterization of a phospholipase gene from Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16. Mol Microbiol 1992; 6:179-87. [PMID: 1545703 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A single gene (plcA) was cloned from a cosmid library of Erwinia chrysanthemi EC16 DNA that encoded an extracellular phospholipase. The gene was subcloned and DNA sequence data showed the presence of a single open reading frame encoding a protein with a predicted size of 39 kDa. The coding region was G+C-rich and the protein had a predicted basic isoelectric point. The protein showed no significant homology with others in the PIR library, including other phospholipases. When overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells, the plcA gene directed production of a c. 39 kDa protein that was largely localized in the periplasm, but its N-terminal amino acid sequence was that of the native protein predicted from DNA sequence data. Unlike the wild-type bacterium, an E. chrysanthemi EC16 marker exchange mutant of the plcA gene did not secrete extracellular phospholipase activity in the medium. However, no detectable change was observed in terms of the virulence of the mutant strain on potato tubers or chrysanthemum stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Keen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
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45
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Kyöstiö SR, Cramer CL, Lacy GH. Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora extracellular protease: characterization and nucleotide sequence of the gene. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:6537-46. [PMID: 1917878 PMCID: PMC208990 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.20.6537-6546.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prt1 gene encoding extracellular protease from Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora EC14 in cosmid pCA7 was subcloned to create plasmid pSK1. The partial nucleotide sequence of the insert in pSK1 (1,878 bp) revealed a 1,041-bp open reading frame (ORF1) that correlated with protease activity in deletion mutants. ORF1 encodes a polypeptide of 347 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 38,826 Da. Escherichia coli transformed with pSK1 or pSK23, a subclone of pSK1, produces a protease (Prt1) intracellularly with a molecular mass of 38 kDa and a pI of 4.8. Prt1 activity was inhibited by phenanthroline, suggesting that it is a metalloprotease. The prt1 promoter was localized between 173 and 1,173 bp upstream of ORF1 by constructing transcriptional lacZ fusions. Primer extension identified the prt1 transcription start site 205 bp upstream of ORF1. The deduced amino acid sequence of ORF1 showed significant sequence identity to metalloproteases from Bacillus thermoproteolyticus (thermolysin), B. subtilis (neutral protease), Legionella pneumophila (metalloprotease), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (elastase). It has less sequence similarity to metalloproteases from Serratia marcescens and Erwinia chrysanthemi. Locations for three zinc ligands and the active site for E. carotovora subsp. carotovora protease were predicted from thermolysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Kyöstiö
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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46
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Guiseppi A, Aymeric JL, Cami B, Barras F, Creuzet N. Sequence analysis of the cellulase-encoding celY gene of Erwinia chrysanthemi: a possible case of interspecies gene transfer. Gene 1991; 106:109-14. [PMID: 1937031 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(91)90573-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Erwinia chrysanthemi (strain 3937) celY gene encoding the minor endoglucanase (EGY) was sequenced. The analysis of the upstream region allowed us to identify an in vivo active promoter recognized by the NtrA (sigma 54) holoenzyme. No similarity was found between the predicted amino acid (aa) sequences of EGY and either the Er. chrysanthemi major endoglucanase, EGZ, or the Er. carotovora CelS endoglucanase. In contrast, a very high level of identity, both at the nucleotide and the predicted aa levels, was found between celY and an EG-encoding gene from Cellulomonas uda, a Gram + bacterium taxonomically distant from Er. chrysanthemi. By comparing the molar G + C% of the cellulase-encoding genes and that of Er. chrysanthemi and C. uda chromosomal DNAs, we speculate that celY was transferred from Er. chrysanthemi to C. uda.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guiseppi
- Laboratorie de Chimie Bactérinne, CNRS, Marseille, France
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47
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Häse CC, Finkelstein RA. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the Vibrio cholerae hemagglutinin/protease (HA/protease) gene and construction of an HA/protease-negative strain. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:3311-7. [PMID: 2045361 PMCID: PMC207942 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.11.3311-3317.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural gene hap for the extracellular hemagglutinin/protease (HA/protease) of Vibrio cholerae was cloned and sequenced. The cloned DNA fragment contained a 1,827-bp open reading frame potentially encoding a 609-amino-acid polypeptide. The deduced protein contains a putative signal sequence followed by a large propeptide. The extracellular HA/protease consists of 414 amino acids with a computed molecular weight of 46,700. In the absence of protease inhibitors, this is processed to the 32-kDa form which is usually isolated. The deduced amino acid sequence of the mature HA/protease showed 61.5% identity with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase. The cloned hap gene was inactivated and introduced into the chromosome of V. cholerae by recombination to construct the HA/protease-negative strain HAP-1. The cloned fragment containing the hap gene was then shown to complement the mutant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Häse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65212
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