In vivo and in vitro manifestations of adrenergic blockade in Bordetella pertussis-vaccinated mice

Influence of Bordetella pertussis on Adenosine Diphosphate-Induced Aggregation of Mouse Platelets

Several lines of evidence support the concept that Bordetella pertussis-induced histamine hypersensitivity in mice represents a malfunction in beta-adrenergic receptors of the autonomic nervous system. In this study mouse platelets were used as an in vitro test for such receptor dysfunction. It was found, to our knowledge for the first time, that platelets of normal mice were subject to the aggregative action of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) with the response pattern resembling that reported for cells of certain other species. These "normal" platelets were not aggregated by epinephrine, norepinephrine, or isoproterenol (isuprel). However, pretreatment with these catecholamines potentiated the platelet response to ADP. Potentiation by norepinephrine was suppressed in the presence of dibenzyline (an alpha-receptor antagonist); blockade of beta-type receptors with propranolol reduced isuprel enhancement. An extract of B. pertussis influenced aggregation initiated by a combination of ADP and isuprel in a way quite similar to propranolol pretreatment. These observations suggested the possible role of adrenergic receptors in at least the enchancement phenomena and, moreover, pointed to those types of experiments which might distinguish a receptor disturbance. Platelets derived from pertussis-vaccinated mice were more responsive to ADP than were those from normal animals. This alteration appeared to be a property of the cells and not of the suspending medium. ADP-initiated aggregation was also enhanced in the presence of epinephrine and norepinephrine. However, pretreatment with isuprel did not have the same effect as noted for normal donor platelets. These results point to a disturbance at the beta-adrenergic receptor level and lend support to the concept of beta-blockade in pertussis-treated mice.

Glycerol-releasing activity of histamine-sensitizing factor of Bordetella pertussis for rat adipocytes in vitro

Histamine-sensitizing factor (HSF) purified from Bordetella pertussis induced specifically the release of glycerol from rat epididymal adipocytes in vitro. The most sensitive and reproducible results were obtained by using 1 to 2 x 10(5) adipocytes/tube from rats weighing 150 to 200 g, and by incubation at 37 C for 180 min. After a lag period of about 60 min, HSF-treated adipocytes released glycerol in increasing amounts between 60 and 240 min, depending on the dose of HSF. A close correlation between the glycerol-releasing (GR) activity of HSF for adipocytes and histamine-sensitizing or leukocytosis-promoting activity in mice was observed. The GR activity was inactivated by heating at 56 C for 60 min, 63 C for 30 min or 96 C for 10 min. The adipocytes washed out with a Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer immediately after being exposed to HSF for 1 to 3 min manifested about 75% of the total GR activity induced by HSF, and those washed out after being exposed for 30 min or longer had full activity. Anti-HSF serum neutralized the activity when it was added to adipocytes simultaneously with HSF, but did not when it was added 30 min after being exposed to HSF. By using both native and 125 I-labeled HSF, the ratio of binding of HSF to adipocytes was estimated to be 10 to 15% of the total HSF per 2 x 10(5) cells/tube, and to be about 1,000 molecules of HSF per cell to induce the release of glycerol. The GR activity induced with 10 ng of HSF was inhibited by addition of insulin at a dose of over 1 micro IU/tube, but not by concanavalin A.

Soluble adenylate cyclase from the culture medium of Bordetella pertussis: purification and characterization

Culture medium of exponentially growing Bordetella pertussis (strain 114) contains significant quantities of soluble (100,000 X g for 1 h) adenylate cyclase. The enzyme was purified by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and Sephadex G-200. The purest material yielded a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-disc gel electrophoresis. It is heat labile, has a temperature optimum of 30 degrees C, a pH optimum of pH 7 to 8, and a Km for adenosine 5'-triphosphate of 0.4 mM, and requires Mg2+ for maximum activity. The molecular weight, by sodium dodecyl sulfate-disc gel electrophoresis and sucrose density gradient, is approximately 70,000. The enzyme is markedly inhibited by fluoride and weakly inhibited by monovalent salts, but its activity is not altered by alpha-keto acids of nonsubstrate nucleoside triphosphates. Thus, but its presence in the culture supernatant, its smaller molecular weight, and its insensitivity to alpha-keto acids and nucleotides, this enzyme differs from the bacterial adenylate cyclases previously described.

Isolation and properties of the leukocytosis- and lymphocytosis-promoting factor of Bordetella pertussis

The leukocytosis- and lymphocytosis-promoting factor (LPF) of Bordetella pertussis has been isolated to near homogeneity by physical, chemical, and electron microscopical criteria. LPF contains 14.5% nitrogen and is lipid and carbohydrate free. It is apparently composed of four polypeptide subunits. LPF caused leukocytosis and lymphocytosis in "nude" as well as in normal mice. In addition, purified LPF also induced histamine sensitization and hypoglycemia and refractoriness to the hyperglycemic effect of epinephrine. A monospecific LPF antiserum blocked these reactions as well as leukocytosis and lymphocytosis. LPF is clearly distinct from the hemagglutinating pili of B. pertussis.

Effect of Bordetella pertussis extract and vasoactive amines on vascular permeability

Vasxular permeability to Evans blue dye and 131-I-labeled human serum albumin was studied in normal mice and in mice treated with alkaline saline extracts (SE) from Bordetella pertussis cells. Skin sites inoculated intracutaneously with small doses of histamine, serotonin, or a combination of these 2 substances were more permeable in SE-treated mice than in normal animals. Intravenously administered catecholamines were able to reduce in varying degrees the vascular permeability induced by serotonin or by histamine in normal mice; in SE-treated mice the catecholamines were less effective. The relative effectiveness of intravenously administered catecholamines to reduce vascular permeability in normal or SE-treated mice was ranked as follows: isoproterenol greater than epinephrine greater than norepinephrine. When catecholamines were given concomitantly with histamine and serotonin in the skin test site, the permeability in both normal and SE-treated mice was again reduced or blocked, but isoproterenol was only weakly effective in this instance. Their relative effectiveness was epinephrine greater than norepinephrine greater than isoproterenol. The possible explanations for these results are discussed.

Histamine-sensitizing factors from microbial agents, with special reference to Bordetella pertussis

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Bordetella pertussis-induced alteration of the normal hyperglycemic response of mice to 3',5'-adenosine phosphate

Blockade of the adrenergic receptors or the injection of Bordetella pertussis vaccine prevented the normal hyperglycemic response of CFW mice to exogenous cyclic 3',5'-adenosine phosphate (3',5'-AMP). The cyclic nucleotide was also ineffective in offsetting the histamine hypersensitivity of the beta-adrenergically blocked and the pertussis-sensitized groups. These observations suggest that the autonomic malfunction occurs at a point(s) subsequent to release of 3',5'-AMP. Neither the hyperglycemic effect of epinephrine or 3',5'-AMP, or both, nor the histamine sensitivity of pertussis-pretreated animals was influenced by the subcutaneous administration of theophylline.