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Furukawa T, Tabata S, Yamamoto M, Kawahara K, Shinsato Y, Minami K, Shimokawa M, Akiyama SI. Thymidine phosphorylase in cancer aggressiveness and chemoresistance. Pharmacol Res 2018; 132:15-20. [PMID: 29604437 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is a rate-limiting enzyme in thymidine catabolism. TP has several important roles in biological and pharmacological mechanisms; importantly TP acts as an angiogenic factor and one of metabolic enzymes of fluoro-pyrimidine anticancer agents and modifies inflammation. Improving our understanding of the characteristics and functions of TP has led to the development of novel TP-based anticancer therapies. We recently reported that TP-dependent thymidine catabolism contributes to tumour survival in low nutrient conditions and the pathway from thymidine to the glycolysis cascade is affected in the context of physiological and metabolic conditions. In this review, we describe recent advancement in our understanding of TP, with a focus on cancer cell biology and the pharmacology of pyrimidine analogue anticancer agents. This review provides comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism of TP function in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Furukawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan; Center for the Research of Advanced Diagnosis and Therapy of Cancer, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Sho Tabata
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Masatatsu Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kohichi Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Shinsato
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kentaro Minami
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Michiko Shimokawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Akiyama
- Clinical Research Center, National Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame Minami-ku, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan
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Tabata S, Yamamoto M, Goto H, Hirayama A, Ohishi M, Kuramoto T, Mitsuhashi A, Ikeda R, Haraguchi M, Kawahara K, Shinsato Y, Minami K, Saijo A, Hanibuchi M, Nishioka Y, Sone S, Esumi H, Tomita M, Soga T, Furukawa T, Akiyama SI. Thymidine Catabolism as a Metabolic Strategy for Cancer Survival. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1313-1321. [PMID: 28514652 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP), a rate-limiting enzyme in thymidine catabolism, plays a pivotal role in tumor progression; however, the mechanisms underlying this role are not fully understood. Here, we found that TP-mediated thymidine catabolism could supply the carbon source in the glycolytic pathway and thus contribute to cell survival under conditions of nutrient deprivation. In TP-expressing cells, thymidine was converted to metabolites, including glucose 6-phosphate, lactate, 5-phospho-α-D-ribose 1-diphosphate, and serine, via the glycolytic pathway both in vitro and in vivo. These thymidine-derived metabolites were required for the survival of cells under low-glucose conditions. Furthermore, activation of thymidine catabolism was observed in human gastric cancer. These findings demonstrate that thymidine can serve as a glycolytic pathway substrate in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Tabata
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan.
| | - Masatatsu Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Hisatsugu Goto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Maki Ohishi
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Takuya Kuramoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mitsuhashi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Misako Haraguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kohichi Kawahara
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Shinsato
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Kentaro Minami
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
| | - Atsuro Saijo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masaki Hanibuchi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Nishioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Saburo Sone
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Esumi
- Clinical Research, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2 Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Furukawa
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Akiyama
- Clinical Research Center, National Kyushu Cancer Center, 3-1-1 Notame Minami-ku, Fukuoka 811-1395, Japan.
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Abstract
We review literature on the metabolism of ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides, nucleosides, and nucleobases in Escherichia coli and Salmonella,including biosynthesis, degradation, interconversion, and transport. Emphasis is placed on enzymology and regulation of the pathways, at both the level of gene expression and the control of enzyme activity. The paper begins with an overview of the reactions that form and break the N-glycosyl bond, which binds the nucleobase to the ribosyl moiety in nucleotides and nucleosides, and the enzymes involved in the interconversion of the different phosphorylated states of the nucleotides. Next, the de novo pathways for purine and pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis are discussed in detail.Finally, the conversion of nucleosides and nucleobases to nucleotides, i.e.,the salvage reactions, are described. The formation of deoxyribonucleotides is discussed, with emphasis on ribonucleotidereductase and pathways involved in fomation of dUMP. At the end, we discuss transport systems for nucleosides and nucleobases and also pathways for breakdown of the nucleobases.
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Salleron L, Magistrelli G, Mary C, Fischer N, Bairoch A, Lane L. DERA is the human deoxyribose phosphate aldolase and is involved in stress response. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2913-25. [PMID: 25229427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.4), which converts 2-deoxy-d-ribose-5-phosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and acetaldehyde, belongs to the core metabolism of living organisms. It was previously shown that human cells harbor deoxyribose phosphate aldolase activity but the protein responsible of this activity has never been formally identified. This study provides the first experimental evidence that DERA, which is mainly expressed in lung, liver and colon, is the human deoxyribose phosphate aldolase. Among human cell lines, the highest DERA mRNA level and deoxyribose phosphate aldolase activity were observed in liver-derived Huh-7 cells. DERA was shown to interact with the known stress granule component YBX1 and to be recruited to stress granules after oxidative or mitochondrial stress. In addition, cells in which DERA expression was down-regulated using shRNA formed fewer stress granules and were more prone to apoptosis after clotrimazole stress, suggesting the importance of DERA for stress granule formation. Furthermore, the expression of DERA was shown to permit cells in which mitochondrial ATP production was abolished to make use of extracellular deoxyinosine to maintain ATP levels. This study unraveled a previously undescribed pathway which may allow cells with high deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase activity, such as liver cells, to minimize or delay stress-induced damage by producing energy through deoxynucleoside degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Salleron
- Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | | | - Camille Mary
- Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Amos Bairoch
- Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; CALIPHO GroupSIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lydie Lane
- Department of Human Protein Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; CALIPHO GroupSIB-Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Bernier-Fébreau C, du Merle L, Turlin E, Labas V, Ordonez J, Gilles AM, Le Bouguénec C. Use of deoxyribose by intestinal and extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strains: a metabolic adaptation involved in competitiveness. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6151-6. [PMID: 15385522 PMCID: PMC517565 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.6151-6156.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 07/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed that the deoK operon, which confers the ability to use deoxyribose as a carbon source, is more common among pathogenic than commensal Escherichia coli strains. The expression of the deoK operon increases the competitiveness of clinical isolates, suggesting that this biochemical characteristic plays a role in host infectivity.
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Assairi L, Bertrand T, Ferdinand J, Slavova-Azmanova N, Christensen M, Briozzo P, Schaeffer F, Craescu CT, Neuhard J, Bârzu O, Gilles AM. Deciphering the function of an ORF: Salmonella enterica DeoM protein is a new mutarotase specific for deoxyribose. Protein Sci 2004; 13:1295-303. [PMID: 15075407 PMCID: PMC2286760 DOI: 10.1110/ps.03566004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We identified in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi a cluster of four genes encoding a deoxyribokinase (DeoK), a putative permease (DeoP), a repressor (DeoQ), and an open reading frame encoding a 337 amino acid residues protein of unknown function. We show that the latter protein, called DeoM, is a hexamer whose synthesis is increased by a factor over 5 after induction with deoxyribose. The CD spectrum of the purified recombinant protein indicated a dominant contribution of betatype secondary structure and a small content of alpha-helix. Temperature and guanidinium hydrochloride induced denaturation of DeoM indicated that the hexamer dissociation and monomer unfolding are coupled processes. DeoM exhibits 12.5% and 15% sequence identity with galactose mutarotase from Lactococcus lactis and respectively Escherichia coli, which suggested that these three proteins share similar functions. Polarimetric experiments demonstrated that DeoM is a mutarotase with high specificity for deoxyribose. Site-directed mutagenesis of His183 in DeoM, corresponding to a catalytically active residue in GalM, yielded an almost inactive deoxyribose mutarotase. DeoM was crystallized and diffraction data collected for two crystal systems, confirmed its hexameric state. The possible role of the protein and of the entire gene cluster is discussed in connection with the energy metabolism of S. enterica under particular growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Assairi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale des Macromolécules, Unité de Recherche Associeé 2185 du Cantre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris 15, France
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Christensen M, Borza T, Dandanell G, Gilles AM, Barzu O, Kelln RA, Neuhard J. Regulation of expression of the 2-deoxy-D-ribose utilization regulon, deoQKPX, from Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. J Bacteriol 2003; 185:6042-50. [PMID: 14526015 PMCID: PMC225019 DOI: 10.1128/jb.185.20.6042-6050.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2003] [Accepted: 07/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica, in contrast to Escherichia coli K12, can use 2-deoxy-D-ribose as the sole carbon source. The genetic determinants for this capacity in S. enterica serovar Typhimurium include four genes, of which three, deoK, deoP, and deoX, constitute an operon. The fourth, deoQ, is transcribed in the opposite direction. The deoK gene encodes deoxyribokinase. In silico analyses indicated that deoP encodes a permease and deoQ encodes a regulatory protein of the deoR family. The deoX gene product showed no match to known proteins in the databases. Deletion analyses showed that both a functional deoP gene and a functional deoX gene were required for optimal utilization of deoxyribose. Using gene fusion technology, we observed that deoQ and the deoKPX operon were transcribed from divergent promoters located in the 324-bp intercistronic region between deoQ and deoK. The deoKPX promoter was 10-fold stronger than the deoQ promoter, and expression was negatively regulated by DeoQ as well as by DeoR, the repressor of the deoxynucleoside catabolism operon. Transcription of deoKPX but not of deoQ was regulated by catabolite repression. Primer extension analysis identified the transcriptional start points of both promoters and showed that induction by deoxyribose occurred at the level of transcription initiation. Gel retardation experiments with purified DeoQ illustrated that it binds independently to tandem operator sites within the deoQ and deoK promoter regions with K(d) values of 54 and 2.4 nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Christensen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Carta MC, Mattana A, Camici M, Allegrini S, Tozzi MG, Sgarrella F. Catabolism of exogenous deoxyinosine in cultured epithelial amniotic cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1528:74-80. [PMID: 11687292 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Uptake and catabolism of purine nucleosides have been commonly considered as means to salvage the purine ring for nucleic acid synthesis, usually neglecting the destiny of the pentose moiety. With the aim to ascertain if deoxyribose derived from exogenous DNA can be utilised as a carbon and energy source, we studied the catabolism of exogenous deoxyinosine in a cell line derived from human amnion epithelium (WISH). Intact WISH cells catabolise deoxyinosine by conversion into hypoxanthine. The nucleoside enters the cell through a nitrobenzylthioinosine-insensitive equilibrative transport. Deoxyinosine undergoes a phosphorolytic cleavage inside the cell. The purine base diffuses back to the external medium, while the phosphorylated pentose moiety can be further catabolised to glycolysis and citric acid cycle intermediates. Our results indicate that the catabolism of the deoxynucleoside can be considered mainly as a means to meet the carbon and energy requirements of growing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Carta
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Sassari, Italy
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Tourneux L, Bucurenci N, Saveanu C, Kaminski PA, Bouzon M, Pistotnik E, Namane A, Marlière P, Bârzu O, Li De La Sierra I, Neuhard J, Gilles AM. Genetic and biochemical characterization of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi deoxyribokinase. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:869-73. [PMID: 10648508 PMCID: PMC94358 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.4.869-873.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified in the genome of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi the gene encoding deoxyribokinase, deoK. Two other genes, vicinal to deoK, were determined to encode the putative deoxyribose transporter (deoP) and a repressor protein (deoQ). This locus, located between the uhpA and ilvN genes, is absent in Escherichia coli. The deoK gene inserted on a plasmid provides a selectable marker in E. coli for growth on deoxyribose-containing medium. Deoxyribokinase is a 306-amino-acid protein which exhibits about 35% identity with ribokinase from serovar Typhi, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, or E. coli. The catalytic properties of the recombinant deoxyribokinase overproduced in E. coli correspond to those previously described for the enzyme isolated from serovar Typhimurium. From a sequence comparison between serovar Typhi deoxyribokinase and E. coli ribokinase, whose crystal structure was recently solved, we deduced that a key residue differentiating ribose and deoxyribose is Met10, which in ribokinase is replaced by Asn14. Replacement by site-directed mutagenesis of Met10 with Asn decreased the V(max) of deoxyribokinase by a factor of 2.5 and increased the K(m) for deoxyribose by a factor of 70, compared to the parent enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tourneux
- Laboratoire de Chimie Structurale des Macromolécules, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Sgarrella F, Poddie FP, Meloni MA, Sciola L, Pippia P, Tozzi MG. Channelling of deoxyribose moiety of exogenous DNA into carbohydrate metabolism: role of deoxyriboaldolase. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 117:253-7. [PMID: 9226884 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(96)00325-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In bacteria, the addition of (deoxy)nucleosides or (deoxy)ribose to the growth medium causes induction of enzymes involved in their catabolism, leading to the utilisation of the pentose moiety as carbon and energy source. In this respect, deoxyriboaldolase appears the key enzyme, allowing the utilisation of deoxyribose 5-P through glycolysis. We observed that not only deoxynucleosides, but also DNA added to the growth medium of Bacillus cereus induced deoxyriboaldolase; furthermore, the switch of the culture from aerobic to anaerobic conditions caused a further increase in enzyme activity, leading to a more efficient channelling of deoxyribose 5-P into glycolysis, probably as a response to the low energy yield of the sugar fermentation. In eukaryotes, the catabolism of (deoxy)nucleosides is well known. However, the research in this field has been mainly devoted to the salvage of the bases formed by the action of nucleoside phosphorylases, whereas the metabolic fate of the sugar moiety has been largely neglected. Our results indicate that the deoxyriboaldolase activity is present in the liver of several vertebrates and in a number of cell lines. We discuss our observations looking at the nucleic acids not only as informational molecules, but also as a not negligible source of readily usable phosphorylated sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sgarrella
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università di Sassari, Italy
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12
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Abstract
The pathway for the utilization of 2,6-diaminopurine (DAP) as an exogenous purine source in Salmonella typhimurium was examined. In strains able to use DAP as a purine source, mutant derivatives lacking either purine nucleoside phosphorylase or adenosine deaminase activity lost the ability to do so. The implied pathway of DAP utilization was via its conversion to DAP ribonucleoside by purine nucleoside phosphorylase, followed by deamination to guanosine by adenosine deaminase. Guanosine can then enter the established purine salvage pathways. In the course of defining this pathway, purine auxotrophs able to utilize DAP as sole purine source were isolated and partially characterized. These mutants fell into several classes, including (i) strains that only required an exogenous source of guanine nucleotides (e.g., guaA and guaB strains); (ii) strains that had a purF genetic lesion (i.e., were defective in alpha-5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate amidotransferase activity); and (iii) strains that had constitutive levels of purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Selection among purine auxotrophs blocked in the de novo synthesis of inosine 5'-monophosphate, for efficient growth on DAP as sole source of purine nucleotides, readily yielded mutants which were defective in the regulation of their deoxyribonucleoside-catabolizing enzymes (e.g., deoR mutants).
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13
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Lincoln DW, Hoffee P. Deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase: an enzyme that peaks in the G2 phase of rat hepatoma cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979; 193:392-7. [PMID: 464604 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(79)90045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Lees G, Jago G. Role of Acetaldehyde in Metabolism: A Review 1. Enzymes Catalyzing Reactions Involving Acetaldehyde. J Dairy Sci 1978. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(78)83708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jargiello P, Sushak C, Hoffee P. 2-Deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase: isolation and characterization of proteins genetically modified in the active site region. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 177:630-41. [PMID: 797319 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Albrechtsen H, Hammer-Jespersen K, Munch-Petersen A, Fiil N. Multiple regulation of nucleoside catabolizing enzymes: effects of a polar dra mutation on the deo enzymes. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1976; 146:139-45. [PMID: 822276 DOI: 10.1007/bf00268082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Strains with an amber, polar mutation in the dra1 gene have been isolated. The mutation was introduced into a set of isogenic strains, wild type or with concurrent regulatory mutations, and further characterized by suppression and heat inactivation experiments. The effect of the polar dra mutation on the three remaining genes of the deo operon, the tpp, drm and pup genes, was determined by estimating the enzyme levels in the various dra-mutants. The effect was found to be non-coordinate, indicating the formation in the cells of two types of transcripts: A tetracistronic unit, containing the message from all four genes, and a dicistronic unit, covering the two distal genes only.
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19
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Blank JG, Hoffee PA. Purification and properties of thymidine phosphorylase from Salmonella typhimurium. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 168:259-65. [PMID: 1094953 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Schimmel SD, Hoffee P, Horecker BL. Deoxyribokinase from Salmonella typhimurium. Purification and properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 164:560-70. [PMID: 4376665 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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21
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Jargiello P, Stern MD, Hoffee P. 2-Deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase: genetic analyses of structure. J Mol Biol 1974; 88:671-91. [PMID: 4615157 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(74)90416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Slayman CW. The Genetic Control of Membrane Transport. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES AND TRANSPORT VOLUME 4 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Nygaard P. Nucleoside-catabolizing enzymes in Salmonella typhimurium. Introduction by ribonucleosides. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1973; 36:267-72. [PMID: 4581820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Robertson BC, Hoffee PA. Purification and Properties of Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase from Salmonella typhimurium. J Biol Chem 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hammer-Jespersen K, Munch-Petersen A, Schwartz M, Nygaard P. Induction of enzymes involed in the catabolism of deoxyribonucleosides and ribonucleosides in Escherichia coli K 12. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 19:533-8. [PMID: 4931185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1971.tb01345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hoffmeyer J, Neuhard J. Metabolism of exogenous purine bases and nucleosides by Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 1971; 106:14-24. [PMID: 4928005 PMCID: PMC248638 DOI: 10.1128/jb.106.1.14-24.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purine-requiring mutants of Salmonella typhimurium LT2 containing additional mutations in either adenosine deaminase or purine nucleoside phosphorylase have been constructed. From studies of the ability of these mutants to utilize different purine compounds as the sole source of purines, the following conclusions may be drawn. (i) S. typhimurium does not contain physiologically significant amounts of adenine deaminase and adenosine kinase activities. (ii) The presence of inosine and guanosine kinase activities in vivo was established, although the former activity appears to be of minor significance for inosine metabolism. (iii) The utilization of exogenous purine deoxyribonucleosides is entirely dependent on a functional purine nucleoside phosphorylase. (iv) The pathway by which exogenous adenine is converted to guanine nucleotides in the presence of histidine requires a functional purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Evidence is presented that this pathway involves the conversion of adenine to adenosine, followed by deamination to inosine and subsequent phosphorolysis to hypoxanthine. Hypoxanthine is then converted to inosine monophosphate by inosine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase. The rate-limiting step in this pathway is the synthesis of adenosine from adenine due to lack of endogenous ribose-l-phosphate.
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Ahmad SI, Pritchard RH. A regulatory mutant affecting the synthesis of enzymes involved in the catabolism of nucleosides in Escherichia coli. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1971; 111:77-83. [PMID: 4932244 DOI: 10.1007/bf00286556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Robertson BC, Jargiello P, Blank J, Hoffee PA. Genetic regulation of ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside catabolism in Salmonella typhimurium. J Bacteriol 1970; 102:628-35. [PMID: 4914068 PMCID: PMC247604 DOI: 10.1128/jb.102.3.628-635.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Four enzymes involved in ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside catabolism (deoxyribose-5-P aldolase, thymidine phosphorylase, phosphodeoxyribomutase, and purine nucleoside phosphorylase) are coded for by four closely linked structural genes on the Salmonella chromosome. The genetic order of these genes is (deoC-deoA-deoB-deoD)-serB-thr. Studies on polarity mutants and induction patterns indicate that the deoB and deoD genes may constitute a single operon and that the deoC and deoA genes may constitute a second closely linked operon.
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Hoffee PA, Robertson BC. 2-Deoxyribose gene-enzyme complex in Salmonella typhimurium: regulation of phosphodeoxyribomutase. J Bacteriol 1969; 97:1386-96. [PMID: 4887516 PMCID: PMC249859 DOI: 10.1128/jb.97.3.1386-1396.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodeoxyribomutase, the enzyme which catalyzes the interconversion of 2-deoxyribose-1-phosphate to 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate, has been partially purified from Salmonella typhimurium. The enzyme had an absolute requirement for manganese ion and was stimulated by glucose-1, 6-diphosphate. Phosphodeoxyribomutase was induced by deoxyribose-5-phosphate and was coordinately regulated with the enzymes thymidine phosphorylase and deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, type II. Mutants deficient in these three enzymes were isolated and mapped close to the threonine locus in S. typhimurium. The three enzymes thymidine phosphorylase, deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase, type II, and phosphodeoxyribomutase are controlled by a series of linked genes and appear to constitute an operon.
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Hoffee PA. 2-deoxyribose-5-phosphate aldolase of Salmonella typhimurium: purification and properties. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968; 126:795-802. [PMID: 4879701 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(68)90473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Lomax MS, Greenberg GR. Characteristics of the deo operon: role in thymine utilization and sensitivity to deoxyribonucleosides. J Bacteriol 1968; 96:501-14. [PMID: 4877128 PMCID: PMC252324 DOI: 10.1128/jb.96.2.501-514.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inability to grow on deoxyribonucleosides as the sole carbon source is characteristic of deo mutants of Escherichia coli. Growth of deoC mutants, which lack deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase, is reversibly inhibited by deoxyribonucleosides through inhibition of respiration. By contrast, deoB mutants are not sensitive to deoxyribonucleosides, and deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase and thymidine phosphorylase are present at normal levels but are not inducible by thymidine. Organisms with the genotype deoB(-)thy(-) or deoC(-)thy(-) are able to grow on low levels of thymine, whereas deoB(+)thy(-) or deoC(+)thy(-) strains require high levels of thymine for growth. The deoB and deoC mutations are transducible with and map on the counterclockwise side of the threonine marker. They are closely linked to deoA, a gene determining thymidine phosphorylase. Merodiploids heterozygous for either the deoB or deoC genes are resistant to deoxyribonucleosides and, in combination with the thy mutation, require high levels of thymine for growth. Cultures of thy(+)deoC(-) mutants are inhibited by thymidine until this compound has been completely degraded and excreted as deoxyribose and thymine, whereupon growth promptly resumes at a normal rate. The inhibition of respiration in deoC strains and the induction of thymidine phosphorylase and deoxyribose 5-phosphate aldolase in the wild-type organism are considered to result from the accumulation of deoxyribose 5-phosphate.
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Breitman TR, Bradford RM. Inability of low thymine-requiring mutants of Escherichia coli lacking phosphodeoxyribomutase to be induced for deoxythymidine phosphorylase and deoxyriboaldolase. J Bacteriol 1968; 95:2434-5. [PMID: 4876138 PMCID: PMC315188 DOI: 10.1128/jb.95.6.2434-2435.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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