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Roberts JA, Kim CY, Dean A, Kulas KE, St. George K, Hoang HE, Thakur KT. Clinical and Diagnostic Features of West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease in New York City. Pathogens 2024; 13:382. [PMID: 38787234 PMCID: PMC11123700 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) neuroinvasive disease (WNND) occurs in approximately 1 percent of WNV-infected patients and typically presents as encephalitis, meningitis, or acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). WNND remains a difficult inpatient diagnosis, creating significant challenges for prognostication and therapy selection. We characterized the clinical and diagnostic features of WNND cases at two major academic medical centers in New York City in routine clinical practice. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of thirty-six patients with WNND, including twenty-six encephalitis, four meningitis, and six AFP cases. The most common presenting symptoms were fever (86.1%) and gastrointestinal symptoms (38.9%) in addition to altered mental status (72.2%), lethargy (63.9%), gait disturbances (46.2%), and headache (44.4%). Fourteen (48.3%) patients displayed acute magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, particularly T2 hyperintensities in the bilateral thalami, brainstem, and deep white matter. New York State Department of Health WNV CSF IgM testing was utilized for diagnosis in 58.3% of patients; however, just 38.1% had the result by discharge, compared to 85.6% of those who underwent serum IgM testing. The median length of stay was 13.5 days, 38.9% were intubated, and three patients (8.9%) died during acute hospitalization. Our findings underscore the morbidity, mortality, and diagnostic challenges of WNND, suggesting the potential utility of serum IgM testing in combination with confirmatory CSF testing to expedite diagnosis in the acute setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson A. Roberts
- Program in Neuroinfectious Diseases, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carla Y. Kim
- Program in Neuroinfectious Diseases, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Amy Dean
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, USA
| | - Karen E. Kulas
- Diagnostic Immunology, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, USA
| | - Kirsten St. George
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12237, USA
- Department of Biomedical Science, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Hai E. Hoang
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kiran T. Thakur
- Program in Neuroinfectious Diseases, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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2
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Hale GL. Flaviviruses and the Traveler: Around the World and to Your Stage. A Review of West Nile, Yellow Fever, Dengue, and Zika Viruses for the Practicing Pathologist. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100188. [PMID: 37059228 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Flaviviruses are a genus of single-stranded RNA viruses that impose an important and growing burden to human health. There are over 3 billion individuals living in areas where flaviviruses are endemic. Flaviviruses and their arthropod vectors (which include mosquitoes and ticks) take advantage of global travel to expand their distribution and cause severe disease in humans, and they can be grouped according to their vector and pathogenicity. The mosquito-borne flaviviruses cause a spectrum of diseases from encephalitis to hepatitis and vascular shock syndrome, congenital abnormalities, and fetal death. Neurotropic infections such as Zika virus and West Nile virus cross the blood-brain barrier and infect neurons and other cells, leading to meningoencephalitis. In the hemorrhagic fever clade, there are yellow fever virus, the prototypical hemorrhagic fever virus that infects hepatocytes, and dengue virus, which infects cells of the reticuloendothelial system and can lead to a dramatic plasma cell leakage and shock syndrome. Zika virus also causes congenital infections and fetal death and is the first and only example of a teratogenic arbovirus in humans. Diagnostic testing for flaviviruses broadly includes the detection of viral RNA in serum (particularly within the first 10 days of symptoms), viral isolation by cell culture (rarely performed due to complexity and biosafety concerns), and histopathologic evaluation with immunohistochemistry and molecular testing on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. This review focuses on 4 mosquito-borne flaviviruses-West Nile, yellow fever, dengue, and Zika virus-and discusses the mechanisms of transmission, the role of travel in geographic distribution and epidemic emergence, and the clinical and histopathologic features of each. Finally, prevention strategies such as vector control and vaccination are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian L Hale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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3
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Diagnostic value of urine qRT-PCR for the diagnosis of West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2023. [PMID: 37390574 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.115920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Short and low-level viremia and virorachia, antibody cross-reactivity, IgM persistence, and inaccessibility of neutralization test, make laboratory diagnosis of West Nile virus (WNV) infection difficult. Recent investigations imply that WNV is excreted in urine longer and at higher concentrations compared to blood. The detection of WNV nucleic acid in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum, and urine samples collected from 41 patients with suspected WNV neuroinvasive disease, was done by real-time RT-PCR assay. CSF and serum samples were also serologically tested using anti-WNV IgM/IgG ELISA kits. WNV infection was confirmed in 46.3% of patients by positive WNV RNA results in serum and/or CSF samples. The WNV RNA testing of urine allowed confirmation of 31.7% more cases. No association between WNV RNA urine positivity and age, gender, or the day of sample collection was found. The urine qRT-PCR can be a valuable diagnostic test for confirmation of probable cases of WNV neuroinvasive disease.
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Co-Circulation of West Nile, Usutu, and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses in the Same Area: A Great Challenge for Diagnostic and Blood and Organ Safety. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020366. [PMID: 36851580 PMCID: PMC9966648 DOI: 10.3390/v15020366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections caused by viruses from the family Flaviviridae such as Zika (ZIKV), Dengue (DENV), yellow fever (YFV), tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV), West Nile (WNV), and Usutu (USUV) are some of the most challenging diseases for recognition in clinical diagnostics and epidemiological tracking thanks to their short viremia, non-specific symptoms, and high cross-reactivity observed in laboratory techniques. In Central Europe, the most relevant endemic flaviviruses are mosquito-borne WNV and USUV, and tick-borne TBEV. All three viruses have been recognised to be responsible for human neuroinvasive diseases. Moreover, they are interrupting the blood and transplantation safety processes, when the great efforts made to save a patient's life could be defeated by acquired infection from donors. Due to the trend of changing distribution and abundance of flaviviruses and their vectors influenced by global change, the co-circulation of WNV, USUV, and TBEV can be observed in the same area. In this perspective, we discuss the problems of flavivirus diagnostics and epidemiology monitoring in Slovakia as a model area of Central Europe, where co-circulation of WNV, USUV, and TBEV in the same zone has been recently detected. This new situation presents multiple challenges not only for diagnostics or surveillance but particularly also for blood and organ safety. We conclude that the current routinely used laboratory diagnostics and donor screening applied by the European Union (EU) regulations are out of date and the novel methods which have become available in recent years, e.g., next-gene sequencing or urine screening should be implemented immediately.
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5
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Gómez-Vicente E, Garcia R, Calatrava E, Olivares Duran MJ, Gutiérrez-Bautista JF, Rodriguez-Granger J, Cobo F, Navarro Mari JM, Sampedro-Martinez A. Comparative evaluation of chemiluminescent immunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the diagnosis of West Nile virus infections. APMIS 2022; 130:215-220. [PMID: 35060204 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In August 2020, anew West Nile virus (WNV) outbreak affected 71 people with meningoencephalitis in Andalusia (Spain). Samples from these individuals were received in our laboratory, a regional Virus Referral Centre. The aim of this study was to compare the agreement, sensitivity and specificity of findings between the WNV VIRCLIA IgG and IgM assay (Vircell, Spain) and the WNV ELISA IgM and IgG assay (Euroimmun, Germany) and to compare the performance of WNV VIRCLIA IgM and Euroimmun ELISA for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diagnosis. The study included 24 CSF samples (paired with serum samples) and 247 serum samples from 217 patients with suspected WNV infection (1 or 2 per patient). The agreement between ELISA and CLIA tests for IgM and Ig G detection in serum was 93% (kappa index = 0.85) and 96% (kappa index = 0.89) respectively. Sensitivity values of ELISA and CLIA tests for IgM in serum samples were 96.7% and 98.9%, respectively, and specificity values were 96.4% and 95.4% respectively. Sensitivity values of ELISA and CLIA test for IgG in serum samples were 91.1% and 97%, respectively, and specificity values were 100% and 98.8% respectively. Results obtained with ELISA and CLIA tests in CSF samples showed 75% agreement between them (kappa index = 0.51). According to these findings, the WNV VIRCLIA IgM and IgG monotest offers an accurate qualitative detection of WNV in serum and CSF specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Gómez-Vicente
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elizabeth Calatrava
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - María Jose Olivares Duran
- Servicio de Análisis Clínicos e Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Fernando Cobo
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
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Casimiro-Soriguer CS, Perez-Florido J, Fernandez-Rueda JL, Pedrosa-Corral I, Guillot-Sulay V, Lorusso N, Martinez-Gonzalez LJ, Navarro-Marí JM, Dopazo J, Sanbonmatsu-Gámez S. Phylogenetic Analysis of the 2020 West Nile Virus (WNV) Outbreak in Andalusia (Spain). Viruses 2021; 13:836. [PMID: 34063166 PMCID: PMC8148183 DOI: 10.3390/v13050836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent decades West Nile Virus (WNV) outbreaks have continuously occurred in the Mediterranean area. In August 2020 a new WNV outbreak affected 71 people with meningoencephalitis in Andalusia and six more cases were detected in Extremadura (south-west of Spain), causing a total of eight deaths. The whole genomes of four viruses were obtained and phylogenetically analyzed in the context of recent outbreaks. The Andalusian viral samples belonged to lineage 1 and were relatively similar to those of previous outbreaks which occurred in the Mediterranean region. Here we present a detailed analysis of the outbreak, including an extensive phylogenetic study. As part on this effort, we implemented a local Nextstrain server, which has become a constituent piece of regional epidemiological surveillance, wherein forthcoming genomes of environmental samples or, eventually, future outbreaks, will be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S. Casimiro-Soriguer
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (C.S.C.-S.); (J.P.-F.); (J.L.F.-R.)
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Perez-Florido
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (C.S.C.-S.); (J.P.-F.); (J.L.F.-R.)
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose L. Fernandez-Rueda
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (C.S.C.-S.); (J.P.-F.); (J.L.F.-R.)
| | - Irene Pedrosa-Corral
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Virus de Andalucía, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (I.P.-C.); (V.G.-S.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Vicente Guillot-Sulay
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Virus de Andalucía, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (I.P.-C.); (V.G.-S.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Nicola Lorusso
- Dirección General de Salud Pública y Ordenación Farmacéutica, Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía, 41020, Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Luis Javier Martinez-Gonzalez
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer—University of Granada—Andalusian Regional Government, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - Jose M. Navarro-Marí
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Virus de Andalucía, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (I.P.-C.); (V.G.-S.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Joaquin Dopazo
- Clinical Bioinformatics Area, Fundación Progreso y Salud (FPS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (C.S.C.-S.); (J.P.-F.); (J.L.F.-R.)
- Computational Systems Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Bioinformatics in Rare Diseases (BiER), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- ELIXIR.ES/FPS, Hospital Virgen del Rocio, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sara Sanbonmatsu-Gámez
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Virus de Andalucía, Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain; (I.P.-C.); (V.G.-S.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, ibs.GRANADA, 18012 Granada, Spain
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7
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Pietsch C, Michalski D, Münch J, Petros S, Bergs S, Trawinski H, Lübbert C, Liebert UG. Autochthonous West Nile virus infection outbreak in humans, Leipzig, Germany, August to September 2020. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 25. [PMID: 33213686 PMCID: PMC7678033 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.46.2001786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Following a distinct summer heat wave, nine autochthonous cases of West Nile fever and West Nile neuroinvasive disease, including one fatality, were observed in Leipzig, Germany, in August and September 2020. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated close relationships in viruses from humans, animals and mosquitos in eastern Germany, obtained during the preceding 2 years. The described large cluster of autochthonous West Nile virus infections in Germany indicates endemic seasonal circulation of lineage 2 viruses in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Pietsch
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany; Interdisciplinary Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Michalski
- Department of Neurology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Münch
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sirak Petros
- Medical ICU, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Bergs
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany; Interdisciplinary Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henning Trawinski
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany; Interdisciplinary Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Lübbert
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine II, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany; Interdisciplinary Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uwe G Liebert
- Institute of Virology, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany; Interdisciplinary Centre for Infectious Diseases, Leipzig University Hospital, Leipzig, Germany
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8
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Imported Human West Nile Virus Lineage 2 Infection in Spain: Neurological and Gastrointestinal Complications. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020156. [PMID: 32013149 PMCID: PMC7077332 DOI: 10.3390/v12020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the first human case of West Nile virus (WNV) lineage 2 infection imported to Spain by a traveler returning from Romania. Serum, cerebrospinal fluid and urine samples were analyzed and West Nile virus infection was identified by PCR and serological tests. The patient developed fever, diarrhea and neurological symptoms, accompanied by mild pancreatitis, described previously in very few cases as a complication of WNV infection and by alithiasic cholecystitis. Viral RNA was detected in urine until 30 days after the onset of symptoms and neutralizing antibodies were detected at very low titers. The phylogenetic analysis in a fragment of the NS5 gene of the virus showed a homology with sequences from WNV lineage 2 belonging to the monophyletic Central/Southern European group.
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9
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Flavivirus Cross-Reactivity to Dengue Nonstructural Protein 1 Antigen Detection Assays. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 10:diagnostics10010011. [PMID: 31878299 PMCID: PMC7167843 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are flaviviruses of public health relevance. Both viruses circulate in the same endemic settings and acute infections generally manifest similar symptoms. This highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis for clinical management and outbreak control. One of the commonly used acute diagnostic markers for flaviviruses is nonstructural protein 1 (NS1). However, false positives due to antigenic cross-reactivity have been reported between DENV and ZIKV infections when using DENV NS1 antigen (NS1 Ag) detection assays in acute cases. Therefore, we investigated the lowest detectable virus titres and cross-reactivity of three commercial dengue NS1 Ag rapid assays and two ELISAs for different flaviviruses. Our results showed that substantially high viral titres of ZIKV, Kunjin virus (KUNV) and yellow fever virus (YFV) are required to give false-positive results when using DENV NS1 rapid detection assays. Commercial DENV NS1 ELISAs did not react with ZIKV and YFV. In comparison, tested assays detected DENV at a significantly low virus titre. Given the relatively low viral loads reported in clinical samples, our findings suggest that commercially available dengue NS1 Ag detection assays are less likely to generate false-positive results among clinical samples in areas where multiple flaviviruses cocirculate.
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10
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Baymakova M, Christova I, Panayotova E, Trifonova I, Chobanov A, Daskalov I, Popov GT, Plochev K. WEST NILE VIRUS INFECTION WITH NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS: A CASE REPORT AND A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE SITUATION IN BULGARIA. Acta Clin Croat 2019; 58:546-549. [PMID: 31969770 PMCID: PMC6971811 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2019.58.03.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A case of a 66-year-old man with West Nile neuroinvassive disease manifested with fever, weakness, fatigue, consciousness disorders and underlying diabetes mellitus type 2 and cardiovascular diseases is presented. Laboratory data showed elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and fibrinogen. Serological tests revealed West Nile virus specific antibodies of class IgM and IgG in serum. West Nile virus RNA was detected in urine sample. Supportive therapy was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iva Christova
- 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria; 2Department of Microbiology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria; 3Emergency Center, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elitsa Panayotova
- 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria; 2Department of Microbiology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria; 3Emergency Center, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iva Trifonova
- 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria; 2Department of Microbiology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria; 3Emergency Center, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Aleksandar Chobanov
- 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria; 2Department of Microbiology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria; 3Emergency Center, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivaylo Daskalov
- 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria; 2Department of Microbiology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria; 3Emergency Center, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi T Popov
- 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria; 2Department of Microbiology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria; 3Emergency Center, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kamen Plochev
- 1Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria; 2Department of Microbiology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria; 3Emergency Center, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
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11
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Parkash V, Woods K, Kafetzopoulou L, Osborne J, Aarons E, Cartwright K. West Nile Virus Infection in Travelers Returning to United Kingdom from South Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:367-369. [PMID: 30666938 PMCID: PMC6346434 DOI: 10.3201/eid2502.172101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an arthropod-transmitted flavivirus that causes West Nile fever and may infrequently cause neuroinvasive disease in humans. We present 2 cases of confirmed WNV infection, 1 of severe encephalitis and 1 of mild febrile illness, in a couple returning to the United Kingdom from South Africa.
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12
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Du S, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhao J, Champagne C, Tong L, Zhang R, Zhang F, Qin CF, Ma P, Chen CH, Liang G, Liu Q, Shi PY, Cazelles B, Wang P, Tian H, Cheng G. Aedes mosquitoes acquire and transmit Zika virus by breeding in contaminated aquatic environments. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1324. [PMID: 30902991 PMCID: PMC6430813 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that predominantly circulates between humans and Aedes mosquitoes. Clinical studies have shown that Zika viruria in patients persists for an extended period, and results in infectious virions being excreted. Here, we demonstrate that Aedes mosquitoes are permissive to ZIKV infection when breeding in urine or sewage containing low concentrations of ZIKV. Mosquito larvae and pupae, including from field Aedes aegypti can acquire ZIKV from contaminated aquatic systems, resulting in ZIKV infection of adult females. Adult mosquitoes can transmit infectious virions to susceptible type I/II interferon receptor-deficient (ifnagr-/-) C57BL/6 (AG6) mice. Furthermore, ZIKV viruria from infected AG6 mice can causes mosquito infection during the aquatic life stages. Our studies suggest that infectious urine could be a natural ZIKV source, which is potentially transmissible to mosquitoes when breeding in an aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyan Du
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Liu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Clara Champagne
- IBENS, UMR 8197 CNRS-ENS Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Liangqin Tong
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Renli Zhang
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- Institute of infectious diseases, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, 510060, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 100071, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tsinghua University Hospital, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, 35053, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 102206, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 102206, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Bernard Cazelles
- IBENS, UMR 8197 CNRS-ENS Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005, Paris, France
- International Center for Mathematical and Computational Modeling of Complex Systems (UMMISCO), IRD-Sorbone Université, Bondy, 93143, France
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Huaiyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Optimization of qRT-PCR assay for zika virus detection in human serum and urine. Virus Res 2019; 263:173-178. [PMID: 30742853 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Zika Virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global concern due to the severity of infection. This study focuses on determining the level of detection of ZIKV RNA in human serum and urine. Known amounts of Zika virus were added to uninfected human serum and urine samples. Different reverse transcriptases were compared to select the optimal enzyme for this application. Zika RNA in these samples was then quantified with qRT-PCR to determine the lower limit of detection in these fluids and to construct a standard curve. Student's t-test of paired samples was used in order to identify statistical differences. The SuperScript III enzyme was able to produce more ZIKV cDNA when compared to PrimeScript. Zika virus RNA was found to be detectable at lower levels (2.5 PFU/mL) in urine than in serum (250 PFU/mL) when using SuperScript III. This study demonstrates how the selection of both the human clinical specimen, and the reverse transcriptase enzyme involved in the molecular detection of ZIKV by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), play an important role in enabling improved detection of the virus.
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14
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Niedrig M, Patel P, El Wahed AA, Schädler R, Yactayo S. Find the right sample: A study on the versatility of saliva and urine samples for the diagnosis of emerging viruses. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:707. [PMID: 30594124 PMCID: PMC6311079 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of different viral infections during the last decades like dengue, West Nile, SARS, chikungunya, MERS-CoV, Ebola, Zika and Yellow Fever raised some questions on quickness and reliability of laboratory diagnostic tests for verification of suspected cases. Since sampling of blood requires medically trained personal and comprises some risks for the patient as well as for the health care personal, the sampling by non-invasive methods (e.g. saliva and/ or urine) might be a very valuable alternative for investigating a diseased patient. MAIN BODY To analyse the usefulness of alternative non-invasive samples for the diagnosis of emerging infectious viral diseases, a literature search was performed on PubMed for alternative sampling for these viral infections. In total, 711 papers of potential relevance were found, of which we have included 128 in this review. CONCLUSIONS Considering the experience using non-invasive sampling for the diagnostic of emerging viral diseases, it seems important to perform an investigation using alternative samples for routine diagnostics. Moreover, during an outbreak situation, evaluation of appropriate sampling and further processing for laboratory analysis on various diagnostic platforms are very crucial. This will help to achieve optimal diagnostic results for a good and reliable case identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Sergio Yactayo
- Control of Epidemic Diseases (CED), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Lustig Y, Sofer D, Bucris ED, Mendelson E. Surveillance and Diagnosis of West Nile Virus in the Face of Flavivirus Cross-Reactivity. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2421. [PMID: 30369916 PMCID: PMC6194321 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus whose zoonotic cycle includes both mosquitoes and birds as amplifiers and humans and horses as dead-end hosts. In recent years WNV has been spreading globally and is currently endemic in Africa, The Middle East, India, Australia, central and southern Europe, and the Americas. Integrated surveillance schemes and environmental data aim to detect viral circulation and reduce the risk of infection for the human population emphasizing the critical role for One Health principles in public health. Approximately 20% of WNV infected patients develop West Nile Fever while in less than 1%, infection results in West Nile Neurological Disease. Currently, the diagnosis of WNV infection is primarily based on serology, since molecular identification of WNV RNA is unreliable due to the short viremia. The recent emergence of Zika virus epidemic in America and Asia has added another layer of complexity to WNV diagnosis due to significant cross-reactivity between several members of the Flaviviridae family such as Zika, dengue, Usutu, and West Nile viruses. Diagnosis is especially challenging in persons living in regions with flavivirus co-circulation as well as in travelers from WNV endemic countries traveling to Zika or dengue infected areas or vise-versa. Here, we review the recent studies implementing WNV surveillance of mosquitoes and birds within the One Health initiative. Furthermore, we discuss the utility of novel molecular methods, alongside traditional molecular and serological methods, in WNV diagnosis and epidemiological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Lustig
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Danit Sofer
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Efrat Dahan Bucris
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ella Mendelson
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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16
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Shi Y, Zheng K, Li X, Li L, Li S, Ma J, Dai J, Ji J, Yuan S, Lu H, Li J, Sun F, Xu X, Huang J. Isolation and phylogenetic study of Rift Valley fever virus from the first imported case to China. Virol Sin 2018; 32:253-256. [PMID: 28474298 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-017-3949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Shi
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Kui Zheng
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Shufen Li
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Jinmin Ma
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1017, Denmark.,China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Jun Dai
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Jingkai Ji
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Haorong Lu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Jiandong Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.,China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Fangfang Sun
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China. .,China National GeneBank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
| | - Jicheng Huang
- Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, 510700, China.
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17
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Murray KO, Kolodziej S, Ronca SE, Gorchakov R, Navarro P, Nolan MS, Podoll A, Finkel K, Mandayam S. Visualization of West Nile Virus in Urine Sediment using Electron Microscopy and Immunogold up to Nine Years Postinfection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 97:1913-1919. [PMID: 29141749 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an important emerging flavivirus in North America. Experimental studies in animals infer the development of persistent infection in the kidneys. In humans, recent studies suggest the possibility of persistent renal infection and chronic kidney disease. Considering the discrepancies between published studies on viral RNA detection in urine of convalescing WNV-positive patients, we explored the use of electron microscopy (EM) with anti-WNV E protein antibody immunogold labeling to detect virus in the urine sediment from a subset of study participants in the Houston WNV cohort. In 42% of evaluated study participants had visible sediment present in urine after centrifugation; viral particles consistent with the size and morphology of WNV were successfully detected using EM in the urine sediment up to 9 years postinfection. The anti-WNV immunogold labeling bound to virus envelope in the sediment allowed for enhanced detection when compared with PCR and provide a new technique for understanding kidney disease in WNV patients. These results provide further evidence of persistent infection in at least a subset of individuals infected with WNV. These findings present a novel tool to diagnose persistent WNV infection and its possible link with progressive renal pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy O Murray
- Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven Kolodziej
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Shannon E Ronca
- Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Rodion Gorchakov
- Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Patricia Navarro
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa S Nolan
- Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Amber Podoll
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School, Houston, Texas
| | - Kevin Finkel
- The University of Texas Health Science Center, Medical School, Houston, Texas
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18
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Wiley CA, Chimelli L. Human Zika and West Nile virus neurological infections: What is the difference? Neuropathology 2017; 37:393-397. [PMID: 28493351 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The recent epidemic of West Nile Virus (WNV) infection in the United States was associated with severe neurological disease in immunocompromised hosts, while the emergence of Zika virus infection in the Americas has been notable for an association with increased microcephaly in the fetuses of infected mothers. Rare autopsies of WNV infected humans have shown multiple organ involvement with a clear neurotropism. We have recently had the opportunity to examine the distribution of Zika virus in autopsies of newborns from infected pregnancies. While both viruses infect multiple organs, Zika appears to cause neurological disease in the fetus through two different mechanisms. Infection during the first trimester showed the potential to infect neural progenitor cells causing severe developmental abnormalities, while infection later in gestation was associated with meningeal infection and destructive ischemic lesions of the brain. Both viruses infect kidney tubules but Zika shares a prominent hepatotropism characteristic of other flaviviruses (e.g., Dengue). Limited transplacental Zika infection would be consistent with restriction to primary maternal infections with high viremia. In the absence of a vaccine, restriction of travel by immunosuppressed and pregnant non-immune individuals to endemic regions seems prudent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton A Wiley
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leila Chimelli
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, State Institute of Brain Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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19
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Barzon L, Pacenti M, Berto A, Sinigaglia A, Franchin E, Lavezzo E, Brugnaro P, Palù G. Isolation of infectious Zika virus from saliva and prolonged viral RNA shedding in a traveller returning from the Dominican Republic to Italy, January 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:30159. [PMID: 26987769 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.10.30159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the isolation of infectious Zika virus (ZIKV) in cell culture from the saliva of a patient who developed a febrile illness after returning from the Dominican Republic to Italy, in January 2016. The patient had prolonged shedding of viral RNA in saliva and urine, at higher load than in blood, for up to 29 days after symptom onset. Sequencing of ZIKV genome showed relatedness with strains from Latin America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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20
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Lamb LE, Bartolone SN, Kutluay SB, Robledo D, Porras A, Plata M, Chancellor MB. Advantage of urine based molecular diagnosis of Zika virus. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 48:1961-1966. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Bonaldo MC, Ribeiro IP, Lima NS, dos Santos AAC, Menezes LSR, da Cruz SOD, de Mello IS, Furtado ND, de Moura EE, Damasceno L, da Silva KAB, de Castro MG, Gerber AL, de Almeida LGP, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Vasconcelos ATR, Brasil P. Isolation of Infective Zika Virus from Urine and Saliva of Patients in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004816. [PMID: 27341420 PMCID: PMC4920388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emergent threat provoking a worldwide explosive outbreak. Since January 2015, 41 countries reported autochthonous cases. In Brazil, an increase in Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly cases was linked to ZIKV infections. A recent report describing low experimental transmission efficiency of its main putative vector, Ae. aegypti, in conjunction with apparent sexual transmission notifications, prompted the investigation of other potential sources of viral dissemination. Urine and saliva have been previously established as useful tools in ZIKV diagnosis. Here, we described the presence and isolation of infectious ZIKV particles from saliva and urine of acute phase patients in the Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Nine urine and five saliva samples from nine patients from Rio de Janeiro presenting rash and other typical Zika acute phase symptoms were inoculated in Vero cell culture and submitted to specific ZIKV RNA detection and quantification through, respectively, NAT-Zika, RT-PCR and RT-qPCR. Two ZIKV isolates were achieved, one from urine and one from saliva specimens. ZIKV nucleic acid was identified by all methods in four patients. Whenever both urine and saliva samples were available from the same patient, urine viral loads were higher, corroborating the general sense that it is a better source for ZIKV molecular diagnostic. In spite of this, from the two isolated strains, each from one patient, only one derived from urine, suggesting that other factors, like the acidic nature of this fluid, might interfere with virion infectivity. The complete genome of both ZIKV isolates was obtained. Phylogenetic analysis revealed similarity with strains previously isolated during the South America outbreak. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The detection of infectious ZIKV particles in urine and saliva of patients during the acute phase may represent a critical factor in the spread of virus. The epidemiological relevance of this finding, regarding the contribution of alternative non-vectorial ZIKV transmission routes, needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna C. Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ieda P. Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Noemia S. Lima
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A. C. dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lidiane S. R. Menezes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stephanie O. D. da Cruz
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Iasmim S. de Mello
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathália D. Furtado
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elaine E. de Moura
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luana Damasceno
- Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kely A. B. da Silva
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia G. de Castro
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandra L. Gerber
- Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia Brasil
- Laboratório de Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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22
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Pisani G, Cristiano K, Pupella S, Liumbruno GM. West Nile Virus in Europe and Safety of Blood Transfusion. Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:158-67. [PMID: 27403087 DOI: 10.1159/000446219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) has become an increasing issue in the transfusion setting since 2002, when it was firstly shown in the USA that it can be transmitted through blood transfusion. Since then, several precautionary measures have been introduced in Europe in order to reduce the possible risk of transmission via transfusion/solid organ transplantation. In addition, the epidemiological surveillance has been tightened and the network for communication of human WNV cases strengthened. This review will focus on WNV circulation and the safety of blood in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pisani
- National Center for Immunobiologicals, Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Karen Cristiano
- National Center for Immunobiologicals, Research and Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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23
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Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) had remained a relatively obscure flavivirus until a recent series of outbreaks accompanied by unexpectedly severe clinical complications brought this virus into the spotlight as causing an infection of global public health concern. In this review, we discuss the history and epidemiology of ZIKV infection, recent outbreaks in Oceania and the emergence of ZIKV in the Western Hemisphere, newly ascribed complications of ZIKV infection, including Guillain-Barré syndrome and microcephaly, potential interactions between ZIKV and dengue virus, and the prospects for the development of antiviral agents and vaccines.
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24
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Detection and sequencing of West Nile virus RNA from human urine and serum samples during the 2014 seasonal period. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1797-806. [PMID: 27038827 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus, a widely distributed mosquito-borne flavivirus, is responsible for numerous animal and human infections in Europe, Africa and the Americas. In Hungary, the average number of human infections falls between 10 and 20 cases each year. The severity of clinically manifesting infections varies widely from the milder form of West Nile fever to West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND). In routine laboratory diagnosis of human West Nile virus infections, serological methods are mainly applied due to the limited duration of viremia. However, recent studies suggest that detection of West Nile virus RNA in urine samples may be useful as a molecular diagnostic test for these infections. The Hungarian National Reference Laboratory for Viral Zoonoses serologically confirmed eleven acute human infections during the 2014 seasonal period. In three patients with neurological symptoms, viral RNA was detected from both urine and serum specimens, albeit for a longer period and in higher copy numbers with urine. Phylogenetic analysis of the NS3 genomic region of three strains and the complete genome of one selected strain demonstrated that all three patients had lineage-2 West Nile virus infections. Our findings reaffirm the utility of viral RNA detection in urine as a molecular diagnostic procedure for diagnosis of West Nile virus infections.
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25
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Leblond A, Lecollinet S. Clinical screening of horses and early warning for West Nile virus. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Leblond
- INRA; Epidémiologie animale; Saint Genes Champanelle France
- VetAgro Sup; Pôle équin; Marcy l'Etoile France
| | - S. Lecollinet
- UPE; EU-RL on equine diseases; Maisons-Alfort France
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26
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Andries AC, Duong V, Ly S, Cappelle J, Kim KS, Lorn Try P, Ros S, Ong S, Huy R, Horwood P, Flamand M, Sakuntabhai A, Tarantola A, Buchy P. Value of Routine Dengue Diagnostic Tests in Urine and Saliva Specimens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004100. [PMID: 26406240 PMCID: PMC4583371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue laboratory diagnosis is essentially based on detection of the virus, its components or antibodies directed against the virus in blood samples. Blood, however, may be difficult to draw in some patients, especially in children, and sampling during outbreak investigations or epidemiological studies may face logistical challenges or limited compliance to invasive procedures from subjects. The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of using saliva and urine samples instead of blood for dengue diagnosis. Methodology/Principal Findings Serial plasma, urine and saliva samples were collected at several time-points between the day of admission to hospital until three months after the onset of fever in children with confirmed dengue disease. Quantitative RT-PCR, NS1 antigen capture and ELISA serology for anti-DENV antibody (IgG, IgM and IgA) detection were performed in parallel on the three body fluids. RT-PCR and NS1 tests demonstrated an overall sensitivity of 85.4%/63.4%, 41.6%/14.5% and 39%/28.3%, in plasma, urine and saliva specimens, respectively. When urine and saliva samples were collected at the same time-points and tested concurrently, the diagnostic sensitivity of RNA and NS1 detection assays was 69.1% and 34.4%, respectively. IgG/IgA detection assays had an overall sensitivity of 54.4%/37.4%, 38.5%/26.8% and 52.9%/28.6% in plasma, urine and saliva specimens, respectively. IgM were detected in 38.1% and 36% of the plasma and saliva samples but never in urine. Conclusions Although the performances of the different diagnostic methods were not as good in saliva and urine as in plasma specimens, the results obtained by qRT-PCR and by anti-DENV antibody ELISA could well justify the use of these two body fluids to detect dengue infection in situations when the collection of blood specimens is not possible. Dengue is the most important arthropod-borne disease affecting humans and represents a huge public health burden in affected countries. Symptoms are often non-specific hence the need for an early, sensitive and specific diagnosis of dengue for appropriate management as well as for early epidemic detection. Currently, almost all laboratory diagnostic methods require a blood specimen that may be sometimes be difficult or inconvenient to obtain. In this study, we assessed the possibility to use saliva and urine samples as alternatives to blood specimens in dengue diagnosis. We demonstrated that the performances of the different diagnostic methods (RT-PCR, NS1 antigen detection and anti-DENV IgM/IgG/IgA ELISAs) were in general not as good in saliva and urine as in plasma, but that the use of these body fluids obtained by non-invasive methods could be of value in certain circumstances such as outbreak investigations or in young children (once they are old enough to comply to instructions), in addition to the situations when blood cannot be easily collected (e.g., lack of phlebotomist, refusal of the procedure, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Veasna Duong
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sowath Ly
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Julien Cappelle
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité AGIRs, Montpellier, France
| | - Kim Srorn Kim
- Kampong Cham Provincial Hospital, Pediatric Department, Kampong Cham, Cambodia
| | - Patrich Lorn Try
- Kampong Cham Provincial Hospital, Pediatric Department, Kampong Cham, Cambodia
| | - Sopheaktra Ros
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sivuth Ong
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rekol Huy
- Ministry of Health, Centre National de Malariologie, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Paul Horwood
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Marie Flamand
- Institut Pasteur, Structural Virology Unit & CNRS UMR 3569, Paris, France
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Institut Pasteur, Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité de Recherche Associée 3012, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Tarantola
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Virology Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Vaccine Value and Health Sciences, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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27
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Barzon L, Pacenti M, Sinigaglia A, Berto A, Trevisan M, Palù G. West Nile virus infection in children. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:1373-86. [PMID: 26325613 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1083859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging flavivirus responsible for an increasing number of outbreaks of neuroinvasive disease in North America, Europe, and neighboring countries. Almost all WNV infections in humans are transmitted through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Transmission during pregnancy and through breastfeeding has been reported, but the risk seems to be very low. West Nile disease in children is less common (1-5% of all WNV cases) and associated with milder symptoms and better outcome than in elderly individuals, even though severe neuroinvasive disease and death have been reported also among children. However, the incidence of WNV infection and disease in children is probably underestimated and the disease spectrum is not fully understood because of lack of reporting and underdiagnosis in children. Infection is diagnosed by detection of WNV-specific antibodies in serum and WNV RNA in plasma and urine. Since no effective WNV-specific drugs are available, therapy is mainly supportive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barzon
- a 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Monia Pacenti
- b 2 Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padova University Hospital, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Berto
- a 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Trevisan
- a 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- a 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
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28
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Rizzoli A, Jimenez-Clavero MA, Barzon L, Cordioli P, Figuerola J, Koraka P, Martina B, Moreno A, Nowotny N, Pardigon N, Sanders N, Ulbert S, Tenorio A. The challenge of West Nile virus in Europe: knowledge gaps and research priorities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20. [PMID: 26027485 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2015.20.20.21135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is continuously spreading across Europe, and other continents, i.e. North and South America and many other regions of the world. Despite the overall sporadic nature of outbreaks with cases of West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) in Europe, the spillover events have increased and the virus has been introduced into new areas. The high genetic diversity of the virus, with remarkable phenotypic variation, and its endemic circulation in several countries, require an intensification of the integrated and multidisciplinary research efforts built under the 7th Framework Programme of the European Union (FP7). It is important to better clarify several aspects of WNV circulation in Europe, including its ecology, genomic diversity, pathogenicity, transmissibility, diagnosis and control options, under different environmental and socio-economic scenarios. Identifying WNV endemic as well as infection-free areas is becoming a need for the development of human vaccines and therapeutics and the application of blood and organs safety regulations. This review, produced as a joint initiative among European experts and based on analysis of 118 scientific papers published between 2004 and 2014, provides the state of knowledge on WNV and highlights the existing knowledge and research gaps that need to be addressed with high priority in Europe and neighbouring countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rizzoli
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, San Michele all Adige (TN), Italy
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29
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Ergunay K, Karagul A, Abudalal A, Hacioglu S, Us D, Erdem Y, Ozkul A. Prospective investigation of the impact of West Nile Virus infections in renal diseases. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1625-32. [PMID: 25965349 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An increased incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) after West Nile Virus (WNV) infections has been suggested but the association of WNV infections with renal damage remain inconclusive. This study was undertaken to characterize WNV infections in individuals with acute kidney injury (AKI) and CKD, and to evaluate hemodialysis as a probable transmission route. A total of 463 plasma and urine samples were collected from 45 AKI and 77 CKD patients. Nested and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were employed for viral RNA detection. Specific immunoglobulins were investigated via immunofluorescence and plaque reduction neutralization assays. Consecutive pre and post-dialysis samples were evaluated in CKD cases. WNV RNA and specific immunoglobulins were detected in 7 (5.7%) and 5 (4.1%) individuals, respectively. The AKI patients with WNV RNA in blood and urine had underlying diseases requiring immunosuppressive therapy and demonstrated moderate to high viral loads. No clinical symptom related to WNV infection were observed in CKD cases with detectable viral nucleic acids. All WNV sequences were characterized as lineage 1 clade 1a and several amino acid substitutions with unknown impact were noted. Detailed epidemiologic investigation of WNV RNA positive CKD cases revealed probable vector-borne virus exposure, without the evidence for transmission via hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Ergunay
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hacettepe University; Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aydan Karagul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hacettepe University; Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayman Abudalal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University; Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sabri Hacioglu
- Department of Virology, Ankara University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Durdal Us
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hacettepe University; Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yunus Erdem
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University; Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykut Ozkul
- Department of Virology, Ankara University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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30
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Van den Bossche D, Cnops L, Van Esbroeck M. Recovery of dengue virus from urine samples by real-time RT-PCR. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:1361-7. [PMID: 25794553 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for dengue virus (DENV) has been reported to test positive in urine samples for a longer time frame than in serum. We evaluated two RNA extraction procedures from urine and investigated the stability of DENV RNA in urine and serum up to 1 year at different storage temperatures. In addition, 24 urine samples collected from patients with a recent infection were tested with DENV real-time RT-PCR and compared to the RT-PCR results on serum. Five patients with an acute DENV infection were followed up for 6 months by RT-PCR on urine. The automated extraction method with the MagNA Pure LC 2.0 device had a higher yield of DENV RNA compared to the manual QIAGEN method, explained by the higher volume used in the former method. DENV RNA in both serum and urine was stable at room temperature up to 1 month and at 4 °C and -20 °C for at least 1 year. The detection rate by RT-PCR on urine was 50 % (4/8) until day 7, 100 % (6/6) between 1 and 3 weeks after symptom onset, and 25 % (2/8) thereafter. Generally, DENV RNA concentrations are higher in serum than in urine up till day 7, switching to lower concentrations in serum thereafter. Peak concentrations in urine are reached around day 10, and RNA becomes undetectable 3 to 4 weeks following disease onset. This diagnostic tool is of added value in clinical settings by extending the period during which DENV infections are diagnosed by RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Van den Bossche
- Central Laboratory of Clinical Biology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), Kronenburgstraat 43/3, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium,
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31
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Barzon L, Pacenti M, Ulbert S, Palù G. Latest developments and challenges in the diagnosis of human West Nile virus infection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:327-42. [PMID: 25641365 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1007044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus responsible for an increasing number of human outbreaks of neuroinvasive disease in Europe and in North America. Notwithstanding the improvements in the knowledge of virus epidemiology and clinical course of infection and the development of new laboratory tests, the diagnosis of WNV infection remains challenging and many cases still remain unrecognized. WNV genome diversity, transient viremia with low viral load and cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses of the antibodies induced by WNV infection are important hurdles that require the diagnosis to be performed by experienced laboratories. Herein, we present and discuss the novel findings on the molecular epidemiology and clinical features of WNV infection in humans with special focus on Europe, the performance of diagnostic tests and the novel methods that have been developed for the diagnosis of WNV infection. A view on how the field might evolve in the future is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via A. Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy
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32
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Of Mice and Men: Protective and Pathogenic Immune Responses to West Nile virus Infection. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2015; 2:41-48. [PMID: 26120511 DOI: 10.1007/s40475-015-0040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, first emerged in the Western Hemisphere in 1999. Although the majority of infections are asymptomatic, WNV causes significant morbidity and mortality in a minority of individuals who develop neuroinvasive disease, in particular the elderly and immunocompromised. Research in animal models has demonstrated interactions between WNV and the innate and adaptive immune system, some of which protect the host and others which are deleterious. Studies of disease pathogenesis in humans are less numerous, largely due to the complexities of WNV epidemiology. Human studies that have been done support the notion that innate and adaptive immune responses are delicately balanced and may help or harm the host. Further human investigations are needed to characterize beneficial responses to WNV with the goal of such research leading to therapeutics and effective vaccines in order to control this emerging viral disease.
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