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Shirasawa M, Nakajima R, Zhou Y, Zhao L, Fikriyanti M, Iwanaga R, Bradford AP, Kurayoshi K, Araki K, Ohtani K. Activation of the CDK7 Gene, Coding for the Catalytic Subunit of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (CDK)-Activating Kinase (CAK) and General Transcription Factor II H, by the Trans-Activator Protein Tax of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type-1. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:1080. [PMID: 39202439 PMCID: PMC11353830 DOI: 10.3390/genes15081080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). The trans-activator protein Tax of HTLV-1 plays crucial roles in leukemogenesis by promoting proliferation of virus-infected cells through activation of growth-promoting genes. However, critical target genes are yet to be elucidated. We show here that Tax activates the gene coding for cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7), the essential component of both CDK-activating kinase (CAK) and general transcription factor TFIIH. CAK and TFIIH play essential roles in cell cycle progression and transcription by activating CDKs and facilitating transcriptional initiation, respectively. Tax induced CDK7 gene expression not only in human T-cell lines but also in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PHA-PBLs) along with increased protein expression. Tax stimulated phosphorylation of CDK2 and RNA polymerase II at sites reported to be mediated by CDK7. Tax activated the CDK7 promoter through the NF-κB pathway, which mainly mediates cell growth promotion by Tax. Knockdown of CDK7 expression reduced Tax-mediated induction of target gene expression and cell cycle progression. These results suggest that the CDK7 gene is a crucial target of Tax-mediated trans-activation to promote cell proliferation by activating CDKs and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashiro Shirasawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (M.S.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Rinka Nakajima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (M.S.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Yaxuan Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (M.S.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (M.S.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Mariana Fikriyanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (M.S.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Ritsuko Iwanaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (R.I.); (A.P.B.)
| | - Andrew P. Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (R.I.); (A.P.B.)
| | - Kenta Kurayoshi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Keigo Araki
- Department of Morphological Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido Tomitamachi, Koriyama 963-8611, Fukushima, Japan;
| | - Kiyoshi Ohtani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (M.S.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.F.)
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Nakamura-Hoshi M, Ishii H, Nomura T, Nishizawa M, Hau TTT, Kuse N, Okazaki M, Ainai A, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H, Yoshida T, Yonemitsu K, Suzaki Y, Ami Y, Yamamoto H, Matano T. Prophylactic vaccination inducing anti-Env antibodies can result in protection against HTLV-1 challenge in macaques. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2328-2339. [PMID: 38734900 PMCID: PMC11286815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia/T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection occurs by cell-to-cell transmission and can induce fatal adult T cell leukemia. Vaccine development is critical for the control of HTLV-1 transmission. However, determining whether vaccine-induced anti-Env antibodies can prevent cell-to-cell HTLV-1 transmission is challenging. Here, we examined the protective efficacy of a vaccine inducing anti-Env antibodies against HTLV-1 challenge in cynomolgus macaques. Eight of 10 vaccinated macaques produced anti-HTLV-1 neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and were protected from an intravenous challenge with 108 HTLV-1-producing cells. In contrast, the 2 vaccinated macaques without NAb induction and 10 unvaccinated controls showed HTLV-1 infection with detectable proviral load after challenge. Five of the eight protected macaques were administered with an anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody, but proviruses remained undetectable and no increase in anti-HTLV-1 antibodies was observed even after CD8+ cell depletion in three of them. Analysis of Env-specific T cell responses did not suggest involvement of vaccine-induced Env-specific T cell responses in the protection. These results indicate that anti-Env antibody induction by vaccination can result in functionally sterile HTLV-1 protection, implying the rationale for strategies aimed at anti-Env antibody induction in prophylactic HTLV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Nakamura-Hoshi
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takushi Nomura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masako Nishizawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Trang Thi Thu Hau
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Nozomi Kuse
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Research Center for Drug and Vaccine Development, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Midori Okazaki
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Center for Influenza and Respiratory Virus Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoshida
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yonemitsu
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuriko Suzaki
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ami
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan; Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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Hayati RF, Nakajima R, Zhou Y, Shirasawa M, Zhao L, Fikriyanti M, Iwanaga R, Bradford AP, Kurayoshi K, Araki K, Ohtani K. Trans-Activation of the Coactivator-Associated Arginine Methyltransferase 1 ( Carm1) Gene by the Oncogene Product Tax of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:698. [PMID: 38927636 PMCID: PMC11202806 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The oncogene product Tax of HTLV-I is thought to play crucial roles in leukemogenesis by promoting proliferation of the virus-infected cells through activation of growth-promoting genes. These genes code for growth factors and their receptors, cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, growth signal transducers, transcription factors and cell cycle regulators. We show here that Tax activates the gene coding for coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1), which epigenetically enhances gene expression through methylation of histones. Tax activated the Carm1 gene and increased protein expression, not only in human T-cell lines but also in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PHA-PBLs). Tax increased R17-methylated histone H3 on the target gene IL-2Rα, concomitant with increased expression of CARM1. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of CARM1 decreased Tax-mediated induction of IL-2Rα and Cyclin D2 gene expression, reduced E2F activation and inhibited cell cycle progression. Tax acted via response elements in intron 1 of the Carm1 gene, through the NF-κB pathway. These results suggest that Tax-mediated activation of the Carm1 gene contributes to leukemogenic target-gene expression and cell cycle progression, identifying the first epigenetic target gene for Tax-mediated trans-activation in cell growth promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahma F. Hayati
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Rinka Nakajima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Yaxuan Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Mashiro Shirasawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Mariana Fikriyanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
| | - Ritsuko Iwanaga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (R.I.); (A.P.B.)
| | - Andrew P. Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (R.I.); (A.P.B.)
| | - Kenta Kurayoshi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Keigo Araki
- Department of Morphological Biology, Ohu University School of Dentistry, 31-1 Misumido Tomitamachi, Koriyama 963-8611, Fukushima, Japan;
| | - Kiyoshi Ohtani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Hyogo, Japan; (R.F.H.); (R.N.); (Y.Z.); (M.S.); (L.Z.); (M.F.)
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Nagata K, Tezuka K, Kuramitsu M, Fuchi N, Hasegawa Y, Hamaguchi I, Miura K. Establishment of a novel human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infection model using cell-free virus. J Virol 2024; 98:e0186223. [PMID: 38294250 PMCID: PMC10878273 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01862-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary mode of infection by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is cell-to-cell transmission during contact between infected cells and target cells. Cell-free HTLV-1 infections are known to be less efficient than infections with other retroviruses, and transmission of free HTLV-1 is considered not to occur in vivo. However, it has been demonstrated that cell-free HTLV-1 virions can infect primary lymphocytes and dendritic cells in vitro, and that virions embedded in biofilms on cell membranes can contribute to transmission. The establishment of an efficient cell-free HTLV-1 infection model would be a useful tool for analyzing the replication process of HTLV-1 and the clonal expansion of infected cells. We first succeeded in obtaining supernatants with high-titer cell-free HTLV-1 using a highly efficient virus-producing cell line. The HTLV-1 virions retained the structural characteristics of retroviruses. Using this cell-free infection model, we confirmed that a variety of cell lines and primary cultured cells can be infected with HTLV-1 and demonstrated that the provirus was randomly integrated into all chromosomes in the target cells. The provirus-integrated cell lines were HTLV-1-productive. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time that cell-free HTLV-1 is infectious in vivo using a humanized mouse model. These results indicate that this cell-free infection model recapitulates the HTLV-1 life cycle, including entry, reverse transcription, integration into the host genome, viral replication, and secondary infection. The new cell-free HTLV-1 infection model is promising as a practical resource for studying HTLV-1 infection.IMPORTANCECo-culture of infected and target cells is frequently used for studying HTLV-1 infection. Although this method efficiently infects HTLV-1, the cell mixture is complex, and it is extremely difficult to distinguish donor infected cells from target cells. In contrast, cell-free HTLV-1 infection models allow for more strict experimental conditions. In this study, we established a novel and efficient cell-free HTLV-1 infection model. Using this model, we successfully evaluated the infectivity titers of cell-free HTLV-1 as proviral loads (copies per 100 cells) in various cell lines, primary cultured cells, and a humanized mouse model. Interestingly, the HTLV-1-associated viral biofilms played an important role in enhancing the infectivity of the cell-free infection model. This cell-free HTLV-1 infection model reproduces the replication cycle of HTLV-1 and provides a simple, powerful, and alternative tool for researching HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koh Nagata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Tezuka
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Fuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuri Hasegawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Research Center for Biological Products in the Next Generation, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Nakamura-Hoshi M, Nomura T, Nishizawa M, Hau TTT, Yamamoto H, Okazaki M, Ishii H, Yonemitsu K, Suzaki Y, Ami Y, Matano T. HTLV-1 Proliferation after CD8 + Cell Depletion by Monoclonal Anti-CD8 Antibody Administration in Latently HTLV-1-Infected Cynomolgus Macaques. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0151823. [PMID: 37367230 PMCID: PMC10434050 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01518-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) induces chronic asymptomatic latent infection with a substantial proviral load but without significant viral replication in vivo. Cumulative studies have indicated involvement of CD8-positive (CD8+) cells, including virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the control of HTLV-1 replication. However, whether HTLV-1 expression from latently infected cells in vivo occurs in the absence of CD8+ cells remains unclear. Here, we examined the impact of CD8+ cell depletion by monoclonal anti-CD8 antibody administration on proviral load in HTLV-1-infected cynomolgus macaques. Five cynomolgus macaques were infected with HTLV-1 by inoculation with HTLV-1-producing cells. Administration of monoclonal anti-CD8 antibody in the chronic phase resulted in complete depletion of peripheral CD8+ T cells for approximately 2 months. All five macaques showed an increase in proviral load following CD8+ cell depletion, which peaked just before the reappearance of peripheral CD8+ T cells. Tax-specific CD8+ T-cell responses were detected in these recovered CD8+ T cells. Importantly, anti-HTLV-1 antibodies also increased after CD8+ cell depletion, indicating HTLV-1 antigen expression. These results provide evidence indicating that HTLV-1 can proliferate from the latent phase in the absence of CD8+ cells and suggest that CD8+ cells are responsible for the control of HTLV-1 replication. IMPORTANCE HTLV-1 can cause serious diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in humans after chronic asymptomatic latent infection with substantial proviral load. Proviruses are detectable in peripheral lymphocytes in HTLV-1 carriers, and the association of a higher proviral load with a higher risk of disease progression has been observed. However, neither substantial viral structural protein expression nor viral replication was detectable in vivo. Cumulative studies have indicated involvement of CD8+ cells, including virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the control of HTLV-1 replication. In the present study, we showed that CD8+ cell depletion by monoclonal anti-CD8 antibody administration results in HTLV-1 expression and an increase in proviral load in HTLV-1-infected cynomolgus macaques. Our results indicate that HTLV-1 can proliferate in the absence of CD8+ cells, suggesting that CD8+ cells are responsible for the control of HTLV-1 replication. This study provides insights into the mechanism of virus-host immune interaction in latent HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takushi Nomura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masako Nishizawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Trang Thi Thu Hau
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Okazaki
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yonemitsu
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Suzaki
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ami
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Rojo-Romanos T, Karpinski J, Millen S, Beschorner N, Simon F, Paszkowski-Rogacz M, Lansing F, Schneider PM, Sonntag J, Hauber J, Thoma-Kress AK, Buchholz F. Precise excision of HTLV-1 provirus with a designer-recombinase. Mol Ther 2023; 31:2266-2285. [PMID: 36934299 PMCID: PMC10362392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus that persists as a provirus in the genome of infected cells and can lead to adult T cell leukemia (ATL). Worldwide, more than 10 million people are infected and approximately 5% of these individuals will develop ATL, a highly aggressive cancer that is currently incurable. In the last years, genome editing tools have emerged as promising antiviral agents. In this proof-of-concept study, we use substrate-linked directed evolution (SLiDE) to engineer Cre-derived site-specific recombinases to excise the HTLV-1 proviral genome from infected cells. We identified a conserved loxP-like sequence (loxHTLV) present in the long terminal repeats of the majority of virus isolates. After 181 cycles of SLiDE, we isolated a designer-recombinase (designated RecHTLV), which efficiently recombines the loxHTLV sequence in bacteria and human cells with high specificity. Expression of RecHTLV in human Jurkat T cells resulted in antiviral activity when challenged with an HTLV-1 infection. Moreover, expression of RecHTLV in chronically infected SP cells led to the excision of HTLV-1 proviral DNA. Our data suggest that recombinase-mediated excision of the HTLV-1 provirus represents a promising approach to reduce proviral load in HTLV-1-infected individuals, potentially preventing the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Rojo-Romanos
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Janet Karpinski
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Millen
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niklas Beschorner
- PROVIREX Genome Editing Therapies GmbH, Luruper Hauptstrasse 1, 22547 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Simon
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maciej Paszkowski-Rogacz
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Lansing
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Paul Martin Schneider
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan Sonntag
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- PROVIREX Genome Editing Therapies GmbH, Luruper Hauptstrasse 1, 22547 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrea K Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Buchholz
- Medical Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Scott TA, Soemardy C, Ray R, Morris K. Targeted zinc-finger repressors to the oncogenic HBZ gene inhibit adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) proliferation. NAR Cancer 2023; 5:zcac046. [PMID: 36644398 PMCID: PMC9832686 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) infects CD4+ T-cells resulting in a latent, life-long infection in patients. Crosstalk between oncogenic viral factors results in the transformation of the host cell into an aggressive cancer, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). ATL has a poor prognosis with no currently available effective treatments, urging the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Recent evidence exploring those mechanisms contributing to ATL highlights the viral anti-sense gene HTLV-I bZIP factor (HBZ) as a tumor driver and a potential therapeutic target. In this work, a series of zinc-finger protein (ZFP) repressors were designed to target within the HTLV-I promoter that drives HBZ expression at highly conserved sites covering a wide range of HTLV-I genotypes. ZFPs were identified that potently suppressed HBZ expression and resulted in a significant reduction in the proliferation and viability of a patient-derived ATL cell line with the induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. These data encourage the development of this novel ZFP strategy as a targeted modality to inhibit the molecular driver of ATL, a possible next-generation therapeutic for aggressive HTLV-I associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan A Scott
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope – Beckman Research Institute and Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute at the City of Hope. 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Citradewi Soemardy
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope – Beckman Research Institute and Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute at the City of Hope. 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Roslyn M Ray
- Center for Gene Therapy, City of Hope – Beckman Research Institute and Hematological Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute at the City of Hope. 1500 E. Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Kevin V Morris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus 4222, Australia
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Establishment of a Cynomolgus Macaque Model of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Infection by Direct Inoculation of Adult T-Cell Leukemia Patient-Derived Cell Lines for HTLV-1 Infection. J Virol 2022; 96:e0133922. [DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01339-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 was discovered in the 1980s as the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. However, the precise mechanisms leading to HTLV-1 chronic infection and the onset of the diseases still remain unidentified.
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Wada Y, Sato T, Hasegawa H, Matsudaira T, Nao N, Coler-Reilly ALG, Tasaka T, Yamauchi S, Okagawa T, Momose H, Tanio M, Kuramitsu M, Sasaki D, Matsumoto N, Yagishita N, Yamauchi J, Araya N, Tanabe K, Yamagishi M, Nakashima M, Nakahata S, Iha H, Ogata M, Muramatsu M, Imaizumi Y, Uchimaru K, Miyazaki Y, Konnai S, Yanagihara K, Morishita K, Watanabe T, Yamano Y, Saito M. RAISING is a high-performance method for identifying random transgene integration sites. Commun Biol 2022; 5:535. [PMID: 35654946 PMCID: PMC9163355 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03467-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Both natural viral infections and therapeutic interventions using viral vectors pose significant risks of malignant transformation. Monitoring for clonal expansion of infected cells is important for detecting cancer. Here we developed a novel method of tracking clonality via the detection of transgene integration sites. RAISING (Rapid Amplification of Integration Sites without Interference by Genomic DNA contamination) is a sensitive, inexpensive alternative to established methods. Its compatibility with Sanger sequencing combined with our CLOVA (Clonality Value) software is critical for those without access to expensive high throughput sequencing. We analyzed samples from 688 individuals infected with the retrovirus HTLV-1, which causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) to model our method. We defined a clonality value identifying ATL patients with 100% sensitivity and 94.8% specificity, and our longitudinal analysis also demonstrates the usefulness of ATL risk assessment. Future studies will confirm the broad applicability of our technology, especially in the emerging gene therapy sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Wada
- Biotechnological Research Support Division, FASMAC Co., Ltd, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0021, Japan
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8512, Japan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsudaira
- Biotechnological Research Support Division, FASMAC Co., Ltd, Atsugi, Kanagawa, 243-0021, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Ariella L G Coler-Reilly
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8512, Japan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Shunsuke Yamauchi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Haruka Momose
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Michikazu Tanio
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Nariyoshi Matsumoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8512, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8512, Japan
| | - Natsumi Araya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8512, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Tanabe
- Pathophysiology and Bioregulation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamagishi
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakashima
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakahata
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Iha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Masao Ogata
- Department of Hematology, Oita University Hospital, Oita, 879-5593, Japan
| | - Masamichi Muramatsu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Imaizumi
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8102, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Practical Management of Medical Information, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8512, Japan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Masumichi Saito
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
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10
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Hiyoshi M, Takahashi N, Eltalkhawy YM, Noyori O, Lotfi S, Panaampon J, Okada S, Tanaka Y, Ueno T, Fujisawa JI, Sato Y, Suzuki T, Hasegawa H, Tokunaga M, Satou Y, Yasunaga JI, Matsuoka M, Utsunomiya A, Suzu S. M-Sec induced by HTLV-1 mediates an efficient viral transmission. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010126. [PMID: 34843591 PMCID: PMC8659635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects target cells primarily through cell-to-cell routes. Here, we provide evidence that cellular protein M-Sec plays a critical role in this process. When purified and briefly cultured, CD4+ T cells of HTLV-1 carriers, but not of HTLV-1- individuals, expressed M-Sec. The viral protein Tax was revealed to mediate M-Sec induction. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of M-Sec reduced viral infection in multiple co-culture conditions. Furthermore, M-Sec knockdown reduced the number of proviral copies in the tissues of a mouse model of HTLV-1 infection. Phenotypically, M-Sec knockdown or inhibition reduced not only plasma membrane protrusions and migratory activity of cells, but also large clusters of Gag, a viral structural protein required for the formation of viral particles. Taken together, these results suggest that M-Sec induced by Tax mediates an efficient cell-to-cell viral infection, which is likely due to enhanced membrane protrusions, cell migration, and the clustering of Gag. In the present study, we identified the cellular protein M-Sec as a host factor necessary for de novo infection of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the causative retrovirus of an aggressive blood cancer known as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The inhibition or knockdown of M-Sec in infected cells resulted in a reduced viral infection in several culture models and a mouse model. We recently demonstrated a similar role of M-Sec in macrophages infected with another human retrovirus HIV-1, but it has been generally thought that M-Sec is not related to HTLV-1 infection because of the lack of its expression in CD4+ T cells, the major target of HTLV-1. In this study, we revealed that CD4+ T cells of HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers, but not those of HTLV-1- individuals, expressed M-Sec, and that the viral protein Tax mediated the induction of M-Sec. Thus, M-Sec is a new and useful tool for further understanding the process of HTLV-1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masateru Hiyoshi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (MH); (SS)
| | - Naofumi Takahashi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Youssef M. Eltalkhawy
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Noyori
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Sameh Lotfi
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jutatip Panaampon
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takaharu Ueno
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahito Tokunaga
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yorifumi Satou
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Jun-ichirou Yasunaga
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shinya Suzu
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (MH); (SS)
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11
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Chronological genome and single-cell transcriptome integration characterizes the evolutionary process of adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4821. [PMID: 34376672 PMCID: PMC8355240 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Subclonal genetic heterogeneity and their diverse gene expression impose serious problems in understanding the behavior of cancers and contemplating therapeutic strategies. Here we develop and utilize a capture-based sequencing panel, which covers host hotspot genes and the full-length genome of human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1), to investigate the clonal architecture of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL). For chronologically collected specimens from patients with ATL or pre-onset individuals, we integrate deep DNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing to detect the somatic mutations and virus directly and characterize the transcriptional readouts in respective subclones. Characteristic genomic and transcriptomic patterns are associated with subclonal expansion and switches during the clinical timeline. Multistep mutations in the T-cell receptor (TCR), STAT3, and NOTCH pathways establish clone-specific transcriptomic abnormalities and further accelerate their proliferative potential to develop highly malignant clones, leading to disease onset and progression. Early detection and characterization of newly expanded subclones through the integrative analytical platform will be valuable for the development of an in-depth understanding of this disease. Characterising the clonal architecture of Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) remains crucial. Here, the authors develop a capture-based sequencing panel and use deep DNA and single cell RNA sequencing and report distinct genomic and transcriptomic features associated with subclonal evolution.
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12
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Overexpression of aberrant Wnt5a and its effect on acquisition of malignant phenotypes in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4114. [PMID: 33603066 PMCID: PMC7892546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt5a is a ligand of the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway involved in cell differentiation, motility, and inflammatory response. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is one of the most aggressive T-cell malignancies caused by infection of human T-cell leukemia virus type1 (HTLV-1). Among subtypes of ATL, acute-type ATL cells are particularly resistant to current multidrug chemotherapies and show remarkably high cell-proliferative and invasive phenotypes. Here we show a dramatic increase of WNT5A gene expression in acute-type ATL cells compared with those of indolent-type ATL cells. Treatment with IWP-2 or Wnt5a-specific knockdown significantly suppressed cell growth of ATL-derived T-cell lines. We demonstrated that the overexpression of c-Myb and FoxM1 was responsible for the synergistic activation of the WNT5A promoter. Also, a WNT5A transcript variant without the exon4 (the ΔE4-WNT5A mRNA), encoding ΔC-Wnt5 (1-136aa of 380aa), is overexpressed in acute-type ATL cells. The ΔC-Wnt5a is secreted extracellularly and enhances cellular migration/invasion to a greater extent compared with wildtype (WT)-Wnt5a. Moreover, the ΔC-Wnt5a secretion was not suppressed by IWP-2, indicating that this mutant Wnt5a is secreted via a different pathway from the WT-Wnt5a. Taken together, synergistic overexpression of the ΔC-Wnt5a by c-Myb and FoxM1 may be responsible for the malignant phenotype of acute-type ATL cells.
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13
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A new diagnostic algorithm using biopsy specimens in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma: combination of RNA in situ hybridization and quantitative PCR for HTLV-1. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:51-58. [PMID: 32801340 PMCID: PMC7806504 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-020-0635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Histopathological distinction between adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and other T-cell neoplasms is often challenging. The current gold standard for the accurate diagnosis of ATLL is the Southern blot hybridization (SBH) assay, which detects clonal integration of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) provirus. However, SBH cannot be performed with small biopsy or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples because this assay requires a large amount of DNA without degradation. Here we developed a new diagnostic algorithm for the accurate diagnosis of ATLL using FFPE samples. This method combines two HTLV-1 detection assays, namely, ultrasensitive RNA in situ hybridization using RNAscope for HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ-RNAscope), and quantitative PCR targeting the tax gene (tax-qPCR). We analyzed 119 FFPE tissue specimens (62 ATLL, and 57 non-ATLL, including 41 HTLV-1 carriers) and compared them with the SBH results using the corresponding fresh-frozen samples. As a result, tax-qPCR had a higher ATLL identification rate than HBZ-RNAscope (88% [52/59], and 63% [39/62], respectively). However, HBZ-RNAscope clearly visualized the localization of HTLV-1-infected tumor cells and its identification rate increased to 94% (17/18) when the analysis was limited to samples up to 2 years old, indicating its usefulness in the daily diagnosis. The diagnostic algorithm combining these two assays successfully evaluated 94% (112/119) of samples and distinguished ATLL from non-ATLL cases including HTLV-1 carriers with 100% sensitivity and specificity. This method is expected to replace SBH and increase the accuracy of the diagnosis of ATLL.
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14
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Sagara Y, Nakamura H, Yamamoto M, Ezaki T, Koga T, Shimamura M, Satake M, Irita K. Estimation of the window period of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and 2 tests by a lookback study of seroconverters among Japanese voluntary blood donors. Transfusion 2020; 61:484-493. [PMID: 33368334 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japan is endemic for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and the horizontal transmission of HTLV-1 is often reported. However, the window period (WP) for serologic or molecular screening is unclear. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Results for anti-HTLV-1 screening and confirmatory tests obtained from 648 591 repeated blood donors in the Kyushu district, one of the most endemic areas of HTLV-1 in the world, were evaluated. A lookback study was conducted for seroconverters. RESULTS During 2012 to 2019, 436 seroconverters (155 men, 281women) were identified with use of a screening chemiluminescence enzyme-immunoassay (CLEIA) and multiple confirmatory tests. Because the period between the latest seronegative donation and seroconversion was highly variable (2.1-276.7 months), 19 cases that seroconverted within 6 months were subjected to the analysis. The WP of the particle agglutination assay and CLEIA was estimated to be 2.2 ± 0.6 and 2.6 ± 1.7 months, respectively. The WP of the indirect immunofluorescence assay was 4.8 ± 6.5 months. Although the WP of western blotting was estimated to be 6.3 ± 8.7 months, four cases were still indeterminate through the study period. Chemiluminescence and line immunoassays, the current screening and confirmatory tests used in the Japanese blood program, showed the shortest WP of 2.2 ± 0.6 months. The WP of real-time polymerase chain reaction for HTLV-1 was estimated to be 4.1 ± 7.8 months. CONCLUSIONS The WP in commercially available testing systems for HTLV-1/2 was determined for natural infection among repeated blood donors. Considering the HTLV-1 WP will help increase transfusion safety and facilitate the accurate diagnosis of HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Sagara
- Department of Quality, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- Department of Quality, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Midori Yamamoto
- Department of Quality, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Ezaki
- Department of Quality, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Tomohide Koga
- Department of Quality, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Masuhiro Shimamura
- Department of Quality, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Chikushino, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- CEO of Japanese Red Cross Central Blood Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Irita
- Department of Quality, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Chikushino, Japan
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15
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Okuma K, Kuramitsu M, Niwa T, Taniguchi T, Masaki Y, Ueda G, Matsumoto C, Sobata R, Sagara Y, Nakamura H, Satake M, Miura K, Fuchi N, Masuzaki H, Okayama A, Umeki K, Yamano Y, Sato T, Iwanaga M, Uchimaru K, Nakashima M, Utsunomiya A, Kubota R, Ishitsuka K, Hasegawa H, Sasaki D, Koh KR, Taki M, Nosaka K, Ogata M, Naruse I, Kaneko N, Okajima S, Tezuka K, Ikebe E, Matsuoka S, Itabashi K, Saito S, Watanabe T, Hamaguchi I. Establishment of a novel diagnostic test algorithm for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infection with line immunoassay replacement of western blotting: a collaborative study for performance evaluation of diagnostic assays in Japan. Retrovirology 2020; 17:26. [PMID: 32831150 PMCID: PMC7444053 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reliable diagnosis of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection is important, particularly as it can be vertically transmitted by breast feeding mothers to their infants. However, current diagnosis in Japan requires a confirmatory western blot (WB) test after screening/primary testing for HTLV-1 antibodies, but this test often gives indeterminate results. Thus, this collaborative study evaluated the reliability of diagnostic assays for HTLV-1 infection, including a WB-based one, along with line immunoassay (LIA) as an alternative to WB for confirmatory testing. RESULTS Using peripheral blood samples from blood donors and pregnant women previously serologically screened and subjected to WB analysis, we analyzed the performances of 10 HTLV-1 antibody assay kits commercially available in Japan. No marked differences in the performances of eight of the screening kits were apparent. However, LIA determined most of the WB-indeterminate samples to be conclusively positive or negative (an 88.0% detection rate). When we also compared the sensitivity to HTLV-1 envelope gp21 with that of other antigens by LIA, the sensitivity to gp21 was the strongest. When we also compared the sensitivity to envelope gp46 by LIA with that of WB, LIA showed stronger sensitivity to gp46 than WB did. These findings indicate that LIA is an alternative confirmatory test to WB analysis without gp21. Therefore, we established a novel diagnostic test algorithm for HTLV-1 infection in Japan, including both the performance of a confirmatory test where LIA replaced WB on primary test-reactive samples and an additional decision based on a standardized nucleic acid detection step (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) on the confirmatory test-indeterminate samples. The final assessment of the clinical usefulness of this algorithm involved performing WB analysis, LIA, and/or PCR in parallel for confirmatory testing of known reactive samples serologically screened at clinical laboratories. Consequently, LIA followed by PCR (LIA/PCR), but neither WB/PCR nor PCR/LIA, was found to be the most reliable diagnostic algorithm. CONCLUSIONS Because the above results show that our novel algorithm is clinically useful, we propose that it is recommended for solving the aforementioned WB-associated reliability issues and for providing a more rapid and precise diagnosis of HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazu Okuma
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Niwa
- Research and Development Division, Fujirebio Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Chieko Matsumoto
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Sobata
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Sagara
- Department of Quality, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Nakamura
- Department of Quality, Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naoki Fuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Masuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okayama
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Umeki
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Department of Medical Life Science, Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan.,Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Masako Iwanaga
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakashima
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kubota
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishitsuka
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ki-Ryang Koh
- Department of Hematology, Osaka General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mai Taki
- Rakuwakai Kyoto Medical Examination Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kisato Nosaka
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masao Ogata
- Department of Hematology, Oita University Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Isao Naruse
- Department of Infection and Immunology, SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kaneko
- Department of Infection and Immunology, SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sara Okajima
- Department of Infection and Immunology, SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Tezuka
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Ikebe
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sahoko Matsuoka
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Itabashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Practical Management of Medical Information, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
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16
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Saito M, Hasegawa H, Yamauchi S, Nakagawa S, Sasaki D, Nao N, Tanio M, Wada Y, Matsudaira T, Momose H, Kuramitsu M, Yamagishi M, Nakashima M, Nakahata S, Iha H, Ogata M, Imaizumi Y, Uchimaru K, Morishita K, Watanabe T, Miyazaki Y, Yanagihara K. A high-throughput detection method for the clonality of Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1-infected cells in vivo. Int J Hematol 2020; 112:300-306. [PMID: 32725607 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-020-02935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 10-20 million of Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1)-infected carriers have been previously reported, and approximately 5% of these carriers develop adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) with a characteristic poor prognosis. In Japan, Southern blotting has long been routinely performed for detection of clonally expanded ATL cells in vivo, and as a confirmatory diagnostic test for ATL. However, alternative methods to Southern blotting, such as sensitive, quantitative, and rapid analytical methods, are currently required in clinical practice. In this study, we developed a high-throughput method called rapid amplification of integration site (RAIS) that could amplify HTLV-1-integrated fragments within 4 h and detect the integration sites in > 0.16% of infected cells. Furthermore, we established a novel quantification method for HTLV-1 clonality using Sanger sequencing with RAIS products, and the validity of the quantification method was confirmed by comparing it with next-generation sequencing in terms of the clonality. Thus, we believe that RAIS has a high potential for use as an alternative routine molecular confirmatory test for the clonality analysis of HTLV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masumichi Saito
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Shunsuke Yamauchi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - So Nakagawa
- Biomedical Informatics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Life Science, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.,Micro/Nano Technology Center, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michikazu Tanio
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusaku Wada
- Biotechnological Research Support Division, FASMAC Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Matsudaira
- Biotechnological Research Support Division, FASMAC Co., Ltd, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Haruka Momose
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakashima
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakahata
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hidekatsu Iha
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Masao Ogata
- Department of Hematology, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | | | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Morishita
- Division of Tumor and Cellular Biochemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- The Institute of Medical Science Research Hospital and Future Center Initiative, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.,Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsunori Yanagihara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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17
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Araújo THA, Barreto FK, Menezes ADL, Lima CPSD, Oliveira RSD, Lemos PDS, Galvão-Castro B, Kashima S, Farre L, Bittencourt AL, Carvalho EMD, Santos LA, Rego FFDA, Mota-Miranda ACA, Nunes MRT, Alcântara LCJ. Complete genome sequence of human T-cell lymphotropic type 1 from patients with different clinical profiles, including infective dermatitis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 79:104166. [PMID: 31883457 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The HTLV-1 is the first human retrovirus and is associated with several clinical syndromes, however, the pathogenesis of these clinical manifestations is still not fully understood. Furthermore, there are few complete genomes publicly available, about 0.12 complete genomes per 10,000 infected individuals and the databases have a major deficiency of sequences information. This study generated and characterized 31 HTLV-1 complete genomes sequences derived from individuals with Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy (TSP/HAM), Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), infective dermatitis associated to HTLV-1 (IDH) and asymptomatic patients. These sequences are associated to clinical and epidemiological information about the patients. The sequencing data generated on Ion Torrent PGM platform were assembled and mapped against the reference HTLV-1 genome. These sequences were genotyped as Cosmopolitan subtype, Transcontinental subgroup. We identified the variants in the coding regions of the genome of the different clinical profiles, however, no statistical relation was detected. This study contributed to increase of HTLV-1 complete genomes in the world. Furthermore, to better investigate the contribution of HTLV-1 mutations for the disease outcome it is necessary to evaluate the interaction of the viral genome and characteristics of the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lourdes Farre
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil; Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Luciane Amorim Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública Salvador, Brazil
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18
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Nakano K, Iwanaga M, Utsunomiya A, Uchimaru K, Watanabe T. Functional Analysis of Aberrantly Spliced Caspase8 Variants in Adult T-Cell Leukemia Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:2522-2536. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Coulter SJ. Mitigation of the effect of variability in digital PCR assays through use of duplexed reference assays for normalization. Biotechniques 2019; 65:86-91. [PMID: 30091389 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2018-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital PCR has been promoted as a technique for obtaining absolute measures of the amount of nucleic acid target sequence in a sample, but still lacks standardization in data reporting. The initial method of representing data as copies per microliter produced inconsistent results and made inter-assay comparisons difficult. Normalizing copies to amount of nucleic acid gives more uniform results, but factors influencing the effective concentration of nucleic acid in the final digital PCR assay must be considered. Using droplet digital PCR and previously validated reference genes duplexed with target genes, a method of normalization was developed to estimate the amount of input nucleic acid in individual assays, subsequently reporting the number of copies of target gene relative to this amount. Correcting for the actual amount of amplifiable nucleic acid present demonstrated a higher correlation between various dilutions of sample mRNA and allowed more accurate comparisons of digital PCR results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry J Coulter
- National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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20
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Kuramitsu M, Okuma K, Nakashima M, Sato T, Sasaki D, Hasegawa H, Umeki K, Kubota R, Sasada K, Sobata R, Matsumoto C, Kaneko N, Tezuka K, Matsuoka S, Utsunomiya A, Koh KR, Ogata M, Ishitsuka K, Taki M, Nosaka K, Uchimaru K, Iwanaga M, Sagara Y, Yamano Y, Okayama A, Miura K, Satake M, Saito S, Watanabe T, Hamaguchi I. Development of reference material with assigned value for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 quantitative PCR in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:673-676. [PMID: 30125970 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) provirus is used for HTLV-1 testing and for assessment of risk of HTLV-1-related diseases. In this study, a reference material was developed for standardizing HTLV-1 qPCR. Freeze-dried TL-Om1 cells diluted with Jurkat cells were prepared and an assigned value for proviral load (PVL) of 2.71 copies/100 cells was determined by digital PCR. Nine Japanese laboratories using their own methods evaluated the PVLs of this reference material as 1.08-3.49 copies/100 cells. The maximum difference between laboratories was 3.2-fold. Correcting measured PVLs by using a formula incorporating the assigned value of this reference material should minimize such discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Kuramitsu
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakashima
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sasaki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroo Hasegawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Umeki
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kubota
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Keiko Sasada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Rieko Sobata
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chieko Matsumoto
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriaki Kaneko
- Department of Infection and Immunology, SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Tezuka
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sahoko Matsuoka
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ki-Ryang Koh
- Department of Hematology, Osaka General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masao Ogata
- Department of Hematology, Oita University Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishitsuka
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mai Taki
- Rakuwakai Kyoto Medical Examination Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kisato Nosaka
- Department of Hematology, Kumamoto University of Medicine, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Iwanaga
- Department of Frontier Life Science, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuko Sagara
- Japanese Red Cross Kyushu Block Blood Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okayama
- Department of Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Miura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Satake
- Central Blood Institute, Blood Service Headquarters, Japanese Red Cross Society, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Medical Innovation, Graduate School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Isao Hamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) expresses an abundant nuclear noncoding RNA called EBER2, which interacts with and acts as a guide RNA for the host transcription factor PAX5. This ribonucleoprotein complex localizes to the terminal repeat (TR) regions of the EBV genome via RNA-RNA interactions between EBER2 and nascent transcripts originating from these target sites. Given the fact that EBER2 base pairs with a viral RNA, we developed a protocol to identify EBER2-interacting RNAs in a transcriptome-wide manner. Our approach entails psoralen-mediated crosslinking, selection with antisense oligonucleotides targeting EBER2, and RNase V1 digestion coupled to next-generation sequencing. The use of RNase V1 circumvents the need of extensive computational analysis post data acquisition to search for predicted RNA hybrids, as the RNase V1 cleavage site marks the region of RNA duplex formation. As proof of principle, we show that our approach correctly identifies the known EBER2 interaction with TR RNAs. Moreover, we identify the host functional noncoding RNAs MRP, H1, and 7SL RNAs as well as three putative enhancer RNAs as candidate EBER2-interacting RNAs. As all of these gene loci exhibit PAX5 occupancy, we propose that EBER2 is recruited to these sites through its binding partner PAX5 and forms RNA-RNA interactions with nascent transcripts on chromatin. Thus, our novel approach facilitates the identification of targeted RNA-RNA-interactions and minimizes the need of downstream computational analyses to predict RNA duplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adalena V Nanni
- a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 450 Technology Drive , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Nara Lee
- a Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, 450 Technology Drive , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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22
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Control of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Infection by Eliminating Envelope Protein-Positive Cells with Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses Encoding HTLV-1 Primary Receptor. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01885-17. [PMID: 29212930 PMCID: PMC5790936 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01885-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), which is frequently resistant to currently available therapies and has a very poor prognosis. To prevent the development of ATL among carriers, it is important to control HTLV-1-infected cells in infected individuals. Therefore, the establishment of novel therapies with drugs specifically targeting infected cells is urgently required. This study aimed to develop a potential therapy by generating recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs) that lack an envelope glycoprotein G and instead encode an HTLV-1 receptor with human glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), neuropilin 1 (NRP1), or heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), including syndecan 1 (SDC1), designated VSVΔG-GL, VSVΔG-NP, or VSVΔG-SD, respectively. In an attempt to enhance the infectivity of rVSV against HTLV-1-infected cells, we also constructed rVSVs with a combination of two or three receptor genes, designated VSVΔG-GLN and VSVΔG-GLNS, respectively. The present study demonstrates VSVΔG-GL, VSVΔG-NP, VSVΔG-GLN, and VSVΔG-GLNS have tropism for HTLV-1 envelope (Env)-expressing cells. Notably, the inoculation of VSVΔG-GL or VSVΔG-NP significantly eliminated HTLV-1-infected cells under the culture conditions. Furthermore, in an HTLV-1-infected humanized mouse model, VSVΔG-NP was capable of efficiently preventing HTLV-1-induced leukocytosis in the periphery and eliminating HTLV-1-infected Env-expressing cells in the lymphoid tissues. In summary, an rVSV engineered to express HTLV-1 primary receptor, especially human NRP1, may represent a drug candidate that has potential for the development of unique virotherapy against HTLV-1 de novo infection. IMPORTANCE Although several anti-ATL therapies are currently available, ATL is still frequently resistant to therapeutic approaches, and its prognosis remains poor. Control of HTLV-1 de novo infection or expansion of HTLV-1-infected cells in the carrier holds considerable promise for the prevention of ATL development. In this study, we developed rVSVs that specifically target and kill HTLV-1 Env-expressing cells (not ATL cells, which generally do not express Env in vivo) through replacement of the G gene with HTLV-1 receptor gene(s) in the VSV genome. Notably, an rVSV engineered to express human NRP1 controlled the number of HTLV-1-infected Env-expressing cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting the present approach may be a promising candidate for novel anti-HTLV-1 virotherapy in HTLV-1 carriers, including as a prophylactic treatment against the development of ATL.
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23
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Sawada L, Nagano Y, Hasegawa A, Kanai H, Nogami K, Ito S, Sato T, Yamano Y, Tanaka Y, Masuda T, Kannagi M. IL-10-mediated signals act as a switch for lymphoproliferation in Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 infection by activating the STAT3 and IRF4 pathways. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006597. [PMID: 28910419 PMCID: PMC5614654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) causes two distinct diseases, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Since there are no disease-specific differences among HTLV-1 strains, the etiological mechanisms separating these respective lymphoproliferative and inflammatory diseases are not well understood. In this study, by using IL-2-dependent HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines (ILTs) established from patients with ATL and HAM/TSP, we demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and its downstream signals potentially act as a switch for proliferation in HTLV-1-infected cells. Among six ILTs used, ILTs derived from all three ATL patients grew much faster than those from three HAM/TSP patients. Although most of the ILTs tested produced IFN-γ and IL-6, the production of IL-10 was preferentially observed in the rapid-growing ILTs. Interestingly, treatment with exogenous IL-10 markedly enhanced proliferation of the slow-growing HAM/TSP-derived ILTs. The IL-10-mediated proliferation of these ILTs was associated with phosphorylation of STAT3 and induction of survivin and IRF4, all of which are characteristics of ATL cells. Knockdown of STAT3 reduced expression of IL-10, implying a positive-feedback regulation between STAT3 and IL-10. STAT3 knockdown also reduced survivin and IRF4 in the IL-10- producing or IL-10- treated ILTs. IRF4 knockdown further suppressed survivin expression and the cell growth in these ILTs. These findings indicate that the IL-10-mediated signals promote cell proliferation in HTLV-1-infected cells through the STAT3 and IRF4 pathways. Our results imply that, although HTLV-1 infection alone may not be sufficient for cell proliferation, IL-10 and its signaling pathways within the infected cell itself and/or its surrounding microenvironment may play a critical role in pushing HTLV-1-infected cells towards proliferation at the early stages of HTLV-1 leukemogenesis. This study provides useful information for understanding of disease mechanisms and disease-prophylactic strategies in HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Sawada
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nagano
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikari Kanai
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kai Nogami
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ito
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Health Sciences, Tokyo University of Technology, Ota-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Disease Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Disease Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate school of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takao Masuda
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Kannagi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Proviral Features of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 in Carriers with Indeterminate Western Blot Analysis Results. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:2838-2849. [PMID: 28701419 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00659-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Western blotting (WB) for human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is performed to confirm anti-HTLV-1 antibodies detected at the initial screening of blood donors and in pregnant women. However, the frequent occurrence of indeterminate results is a problem with this test. We therefore assessed the cause of indeterminate WB results by analyzing HTLV-1 provirus genomic sequences. A quantitative PCR assay measuring HTLV-1 provirus in WB-indeterminate samples revealed that the median proviral load was approximately 100-fold lower than that of WB-positive samples (0.01 versus 0.71 copy/100 cells). Phylogenic analysis of the complete HTLV-1 genomes of WB-indeterminate samples did not identify any specific phylogenetic groups. When we analyzed the nucleotide changes in 19 HTLV-1 isolates from WB-indeterminate samples, we identified 135 single nucleotide substitutions, composed of four types, G to A (29%), C to T (19%), T to C (19%), and A to G (16%). In the most frequent G-to-A substitution, 64% occurred at GG dinucleotides, indicating that APOBEC3G is responsible for mutagenesis in WB-indeterminate samples. Moreover, interestingly, five WB-indeterminate isolates had nonsense mutations in Pol and/or Tax, Env, p12, and p30. These findings suggest that WB-indeterminate carriers have low production of viral antigens because of a combination of a low proviral load and mutations in the provirus, which may interfere with host recognition of HTLV-1 antigens.
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25
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Clonality of HTLV-1-infected T cells as a risk indicator for development and progression of adult T-cell leukemia. Blood Adv 2017; 1:1195-1205. [PMID: 29296760 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2017005900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive T-cell malignancy caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) that develops along a carcinogenic process involving 5 or more genetic events in infected cells. The lifetime incidence of ATL among HTLV-1-infected individuals is approximately 5%. Although epidemiologic studies have revealed risk factors for ATL, the molecular mechanisms that determine the fates of carriers remain unclear. A better understanding of clonal composition and related longitudinal dynamics would clarify the process of ATL leukemogenesis and provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the proliferation of a malignant clone. Genomic DNA samples and clinical information were obtained from individuals enrolled in the Joint Study for Predisposing Factors for ATL Development, a Japanese prospective cohort study. Forty-seven longitudinal samples from 20 individuals (9 asymptomatic carriers and 11 patients with ATL at enrollment) were subjected to a clonality analysis. A method based on next-generation sequencing was used to characterize clones on the basis of integration sites. Relationships were analyzed among clonal patterns, clone sizes, and clinical status, including ATL onset and progression. Among carriers, those exhibiting an oligoclonal or monoclonal pattern with largely expanded clones subsequently progressed to ATL. All indolent patients who progressed to acute-type ATL exhibited monoclonal expansion. In both situations, the major expanded clone after progression was derived from the largest pre-existing clone. This study has provided the first detailed information regarding the dynamics of HTLV-1-infected T-cell clones and collectively suggests that the clonality of HTLV-1-infected cells could be a useful predictive marker of ATL onset and progression.
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26
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Infection of defective human T-lymphotropic virus type 1. Hum Cell 2017; 30:117-123. [PMID: 28070874 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-016-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we reported that an identical defective provirus had integrated into multiple sites of the genome of a representative human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) cell line, MT-2. A possible explanation for this may be the repeated infection of this defective provirus to a cell. Therefore, we attempted to determine whether a defective provirus could transmit during the co-culture of HTLV-1 uninfected human T-cell line, Jurkat, with MT-2 cells treated with mitomycin C. As a result, we established not only a cell line with the integration of one complete provirus, but also a cell line with the integration of one defective provirus. The rearrangement of the T-cell receptor -γ gene of these cell lines showed them to be derived from Jurkat cells. Both HTLV-1 Tax/Rex and HBZ RNA were detected in the cell line, which harbors a complete provirus. On the other hand, HBZ RNA and transcriptional product specific for the defective provirus were detected in the cell line, which harbors a defective HTLV-1 provirus only. These results suggested that a defective HTLV-1 provirus with large depletion of internal sequence could transmit to other cells. Moreover, the defective provirus can be transcriptionally active. This suggested the possibility that the defective HTLV-1 provirus found in the lymphocytes of HTLV-1 carriers and patients with adult T-cell leukemia may transmit to other T-cells in vivo. The results also suggested that defective provirus in HTLV-1 carriers could be functional and may play a role in leukemogenesis.
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Koshiol J, Wozniak A, Cook P, Adaniel C, Acevedo J, Azócar L, Hsing AW, Roa JC, Pasetti MF, Miquel JF, Levine MM, Ferreccio C. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and gallbladder cancer: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Cancer Med 2016; 5:3310-3235. [PMID: 27726295 PMCID: PMC5119987 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In Chile, where gallbladder cancer (GBC) rates are high and typhoid fever was endemic until the 1990s, we evaluated the association between Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) antibodies and GBC. We tested 39 GBC cases, 40 gallstone controls, and 39 population-based controls for S. Typhi Vi antibodies and performed culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the subset with bile, gallstone, tissue, and stool samples available. We calculated gender and education-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association with GBC. We also conducted a meta-analysis of >1000 GBC cases by combining our results with previous studies. GBC cases were more likely to have high Vi antibody titer levels than combined controls (OR: 4.0, 95% CI: 0.9-18.3), although S. Typhi was not recovered from bile, gallstone, tissue, or stool samples. In our meta-analysis, the summary relative risk was 4.6 (95% CI: 3.1-6.8, Pheterogeneity =0.6) for anti-Vi and 5.0 (95% CI: 2.7-9.3, Pheterogeneity = 0.2) for bile or stool culture. Our results are consistent with the meta-analysis. Despite differences in study methods (e.g., S. Typhi detection assay), most studies found a positive association between S. Typhi and GBC. However, the mechanism underlying this association requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Koshiol
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology BranchDivision of Cancer Epidemiology and GeneticsNational Cancer InstituteMD
| | - Aniela Wozniak
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Paz Cook
- Escuela de MedicinaAdvanced Center for Chronic DiseasesACCDiSPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Christina Adaniel
- Laboratory of MicrobiologyPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Johanna Acevedo
- Escuela de MedicinaAdvanced Center for Chronic DiseasesACCDiSPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Lorena Azócar
- Department of GastroenterologySchool of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Ann W. Hsing
- Stanford Cancer InstitutePalo AltoCA
- Department of Health Research and PolicyStanford School of MedicinePalo AltoCA
| | - Juan C. Roa
- Department of PathologySchool of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Marcela F. Pasetti
- Center for Vaccine DevelopmentUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | - Juan F. Miquel
- Department of GastroenterologySchool of MedicinePontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Myron M. Levine
- Center for Vaccine DevelopmentUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | - Catterina Ferreccio
- Escuela de MedicinaAdvanced Center for Chronic DiseasesACCDiSPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
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Kato J, Masaki A, Fujii K, Takino H, Murase T, Yonekura K, Utsunomiya A, Ishida T, Iida S, Inagaki H. Quantitative PCR for HTLV-1 provirus in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma using paraffin tumor sections. Pathol Int 2016; 66:618-621. [PMID: 27678343 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection of HTLV-1 provirus using paraffin tumor sections may assist the diagnosis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). For the detection, non-quantitative PCR assay has been reported, but its usefulness and limitations remain unclear. To our knowledge, quantitative PCR assay using paraffin tumor sections has not been reported. Using paraffin sections from ATLLs and non-ATLL T-cell lymphomas, we first performed non-quantitative PCR for HTLV-1 provirus. Next, we determined tumor ratios and carried out quantitative PCR to obtain provirus copy numbers. The results were analyzed with a simple regression model and a novel criterion, cut-off using 95 % rejection limits. Our quantitative PCR assay showed an excellent association between tumor ratios and the copy numbers (r = 0.89, P < 0.0001). The 95 % rejection limits provided a statistical basis for the range for the determination of HTLV-1 involvement. Its application suggested that results of non-quantitative PCR assay should be interpreted very carefully and that our quantitative PCR assay is useful to estimate the status of HTLV-1 involvement in the tumor cases. In conclusion, our quantitative PCR assay using paraffin tumor sections may be useful for the screening of ATLL cases, especially in HTLV-1 non-endemic areas where easy access to serological testing for HTLV-1 infection is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Kato
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayako Masaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Fujii
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisashi Takino
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murase
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yonekura
- Department of Dermatology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Iida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inagaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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29
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Nakano K, Uchimaru K, Utsunomiya A, Yamaguchi K, Watanabe T. Dysregulation of c-Myb Pathway by Aberrant Expression of Proto-oncogene MYB Provides the Basis for Malignancy in Adult T-cell Leukemia/lymphoma Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5915-5928. [PMID: 27307595 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive human T-cell malignancy induced by human T-lymphotrophic virus-1 (HTLV-1) infection. The genetic alterations in infected cells that lead to transformation have not been completely elucidated, thus hindering the identification of effective therapeutic targets for ATL. Here, we present the first assessment of MYB proto-oncogene dysregulation in ATL and an exploration of its role in the onset of ATL. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated the expression patterns of MYB splicing variants in ATL. The molecular characteristics of the c-Myb-9A isoform, which was overexpressed in ATL cells, were examined using chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter assays. We further examined the biologic impacts of abnormal c-Myb overexpression in ATL using overall c-Myb knockdown with shRNA or c-Myb-9A knockdown with morpholino oligomers. RESULTS Both total c-Myb and c-Myb-9A, which exhibited strong transforming activity, were overexpressed in ATL cells in a leukemogenesis- and progression-dependent manner. Knockdown of either total c-Myb or c-Myb-9A induced ATL cell death. c-Myb transactivates nine genes that encode essential regulators of cell proliferation and NF-κB signaling. c-Myb-9A induced significantly stronger transactivation of all tested genes and stronger NF-κB activation compared with wild-type c-Myb. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that c-Myb pathway overactivation caused by unbalanced c-Myb-9A overexpression is associated with disorders in cellular homeostasis and consequently, accelerated transformation, cell proliferation, and malignancy in ATL cells. These data support the notion of the c-Myb pathway as a promising new therapeutic target for ATL. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5915-28. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Nakano
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yamaguchi
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biologics, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Advanced Medical Innovation, Graduate School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki, Japan
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30
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Standardization of Quantitative PCR for Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 in Japan: a Collaborative Study. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:3485-91. [PMID: 26292315 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01628-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was used to assess the amount of HTLV-1 provirus DNA integrated into the genomic DNA of host blood cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that a high proviral load is one of the risk factors for the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. However, interlaboratory variability in qPCR results makes it difficult to assess the differences in reported proviral loads between laboratories. To remedy this situation, we attempted to minimize discrepancies between laboratories through standardization of HTLV-1 qPCR in a collaborative study. TL-Om1 cells that harbor the HTLV-1 provirus were serially diluted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells to prepare a candidate standard. By statistically evaluating the proviral loads of the standard and those determined using in-house qPCR methods at each laboratory, we determined the relative ratios of the measured values in the laboratories to the theoretical values of the TL-Om1 standard. The relative ratios of the laboratories ranged from 0.84 to 4.45. Next, we corrected the proviral loads of the clinical samples from HTLV-1 carriers using the relative ratio. As expected, the overall differences between the laboratories were reduced by half, from 7.4-fold to 3.8-fold on average, after applying the correction. HTLV-1 qPCR can be standardized using TL-Om1 cells as a standard and by determining the relative ratio of the measured to the theoretical standard values in each laboratory.
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