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Harris KA, Brown JR. Diagnostic yield of broad-range 16s rRNA gene PCR varies by sample type and is improved by the addition of qPCR panels targeting the most common causative organisms. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 36748452 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Molecular techniques are used in the clinical microbiology laboratory to support culture-based diagnosis of infection and are particularly useful for detecting difficult to culture bacteria or following empirical antimicrobial treatment.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Broad-range 16S rRNA PCR is a valuable tool that detects a wide range of bacterial species. Diagnostic yield is low for some sample types but can be improved with the addition of qPCR panels targeting common bacterial pathogens.Aim. To evaluate the performance of a broad-range 16S rRNA gene PCR and the additional diagnostic yield of targeted qPCR applied to specimens according to a local testing algorithm.Methodology. In total, 6130 primary clinical samples were collected as part of standard clinical practice from patients with suspected infection during a 17 month period. Overall, 5497 samples were tested by broad-range 16S rRNA gene PCR and a panel of targeted real-time qPCR assays were performed on selected samples according to a local testing algorithm. An additional 633 samples were tested by real-time qPCR only. The 16S rRNA gene PCR was performed using two assays targeting different regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Laboratory developed qPCR assays for seven common bacterial pathogens were also performed. Data was extracted retrospectively from Epic Beaker Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS).Results. Broad-range 16S rRNA gene PCR improves diagnostic yield in culture-negative samples and detects a large range of bacterial species. Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and the Enterobacteriaceae family are detected the most frequently in samples with a single causative organism, but mixed samples frequently contained anaerobic species. The highest diagnostic yield was obtained from abscess, pus and empyema samples; 44.9 % were positive by 16S and 61 % were positive by the combined 16S and targeted qPCR testing algorithm. Samples with a particularly low diagnostic yield were blood, with 3.3 % of samples positive by 16S and CSF with 4.8 % of samples positive by 16S. The increased diagnostic yield of adding targeted qPCR is largest (~threefold) in these two sample types.Conclusion. Broad-range PCR is a powerful technique that can detect a very large range of bacterial pathogens but has limited diagnostic sensitivity. The data in this report supports a testing strategy that combines broad-range and targeted bacterial PCR assays for maximizing diagnosis of infection in culture-negative specimens. This is particularly justified for blood and CSF samples. Alternative approaches, such as metagenomic sequencing, are needed to provide the breadth of broad-range PCR and the sensitivity of targeted qPCR panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Harris
- Microbiology, Virology and Infection Prevention & Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.,Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Julianne R Brown
- Microbiology, Virology and Infection Prevention & Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
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An inter-laboratory study to investigate the impact of the bioinformatics component on microbiome analysis using mock communities. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10590. [PMID: 34012005 PMCID: PMC8134577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89881-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advent of whole genome metagenomics, targeted approaches (such as 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) continue to be valuable for determining the microbial composition of samples. Amplicon microbiome sequencing can be performed on clinical samples from a normally sterile site to determine the aetiology of an infection (usually single pathogen identification) or samples from more complex niches such as human mucosa or environmental samples where multiple microorganisms need to be identified. The methodologies are frequently applied to determine both presence of micro-organisms and their quantity or relative abundance. There are a number of technical steps required to perform microbial community profiling, many of which may have appreciable precision and bias that impacts final results. In order for these methods to be applied with the greatest accuracy, comparative studies across different laboratories are warranted. In this study we explored the impact of the bioinformatic approaches taken in different laboratories on microbiome assessment using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing results. Data were generated from two mock microbial community samples which were amplified using primer sets spanning five different variable regions of 16S rRNA genes. The PCR-sequencing analysis included three technical repeats of the process to determine the repeatability of their methods. Thirteen laboratories participated in the study, and each analysed the same FASTQ files using their choice of pipeline. This study captured the methods used and the resulting sequence annotation and relative abundance output from bioinformatic analyses. Results were compared to digital PCR assessment of the absolute abundance of each target representing each organism in the mock microbial community samples and also to analyses of shotgun metagenome sequence data. This ring trial demonstrates that the choice of bioinformatic analysis pipeline alone can result in different estimations of the composition of the microbiome when using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing data. The study observed differences in terms of both presence and abundance of organisms and provides a resource for ensuring reproducible pipeline development and application. The observed differences were especially prevalent when using custom databases and applying high stringency operational taxonomic unit (OTU) cut-off limits. In order to apply sequencing approaches with greater accuracy, the impact of different analytical steps needs to be clearly delineated and solutions devised to harmonise microbiome analysis results.
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Acute Respiratory Tract Infections among Hospitalized Palestinian Patients (2011-2016): A Retrospective Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2021:5643134. [PMID: 34055115 PMCID: PMC8112942 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5643134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a major public health concern. This study aims to investigate the profiles and epidemiological characteristics of acute RTIs and respiratory pathogens in Palestinian hospitalized patients. Clinical samples from hospitalized patients with symptoms of acute RTIs admitted between January 2011 and December 2016 were referred to the Palestinian Central Public Health Laboratory (PHCL) to identify the causative pathogen. Patients' demographic information and the results of the molecular identification were retrieved from the electronic database at the PHCL. A total of 15413 patients with acute RTIs were hospitalized during the study period. The causal agent was identified only in 28.7% of the patients. Overall, influenza viruses were the most common cause of RTIs among hospitalized Palestinian patients in the West Bank. Children and elderlies were the most affected with RTIs. The elderly population (≥60 years old) had the highest rates. After influenza A virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) were the most common causes of acute RTIs among hospitalized Palestinian patients. Children showed the highest hospitalization rates for RSV, B. pertussis, adenovirus, enterovirus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. On the other hand, elderlies had the highest rates of influenza. Outbreaks of RTIs occurred mainly during winter (between December and March). The resurgence of B. pertussis in spite of vaccination is alarming and requires further investigation.
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Zhang J, Hu DK, Gao CY, Shen WW, Luo XH, Yu J, Li XY, Jiang XY, Zhu WS, Chen WQ. Homology analysis of 51 penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Wenzhou City, China. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520919061. [PMID: 32529912 PMCID: PMC7294386 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520919061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate drug resistance features and homology among penicillin-intermediate Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Wenzhou City, China. Methods Fifty-one penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae isolates were obtained from respiratory samples of infants and children hospitalized with lung infections. An antimicrobial susceptibility test was used to assess drug resistance. Polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel electrophoresis were used to identify S. pneumoniae isolates and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to analyze molecular subtypes. Hierarchical cluster analysis of PFGE fingerprints was used to compare genetic diversity and relatedness of S. pneumoniae isolates. The Quellung test was used for serotyping. Results Fifty-one penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae isolates showed evidence of multi-drug resistance and polyclonal origins. The isolates were classified into 25 subtypes through hierarchical cluster analysis of PFGE fingerprints. Three of these subtypes formed a supertype (15/51, 16/51 and 8/51 isolates), while the remaining subtypes occurred sporadically (12/51 isolates). Conclusions Transmission of penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae is mostly vertical and to a lesser extent horizontal. Effective prevention strategies, including respiratory tract management and contact isolation, are essential to control nosocomial S. pneumoniae infection. Once susceptibility is confirmed, vancomycin, high-dose penicillin or third-generation cephalosporins (cefotaxime and ceftriaxone) may be used to treat penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Da-Kang Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Yan Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tangshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Wei-Wei Shen
- Department of Microbiology, Taizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Hua Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Yu Jiang
- Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wu-Shuang Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei-Qing Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taizhou Women and Children's Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Pizzutti K, Perez VP, Barbiero C, d'Azevedo PA, Fischer GB, Dias C. Identifying pneumococci in parapneumonic pleural effusion: Is there a role for culture-independent methods? Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:484-489. [PMID: 31738021 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate culture-independent procedures (immunochromatography and quantitative polymerase chain reaction [qPCR]) in the detection and susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae directly from culture-negative pleural fluid (PF) in children. METHOD Detection of S. pneumoniae in PF of children with parapneumonic effusion and/or empyema by using two culture-independent methods: an immunochromatographic membrane test (IMT) which identifies the pneumococcal C antigen, and a real-time PCR test to detect pneumococcal genes lytA and pbp2b, a marker of susceptibility of β-lactam agents, in PF samples. RESULTS We tested 36 PF specimens and recorded the previous use of antimicrobials. In the final analysis, 34 samples were included. IMT and qPCR presented positive results in 23 (67.6%) and 24 (70.6%) of the samples, respectively, showing a moderate agreement (k = 0.518) between the two methods. From the 36 children included, 34 (94.4%) had antibiotic data available by the time when PFs were collected. Thirty-four (100%) children had been given treatment before PF sampling, with 33 (97%) receiving β-lactam antibiotics administered empirically. Of the 24 lytA real-time positive samples, 21 (87.5%) were also positive for pbp2b, a marker of β-lactam susceptibility. CONCLUSION The reduced sensitivity of culture for pneumococcal detection can be improved through the addition of IMT and qPCR analysis. The utility of qPCR combining detection of lytA and a marker of β-lactam susceptibility should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauana Pizzutti
- Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vinícius P Perez
- Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caroline Barbiero
- Pediatric Pneumology, Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio da Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Pedro A d'Azevedo
- Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gilberto B Fischer
- Pediatric Pneumology, Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio da Santa Casa de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cícero Dias
- Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Oeser C, Pond M, Butcher P, Bedford Russell A, Henneke P, Laing K, Planche T, Heath PT, Harris K. PCR for the detection of pathogens in neonatal early onset sepsis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226817. [PMID: 31978082 PMCID: PMC6980546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large proportion of neonates are treated for presumed bacterial sepsis with broad spectrum antibiotics even though their blood cultures subsequently show no growth. This study aimed to investigate PCR-based methods to identify pathogens not detected by conventional culture. Methods Whole blood samples of 208 neonates with suspected early onset sepsis were tested using a panel of multiplexed bacterial PCRs targeting Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS), Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS), Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis and Mycoplasma genitalium, a 16S rRNA gene broad-range PCR and a multiplexed PCR for Candida spp. Results Two-hundred and eight samples were processed. In five of those samples, organisms were detected by conventional culture; all of those were also identified by PCR. PCR detected bacteria in 91 (45%) of the 203 samples that did not show bacterial growth in culture. S. aureus, Enterobacteriaceae and S. pneumoniae were the most frequently detected pathogens. A higher bacterial load detected by PCR was correlated positively with the number of clinical signs at presentation. Conclusion Real-time PCR has the potential to be a valuable additional tool for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Oeser
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcus Pond
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Butcher
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Philipp Henneke
- Pediatric Infectious Disease and Rheumatology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ken Laing
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Planche
- Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul T. Heath
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George’s, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Harris
- Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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O'Rourke S, Meehan M, Bennett D, O'Sullivan N, Cunney R, Gavin P, McNamara R, Cassidy N, Ryan S, Harris K, Drew R. The role of real-time PCR testing in the investigation of paediatric patients with community-onset osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. Ir J Med Sci 2019; 188:1289-1295. [PMID: 30706296 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-019-01973-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culture yield in osteomyelitis and septic arthritis is low, emphasising the role for molecular techniques. AIMS The purpose of this study was to review the laboratory investigation of childhood osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. METHODS A retrospective review was undertaken in an acute tertiary referral paediatric hospital from January 2010 to December 2016. Cases were only included if they had a positive culture or bacterial PCR result from a bone/joint specimen or blood culture, or had radiographic evidence of osteomyelitis. RESULTS Seventy-eight patients met the case definition; 52 (66%) were male. The median age was 4.8 years. Blood cultures were positive in 16 of 56 cases (29%), with 11 deemed clinically significant (Staphylococcus aureus = 8, group A Streptococcus = 3). Thirty-seven of 78 (47%) bone/joint samples were positive by culture with S. aureus (n = 16), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (n = 9) and group A Streptococcus (n = 4), being the most common organisms. Sixteen culture-negative samples were sent for bacterial PCR, and four were positive (Kingella kingae = 2, Streptococcus pneumoniae = 1, group A Streptococcus = 1). CONCLUSIONS Sequential culture and PCR testing can improve the detection rate of causative organisms in paediatric bone and joint infections, particularly for fastidious microorganisms such as K. kingae. PCR testing can be reserved for cases where culture is negative after 48 h. These results have been used to develop a standardised diagnostic test panel for bone and joint infections at our institution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhbh O'Rourke
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland.
| | - Mary Meehan
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Désirée Bennett
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Nicola O'Sullivan
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Robert Cunney
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland.,Health Protection Surveillance Centre, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Patrick Gavin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Roisin McNamara
- Emergency Department, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Noelle Cassidy
- Department of Orthopaedics, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Stephanie Ryan
- Department of Radiology, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
| | - Kathryn Harris
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Prevention and Control, Great Ormond Street NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Drew
- Irish Meningitis and Sepsis Reference Laboratory, Temple Street Children's University Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin 2, Ireland.,Clinical Innovation Unit, Rotunda Hospital, Dublin 1, Ireland
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Tan L, Tang X, Pan C, Wang H, Pan Y. Relationship among clinical periodontal, microbiologic parameters and lung function in participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Periodontol 2018; 90:134-140. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.17-0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisi Tan
- Department of Periodontics; School of Stomatology; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Xiaolin Tang
- Department of Periodontics; School of Stomatology; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Chunling Pan
- Department of Periodontics; School of Stomatology; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Periodontics; School of Stomatology; China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics; School of Stomatology; China Medical University; Shenyang China
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Wang Y, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang L, Xu J, Ye C. Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Label-Based Gold Nanoparticles Lateral Flow Biosensor for Detection of Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:192. [PMID: 28239371 PMCID: PMC5300967 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The report describes a simple, rapid and sensitive assay for visual and multiplex detection of Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus based on multiple loop-mediated isothermal amplification (mLAMP) and lateral flow biosensor (LFB). Detection and differentiation of the Ef0027 gene (E. faecalis-specific gene) and nuc gene (S. aureus-specific gene) were determined using fluorescein (FITC)-and digoxin-modified primers in the mLAMP process. In the presence of biotin- and FITC-/digoxin-modified primers, the mLAMP yielded numerous biotin- and FITC-/digoxin-attached duplex products, which were detected by LFB through biotin/streptavidin interaction (biotin on the duplex and streptavidin on the gold nanoparticle) and immunoreactions (FITC/digoxin on the duplex and anti-FITC/digoxin on the LFB test line). The accumulation of gold nanoparticles generated a characteristic red line, enabling visual and multiplex detection of target pathogens without instrumentation. The limit of detection (LoD), analytical specificity and feasibility of LAMP-LFB technique were successfully examined in pure culture and blood samples. The entire procedure, including specimen (blood samples) processing (30 min), isothermal reaction (40 min) and result reporting (within 2 min), could be completed within 75 min. Thus, this assay offers a simple, rapid, sensitive and specific test for multiplex detection of E. faecalis and S. aureus strains. Furthermore, the LAMP-LFB strategy is a universal technique, which can be extended to detect various target sequences by re-designing the specific LAMP primers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China; Department of Microbiology, GuiZhou Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Changyun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang L, Li M, Luo L, Liu D, Li H, Cao X, Hu S, Jin D, Xu J, Ye C. Endonuclease Restriction-Mediated Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction: A Novel Technique for Rapid, Sensitive and Quantitative Detection of Nucleic-Acid Sequence. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1104. [PMID: 27468284 PMCID: PMC4942466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The article reported a novel methodology for real-time PCR analysis of nucleic acids, termed endonuclease restriction-mediated real-time polymerase chain reaction (ET-PCR). Just like PCR, ET-PCR only required one pair of primers. A short sequence, which was recognized by restriction enzyme BstUI, was attached to the 5′ end of the forward (F) or reverse (R) PCR primer, and the new F or R primer was named EF or ER. EF/ER was labeled at the 5′ end with a reporter dye and in the middle with a quenching dye. BstUI cleaves the newly synthesized double-stranded terminal sequences (5′ end recognition sequences and their complementary sequences) during the extension phase, which separates the reporter molecule from the quenching dye, leading to a gain of fluorescence signal. This process is repeated in each amplification cycle and unaffected the exponential synthesis of the PCR amplification. ET-PCR allowed real-time analysis of single or multiple targets in a single vessel, and provided the reproducible quantitation of nucleic acids. The analytical sensitivity and specificity of ET-PCR were successfully evaluated, detecting down to 250 fg of genomic DNA per tube of target pathogen DNA examined, and the positive results were generated in a relatively short period. Moreover, the practical application of ET-PCR for simultaneous detection of multiple target pathogens was also demonstrated in artificially contaminated blood samples. In conclusion, due to the technique’s simplicity of design, reproducible data and low contamination risk, ET-PCR assay is an appealing alternative to conventional approaches currently used for real-time nucleic acid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Machao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Dongxin Liu
- Pathogenic Biology Institute, University of South China Hengyang, China
| | - Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing, China; Department of Microbiology, Guiyang Medical UniversityGuiyang, China
| | - Shoukui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Dong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
| | - Changyun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing, China
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Kim L, McGee L, Tomczyk S, Beall B. Biological and Epidemiological Features of Antibiotic-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Pre- and Post-Conjugate Vaccine Eras: a United States Perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:525-52. [PMID: 27076637 PMCID: PMC4861989 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00058-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae inflicts a huge disease burden as the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia and meningitis. Soon after mainstream antibiotic usage, multiresistant pneumococcal clones emerged and disseminated worldwide. Resistant clones are generated through adaptation to antibiotic pressures imposed while naturally residing within the human upper respiratory tract. Here, a huge array of related commensal streptococcal strains transfers core genomic and accessory resistance determinants to the highly transformable pneumococcus. β-Lactam resistance is the hallmark of pneumococcal adaptability, requiring multiple independent recombination events that are traceable to nonpneumococcal origins and stably perpetuated in multiresistant clonal complexes. Pneumococcal strains with elevated MICs of β-lactams are most often resistant to additional antibiotics. Basic underlying mechanisms of most pneumococcal resistances have been identified, although new insights that increase our understanding are continually provided. Although all pneumococcal infections can be successfully treated with antibiotics, the available choices are limited for some strains. Invasive pneumococcal disease data compiled during 1998 to 2013 through the population-based Active Bacterial Core surveillance program (U.S. population base of 30,600,000) demonstrate that targeting prevalent capsular serotypes with conjugate vaccines (7-valent and 13-valent vaccines implemented in 2000 and 2010, respectively) is extremely effective in reducing resistant infections. Nonetheless, resistant non-vaccine-serotype clones continue to emerge and expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Kim
- Epidemiology Section, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lesley McGee
- Streptococcus Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara Tomczyk
- Epidemiology Section, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Bernard Beall
- Streptococcus Laboratory, Respiratory Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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12
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Habets MN, Cremers AJH, Bos MP, Savelkoul P, Eleveld MJ, Meis JF, Hermans PWM, Melchers WJ, de Jonge MI, Diavatopoulos DA. A novel quantitative PCR assay for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae using the competence regulator gene target comX. J Med Microbiol 2015; 65:129-136. [PMID: 26628261 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for an estimated 1.6 million deaths worldwide every year. While rapid detection and timely treatment with appropriate antibiotics is preferred, this is often difficult due to the amount of time that detection with blood cultures takes. In this study, a novel quantitative PCR assay for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae was developed. To identify novel targets, we analysed the pneumococcal genome for unique, repetitive DNA sequences. This approach identified comX, which is conserved and present in duplicate copies in Streptococcus pneumoniae but not in other bacterial species. Comparison with lytA, the current 'gold standard' for detection by quantitative PCR, demonstrated an analytic specificity of 100% for both assays on a panel of 10 pneumococcal and 18 non-pneumococcal isolates, but a reduction of 3.5 quantitation cycle values (± 0.23 sem), resulting in an increased analytical detection rate of comX. We validated our assay on DNA extracted from the serum of 30 bacteraemic patients who were blood culture positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae and 51 serum samples that were culture positive for other bacteria. This resulted in a similar clinical sensitivity between the comX and lytA assays (47%) and in a diagnostic specificity of 98.2 and 100% for the lytA and comX assays, respectively. In conclusion, we have developed a novel quantitative PCR assay with increased analytical sensitivity for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae, which may be used to develop a rapid bedside test for the direct detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in clinical specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marrit N Habets
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amelieke J H Cremers
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Savelkoul
- Microbiome, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J Eleveld
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W M Hermans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J Melchers
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitri A Diavatopoulos
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Clinical evaluation of a disposable amperometric magneto-genosensor for the detection and identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 103:25-8. [PMID: 24858449 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A disposable PCR-based amperometric magneto-genosensor for detection and identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae was evaluated. ROC curve analysis used to determine optimal signal cutoff values yielded a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 90%. The method was also tested for the direct detection of pneumococci in clinical samples.
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14
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Thoracic empyema in children: Clinical presentation, microbiology analysis and therapeutic options. J Infect Chemother 2014; 20:262-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Hajia M, Farzanehkhah M, Hajihashemi B, Dolatyar A, Imani M, Saburian R, Rahnamaye Farzami M, Rahbar M. Real-Time Assay as A Tool for Detecting lytA Gene in Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates. CELL JOURNAL 2014; 16:141-6. [PMID: 24567943 PMCID: PMC4072081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In-time diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumonia) can play a significant role in decreasing morbidity and mortality rate. Applying molecular methods has gained popularity due to the existing limits of routine diagnostic methods. Examining the expression of different genes of this bacterium through different molecular methods suggests that lytA gene has a higher sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The aim of this study was to evalutate lytA gene expression in diagnosis of invasive S. pneumonia in culture positive specimens by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). MATERIALS AND METHODS IIn this a descriptive study, All received specimens were isolated to identify S. pneumoniae. DNA was then extracted and after optimizing the test and determining the detection limit, samples were tested by real-time PCR using lytA gene primers. RESULTS Twenty seven isolates were diagnosed as S. pneumoniae. In all, the extracted DNA was positive in real-time method. The electrophoresis of the products also confirmed the presence of single product b along with the 53 base pair fragment. The detection limit of the test was less 6 colony forming unit (CFU). CONCLUSION Real-Time PCR seems to provide reliable and rapid results. We suggest that this test should be conducted on the preliminary isolated specimens, since applying various biochemical tests need one extra working day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Hajia
- Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Ministry of Health & Medical Education,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farzanehkhah
- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran,P.O. Box: 1587695815Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityArakIran
| | | | - AliReza Dolatyar
- Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Ministry of Health & Medical Education,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Imani
- Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Ministry of Health & Medical Education,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghieh Saburian
- Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Ministry of Health & Medical Education,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Rahnamaye Farzami
- Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Ministry of Health & Medical Education,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rahbar
- Reference Health Laboratories Research Center, Ministry of Health & Medical Education,
Tehran, Iran
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16
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Tann CJ, Nkurunziza P, Nakakeeto M, Oweka J, Kurinczuk JJ, Were J, Nyombi N, Hughes P, Willey BA, Elliott AM, Robertson NJ, Klein N, Harris KA. Prevalence of bloodstream pathogens is higher in neonatal encephalopathy cases vs. controls using a novel panel of real-time PCR assays. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97259. [PMID: 24836781 PMCID: PMC4023955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In neonatal encephalopathy (NE), infectious co-morbidity is difficult to diagnose accurately, but may increase the vulnerability of the developing brain to hypoxia-ischemia. We developed a novel panel of species-specific real-time PCR assays to identify bloodstream pathogens amongst newborns with and without NE in Uganda. METHODOLOGY Multiplex real-time PCR assays for important neonatal bloodstream pathogens (gram positive and gram negative bacteria, cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus(HSV) and P. falciparum) were performed on whole blood taken from 202 encephalopathic and 101 control infants. Automated blood culture (BACTEC) was performed for all cases and unwell controls. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Prevalence of pathogenic bacterial species amongst infants with NE was 3.6%, 6.9% and 8.9%, with culture, PCR and both tests in combination, respectively. More encephalopathic infants than controls had pathogenic bacterial species detected (8.9%vs2.0%, p = 0.028) using culture and PCR in combination. PCR detected bacteremia in 11 culture negative encephalopathic infants (3 Group B Streptococcus, 1 Group A Streptococcus, 1 Staphylococcus aureus and 6 Enterobacteriacae). Coagulase negative staphylococcus, frequently detected by PCR amongst case and control infants, was considered a contaminant. Prevalence of CMV, HSV and malaria amongst cases was low (1.5%, 0.5% and 0.5%, respectively). CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This real-time PCR panel detected more bacteremia than culture alone and provides a novel tool for detection of neonatal bloodstream pathogens that may be applied across a range of clinical situations and settings. Significantly more encephalopathic infants than controls had pathogenic bacterial species detected suggesting that infection may be an important risk factor for NE in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cally J. Tann
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Mulago University Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - James Oweka
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jennifer J. Kurinczuk
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jackson Were
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Peter Hughes
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, Medical School Building, London, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara A. Willey
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M. Elliott
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Nicola J. Robertson
- Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, Medical School Building, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Klein
- Institute for Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn A. Harris
- Institute for Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Cvitkovic Spik V, Beovic B, Pokorn M, Drole Torkar A, Vidmar D, Papst L, Seme K, Kogoj R, Müller Premru M. Improvement of pneumococcal pneumonia diagnostics by the use of rt-PCR on plasma and respiratory samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 45:731-7. [PMID: 23826792 DOI: 10.3109/00365548.2013.804631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to assess the performance of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) assay on plasma and respiratory samples for the diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. METHODS Three hundred and forty patients (160 children and 180 adults) with community-acquired pneumonia were included prospectively from January 2011 to May 2012. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously for culture and rt-PCR targeting the lytA gene. Respiratory samples were also obtained: nasopharyngeal swab in nearly all patients and sputum or tracheal aspirate when available. RESULTS Streptococcus pneumoniae was detected in 222 (65%) of 340 patients: 143 (89%) children and 79 (44%) adults. Pneumonia was assigned as definite pneumococcal in 96 (28.2%) of 340 patients, according to S. pneumoniae detected in blood: in 54 (33.8%) children - by rt-PCR in 51 (31.9%) and by culture in 5 (3.1%); and in 42 (23.3%) adults - by rt-PCR in 41 (22.8%) and by culture in 12 (6.7%). Pneumonia was considered as probably pneumococcal in 19 (10.6%) adults according to S. pneumoniae detected in sputum/tracheal aspirate, by rt-PCR in 19 and by culture in 5. In 18 adults and 89 children with S. pneumoniae detected only in the nasopharynx, pneumonia was considered as possibly pneumococcal; however it should be noted that nasopharyngeal colonization with S. pneumoniae is also common in children with other aetiologies of pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS rt-PCR on plasma and other samples performed significantly better than culture for the detection of pneumococcal pneumonia (p < 0.0005) in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Cvitkovic Spik
- From the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana
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18
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Bousbia S, Raoult D, La Scola B. Pneumonia pathogen detection and microbial interactions in polymicrobial episodes. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:633-60. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports show that microbial communities associated with respiratory infections, such as pneumonia and cystic fibrosis, are more complex than expected. Most of these communities are polymicrobial and might comprise microorganisms originating from several diverse biological and ecological sources. Moreover, unexpected bacteria in the etiology of these respiratory infections have been increasingly identified. These findings were established with the use of efficient microbiological diagnostic tools, particularly molecular tools based on common gene amplification, followed by cloning and sequencing approaches, which facilitated the identification of the polymicrobial flora. Similarly, recent investigations reported that microbial interactions might exist between species in polymicrobial communities, including typical pneumonia pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Here, we review recent tools for microbial diagnosis, in particular, of intensive care unit pneumonia and the reported interactions between microbial species that have primarily been identified in the etiology of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabri Bousbia
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Facultés de Médecine, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Facultés de Médecine, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Clinique et Biologique, Fédération de Bactériologie-Hygiène-Virologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Timone, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Marseille, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, URMITE, UM 63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, Facultés de Médecine, Marseille, France.
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19
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Abstract
In recent years, quantitative real-time PCR tests have been extensively developed in clinical microbiology laboratories for routine diagnosis of infectious diseases, particularly bacterial diseases. This molecular tool is well-suited for the rapid detection of bacteria directly in clinical specimens, allowing early, sensitive and specific laboratory confirmation of related diseases. It is particularly suitable for the diagnosis of infections caused by fastidious growth species, and the number of these pathogens has increased recently. This method also allows a rapid assessment of the presence of antibiotic resistance genes or gene mutations. Although this genetic approach is not always predictive of phenotypic resistances, in specific situations it may help to optimize the therapeutic management of patients. Finally, an approach combining the detection of pathogens, their mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, their virulence factors and bacterial load in clinical samples could lead to profound changes in the care of these infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Maurin
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Département des Agents Infectieux, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble, Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, France.
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20
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Bhatia R, Harris K, Hartley J, Jeelani O, Harkness W. Serial PCR genetic load determination in the surgical management of pneumococcal intracranial sepsis. Childs Nerv Syst 2012; 28:515-20. [PMID: 22349901 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-012-1715-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aspirated intracranial fluid, in the surgical management of intracranial sepsis, may not culture an organism due to the previous administration of antibiotics. We have sought to utilise polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the cause of culture-negative sepsis and in monitoring response to therapy. METHODS This was a retrospective review of five cases of Streptococcus pneumoniae intracranial sepsis. Samples were analysed using real-time quantitative PCR targeting the pneumococcal lytA gene and the number of genome copies per microlitre of sample determined. RESULTS Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis was diagnosed by PCR in five culture-negative cases comprising: ventriculitis (×3), subdural empyema and meningitis. Serial serum inflammatory markers (CRP and WBC) and number of genome copies were graphically plotted over the duration of inpatient stay for cases requiring surgical drainage of recurrent collections or external ventricular drainage. A correlation was demonstrated between change in bacterial genomic load and serum inflammatory markers, reflecting similar changes in clinical state. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the use of serial quantitative PCR in monitoring the course of intracranial sepsis secondary to S. pneumoniae. Further work is required to determine the precise relationship between serum inflammatory markers, clinical state and bacterial load: do changes in one precede the other? Furthermore, a threshold value for number of genome copies in cerebrospinal fluid/aspirate samples has yet to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bhatia
- Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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21
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Quadriplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (lytA, mef, erm, pbp2b(wt)) for pneumococcal detection and assessment of antibiotic susceptibility. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 71:453-6. [PMID: 21996097 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A quadriplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was developed for detecting pneumococci, penicillin susceptibility, and macrolide/lincosamide resistance. The assay was sensitive for all 4 targets (<10 copies) and correlated with antimicrobial susceptibilities in 172/180 isolates and 28/29 culture-positive clinical specimens. For 29 lytA-positive culture-negative specimens, the assay allowed interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibility.
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22
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Sheppard CL, Guiver M, Hartley J, Harrison TG, George RC. Use of a multiplexed immunoassay for detection of serotype-specific Streptococcus pneumoniae antigen in pleural fluid and cerebrospinal fluid specimens. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1879-1881. [PMID: 21835973 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.034975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen L Sheppard
- Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Health Protection Agency - Microbiology Services Division Colindale, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Malcolm Guiver
- Health Protection Agency North West, Manchester Laboratory, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, PO Box 209, Clinical Sciences Buildings, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - John Hartley
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Infection Control, Level 4, Camelia Botnar Laboratories, Great Ormond Street Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Timothy G Harrison
- Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Health Protection Agency - Microbiology Services Division Colindale, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Robert C George
- Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, Health Protection Agency - Microbiology Services Division Colindale, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
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23
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Blaschke AJ. Interpreting assays for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52 Suppl 4:S331-7. [PMID: 21460292 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is both an aggressive pathogen and a normal part of the human respiratory microbiome. Clinicians and microbiologists have struggled to develop tests that can identify pneumococcal respiratory infection and accurately distinguish colonization from invasive disease. Molecular methods hold the promise of an improved ability to rapidly detect microorganisms in respiratory secretions and to make an accurate diagnosis; however, interpretation of diagnostic testing for S. pneumoniae remains problematic. Molecular assays, such as those targeting the pneumolysin gene, may cross-react with other streptococcal species, confounding detection and quantification. Assays that target the autolysin gene appear to be more specific. Even when accurately identified, however, the significance of S. pneumoniae DNA detected in clinical samples is difficult to determine. Here we will discuss the challenges faced in the interpretation of molecular testing for S. pneumoniae, and some strategies that might be used to improve our ability to diagnose pneumococcal respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Blaschke
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84158, USA.
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24
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Collins A, Cortes N, Matthews BN, Kerr D, McCormick R. Reversible blindness: severe pneumococcal induced uveitis following septicaemia. BMJ Case Rep 2011; 2011:bcr.03.2011.3960. [PMID: 22696694 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.03.2011.3960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study illustrates the case of a middle-aged woman who presented with sepsis and purpura fulminans, found to be due to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. She later developed blindness from a dramatic ocular inflammatory response provoked by pneumococcal antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Collins
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, UK.
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Campuzano S, Pedrero M, García JL, García E, García P, Pingarrón JM. Development of amperometric magnetogenosensors coupled to asymmetric PCR for the specific detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:2413-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Campuzano S, de Ávila BEF, Yuste J, Pedrero M, García JL, García P, García E, Pingarrón JM. Disposable amperometric magnetoimmunosensors for the specific detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 26:1225-30. [PMID: 20615685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Disposable amperometric magnetoimmunosensors, based on the use of functionalized magnetic beads and gold screen-printed electrodes, have been developed for the selective detection and quantification of Streptococcus pneumoniae. A specific antibody prepared against a serotype 37 S. pneumoniae strain, selected by flow cytometry among seven anticapsular or antisomatic antibodies, was linked to Protein A-modified magnetic beads and incubated with bacteria. The same antibody, conjugated with horseradish peroxidase, was attached to the bacteria and the resulting modified magnetic beads were captured by a magnetic field on the surface of tetrathiafulvalene-modified gold screen-printed electrodes. The amperometric response obtained at -0.15 V vs. the silver pseudoreference electrode of the Au/SPE after the addition of H(2)O(2) was used as transduction signal. Different assay formats were examined and the experimental variables optimized. The limits of detection achieved, without pre-concentration or pre-enrichment steps, were 1.5×10(4) cfu mL(-1) (colony forming unit) and 6.3×10(5) cfu mL(-1) for S. pneumoniae strains Dawn (serotype 37) and R6 (non-encapsulated), respectively. The developed methodology shows a good selectivity against closely related streptococci and its usefulness for the analysis of inoculated urine samples has been demonstrated. The total analysis time of 3.5 h from sampling to measurement, the possibility to prepare up to 30 sensors per day and the use of small amounts of test solution for S. pneumoniae identification, constitute important advantages that make the developed methodology a promising alternative for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Campuzano
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular y Biología de las Infecciones, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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