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Rowe S, Cunningham C, Ingenhoff L, Norris JM, Zadoks RN. Low prevalence of antimicrobial resistant organisms (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, extended beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae, and vancomycin resistant enterococci) in bulk tank milk in New South Wales, Australia. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:339-344. [PMID: 37403520 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estimate the presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae, and vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) in bulk tank milk in dairy herds in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. METHODS Bulk tank milk samples (n = 80) were collected from dairy farms (n = 40, i.e. 2 per farm) in NSW during 2021. Bacteria were cultured using selective chromogenic indicator media with isolate identity confirmed using biochemical testing, Gram stain, and MALDI-TOF mass spectroscopy. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was confirmed using antibiotic disk diffusion. RESULTS No samples tested positive to the targeted AMR organisms. CONCLUSION The prevalence of MRSA, ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and VRE is low in NSW dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rowe
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Cunningham
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L Ingenhoff
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J M Norris
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R N Zadoks
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
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Fritz B, Paschko E, Young W, Böhringer D, Wahl S, Ziemssen F, Egert M. Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of the Slit Lamp Bacteriota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:745653. [PMID: 34869057 PMCID: PMC8635730 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.745653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit lamps are routinely used to examine large numbers of patients every day due to high throughput. Previous, cultivation-based results suggested slit lamps to be contaminated with bacteria, mostly coagulase-negative staphylococci, followed by micrococci, bacilli, but also Staphylococcus aureus. Our study aimed at obtaining a much more comprehensive, cultivation-independent view of the slit lamp bacteriota and its hygienic relevance, as regularly touched surfaces usually represent fomites, particularly if used by different persons. We performed extensive 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyse the bacteriota, of 46 slit lamps from two tertiary care centers at two sampling sites, respectively. 82 samples yielded enough sequences for downstream analyses and revealed contamination with bacteria of mostly human skin, mucosa and probably eye origin, predominantly cutibacteria, staphylococci and corynebacteria. The taxonomic assignment of 3369 ASVs (amplicon sequence variants) revealed 19 bacterial phyla and 468 genera across all samples. As antibiotic resistances are of major concern, we screened all samples for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) using qPCR, however, no signals above the detection limit were detected. Our study provides first comprehensive insight into the slit lamp microbiota. It underlines that slit lamps carry a highly diverse, skin-like bacterial microbiota and that thorough cleaning and disinfection after use is highly recommendable to prevent eye and skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Fritz
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Edita Paschko
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Wayne Young
- Food Informatics Team, AgResearch Ltd., Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Böhringer
- Eye Center, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Siegfried Wahl
- Carl Zeiss Vision International GmbH, Aalen, Germany.,Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Focke Ziemssen
- Center for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Markus Egert
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, Institute of Precision Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene Group, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
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Mizusawa M, Carroll KC. Novel strategies for rapid identification and susceptibility testing of MRSA. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:759-778. [PMID: 32329637 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1760842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with adverse clinical outcomes and increased morbidity, mortality, length of hospital stay, and health-care costs. Rapid diagnosis of MRSA infections has been associated with positive impact on clinical outcomes. AREAS COVERED We searched relevant papers in PubMed for the last 10 years. In major papers, we scanned the bibliographies to ensure that important articles were included. This review describes screening and diagnostic test methods for MRSA and their analytical performances with a focus on rapid molecular-based assays including those that are on the horizon. Future novel technologies will allow more rapid detection of phenotypic resistance. In the case of whole-genome sequencing, detection of mutations may predict resistance, transmission, and virulence. EXPERT OPINION Currently there are many diagnostic options for the detection of MRSA in surveillance and clinical samples. In general, these are highly accurate and have resulted in improvements in targeted management and reduction in hospital or intensive care unit length of stay for both MSSA and MRSA. Impact on mortality has been variable. Promising novel technologies will not only accurately identify pathogens and detect their resistance markers but will allow discovery of virulence determinants that might further affect patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Mizusawa
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri , Kansas, MO, USA
| | - Karen C Carroll
- Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Microbiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
Traditional antimicrobial susceptibility test methods for detection of S. aureus resistant to oxacillin (MRSA) such as disk diffusion, broth microdilution, and oxacillin screen plate require 18-24 h of incubation after having the organism growing in pure culture. Rapid and accurate identification of MRSA isolates is essential not only for patient care, but also for effective infection control programs to limit the spread of MRSA. In the last few years, several commercial rapid tests for detection of MRSA directly from nasal and wound swabs, as well as from positive blood cultures, have been developed for use in clinical laboratories. Chromogenic agar plates and real-time PCR and other molecular tests are gaining popularity as MRSA screening tests because they have the advantage of a lower turnaround time than that of traditional culture and susceptibility testing and they are capable of detecting MRSA directly from nasal and wound swabs, allowing rapid identification of colonized or infected patients. In addition, molecular methods able to detect and differentiate S. aureus and MRSA (SA/MRSA) directly from blood cultures are becoming a useful tool for rapid detection of bacteremia caused by MSSA and MRSA. This review focuses on the procedures for performing testing using rapid methods currently available for detection of MRSA directly from clinical specimens.
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Madsen AM, Kurdi I, Feld L, Tendal K. Airborne MRSA and Total Staphylococcus aureus as Associated With Particles of Different Sizes on Pig Farms. Ann Work Expo Health 2018; 62:966-977. [PMID: 30060058 PMCID: PMC6188509 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Airborne methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have previously been found on pig farms, which may lead to nasal deposition of MRSA in humans via inhalation. The anterior nares are the main niche for S. aureus, and S. aureus can cause, e.g. wound infection and pneumonia. The aim of this study was to acquire knowledge about the potential deposition of airborne MRSA, specifically, and of total S. aureus (including both methicillin-sensitive S. aureus and MRSA, in the following called S. aureus) in the different parts of the airways during occupancy on pig farms. Measurements of airborne MRSA and S. aureus were performed on four pig farms using a six and a three-stage sampler during different work tasks, such as high-pressure cleaning and everyday inspection. MRSA were quantified using MRSA-selective agar, and S. aureus were quantified using Staphylococcus selective agar. The identity of the bacteria were confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of MRSA and S. aureus were 447 cfu/m3 air and 1.8 × 103 cfu/m3 air, respectively. The highest concentrations of MRSA and S. aureus were found among pigs in a weaner stable and during high-pressure cleaning of an empty stable, respectively. The lowest concentrations of MRSA and S. aureus were found in a stable with sick pigs and in feed-storages, respectively. Most MRSA and S. aureus were associated with particles between 7 and 12 µm. On average, the particle size fractions potentially depositing in the upper airways constituted 70%, in the primary and secondary bronchi 22%, and in the terminal bronchi and alveoli 8% of the inhalable MRSA and S. aureus concentration. Across the sampled areas, the geometric mean diameter (Dg) of particles with MRSA and S. aureus were 7.2 and 6.4 µm, respectively, and no significant difference was found between these Dgs. The Dg of the airborne particles with the studied bacterium was significantly associated with the different locations on the farms. The largest Dgs were found in the air samples from the aisles and on the fence to the pens, while the smallest Dgs were found in samples from the pens among the pigs and in samples taken at greater distances from the pigs: in the hallway, feed-storage, and entry room. In conclusion, airborne MRSA and S. aureus were found in sample fractions potentially depositing in all six parts of the airways. However, the majority was found to potentially deposit in the upper airways. The concentration of airborne MRSA and S. aureus and MRSA, as well as the fraction potentially depositing in the different parts of the airways, depended on the specific work task being performed and the location on the farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mette Madsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Iman Kurdi
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Louise Feld
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kira Tendal
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Knaack D, Idelevich EA, Körber-Irrgang B, Kresken M, Becker K. Evaluation of a novel optical assay for rapid detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in liquid culture. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 146:68-70. [PMID: 29410104 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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A Decade of Development of Chromogenic Culture Media for Clinical Microbiology in an Era of Molecular Diagnostics. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:449-479. [PMID: 28122803 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00097-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last 25 years, chromogenic culture media have found widespread application in diagnostic clinical microbiology. In the last decade, the range of media available to clinical laboratories has expanded greatly, allowing specific detection of additional pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, group B streptococci, Clostridium difficile, Campylobacter spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica. New media have also been developed to screen for pathogens with acquired antimicrobial resistance, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp., and Enterobacteriaceae with extended-spectrum β-lactamases and carbapenemases. This review seeks to explore the utility of chromogenic media in clinical microbiology, with particular attention given to media that have been commercialized in the last decade. The impact of laboratory automation and complementary technologies such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is also assessed. Finally, the review also seeks to demarcate the role of chromogenic media in an era of molecular diagnostics.
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Akanbi OE, Njom HA, Fri J, Otigbu AC, Clarke AM. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Recreational Waters and Beach Sand in Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14091001. [PMID: 28862669 PMCID: PMC5615538 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to commonly used antibiotics is linked to their ability to acquire and disseminate antimicrobial-resistant determinants in nature, and the marine environment may serve as a reservoir for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This study determined the antibiotic sensitivity profile of S.aureus isolated from selected beach water and intertidal beach sand in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Methods: Two hundred and forty-nine beach sand and water samples were obtained from 10 beaches from April 2015 to April 2016. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the samples using standard microbiological methods and subjected to susceptibility testing to 15 antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected by susceptibility to oxacillin and growth on Brilliance MRSA II agar. Antibiotic resistance genes including mecA, femA rpoB, blaZ, ermB, ermA, ermC, vanA, vanB, tetK and tetM were screened. Results: Thirty isolates (12.3%) were positive for S. aureus by PCR with over 50% showing phenotypic resistance to methicillin. Resistance of S. aureus to antibiotics varied considerably with the highest resistance recorded to ampicillin and penicillin (96.7%), rifampicin and clindamycin (80%), oxacillin (73.3%) and erythromycin (70%). S.aureus revealed varying susceptibility to imipenem (96.7%), levofloxacin (86.7%), chloramphenicol (83.3%), cefoxitin (76.7%), ciprofloxacin (66.7%), gentamycin (63.3%), tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (56.7%), and vancomycin and doxycycline (50%). All 30 (100%) S. aureus isolates showed multiple antibiotic-resistant patterns (resistant to three or more antibiotics). The mecA, femA, rpoB, blaZ, ermB and tetM genes were detected in 5 (22.7%), 16 (53.3%), 11 (45.8%), 16 (55.2%), 15 (71.4%), and 8 (72.7%) isolates respectively; Conclusions: Results from this study indicate that beach water and sand from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa may be potential reservoirs of antibiotic-resistant S. aureus which could be transmitted to exposed humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi Emmanuel Akanbi
- Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Henry Akum Njom
- Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Justine Fri
- Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Anthony C Otigbu
- Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
| | - Anna M Clarke
- Microbial Pathogenicity and Molecular Epidemiology Research Group (MPMERG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa.
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Dupieux C, Kolenda C, Larsen AR, Pichon B, Holmes M, Bes M, Teale C, Dickson E, Hill R, Skov R, Kearns A, Laurent F. Variable performance of four commercial chromogenic media for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates harbouring mecC. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017; 50:263-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Seidel C, Peters S, Eschbach E, Feßler AT, Oberheitmann B, Schwarz S. Development of a nucleic acid lateral flow immunoassay (NALFIA) for reliable, simple and rapid detection of the methicillin resistance genes mecA and mecC. Vet Microbiol 2017; 200:101-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chromogenic media for MRSA diagnostics. Mol Biol Rep 2016; 43:1205-1212. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-016-4062-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Brennan G, Herra C, Coleman D, O'Connell B, Shore A. Evaluation of commercial chromogenic media for the detection of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Hosp Infect 2016; 92:287-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Prospective Two-Center Comparison of Three Chromogenic Agars for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Screening in Hospitalized Patients. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:3014-6. [PMID: 26109446 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01006-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three chromogenic media, chromID MRSA SMART (SMART), chromID MRSA first generation (chromID), and Brilliance MRSA (OX2), were evaluated for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) screening using 1,220 samples. The sensitivity at 24 h was significantly better with the SMART agar (66.4%) than that with chromID agar (50.5%). Enrichment and incubation until 48 h are still needed for an optimal yield.
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Ariza-Miguel J, Oniciuc EA, Sanz I, Fernández-Natal I, Hernández M, Rodríguez-Lázaro D. Evaluation of two commercially available chromogenic media for confirmation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from human, animal, and food samples. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 209:26-8. [PMID: 26026664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We compared the diagnostic performance of two chromogenic media, Brilliance MRSA 2 agar (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and ChromID MRSA agar (bioMérieux), for MRSA confirmation of 239 Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical, animal and food samples. Statistically significant differences were not observed between MRSA confirmation by mecA/mecC PCR, and by culture in both chromogenic media. However, a statistically significant difference was observed between the results obtained by both chromogenic media (p = 0.003). Segregated analysis of the results depending on the origin of the isolates (clinical, animal, and food) revealed a significant lower performance in the MRSA confirmation of food-derived isolates by using Brilliance MRSA 2 agar in comparison to PCR confirmation (p = 0.003) or ChromID MRSA agar (p<0.001). Both chromogenic media provided a good diagnostic performance for detection of MRSA isolates of human and animal origin. In conclusion, the use of chromogenic agar plates for MRSA confirmation of S. aureus isolates can provide a good diagnostic performance (sensitivity >92% and specificity >89%) regardless of the type of chromogenic media used or the origin of the S. aureus isolates. However, our results revealed a lower diagnostic performance for MRSA confirmation of S. aureus isolates from food samples by using Brilliance MRSA 2 agar.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iván Sanz
- Valladolid National Influenza Center, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fernández-Natal
- Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, León, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Leon, Spain
| | - Marta Hernández
- Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain; Microbiology Section, Department of Biotechnology and Food science, Faculty of Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain.
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Micheel V, Hogan B, Köller T, Warnke P, Crusius S, Hinz R, Hagen RM, Schwarz NG, Frickmann H. Screening agars for MRSA: evaluation of a stepwise diagnostic approach with two different selective agars for the screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Mil Med Res 2015. [PMID: 26199735 PMCID: PMC4509703 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-015-0046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a hygiene risk that does not spare field hospitals or military medical field camps during military deployments. Diagnostic options for unambiguously identifying MRSA isolates are usually scarce in military environments. In this study, we assessed the stepwise application of two different selective agars for the specific identification of MRSA in screening analyses. METHODS Nasal swabs from 1541 volunteers were subjected to thioglycollate broth enrichment and subsequently screened on CHROMagar MRSA selective agar for the identification of MRSA. The MRSA identity of suspicious-looking colonies was confirmed afterwards or excluded by another selective agar, chromID MRSA. All isolates from the selective agars with MRSA-specific colony morphology were identified by biochemical methods and mass spectrometry. RESULTS The initial CHROMagar MRSA screening identified suspicious colonies in 36 out of 1541 samples. A total of 25 of these 36 isolates showed MRSA-like growth on chromID agar. Out of these 25 isolates, 24 were confirmed as MRSA, while one isolate was identified as Staphylococcus kloosii. From the 11 strains that did not show suspicious growth on chromID agar, 3 were methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA, with one instance of co-colonization with Corynebacterium spp.), 2 were confirmed as MRSA (with 1 instance of co-colonization with MSSA), 2 were lost during passaging and could not be re-cultured, one could not be identified by the applied approaches, and the remaining 3 strains were identified as Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus hominis (co-colonized with Macrococcus caseolyticus) and Staphylococcus cohnii, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The application of the selective agar CHROMagar MRSA alone proved to be too non-specific to allow for a reliable diagnosis of the presence of MRSA. The combined use of two selective agars in a stepwise approach reduced this non-specificity with an acceptably low loss of sensitivity. Accordingly, such a stepwise screening approach might be an option for resource-restricted military medical field camps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Micheel
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Hogan
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Köller
- Institute for Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Philipp Warnke
- Institute for Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sabine Crusius
- Institute for Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hinz
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Matthias Hagen
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Georg Schwarz
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute for Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Grönthal T, Moodley A, Nykäsenoja S, Junnila J, Guardabassi L, Thomson K, Rantala M. Large outbreak caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius ST71 in a Finnish Veterinary Teaching Hospital--from outbreak control to outbreak prevention. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110084. [PMID: 25333798 PMCID: PMC4198203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to describe a nosocomial outbreak caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) ST71 SCCmec II-III in dogs and cats at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Helsinki in November 2010 – January 2012, and to determine the risk factors for acquiring MRSP. In addition, measures to control the outbreak and current policy for MRSP prevention are presented. Methods Data of patients were collected from the hospital patient record software. MRSP surveillance data were acquired from the laboratory information system. Risk factors for MRSP acquisition were analyzed from 55 cases and 213 controls using multivariable logistic regression in a case-control study design. Forty-seven MRSP isolates were analyzed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and three were further analyzed with multi-locus sequence and SCCmec typing. Results Sixty-three MRSP cases were identified, including 27 infections. MRSPs from the cases shared a specific multi-drug resistant antibiogram and PFGE-pattern indicated clonal spread. Four risk factors were identified; skin lesion (OR = 6.2; CI95% 2.3–17.0, P = 0.0003), antimicrobial treatment (OR = 3.8, CI95% 1.0–13.9, P = 0.0442), cumulative number of days in the intensive care unit (OR = 1.3, CI95% 1.1–1.6, P = 0.0007) or in the surgery ward (OR = 1.1, CI95% 1.0–1.3, P = 0.0401). Tracing and screening of contact patients, enhanced hand hygiene, cohorting and barrier nursing, as well as cleaning and disinfection were used to control the outbreak. To avoid future outbreaks and spread of MRSP a search-and-isolate policy was implemented. Currently nearly all new MRSP findings are detected in screening targeted to risk patients on admission. Conclusion Multidrug resistant MRSP is capable of causing a large outbreak difficult to control. Skin lesions, antimicrobial treatment and prolonged hospital stay increase the probability of acquiring MRSP. Rigorous control measures were needed to control the outbreak. We recommend the implementation of a search-and-isolate policy to reduce the burden of MRSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grönthal
- Central Laboratory, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Arshnee Moodley
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Suvi Nykäsenoja
- Food and Feed Microbiology Research Unit, Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Luca Guardabassi
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katariina Thomson
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja Rantala
- Central Laboratory, Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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