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Bansal A, Mann T, Sterrett S, Peng BJ, Bet A, Carlson JM, Goepfert PA. Enhanced Recognition of HIV-1 Cryptic Epitopes Restricted by HLA Class I Alleles Associated With a Favorable Clinical Outcome. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 70:1-8. [PMID: 26322665 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptic epitopes (CEs) are peptides derived from the translation of 1 or more of the 5 alternative reading frames (ARFs; 2 sense and 3 antisense) of genes. Here, we compared response rates to HIV-1-specific CE predicted to be restricted by HLA-I alleles associated with protection against disease progression to those without any such association. METHODS Peptides (9mer to 11mer) were designed based on HLA-I-binding algorithms for B*27, B*57, or B*5801 (protective alleles) and HLA-B*5301 or B*5501 (nonprotective allele) in all 5 ARFs of the 9 HIV-1 encoded proteins. Peptides with >50% probability of being an epitope (n = 231) were tested for T-cell responses in an IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from HIV-1 seronegative donors (n = 42) and HIV-1 seropositive patients with chronic clade B infections (n = 129) were used. RESULTS Overall, 16%, 2%, and 2% of chronic HIV infected patients had CE responses by IFN-γ ELISpot in the protective, nonprotective, and seronegative groups, respectively (P = 0.009, Fischer exact test). Twenty novel CE-specific responses were mapped (median magnitude of 95 spot forming cells/10 peripheral blood mononuclear cells), and most were both antisense derived (90%) and represented ARFs of accessory proteins (55%). CE-specific CD8 T cells were multifunctional and proliferated when assessed by intracellular cytokine staining. CONCLUSIONS CE responses were preferentially restricted by the protective HLA-I alleles in HIV-1 infection, suggesting that they may contribute to viral control in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Bansal
- *Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; and †Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA
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Walsh AD, Bimber BN, Das A, Piaskowski SM, Rakasz EG, Bean AT, Mudd PA, Ericsen AJ, Wilson NA, Hughes AL, O'Connor DH, Maness NJ. Acute phase CD8+ T lymphocytes against alternate reading frame epitopes select for rapid viral escape during SIV infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61383. [PMID: 23671565 PMCID: PMC3645990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T Lymphocytes (CTL) can control AIDS virus replication. However, natural selection favoring viral variants that escape CTL recognition is a common feature of both simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques and HIV infection of humans. Emerging data indicate that CTL directed against alternate reading frame (ARF)-derived epitopes (a.k.a. cryptic epitopes) are important components of the total virus-specific response in SIV and HIV infection but the contributions of these responses during the critical first several weeks of infection have not been determined. We used a focused deep sequencing approach to examine acute phase viral evolution in response to CTL targeting two polypeptides encoded by ARFs of SIVmac239 in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. We report high magnitude CTL responses as early as three weeks post-infection against epitopes within both ARFs, which both overlap the 5′ end of the env gene. Further, mutations accumulated in the epitopes by three to four weeks post infection consistent with viral escape. Interestingly, these mutations largely maintained the primary amino acid sequence of the overlapping Envelope protein. Our data show that high frequency CTL target cryptic epitopes and exert selective pressure on SIV during the acute phase, underscoring the importance of these unique immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Walsh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Benjamin N. Bimber
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Arpita Das
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Shari M. Piaskowski
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alexander T. Bean
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Philip A. Mudd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Ericsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nancy A. Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Austin L. Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - David H. O'Connor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
HIV is a disease in which the original clinical observations of severe opportunistic infections gave the first clues regarding the underlying pathology, namely that HIV is essentially an infection of the immune system. HIV infects and deletes CD4(+) T cells that normally coordinate the adaptive T- and B-cell response to defend against intracellular pathogens. The immune defect is immediate and profound: At the time of acute infection with an AIDS virus, typically more than half of the gut-associated CD4(+) T cells are depleted, leaving a damaged immune system to contend with a life-long infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard Mass General Hospital-East, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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Champiat S, Raposo RAS, Maness NJ, Lehman JL, Purtell SE, Hasenkrug AM, Miller JC, Dean H, Koff WC, Hong MA, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Spotts GE, Pilcher CD, Hecht FM, Kallas EG, Garrison KE, Nixon DF. Influence of HAART on alternative reading frame immune responses over the course of HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39311. [PMID: 22768072 PMCID: PMC3387156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Translational errors can result in bypassing of the main viral protein reading frames and the production of alternate reading frame (ARF) or cryptic peptides. Within HIV, there are many such ARFs in both sense and the antisense directions of transcription. These ARFs have the potential to generate immunogenic peptides called cryptic epitopes (CE). Both antiretroviral drug therapy and the immune system exert a mutational pressure on HIV-1. Immune pressure exerted by ARF CD8+ T cells on the virus has already been observed in vitro. HAART has also been described to select HIV-1 variants for drug escape mutations. Since the mutational pressure exerted on one location of the HIV-1 genome can potentially affect the 3 reading frames, we hypothesized that ARF responses would be affected by this drug pressure in vivo. Methodology/Principal findings In this study we identified new ARFs derived from sense and antisense transcription of HIV-1. Many of these ARFs are detectable in circulating viral proteins. They are predominantly found in the HIV-1 env nucleotide region. We measured T cell responses to 199 HIV-1 CE encoded within 13 sense and 34 antisense HIV-1 ARFs. We were able to observe that these ARF responses are more frequent and of greater magnitude in chronically infected individuals compared to acutely infected patients, and in patients on HAART, the breadth of ARF responses increased. Conclusions/Significance These results have implications for vaccine design and unveil the existence of potential new epitopes that could be included as vaccine targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Champiat
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rui André Saraiva Raposo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - John L. Lehman
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s College of California, Moraga, California, United States of America
| | - Sean E. Purtell
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s College of California, Moraga, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Hasenkrug
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jacob C. Miller
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hansi Dean
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Wayne C. Koff
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marisa Ailin Hong
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, and Institute Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Epidemiology and Prevention Interventions Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, and The Positive Health Program, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Positive Health Program, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gerald E. Spotts
- Positive Health Program, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Pilcher
- Positive Health Program, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fredrick M. Hecht
- Positive Health Program, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Esper G. Kallas
- University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keith E. Garrison
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary’s College of California, Moraga, California, United States of America
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Plank C, Zelphati O, Mykhaylyk O. Magnetically enhanced nucleic acid delivery. Ten years of magnetofection-progress and prospects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1300-31. [PMID: 21893135 PMCID: PMC7103316 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acids carry the building plans of living systems. As such, they can be exploited to make cells produce a desired protein, or to shut down the expression of endogenous genes or even to repair defective genes. Hence, nucleic acids are unique substances for research and therapy. To exploit their potential, they need to be delivered into cells which can be a challenging task in many respects. During the last decade, nanomagnetic methods for delivering and targeting nucleic acids have been developed, methods which are often referred to as magnetofection. In this review we summarize the progress and achievements in this field of research. We discuss magnetic formulations of vectors for nucleic acid delivery and their characterization, mechanisms of magnetofection, and the application of magnetofection in viral and nonviral nucleic acid delivery in cell culture and in animal models. We summarize results that have been obtained with using magnetofection in basic research and in preclinical animal models. Finally, we describe some of our recent work and end with some conclusions and perspectives.
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Maness NJ, Walsh AD, Rudersdorf RA, Erickson PA, Piaskowski SM, Wilson NA, Watkins DI. Chinese origin rhesus macaque major histocompatibility complex class I molecules promiscuously present epitopes from SIV associated with molecules of Indian origin; implications for immunodominance and viral escape. Immunogenetics 2011; 63:587-97. [PMID: 21626440 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-011-0538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The presentation of identical peptides by different major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, termed promiscuity, is a controversial feature of T cell-mediated immunity to pathogens. The astounding diversity of MHC-I molecules in human populations, presumably to enable binding of equally diverse peptides, implies promiscuity would be a rare phenomenon. However, if it occurs, it would have important implications for immunity. We screened 77 animals for responses to peptides known to bind MHC-I molecules that were not expressed by these animals. Some cases of supposed promiscuity were determined to be the result of either non-identical optimal peptides or were simply not mapped to the correct MHC-I molecule in previous studies. Cases of promiscuity, however, were associated with alterations of immunodominance hierarchies, either in terms of the repertoire of peptides presented by the different MHC-I molecules or in the magnitude of the responses directed against the epitopes themselves. Specifically, we found that the Mamu-B*017:01-restricted peptides Vif HW8 and cRW9 were also presented by Mamu-A2*05:26 and targeted by an animal expressing that allele. We also found that the normally subdominant Mamu-A1*001:01 presented peptide Gag QI9 was also presented by Mamu-B*056:01. Both A2*05:26 and B*056:01 are molecules typically or exclusively expressed by animals of Chinese origin. These data clearly demonstrate that MHC-I epitope promiscuity, though rare, might have important implications for immunodominance and for the transmission of escape mutations, depending on the relative frequencies of the given alleles in a population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas James Maness
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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CD8+ T cell recognition of cryptic epitopes is a ubiquitous feature of AIDS virus infection. J Virol 2010; 84:11569-74. [PMID: 20739530 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01419-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines designed to elicit AIDS virus-specific CD8+ T cells should engender broad responses. Emerging data indicate that alternate reading frames (ARFs) of both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) encode CD8+ T cell epitopes, termed cryptic epitopes. Here, we show that SIV-specific CD8+ T cells from SIV-infected rhesus macaques target 14 epitopes in eight ARFs during SIV infection. Animals recognized up to five epitopes, totaling nearly one-quarter of the anti-SIV responses. The epitopes were targeted by high-frequency responses as early as 2 weeks postinfection and in the chronic phase. Hence, previously overlooked ARF-encoded epitopes could be important components of AIDS vaccines.
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Simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ T cells recognize Vpr- and Rev-derived epitopes early after infection. J Virol 2010; 84:10907-12. [PMID: 20686015 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01357-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of CD8(+) T cell epitope presentation contribute to the antiviral efficacy of these cells yet remain poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate presentation of virion-derived Vpr peptide epitopes early after viral penetration and prior to presentation of Vif-derived epitopes, which required de novo Vif synthesis. Two Rev epitopes exhibited differential presentation kinetics, with one Rev epitope presented within 1 h of infection. We also demonstrate that cytolytic activity mirrors the recognition kinetics of infected cells. These studies show for the first time that Vpr- and Rev-specific CD8(+) T cells recognize and kill simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected CD4(+) T cells early after SIV infection.
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Maness NJ, Wilson NA, Reed JS, Piaskowski SM, Sacha JB, Walsh AD, Thoryk E, Heidecker GJ, Citron MP, Liang X, Bett AJ, Casimiro DR, Watkins DI. Robust, vaccine-induced CD8(+) T lymphocyte response against an out-of-frame epitope. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:67-72. [PMID: 19949108 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rational vaccines designed to engender T cell responses require intimate knowledge of how epitopes are generated and presented. Recently, we vaccinated 8 Mamu-A*02(+) rhesus macaques with every SIV protein except Envelope (Env). Surprisingly, one of the strongest T cell responses engendered was against the Env protein, the Mamu-A*02-restricted epitope, Env(788-795)RY8. In this paper, we show that translation from an alternate reading frame of both the Rev-encoding DNA plasmid and the rAd5 vector engendered Env(788-795)RY8-specific CD8(+) T cells of greater magnitude than "normal" SIV infection. Our data demonstrate both that the pathway from vaccination to immune response is not well understood and that products of alternate reading frames may be rich and untapped sources of T cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Maness
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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