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Lin H, Han Y, Sang Y, Wu Y, Tian M, Chen X, Lin X, Lin X. OTUD1 enhances gastric cancer aggressiveness by deubiquitinating EBV-encoded protein BALF1 to stabilize the apoptosis inhibitor Bcl-2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167132. [PMID: 38565386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is implicated in several cancers, including EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC). This study focuses on EBV-encoded BALF1 (BamH1 A fragment leftward reading frame 1), a key apoptosis regulator in EBV-related cancers, whose specific impact on EBVaGC was previously unknown. Our findings indicate that BALF1 overexpression in gastric cancer cells significantly enhances their proliferation, migration, and resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis, confirming BALF1's oncogenic potential. A novel discovery is that BALF1 undergoes degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Through analysis of 69 deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), ovarian tumor protease (OTU) domain-containing protein 1 (OTUD1) emerged as a vital regulator for maintaining BALF1 protein stability. Furthermore, BALF1 was found to play a role in regulating the stability of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein, increasing its levels through deubiquitination. This mechanism reveals BALF1's multifaceted oncogenic role in gastric cancer, as it contributes both directly and indirectly to cancer progression, particularly by stabilizing Bcl-2, known for its anti-apoptotic characteristics. These insights significantly deepen our understanding of EBV's involvement in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. The elucidation of OTUD1's role in BALF1 regulation and its influence on Bcl-2 stabilization provide new avenues for therapeutic intervention in EBVaGC, bridging the gap between viral oncogenesis and cellular protein regulation and offering a more holistic view of gastric cancer development under the influence of EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yuting Han
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Yuchao Sang
- Anxi County Hospital, Quanzhou 362400, China
| | - Yuecheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Mengyue Tian
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Xintan Chen
- Anxi County Hospital, Quanzhou 362400, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Tumor Microbiology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Xinjian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer (Fujian Medical University), Ministry of Education, Fuzhou 350122, China; Anxi County Hospital, Quanzhou 362400, China.
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2
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Mitra B, Beri NR, Guo R, Burton EM, Murray-Nerger LA, Gewurz BE. Characterization of target gene regulation by the two Epstein-Barr virus oncogene LMP1 domains essential for B-cell transformation. mBio 2023; 14:e0233823. [PMID: 38009935 PMCID: PMC10746160 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02338-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) causes multiple human cancers, including B-cell lymphomas. In cell culture, EBV converts healthy human B-cells into immortalized ones that grow continuously, which model post-transplant lymphomas. Constitutive signaling from two cytoplasmic tail domains of the EBV oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is required for this transformation, yet there has not been systematic analysis of their host gene targets. We identified that only signaling from the membrane proximal domain is required for survival of these EBV-immortalized cells and that its loss triggers apoptosis. We identified key LMP1 target genes, whose abundance changed significantly with loss of LMP1 signals, or that were instead upregulated in response to switching on signaling by one or both LMP1 domains in an EBV-uninfected human B-cell model. These included major anti-apoptotic factors necessary for EBV-infected B-cell survival. Bioinformatics analyses identified clusters of B-cell genes that respond differently to signaling by either or both domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Mitra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions for Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nina Rose Beri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions for Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions for Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric M. Burton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions for Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura A. Murray-Nerger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions for Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions for Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Mitra B, Beri NR, Guo R, Burton EM, Murray-Nerger LA, Gewurz BE. Characterization of Target Gene Regulation by the Two Epstein-Barr Virus Oncogene LMP1 Domains Essential for B-cell Transformation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.10.536234. [PMID: 37090591 PMCID: PMC10120669 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.10.536234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) mimics CD40 signaling and is expressed by multiple malignancies. Two LMP1 C-terminal cytoplasmic tail regions, termed transformation essential sites (TES) 1 and 2, are critical for EBV transformation of B lymphocytes into immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). However, TES1 versus TES2 B-cell target genes have remained incompletely characterized, and whether both are required for LCL survival has remained unknown. To define LCL LMP1 target genes, we profiled transcriptome-wide effects of acute LMP1 CRISPR knockout (KO) prior to cell death. To then characterize specific LCL TES1 and TES2 roles, we conditionally expressed wildtype, TES1 null, TES2 null or double TES1/TES2 null LMP1 alleles upon endogenous LMP1 KO. Unexpectedly, TES1 but not TES2 signaling was critical for LCL survival. The LCL dependency factor cFLIP, which plays obligatory roles in blockade of LCL apoptosis, was highly downmodulated by loss of TES1 signaling. To further characterize TES1 vs TES2 roles, we conditionally expressed wildtype, TES1 and/or TES2 null LMP1 alleles in two Burkitt models. Systematic RNAseq analyses revealed gene clusters that responded more strongly to TES1 versus TES2, that respond strongly to both or that are oppositely regulated. Robust TES1 effects on cFLIP induction were again noted. TES1 and 2 effects on expression of additional LCL dependency factors, including BATF and IRF4, and on EBV super-enhancers were identified. Collectively, these studies suggest a model by which LMP1 TES1 and TES2 jointly remodel the B-cell transcriptome and highlight TES1 as a key therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Mitra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions in Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Nina Rose Beri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions in Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Rui Guo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions in Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Eric M. Burton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions in Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Laura A. Murray-Nerger
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions in Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Gewurz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston MA 02115, USA
- Center for Integrated Solutions in Infectious Disease, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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4
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Ma W, Huang G, Wang Z, Wang L, Gao Q. IRF7: role and regulation in immunity and autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1236923. [PMID: 37638030 PMCID: PMC10449649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1236923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 7 was originally identified as master transcriptional factor that produced IFN-I and regulated innate immune response, subsequent studies have revealed that IRF7 performs a multifaceted and versatile functions in multiple biological processes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on the current knowledge of the role of IRF7 in immunity and autoimmunity. We focus on the latest regulatory mechanisms of IRF7 in IFN-I, including signaling pathways, transcription, translation, and post-translational levels, the dimerization and nuclear translocation, and the role of IRF7 in IFN-III and COVID-19. In addition to antiviral immunity, we also discuss the role and mechanism of IRF7 in autoimmunity, and the further research will expand our understanding of IRF7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Department of Wound Infection and Drug, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Gang Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Qiangguo Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
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5
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Gao Q, Fan T, Luo S, Zheng J, Zhang L, Cao L, Zhang Z, Li L, Huang Z, Zhang H, Huang L, Xiao Q, Qiu F. Lactobacillus gasseri LGV03 isolated from the cervico-vagina of HPV-cleared women modulates epithelial innate immune responses and suppresses the growth of HPV-positive human cervical cancer cells. Transl Oncol 2023; 35:101714. [PMID: 37331103 PMCID: PMC10366645 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infections is necessary for the development of cervical cancers. An increasing number of retrospective studies have found the depletion of Lactobacillus microbiota in the cervico-vagina facilitate HPV infection and might be involved in viral persistence and cancer development. However, there have been no reports confirming the immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus microbiota isolated from cervico-vaginal samples of HPV clearance in women. Using cervico-vaginal samples from HPV persistent infection and clearance in women, this study investigated the local immune properties in cervical mucosa. As expected, type I interferons, such as IFN-α and IFN-β, and TLR3 globally downregulated in HPV+ persistence group. Luminex cytokine/chemokine panel analysis revealed that L. jannaschii LJV03, L. vaginalis LVV03, L. reuteri LRV03, and L. gasseri LGV03 isolated from cervicovaginal samples of HPV clearance in women altered the host's epithelial immune response, particularly L. gasseri LGV03. Furthermore, L. gasseri LGV03 enhanced the poly (I:C)-induced production of IFN by modulating the IRF3 pathway and attenuating poly (I:C)-induced production of proinflammatory mediators by regulating the NF-κB pathway in Ect1/E6E7 cells, indicating that L. gasseri LGV03 keeps the innate system alert to potential pathogens and reduces the inflammatory effects during persistent pathogen infection. L. gasseri LGV03 also markedly inhibited the proliferation of Ect1/E6E7 cells in a zebrafish xenograft model, which may be attributed to an increased immune response mediated by L. gasseri LGV03.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Gao
- Department of Gynecology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Tao Fan
- Department of Obstetrics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, China
| | - Siying Luo
- Department of Gynecology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jieting Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Longbing Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong 528244, China
| | - Zikang Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong 528244, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gynecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenzhen Hospital (Guangming), Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Zhu Huang
- Department of Gynecology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Huifen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518003, China
| | - Liuxuan Huang
- Department of Gynecology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qing Xiao
- Department of Gynecology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong 528244, China.
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6
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Baillo A, Villena J, Albarracín L, Tomokiyo M, Elean M, Fukuyama K, Quilodrán-Vega S, Fadda S, Kitazawa H. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains Modulate Intestinal Innate Immune Response and Increase Resistance to Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010063. [PMID: 36677354 PMCID: PMC9863675 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, probiotic bacteria with not transferable antibiotic resistance represent a sustainable strategy for the treatment and prevention of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in farm animals. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is among the most versatile species used in the food industry, either as starter cultures or probiotics. In the present work, the immunobiotic potential of L. plantarum CRL681 and CRL1506 was studied to evaluate their capability to improve the resistance to ETEC infection. In vitro studies using porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells and in vivo experiments in mice were undertaken. Expression analysis indicated that both strains were able to trigger IL-6 and IL-8 expression in PIE cells in steady-state conditions. Furthermore, mice orally treated with these strains had significantly improved levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α in the intestine as well as enhanced activity of peritoneal macrophages. The ability of CRL681 and CRL1506 to beneficially modulate intestinal immunity was further evidenced in ETEC-challenge experiments. In vitro, the CRL1506 and CRL681 strains modulated the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6) and chemokines (IL-8, CCL2, CXCL5 and CXCL9) in ETEC-stimulated PIE cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated the ability of both strains to beneficially regulate the immune response against this pathogen. Moreover, the oral treatment of mice with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains significantly reduced ETEC counts in jejunum and ileum and prevented the spread of the pathogen to the spleen and liver. Additionally, LAB treated-mice had improved levels of intestinal IL-10 both at steady state and after the challenge with ETEC. The protective effect against ETEC infection was not observed for the non-immunomodulatory TL2677 strain. Furthermore, the study showed that L. plantarum CRL1506 was more efficient than the CRL681 strain to modulate mucosal immunity highlighting the strain specific character of this probiotic activity. Our results suggest that the improved intestinal epithelial defenses and innate immunity induced by L. plantarum CRL1506 and CRL681 would increase the clearance of ETEC and at the same time, protect the host against detrimental inflammation. These constitute valuable features for future probiotic products able to improve the resistance to ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelen Baillo
- Laboratory of Technology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman CP4000, Argentina
| | - Julio Villena
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman CP4000, Argentina
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (S.F.); (H.K.)
| | - Leonardo Albarracín
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman CP4000, Argentina
| | - Mikado Tomokiyo
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Mariano Elean
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman CP4000, Argentina
| | - Kohtaro Fukuyama
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
| | - Sandra Quilodrán-Vega
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Concepción, Chillán 3820572, Chile
| | - Silvina Fadda
- Laboratory of Technology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman CP4000, Argentina
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (S.F.); (H.K.)
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (S.F.); (H.K.)
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7
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The Central Role of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in EBV-Mediated Oncogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030611. [PMID: 35158879 PMCID: PMC8833352 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the first discovered human tumor virus, which contributes to the oncogenesis of many human cancers. The ubiquitin–proteasome system is a key player during EBV-mediated oncogenesis and has been developed as a crucial therapeutic target for treatment. In this review, we briefly describe how EBV antigens can modulate the ubiquitin–proteasome system for targeted protein degradation and how they are regulated in the EBV life cycle to mediate oncogenesis. Additionally, the developed proteasome inhibitors are discussed for the treatment of EBV-associated cancers. Abstract Deregulation of the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) plays a critical role in the development of numerous human cancers. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), the first known human tumor virus, has evolved distinct molecular mechanisms to manipulate the ubiquitin–proteasome system, facilitate its successful infection, and drive opportunistic cancers. The interactions of EBV antigens with the ubiquitin–proteasome system can lead to oncogenesis through the targeting of cellular factors involved in proliferation. Recent studies highlight the central role of the ubiquitin–proteasome system in EBV infection. This review will summarize the versatile strategies in EBV-mediated oncogenesis that contribute to the development of specific therapeutic approaches to treat EBV-associated malignancies.
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8
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Long S, Yang L, Dang W, Xin S, Jiang M, Zhang W, Li J, Wang Y, Zhang S, Lu J. Cellular Deubiquitylating Enzyme: A Regulatory Factor of Antiviral Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:805223. [PMID: 34966378 PMCID: PMC8710732 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.805223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) are proteases that crack the ubiquitin code from ubiquitylated substrates to reverse the fate of substrate proteins. Recently, DUBs have been found to mediate various cellular biological functions, including antiviral innate immune response mediated by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and NLR Family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes. So far, many DUBs have been identified to exert a distinct function in fine-tuning antiviral innate immunity and are utilized by viruses for immune evasion. Here, the recent advances in the regulation of antiviral responses by DUBs are reviewed. We also discussed the DUBs-mediated interaction between the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and antiviral innate immunity. The understanding of the mechanisms on antiviral innate immunity regulated by DUBs may provide therapeutic opportunities for viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Long
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Dang
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuyu Xin
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingjuan Jiang
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Senmiao Zhang
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- Department of Hematology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,China-Africa Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China
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9
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Chathuranga K, Weerawardhana A, Dodantenna N, Lee JS. Regulation of antiviral innate immune signaling and viral evasion following viral genome sensing. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1647-1668. [PMID: 34782737 PMCID: PMC8592830 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00691-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A harmonized balance between positive and negative regulation of pattern recognition receptor (PRR)-initiated immune responses is required to achieve the most favorable outcome for the host. This balance is crucial because it must not only ensure activation of the first line of defense against viral infection but also prevent inappropriate immune activation, which results in autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have shown how signal transduction pathways initiated by PRRs are positively and negatively regulated by diverse modulators to maintain host immune homeostasis. However, viruses have developed strategies to subvert the host antiviral response and establish infection. Viruses have evolved numerous genes encoding immunomodulatory proteins that antagonize the host immune system. This review focuses on the current state of knowledge regarding key host factors that regulate innate immune signaling molecules upon viral infection and discusses evidence showing how specific viral proteins counteract antiviral responses via immunomodulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiramage Chathuranga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Asela Weerawardhana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Niranjan Dodantenna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea.
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10
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Qian G, Zhu L, Li G, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Pan J, Lv H. An Integrated View of Deubiquitinating Enzymes Involved in Type I Interferon Signaling, Host Defense and Antiviral Activities. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742542. [PMID: 34707613 PMCID: PMC8542838 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infectious diseases pose a great challenge to human health around the world. Type I interferons (IFN-Is) function as the first line of host defense and thus play critical roles during virus infection by mediating the transcriptional induction of hundreds of genes. Nevertheless, overactive cytokine immune responses also cause autoimmune diseases, and thus, tight regulation of the innate immune response is needed to achieve viral clearance without causing excessive immune responses. Emerging studies have recently uncovered that the ubiquitin system, particularly deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), plays a critical role in regulating innate immune responses. In this review, we highlight recent advances on the diverse mechanisms of human DUBs implicated in IFN-I signaling. These DUBs function dynamically to calibrate host defenses against various virus infections by targeting hub proteins in the IFN-I signaling transduction pathway. We also present a future perspective on the roles of DUB-substrate interaction networks in innate antiviral activities, discuss the promises and challenges of DUB-based drug development, and identify the open questions that remain to be clarified. Our review provides a comprehensive description of DUBs, particularly their differential mechanisms that have evolved in the host to regulate IFN-I-signaling-mediated antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Qian
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liyan Zhu
- Department of Experimental Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gen Li
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zimu Zhang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian Pan
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haitao Lv
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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11
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New Look of EBV LMP1 Signaling Landscape. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215451. [PMID: 34771613 PMCID: PMC8582580 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection is associated with various lymphomas and carcinomas as well as other diseases in humans. The transmembrane protein LMP1 plays versatile roles in EBV life cycle and pathogenesis, by perturbing, reprograming, and regulating a large range of host cellular mechanisms and functions, which have been increasingly disclosed but not fully understood so far. We summarize recent research progress on LMP1 signaling, including the novel components LIMD1, p62, and LUBAC in LMP1 signalosome and LMP1 novel functions, such as its induction of p62-mediated selective autophagy, regulation of metabolism, induction of extracellular vehicles, and activation of NRF2-mediated antioxidative defense. A comprehensive understanding of LMP1 signal transduction and functions may allow us to leverage these LMP1-regulated cellular mechanisms for clinical purposes. Abstract The Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) principal oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) is a member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) superfamily with constitutive activity. LMP1 shares many features with Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs), including the use of TRAFs, adaptors, and kinase cascades, for signal transduction leading to the activation of NFκB, AP1, and Akt, as well as a subset of IRFs and likely the master antioxidative transcription factor NRF2, which we have gradually added to the list. In recent years, we have discovered the Linear UBiquitin Assembly Complex (LUBAC), the adaptor protein LIMD1, and the ubiquitin sensor and signaling hub p62, as novel components of LMP1 signalosome. Functionally, LMP1 is a pleiotropic factor that reprograms, balances, and perturbs a large spectrum of cellular mechanisms, including the ubiquitin machinery, metabolism, epigenetics, DNA damage response, extracellular vehicles, immune defenses, and telomere elongation, to promote oncogenic transformation, cell proliferation and survival, anchorage-independent cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis and invasion, as well as the development of the tumor microenvironment. We have recently shown that LMP1 induces p62-mediated selective autophagy in EBV latency, at least by contributing to the induction of p62 expression, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. We have also been collecting evidence supporting the hypothesis that LMP1 activates the Keap1-NRF2 pathway, which serves as the key antioxidative defense mechanism. Last but not least, our preliminary data shows that LMP1 is associated with the deregulation of cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway in EBV latency. A comprehensive understanding of the LMP1 signaling landscape is essential for identifying potential targets for the development of novel strategies towards targeted therapeutic applications.
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12
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Wang L, Howell MEA, Sparks-Wallace A, Zhao J, Hensley CR, Nicksic CA, Horne SR, Mohr KB, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ, Ning S. The Ubiquitin Sensor and Adaptor Protein p62 Mediates Signal Transduction of a Viral Oncogenic Pathway. mBio 2021; 12:e0109721. [PMID: 34488443 PMCID: PMC8546576 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01097-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) protein LMP1 serves as a paradigm that engages complicated ubiquitination-mediated mechanisms to activate multiple transcription factors. p62 is a ubiquitin sensor and a signal-transducing adaptor that has multiple functions in diverse contexts. However, the interaction between p62 and oncogenic viruses is poorly understood. We recently reported a crucial role for p62 in oncovirus-mediated oxidative stress by acting as a selective autophagy receptor. In this following pursuit, we further discovered that p62 is upregulated in EBV type 3 compared to type 1 latency, with a significant contribution from NF-κB and AP1 activities downstream of LMP1 signaling. In turn, p62 participates in LMP1 signal transduction through its interaction with TRAF6, promoting TRAF6 ubiquitination and activation. As expected, short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown (KD) of p62 transcripts reduces LMP1-TRAF6 interaction and TRAF6 ubiquitination, as well as p65 nuclear translocation, which was assessed by Amnis imaging flow cytometry. Strikingly, LMP1-stimulated NF-κB, AP1, and Akt activities are all markedly reduced in p62-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) and in EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cell lines with CRISPR-mediated knockout (KO) of the p62-encoding gene. However, EBV-positive BL cell lines (type 3 latency) with CRISPR-mediated KO of the p62-encoding gene failed to survive. In consequence, shRNA-mediated p62 KD impairs the ability of LMP1 to regulate its target gene expression, promotes etoposide-induced apoptosis, and reduces the proliferation of lymphoblastic cell lines (LCLs). These important findings have revealed a previously unrecognized novel role for p62 in EBV latency and oncogenesis, which advances our understanding of the mechanism underlying virus-mediated oncogenesis. IMPORTANCE As a ubiquitin sensor and a signal-transducing adaptor, p62 is crucial for NF-κB activation, which involves the ubiquitin machinery, in diverse contexts. However, whether p62 is required for EBV LMP1 activation of NF-κB is an open question. In this study, we provide evidence that p62 is upregulated in EBV type 3 latency and, in turn, p62 mediates LMP1 signal transduction to NF-κB, AP1, and Akt by promoting TRAF6 ubiquitination and activation. In consequence, p62 deficiency negatively regulates LMP1-mediated gene expression, promotes etoposide-induced apoptosis, and reduces the proliferation of LCLs. These important findings identified p62 as a novel signaling component of the key viral oncogenic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mary E. A. Howell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ayrianna Sparks-Wallace
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Culton R. Hensley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Camri A. Nicksic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shanna R. Horne
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kaylea B. Mohr
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- HCV/HIV Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- HCV/HIV Program, James H Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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13
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Jiang Y, Ding Y, Liu S, Luo B. The role of Epstein–Barr virus-encoded latent membrane proteins in host immune escape. Future Virol 2021. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a type IV herpesvirus that widely infects the vast majority of adults, and establishes a latent infection pattern in host cells to escape the clearance of immune system. The virus is intimately associated with the occurrence and progression of lymphomas and epithelial cell cancers. EBV latent membrane proteins (LMPs) can assist its immune escape by downregulating host immune response. Besides EBV, LMPs have important effects on the functions of exosomes and autophagy, which also help EBV to escape immune surveillance. These escape mechanisms may provide conditions for further development of EBV-associated tumors. In this article, we discussed the potential functions of EBV-encoded LMPs in promoting immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- Department of Medical Affairs of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Special Examination, Qingdao Women & Children Hospital, Qingdao, 266035, China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- Department of Medical Affairs of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
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14
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Zhou Z, Cai X, Zhu J, Li Z, Yu G, Liu X, Ouyang G, Xiao W. Zebrafish otud6b Negatively Regulates Antiviral Responses by Suppressing K63-Linked Ubiquitination of irf3 and irf7. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 207:244-256. [PMID: 34183367 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian tumor domain-containing 6B (OTUD6B) belongs to the OTU deubiquitylating enzyme family. In this study, we report that zebrafish otud6b is induced upon viral infection, and overexpression of otud6b suppresses cellular antiviral response. Disruption of otud6b in zebrafish increases the survival rate upon spring viremia of carp virus and grass carp reovirus exposure. Further assays indicate that otud6b interacts with irf3 and irf7 and diminishes traf6-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination of irf3 and irf7. In addition, the OTU domain is required for otud6b to repress IFN-1 activation and K63-linked polyubiquitination of irf3 and irf7. Moreover, otud6b also attenuates tbk1 to bind to irf3 and irf7, resulting in the impairment of irf3 and irf7 phosphorylation. This study provides, to our knowledge, novel insights into otud6b function and sheds new lights on the regulation of irf3 and irf7 by deubiquitination in IFN-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolian Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junji Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Gang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and
| | - Wuhan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; .,The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China; and.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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15
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Indo Y, Kitahara S, Tomokiyo M, Araki S, Islam MA, Zhou B, Albarracin L, Miyazaki A, Ikeda-Ohtsubo W, Nochi T, Takenouchi T, Uenishi H, Aso H, Takahashi H, Kurata S, Villena J, Kitazawa H. Ligilactobacillus salivarius Strains Isolated From the Porcine Gut Modulate Innate Immune Responses in Epithelial Cells and Improve Protection Against Intestinal Viral-Bacterial Superinfection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652923. [PMID: 34163470 PMCID: PMC8215365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we constructed a library of Ligilactobacillus salivarius strains from the intestine of wakame-fed pigs and reported a strain-dependent capacity to modulate IFN-β expression in porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells. In this work, we further characterized the immunomodulatory activities of L. salivarius strains from wakame-fed pigs by evaluating their ability to modulate TLR3- and TLR4-mediated innate immune responses in PIE cells. Two strains with a remarkable immunomodulatory potential were selected: L. salivarius FFIG35 and FFIG58. Both strains improved IFN-β, IFN-λ and antiviral factors expression in PIE cells after TLR3 activation, which correlated with an enhanced resistance to rotavirus infection. Moreover, a model of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)/rotavirus superinfection in PIE cells was developed. Cells were more susceptible to rotavirus infection when the challenge occurred in conjunction with ETEC compared to the virus alone. However, L. salivarius FFIG35 and FFIG58 maintained their ability to enhance IFN-β, IFN-λ and antiviral factors expression in PIE cells, and to reduce rotavirus replication in the context of superinfection. We also demonstrated that FFIG35 and FFIG58 strains regulated the immune response of PIE cells to rotavirus challenge or ETEC/rotavirus superinfection through the modulation of negative regulators of the TLR signaling pathway. In vivo studies performed in mice models confirmed the ability of L. salivarius FFIG58 to beneficially modulate the innate immune response and protect against ETEC infection. The results of this work contribute to the understanding of beneficial lactobacilli interactions with epithelial cells and allow us to hypothesize that the FFIG35 or FFIG58 strains could be used for the development of highly efficient functional feed to improve immune health status and reduce the severity of intestinal infections and superinfections in weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhki Indo
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shugo Kitahara
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mikado Tomokiyo
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shota Araki
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Md. Aminul Islam
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Binghui Zhou
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Leonardo Albarracin
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Scientific Computing Laboratory, Computer Science Department, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technology, National University of Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli, (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Ayako Miyazaki
- Viral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Wakako Ikeda-Ohtsubo
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takato Takenouchi
- Animal Bioregulation Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirohide Uenishi
- Animal Bioregulation Unit, Division of Animal Sciences, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Plant Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kurata
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Julio Villena
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli, (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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16
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Wang L, Ning S. TRIMming Type I Interferon-Mediated Innate Immune Response in Antiviral and Antitumor Defense. Viruses 2021; 13:279. [PMID: 33670221 PMCID: PMC7916971 DOI: 10.3390/v13020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tripartite motif (TRIM) family comprises at least 80 members in humans, with most having ubiquitin or SUMO E3 ligase activity conferred by their N-terminal RING domain. TRIMs regulate a wide range of processes in ubiquitination- or sumoylation-dependent manners in most cases, and fewer as adaptors. Their roles in the regulation of viral infections, autophagy, cell cycle progression, DNA damage and other stress responses, and carcinogenesis are being increasingly appreciated, and their E3 ligase activities are attractive targets for developing specific immunotherapeutic strategies for immune diseases and cancers. Given their importance in antiviral immune response, viruses have evolved sophisticated immune escape strategies to subvert TRIM-mediated mechanisms. In this review, we focus on their regulation of IFN-I-mediated innate immune response, which plays key roles in antiviral and antitumor defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA;
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA;
- Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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17
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Ubiquitination modification: critical regulation of IRF family stability and activity. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:957-965. [PMID: 33141302 PMCID: PMC7607542 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play pivotal and critical roles in innate and adaptive immune responses; thus, precise and stringent regulation of the stability and activation of IRFs in physiological processes is necessary. The stability and activities of IRFs are directly or indirectly targeted by endogenous and exogenous proteins in an ubiquitin-dependent manner. However, few reviews have summarized how host E3 ligases/DUBs or viral proteins regulate IRF stability and activity. Additionally, with recent technological developments, details about the ubiquitination of IRFs have been continuously revealed. As knowledge of how these proteins function and interact with IRFs may facilitate a better understanding of the regulation of IRFs in immune responses or other biological processes, we summarized current studies on the direct ubiquitination of IRFs, with an emphasis on how these proteins interact with IRFs and affect their activities, which may provide exciting targets for drug development by regulating the functions of specific E3 ligases.
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Rasaei R, Sarodaya N, Kim KS, Ramakrishna S, Hong SH. Importance of Deubiquitination in Macrophage-Mediated Viral Response and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218090. [PMID: 33138315 PMCID: PMC7662591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination and deubiquitination play a fundamental role in the signaling pathways associated with innate and adaptive immune responses. Macrophages are key sentinels for the host defense, triggering antiviral and inflammatory responses against various invading pathogens. Macrophages recognize the genetic material of these pathogens as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) through the activation of its pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), initiating the cascade of immune signaling, which leads to the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that initiates the appropriate immune response. Macrophage-mediated immune response is highly regulated and tightly controlled by the ubiquitin system since its abnormal activation or dysregulation may result in the severe pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) play a crucial role in reversing the ubiquitination and controlling the magnitude of the immune response. During infection, pathogens manipulate the host defense system by regulating DUBs to obtain nutrients and increase proliferation. Indeed, the regulation of DUBs by small molecule inhibitors has been proposed as an excellent way to control aberrant activation of immune signaling molecules. This review is focused on the complex role of DUBs in macrophage-mediated immune response, exploring the potential use of DUBs as therapeutic targets in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases by virtue of small molecule DUB inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Rasaei
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Neha Sarodaya
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (K.-S.K.)
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (K.-S.K.)
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (K.-S.K.)
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: or (S.R.); or (S.-H.H.)
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- Correspondence: or (S.R.); or (S.-H.H.)
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Gori Savellini G, Bini L, Gagliardi A, Anichini G, Gandolfo C, Prathyumnan S, Cusi MG. Ubiquitin and Not Only Unfolded Domains Drives Toscana Virus Non-Structural NSs Protein Degradation. Viruses 2020; 12:E1153. [PMID: 33053780 PMCID: PMC7601456 DOI: 10.3390/v12101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-structural protein NSs of the Phenuiviridae family members appears to have a role in the host immunity escape. The stability of Toscana virus (TOSV) NSs protein was tested by a cycloheximide (CHX) chase approach on cells transfected with NSs deleted versions fused to a reporter gene. The presence of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) both at the C- and N-terminus appeared to affect the protein stability. Indeed, the NSsΔC and NSsΔN proteins were more stable than the wild-type NSs counterpart. Since TOSV NSs exerts its inhibitory function by triggering RIG-I for proteasomal degradation, the interaction of the ubiquitin system and TOSV NSs was further examined. Chase experiments with CHX and the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 demonstrated the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in controlling NSs protein amount expressed in the cells. The analysis of TOSV NSs by mass spectrometry allowed the direct identification of K104, K109, K154, K180, K244, K294, and K298 residues targeted for ubiquitination. Analysis of NSs K-mutants confirmed the presence and the important role of lysine residues located in the central and the C-terminal parts of the protein in controlling the NSs cellular level. Therefore, we directly demonstrated a new cellular pathway involved in controlling TOSV NSs fate and activity, and this opens the way to new investigations among more pathogenic viruses of the Phenuiviridae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Gori Savellini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Luca Bini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Assunta Gagliardi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Laboratory of Synthetic and Structural Vaccinology, 38122 Trento, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Anichini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Claudia Gandolfo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (M.G.C.)
- S. Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Shibily Prathyumnan
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (M.G.C.)
| | - Maria Grazia Cusi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (G.A.); (C.G.); (S.P.); (M.G.C.)
- S. Maria delle Scotte Hospital, V.le Bracci, 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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Zhang H, Huang H, Feng X, Song H, Zhang Z, Shen A, Qiu X. Deubiquitinase USP28 inhibits ubiquitin ligase KLHL2-mediated uridine-cytidine kinase 1 degradation and confers sensitivity to 5'-azacytidine-resistant human leukemia cells. Theranostics 2020; 10:1046-1059. [PMID: 31938050 PMCID: PMC6956814 DOI: 10.7150/thno.36503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug 5'-azacytidine (5'-AZA) is a major obstacle in the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The uridine-cytidine kinase 1 (UCK1) has an established role in activating 5'-AZA and its protein level is significantly downregulated in patients resistant to the drug. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for the reduced UCK1 expression remains to be elucidated. Methods: Using mass spectrometry and molecular biochemistry analyses, we identified specific enzymes mediating UCK1 degradation. Human AML cell lines and murine AML model were used to characterize the effects of these enzymes on 5'-AZA resistance. Results: We demonstrated that the ubiquitin E3 ligase KLHL2 interacted with UCK1 and mediated its polyubiquitination at the K81 residue and degradation. We showed that deubiquitinase USP28 antagonized KLHL2-mediated polyubiquitylation of UCK1. We also provided evidence that ATM-mediated phosphorylation of USP28 resulted in its disassociation from KLHL2 and UCK1 destabilization. Conversely, UCK1 phosphorylation by 5'-AZA-activated ATM enhanced the KLHL2-UCK1 complex formation. Importantly, silencing KLHL2 or USP28 overexpression not only inhibited AML cell proliferation but also sensitized AML cells to 5'-AZA-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. These results were no longer observed in USP28-deficient cells. Conclusions: Our study revealed a novel mechanism by which the KLHL2/USP28/ATM axis mediates resistance of AML cells to 5'-AZA by regulating UCK1 ubiquitination and phosphorylation. These results have direct clinical implications and provide a rationale for the combination drug treatment of AML patients.
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21
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The function and regulation of OTU deubiquitinases. Front Med 2019; 14:542-563. [PMID: 31884527 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-019-0734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of cellular proteins by ubiquitin regulates numerous cellular processes, including cell division, immune responses, and apoptosis. Ubiquitin-mediated control over these processes can be reversed by deubiquitinases (DUBs), which remove ubiquitin from target proteins and depolymerize polyubiquitin chains. Recently, much progress has been made in the DUBs. In humans, the ovarian tumor protease (OTU) subfamily of DUBs includes 16 members, most of which mediate cell signaling cascades. These OTUs show great variation in structure and function, which display a series of mechanistic features. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of current progress in character, structure and function of OTUs, such as the substrate specificity and catalytic activity regulation. Then we discuss the relationship between some diseases and OTUs. Finally, we summarize the structure of viral OTUs and their function in immune escape and viral survival. Despite the challenges, OTUs might provide new therapeutic targets, due to their involvement in key regulatory processes.
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Woo B, Baek KH. Regulatory interplay between deubiquitinating enzymes and cytokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 48:40-51. [PMID: 31208841 PMCID: PMC7108389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are cysteine protease proteins that reverse the ubiquitination by removing ubiquitins from the target protein. With over 100 DUBs identified and categorized into at least 7 families, many DUBs interact with one or more cytokines, influencing cellular processes, such as antiviral responses, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, etc. While some DUBs influence cytokine pathway or production, some DUBs are cytokine-inducible. In this article, we summarize a list of DUBs, their interaction with cytokines, target proteins and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bean Woo
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Bundang CHA General Hospital, Gyeonggi-Do, 13488, Republic of Korea; University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Bundang CHA General Hospital, Gyeonggi-Do, 13488, Republic of Korea.
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Liu Q, Wu Y, Qin Y, Hu J, Xie W, Qin FXF, Cui J. Broad and diverse mechanisms used by deubiquitinase family members in regulating the type I interferon signaling pathway during antiviral responses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar2824. [PMID: 29732405 PMCID: PMC5931765 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response conferred by type I interferons is essential for host defense against viral infection but needs to be tightly controlled to avoid immunopathology. We performed a systematic functional screening by CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) knockout and overexpression to investigate the roles of the deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) family in regulating antiviral immunity. We demonstrated that the expression of a large fraction of DUBs underwent complex temporal alteration, suggesting a dynamic program of feedback regulation. Moreover, we identified previously unrecognized roles of a subset of DUBs, including USP5, USP14, USP22, USP48, USP52, COPS5, and BRCC3, in inhibiting antiviral immunity at various levels. We explored an unexpected mechanism where multiple DUBs, such as USP5 and USP22, form diverse signalosomes with E3 ligases or DUBs to alter the substrates' ubiquitination state instead of directly cleaving the ubiquitin chains on substrates via their protease activity. Altogether, our study has revealed a panoramic view of the broad and dynamic involvement of DUB family proteins in regulating antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yaoxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Yunfei Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, Cell-Gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Jiajia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Weihong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510006, China
| | - F. Xiao-Feng Qin
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Corresponding author. (J.C.); (F.X.-F.Q.)
| | - Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou,Guangdong 510006, China
- Corresponding author. (J.C.); (F.X.-F.Q.)
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Ahn H, Yang JM, Jeon YK, Paik JH. Clinicopathologic implications of TNFAIP3/A20 deletions in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2018; 57:231-239. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Ahn
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seongnam Korea
| | - Jeong Mi Yang
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seongnam Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seoul Korea
| | - Jin Ho Paik
- Department of Pathology; Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Seongnam Korea
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Marsili G, Perrotti E, Remoli AL, Acchioni C, Sgarbanti M, Battistini A. IFN Regulatory Factors and Antiviral Innate Immunity: How Viruses Can Get Better. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 36:414-32. [PMID: 27379864 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family consists of transcriptional regulators that exert multifaceted and versatile functions in multiple biological processes. Their crucial role as central mediators in the establishment and execution of host immunity in response to pathogen-derived signals downstream pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) makes IRFs a hallmark of the host antiviral response. They function as hub molecules at the crossroad of different signaling pathways for the induction of interferon (IFN) and inflammatory cytokines, as well as of antiviral and immunomodulatory genes even in an IFN-independent manner. By regulating the development and activity of immune cells, IRFs also function as a bridge between innate and adaptive responses. As such, IRFs represent attractive and compulsive targets in viral strategies to subvert antiviral signaling. In this study, we discuss current knowledge on the wide array of strategies put in place by pathogenic viruses to evade, subvert, and/or hijack these essential components of host antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Marsili
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Edvige Perrotti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Remoli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Acchioni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Battistini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are recognized by different cellular pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are expressed on cell membrane or in the cytoplasm of cells of the innate immune system. Nucleic acids derived from pathogens or from certain cellular conditions represent a large category of PAMPs/DAMPs that trigger production of type I interferons (IFN-I) in addition to pro-inflammatory cytokines, by specifically binding to intracellular Toll-like receptors or cytosolic receptors. These cytosolic receptors, which are not related to TLRs and we call them “Toll-free” receptors, include the RNA-sensing RIG-I like receptors (RLRs), the DNA-sensing HIN200 family, and cGAS, amongst others. Viruses have evolved myriad strategies to evoke both host cellular and viral factors to evade IFN-I-mediated innate immune responses, to facilitate their infection, replication, and establishment of latency. This review outlines these “Toll-free” innate immune pathways and recent updates on their regulation, with focus on cellular and viral factors with enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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Lv DW, Zhong J, Zhang K, Pandey A, Li R. Understanding Epstein-Barr Virus Life Cycle with Proteomics: A Temporal Analysis of Ubiquitination During Virus Reactivation. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 21:27-37. [PMID: 28271981 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human γ-herpesvirus associated with cancer, including Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal, and gastric carcinoma. EBV reactivation in latently infected B cells is essential for persistent infection whereby B cell receptor (BCR) activation is a physiologically relevant stimulus. Yet, a global view of BCR activation-regulated protein ubiquitination is lacking when EBV is actively replicating. We report here, for the first time, the long-term effects of IgG cross-linking-regulated protein ubiquitination and offer a basis for dissecting the cellular environment during the course of EBV lytic replication. Using the Akata-BX1 (EBV+) and Akata-4E3 (EBV-) Burkitt lymphoma cells, we monitored the dynamic changes in protein ubiquitination using quantitative proteomics. We observed temporal alterations in the level of ubiquitination at ∼150 sites in both EBV+ and EBV- B cells post-IgG cross-linking, compared with controls with no cross-linking. The majority of protein ubiquitination was downregulated. The upregulated ubiquitination events were associated with proteins involved in RNA processing. Among the downregulated ubiquitination events were proteins involved in apoptosis, ubiquitination, and DNA repair. These comparative and quantitative proteomic observations represent the first analysis on the effects of IgG cross-linking at later time points when the majority of EBV genes are expressed and the viral genome is actively being replicated. In all, these data enhance our understanding of mechanistic linkages connecting protein ubiquitination, RNA processing, apoptosis, and the EBV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wen Lv
- 1 Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Jun Zhong
- 2 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kun Zhang
- 1 Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- 2 McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland.,3 Institute of Bioinformatics , International Technology Park, Bangalore, India .,4 Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation , New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Renfeng Li
- 1 Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, VCU School of Dentistry, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia.,5 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia.,6 Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
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Abstract
Host anti-viral innate-immune signalling pathways are regulated by a variety of post-translation modifications including ubiquitination, which is critical to regulate various signalling pathways for synthesis of anti-viral molecules. A homeostasis of host immune responses, induced due to viral infection and further ubiquitination, is maintained by the action of deubiquitinases (DUB). Infecting viruses utilize the process of deubiquitination for tricking host immune system wherein viral DUBs compete with host DUBs for inhibition of innate-immune anti-viral signalling pathways, which instead of maintaining an immune homeostasis bring about virus-mediated pathogenesis. This suggests that viruses co-evolve with their hosts to acquire similar machinery for tricking immune surveillance and establishing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Kumari
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal , Bhopal , India
| | - Himanshu Kumar
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Bhopal , Bhopal , India
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Exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus delbrueckii OLL1073R-1 modulate innate antiviral immune response in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. Mol Immunol 2017; 93:253-265. [PMID: 28800975 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that the extracellular polysaccharides (EPSs) produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii OLL1073R-1 (LDR-1) improve antiviral immunity, especially in the systemic and respiratory compartments. However, it was not studied before whether those EPSs are able to beneficially modulate intestinal antiviral immunity. In addition, LDR-1-host interaction has been evaluated mainly with immune cells while its interaction with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) was not addressed before. In this work, we investigated the capacity of EPSs from LDR-1 to modulate the response of porcine IECs (PIE cells) to the stimulation with the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 agonist poly(I:C) and the role of TLR2, TLR4, and TLR negative regulators in the immunoregulatory effect. We showed that innate immune response triggered by TLR3 activation in porcine IECs was differentially modulated by EPS from LDR-1. EPSs treatment induced an increment in the expression of interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-β in PIE cells after the stimulation with poly(I:C) as well as the expression of the antiviral factors MxA and RNase L. Those effects were related to the reduced expression of A20 in EPS-treated PIE cells. EPS from LDR-1 was also able to reduce the expression of IL-6 and proinflammatory chemokines. Although further in vivo studies are needed, our results suggest that these EPSs or a yogurt fermented with LDR-1 have potential to improve intestinal innate antiviral response and protect against intestinal viruses.
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30
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Nguyen CB, Alsøe L, Lindvall JM, Sulheim D, Fagermoen E, Winger A, Kaarbø M, Nilsen H, Wyller VB. Whole blood gene expression in adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome: an exploratory cross-sectional study suggesting altered B cell differentiation and survival. J Transl Med 2017; 15:102. [PMID: 28494812 PMCID: PMC5426002 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a prevalent and disabling condition affecting adolescents. The pathophysiology is poorly understood, but immune alterations might be an important component. This study compared whole blood gene expression in adolescent CFS patients and healthy controls, and explored associations between gene expression and neuroendocrine markers, immune markers and clinical markers within the CFS group. METHODS CFS patients (12-18 years old) were recruited nation-wide to a single referral center as part of the NorCAPITAL project. A broad case definition of CFS was applied, requiring 3 months of unexplained, disabling chronic/relapsing fatigue of new onset, whereas no accompanying symptoms were necessary. Healthy controls having comparable distribution of gender and age were recruited from local schools. Whole blood samples were subjected to RNA sequencing. Immune markers were blood leukocyte counts, plasma cytokines, serum C-reactive protein and immunoglobulins. Neuroendocrine markers encompassed plasma and urine levels of catecholamines and cortisol, as well as heart rate variability indices. Clinical markers consisted of questionnaire scores for symptoms of post-exertional malaise, inflammation, fatigue, depression and trait anxiety, as well as activity recordings. RESULTS A total of 29 CFS patients and 18 healthy controls were included. We identified 176 genes as differentially expressed in patients compared to controls, adjusting for age and gender factors. Gene set enrichment analyses suggested impairment of B cell differentiation and survival, as well as enhancement of innate antiviral responses and inflammation in the CFS group. A pattern of co-expression could be identified, and this pattern, as well as single gene transcripts, was significantly associated with indices of autonomic nervous activity, plasma cortisol, and blood monocyte and eosinophil counts. Also, an association with symptoms of post-exertional malaise was demonstrated. CONCLUSION Adolescent CFS is characterized by differential gene expression pattern in whole blood suggestive of impaired B cell differentiation and survival, and enhanced innate antiviral responses and inflammation. This expression pattern is associated with neuroendocrine markers of altered HPA axis and autonomic nervous activity, and with symptoms of post-exertional malaise. Trial registration Clinical Trials NCT01040429.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinh Bkrong Nguyen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Health, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene Alsøe
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Jessica M. Lindvall
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden (NBIS), Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dag Sulheim
- Department of Paediatrics, Lillehammer County Hospital, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Even Fagermoen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Winger
- Institute of Nursing Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Kaarbø
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Nilsen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo, and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Vegard Bruun Wyller
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Health, Akershus University Hospital, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Albarracin L, Kobayashi H, Iida H, Sato N, Nochi T, Aso H, Salva S, Alvarez S, Kitazawa H, Villena J. Transcriptomic Analysis of the Innate Antiviral Immune Response in Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Influence of Immunobiotic Lactobacilli. Front Immunol 2017; 8:57. [PMID: 28210256 PMCID: PMC5288346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 and Lactobacillus plantarum CRL1506 are immunobiotic strains able to increase protection against viral intestinal infections as demonstrated in animal models and humans. To gain insight into the host–immunobiotic interaction, the transcriptomic response of porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells to the challenge with viral molecular associated pattern poly(I:C) and the changes in the transcriptomic profile induced by the immunobiotics strains CRL1505 and CRL1506 were investigated in this work. By using microarray technology and reverse transcription PCR, we obtained a global overview of the immune genes involved in the innate antiviral immune response in PIE cells. Stimulation of PIE cells with poly(I:C) significantly increased the expression of IFN-α and IFN-β, several interferon-stimulated genes, cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and genes involved in prostaglandin biosynthesis. It was also determined that lactobacilli differently modulated immune gene expression in poly(I:C)-challenged PIE cells. Most notable changes were found in antiviral factors (IFN-α, IFN-β, NPLR3, OAS1, OASL, MX2, and RNASEL) and cytokines/chemokines (IL-1β, IL-6, CCL4, CCL5, and CXCL10) that were significantly increased in lactobacilli-treated PIE cells. Immunobiotics reduced the expression of IL-15 and RAE1 genes that mediate poly(I:C) inflammatory damage. In addition, lactobacilli treatments increased the expression PLA2G4A, PTGES, and PTGS2 that are involved in prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis. L. rhamnosus CRL1505 and L. plantarum CRL1506 showed quantitative and qualitative differences in their capacities to modulate the innate antiviral immune response in PIE cells, which would explain the higher capacity of the CRL1505 strain when compared to CRL1506 to protect against viral infection and inflammatory damage in vivo. These results provided valuable information for the deeper understanding of the host–immunobiotic interaction and their effect on antiviral immunity. The comprehensive transcriptomic analyses successfully identified a group of genes (IFN-β, RIG1, RNASEL, MX2, A20, IL27, CXCL5, CCL4, PTGES, and PTGER4), which can be used as prospective biomarkers for the screening of new antiviral immunobiotics in PIE cells and for the development of novel functional food and feeds, which may help to prevent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Albarracin
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina; Immunobiotics Research Group, Tucuman, Argentina; Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Kobayashi
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hikaru Iida
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nana Sato
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Infection Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Infection Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Susana Salva
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina; Immunobiotics Research Group, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Susana Alvarez
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina; Immunobiotics Research Group, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Julio Villena
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina; Immunobiotics Research Group, Tucuman, Argentina; Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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The Linear Ubiquitin Assembly Complex Modulates Latent Membrane Protein 1 Activation of NF-κB and Interferon Regulatory Factor 7. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01138-16. [PMID: 27903798 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01138-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC)-mediated linear ubiquitination has come into focus due to its emerging role in activation of NF-κB in different biological contexts. However, the role of LUBAC in LMP1 signaling leading to NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) activation has not been investigated. We show here that RNF31, the key component of LUBAC, interacts with LMP1 and IRF7 in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed cells and that LUBAC stimulates linear ubiquitination of NEMO and IRF7. Consequently, LUBAC is required for LMP1 signaling to full activation of NF-κB but inhibits LMP1-stimulated IRF7 transcriptional activity. The protein levels of RNF31 and LMP1 are correlated in EBV-transformed cells. Knockdown of RNF31 in EBV-transformed IB4 cells by RNA interference negatively regulates the expression of the genes downstream of LMP1 signaling and results in a decrease of cell proliferation. These lines of evidence indicate that LUBAC-mediated linear ubiquitination plays crucial roles in regulating LMP1 signaling and functions. IMPORTANCE We show here that LUBAC-mediated linear ubiquitination is required for LMP1 activation of NF-κB but inhibits LMP1-mediated IRF7 activation. Our findings provide novel mechanisms underlying EBV-mediated oncogenesis and may have a broad impact on IRF7-mediated immune responses.
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Villena J, Vizoso-Pinto MG, Kitazawa H. Intestinal Innate Antiviral Immunity and Immunobiotics: Beneficial Effects against Rotavirus Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:563. [PMID: 27994593 PMCID: PMC5136547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal tissues of the gastrointestinal tract are the main portal entry of pathogens such as rotavirus (RV), which is a leading cause of death due to diarrhea among young children across the globe and a major cause of severe acute intestinal infection in livestock animals. The interactions between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and immune cells with RVs have been studied for several years, and now, it is known that the innate immune responses triggered by this virus can have both beneficial and detrimental effects for the host. It was demonstrated that natural RV infection in infants and experimental challenges in mice result in the intestinal activation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and striking secretion of proinflammatory mediators that can lead to increased local tissue damage and immunopathology. Therefore, modulating desregulated intestinal immune responses triggered by PRRs activation are a significant promise for reducing the burden of RV diseases. The ability of immunoregulatory probiotic microorganisms (immunobiotics) to protect against intestinal infections, such as those caused by RVs, is among the oldest effects studied for these important group of beneficial microbes. In this review, we provide an update of the current status on the modulation of intestinal antiviral innate immunity by immunobiotics and their beneficial impact on RV infection. In addition, we describe the research of our group that demonstrated the capacity of immunobiotic strains to beneficially modulated TLR3-triggered immune response in IECs, reduce the disruption of intestinal homeostasis caused by intraepithelial lymphocytes, and improve the resistance to RV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Villena
- Immunobiotics Research Group, Tucuman, Argentina; Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina; Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Maria Guadalupe Vizoso-Pinto
- Immunobiotics Research Group, Tucuman, Argentina; Faculty of Medicine, INSIBIO (UNT-CONICET), National University of Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina; Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Gu Z, Shi W. Manipulation of viral infection by deubiquitinating enzymes: new players in host-virus interactions. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1435-1446. [PMID: 27785925 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination regulates gene expression post-translationally through the well-characterized ubiquitin system, which has been clearly established to have important functions in the regulation of many intracellular biological activities. Being obligate intracellular microbes, viruses inevitably co-opt this conserved host cytosolic machinery to accomplish their own life cycle, from entry into host cells to the release of progeny viral particles. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) remove ubiquitins from target proteins to reverse the modification of ubiquitination, and thusly affect a great number of signaling pathways, as well as viral infections. This review presents what is known about how viruses bypass or employ DUBs to evade host immune defenses and discusses new therapeutic strategies targeting DUBs for diseases treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, PR China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213003, PR China
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Gan J, Qiao N, Strahan R, Zhu C, Liu L, Verma SC, Wei F, Cai Q. Manipulation of ubiquitin/SUMO pathways in human herpesviruses infection. Rev Med Virol 2016; 26:435-445. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Gan
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Niu Qiao
- Department of Medical Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Department of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Roxanne Strahan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine; Reno NV USA
| | - Caixia Zhu
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Medical Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Department of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; Shanghai China
| | - Subhash C. Verma
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology; University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine; Reno NV USA
| | - Fang Wei
- ShengYushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College; Fudan University; Shanghai China
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Ishizuka T, Kanmani P, Kobayashi H, Miyazaki A, Soma J, Suda Y, Aso H, Nochi T, Iwabuchi N, Xiao JZ, Saito T, Villena J, Kitazawa H. Immunobiotic Bifidobacteria Strains Modulate Rotavirus Immune Response in Porcine Intestinal Epitheliocytes via Pattern Recognition Receptor Signaling. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152416. [PMID: 27023883 PMCID: PMC4811565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we aimed to characterize the antiviral response of an originally established porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (PIE cells) by evaluating the molecular innate immune response to rotavirus (RVs). In addition, we aimed to select immunomodulatory bacteria with antiviral capabilities. PIE cells were inoculated with RVs isolated from different host species and the infective titers and the molecular innate immune response were evaluated. In addition, the protection against RVs infection and the modulation of immune response by different lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains was studied. The RVs strains OSU (porcine) and UK (bovine) effectively infected PIE cells. Our results also showed that RVs infection in PIE cells triggered TLR3-, RIG-I- and MDA-5-mediated immune responses with activation of IRF3 and NF-κB, induction of IFN-β and up-regulation of the interferon stimulated genes MxA and RNase L. Among the LAB strains tested, Bifidobacterium infantis MCC12 and B. breve MCC1274 significantly reduced RVs titers in infected PIE cells. The beneficial effects of both bifidobacteria were associated with reduction of A20 expression, and improvements of IRF-3 activation, IFN-β production, and MxA and RNase L expressions. These results indicate the value of PIE cells for studying RVs molecular innate immune response in pigs and for the selection of beneficial bacteria with antiviral capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Ishizuka
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Paulraj Kanmani
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hisakazu Kobayashi
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayako Miyazaki
- Viral Diseases and Epidemiology Research Division, National Institute of Animal Health, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Junichi Soma
- Research and Development Section, Institute of Animal Health, JA Zen-noh (National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations), Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Suda
- Department of Food, Agriculture and Environment, Miyagi University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Infection Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Iwabuchi
- Food Science and Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd, Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Jin-zhong Xiao
- Food Science and Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co. Ltd, Zama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tadao Saito
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Julio Villena
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina
- * E-mail: (HK); (JV)
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- * E-mail: (HK); (JV)
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Abstract
Almost exactly twenty years after the discovery of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) entered the EBV stage, and soon thereafter, it was recognized as the primary transforming gene product of the virus. LMP1 is expressed in most EBV-associated lymphoproliferative diseases and malignancies, and it critically contributes to pathogenesis and disease phenotypes. Thirty years of LMP1 research revealed its high potential as a deregulator of cellular signal transduction pathways leading to target cell proliferation and the simultaneous subversion of cell death programs. However, LMP1 has multiple roles beyond cell transformation and immortalization, ranging from cytokine and chemokine induction, immune modulation, the global alteration of gene and microRNA expression patterns to the regulation of tumor angiogenesis, cell-cell contact, cell migration, and invasive growth of tumor cells. By acting like a constitutively active receptor, LMP1 recruits cellular signaling molecules associated with tumor necrosis factor receptors such as tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) proteins and TRADD to mimic signals of the costimulatory CD40 receptor in the EBV-infected B lymphocyte. LMP1 activates NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), IRF7, and STAT pathways. Here, we review LMP1's molecular and biological functions, highlighting the interface between LMP1 and the cellular signal transduction network as an important factor of virus-host interaction and a potential therapeutic target.
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LMP1-Induced Sumoylation Influences the Maintenance of Epstein-Barr Virus Latency through KAP1. J Virol 2015; 89:7465-77. [PMID: 25948750 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00711-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED As a herpesvirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a latent infection that can periodically undergo reactivation, resulting in lytic replication and the production of new infectious virus. Latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1), the principal viral oncoprotein, is a latency-associated protein implicated in regulating viral reactivation and the maintenance of latency. We recently found that LMP1 hijacks the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 via its C-terminal activating region-3 (CTAR3) and induces the sumoylation of cellular proteins. Because protein sumoylation can promote transcriptional repression, we hypothesized that LMP1-induced protein sumoylation induces the repression of EBV lytic promoters and helps maintain the viral genome in its latent state. We now show that with inhibition of LMP1-induced protein sumoylation, the latent state becomes less stable or leakier in EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines. The cells are also more sensitive to viral reactivation induced by irradiation, which results in the increased production and release of infectious virus, as well as increased susceptibility to ganciclovir treatment. We have identified a target of LMP1-mediated sumoylation that contributes to the maintenance of latency in this context: KRAB-associated protein-1 (KAP1). LMP1 CTAR3-mediated sumoylation regulates the function of KAP1. KAP1 also binds to EBV OriLyt and immediate early promoters in a CTAR3-dependent manner, and inhibition of sumoylation processes abrogates the binding of KAP1 to these promoters. These data provide an additional line of evidence that supports our findings that CTAR3 is a distinct functioning regulatory region of LMP1 and confirm that LMP1-induced sumoylation may help stabilize the maintenance of EBV latency. IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein-1 (LMP1) plays an important role in the maintenance of viral latency. Previously, we documented that LMP1 targets cellular proteins to be modified by a ubiquitin-like protein (SUMO). We have now identified a function for this LMP1-induced modification of cellular proteins in the maintenance of EBV latency. Because latently infected cells have to undergo viral reactivation in order to be vulnerable to antiviral drugs, these findings identify a new way to increase the rate of EBV reactivation, which increases cell susceptibility to antiviral therapies.
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Moll HP, Lee A, Minussi DC, da Silva CG, Csizmadia E, Bhasin M, Ferran C. A20 regulates atherogenic interferon (IFN)-γ signaling in vascular cells by modulating basal IFNβ levels. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30912-24. [PMID: 25217635 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.591966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
IFNγ signaling in endothelial (EC) and smooth muscle cells (SMC) is a key culprit of pathologic vascular remodeling. The impact of NF-κB inhibitory protein A20 on IFNγ signaling in vascular cells remains unknown. In gain- and loss-of-function studies, A20 inversely regulated expression of IFNγ-induced atherogenic genes in human EC and SMC by modulating STAT1 transcription. In vivo, inadequate A20 expression in A20 heterozygote mice aggravated intimal hyperplasia following partial carotid artery ligation. This outcome uniquely associated with increased levels of Stat1 and super-induction of Ifnγ-dependent genes. Transcriptome analysis of the aortic media from A20 heterozygote versus wild-type mice revealed increased basal Ifnβ signaling as the likely cause for higher Stat1 transcription. We confirmed higher basal IFNβ levels in A20-silenced human SMC and showed that neutralization or knockdown of IFNβ abrogates heightened STAT1 levels in these cells. Upstream of IFNβ, A20-silenced EC and SMC demonstrated higher levels of phosphorylated/activated TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1), a regulator of IFNβ transcription. This suggested that A20 knockdown increased STAT1 transcription by enhancing TBK1 activation and subsequently basal IFNβ levels. Altogether, these results uncover A20 as a key physiologic regulator of atherogenic IFNγ/STAT1 signaling. This novel function of A20 added to its ability to inhibit nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation solidifies its promise as an ideal therapeutic candidate for treatment and prevention of vascular diseases. In light of recently discovered A20/TNFAIP3 (TNFα-induced protein 3) single nucleotide polymorphisms that impart lower A20 expression or function, these results also qualify A20 as a reliable clinical biomarker for vascular risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herwig P Moll
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery
| | - Andy Lee
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery
| | - Darlan C Minussi
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery
| | - Cleide G da Silva
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery
| | - Eva Csizmadia
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery
| | - Manoj Bhasin
- the Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Bioinformatics Core, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02135
| | - Christiane Ferran
- From the Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Center for Vascular Biology Research and the Transplant Institute, Department of Surgery, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, and
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Calistri A, Munegato D, Carli I, Parolin C, Palù G. The ubiquitin-conjugating system: multiple roles in viral replication and infection. Cells 2014; 3:386-417. [PMID: 24805990 PMCID: PMC4092849 DOI: 10.3390/cells3020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the combined action of ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes, conjugation of ubiquitin to a target protein acts as a reversible post-translational modification functionally similar to phosphorylation. Indeed, ubiquitination is more and more recognized as a central process for the fine regulation of many cellular pathways. Due to their nature as obligate intracellular parasites, viruses rely on the most conserved host cell machineries for their own replication. Thus, it is not surprising that members from almost every viral family are challenged by ubiquitin mediated mechanisms in different steps of their life cycle and have evolved in order to by-pass or exploit the cellular ubiquitin conjugating system to maximize their chance to establish a successful infection. In this review we will present several examples of the complex interplay that links viruses and the ubiquitin conjugation machinery, with a special focus on the mechanisms evolved by the human immunodeficiency virus to escape from cellular restriction factors and to exit from infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Calistri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy.
| | - Denis Munegato
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Carli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy.
| | - Cristina Parolin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Palù
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, via Gabelli 63, Padova 35121, Italy.
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Anti-viral tetris: modulation of the innate anti-viral immune response by A20. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 809:49-64. [PMID: 25302365 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0398-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The A20 protein has emerged as an important negative regulator of Toll like receptor (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I)-mediated anti-viral signaling. A20 functions both as a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase and as a de-ubiquitinating enzyme. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) pathways are targeted by A20 through mechanisms that appear to be both overlapping and distinct, resulting in the downregulation of interferon alpha/beta (IFNalpha/beta) production. This review specifically details the impact of A20 on the cytosolic RIG-I/MDA5 pathway, a process that is less understood than that of NF-kappaB but is essential for the regulation of the innate immune response to viral infection.
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Bentz GL, Bheda-Malge A, Wang L, Shackelford J, Damania B, Pagano JS. KSHV LANA and EBV LMP1 induce the expression of UCH-L1 following viral transformation. Virology 2013; 448:293-302. [PMID: 24314660 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) has oncogenic properties and is highly expressed during malignancies. We recently documented that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection induces uch-l1 expression. Here we show that Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection induced UCH-L1 expression, via cooperation of KSHV Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen (LANA) and RBP-Jκ and activation of the uch-l1 promoter. UCH-L1 expression was also increased in Primary Effusion Lymphoma (PEL) cells co-infected with KSHV and EBV compared with PEL cells infected only with KSHV, suggesting EBV augments the effect of LANA on uch-l1. EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is one of the few EBV products expressed in PEL cells. Results showed that LMP1 was sufficient to induce uch-l1 expression, and co-expression of LMP1 and LANA had an additive effect on uch-l1 expression. These results indicate that viral latency products of both human γ-herpesviruses contribute to uch-l1 expression, which may contribute to the progression of lymphoid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen L Bentz
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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Ersing I, Bernhardt K, Gewurz BE. NF-κB and IRF7 pathway activation by Epstein-Barr virus Latent Membrane Protein 1. Viruses 2013; 5:1587-606. [PMID: 23793113 PMCID: PMC3717723 DOI: 10.3390/v5061587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) oncoprotein, Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1), is expressed in most EBV-associated human malignancies. LMP1 mimics CD40 receptor signaling to provide infected cells with constitutive NF-κB, MAP kinase, IRF7, and PI3 kinase pathway stimulation. EBV-transformed B-cells are particularly dependent on constitutive NF-κB activity, and rapidly undergo apoptosis upon NF-κB blockade. Here, we review LMP1 function, with special attention to current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of LMP1-mediated NF-κB and IRF7 pathway activation. Recent advances include the elucidation of transmembrane motifs important for LMP1 trafficking and ligand-independent signaling, analysis of genome-wide LMP1 gene targets, and the identification of novel cell proteins that mediate LMP1 NF-κB and IRF7 pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin E. Gewurz
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-011-617-525-4263; Fax: +1-011-615-525-4251
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44
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Sin WX, Li P, Yeong JPS, Chin KC. Activation and regulation of interferon-β in immune responses. Immunol Res 2012; 53:25-40. [PMID: 22411096 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) were discovered more than half a century ago, and extensive research has since identified multifarious roles for type I IFN in human immune responses. Here, we review the functions of IFN-β in innate and adaptive immunity. We also discuss the activation and influence of IFN-β on myeloid cell types, including monocytes and dendritic cells, as well as address the effects of IFN-β on T cells and B cells. Findings from our own laboratory, which explores the molecular mechanisms of IFN-β activation by LPS and viruses, as well as from other groups investigating the regulation of IFN-β by viral proteins and endogenous factors are described. The effects of post-translational modifications of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 on IFN-β induction are also highlighted. Many unanswered questions remain concerning the regulation of the type I IFN response in inflammation, especially the role of transcription factors in the modulation of inflammatory gene expression, and these questions will form the basis for exciting avenues of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xiang Sin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Inflammation, Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #04 Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore
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45
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Genetics of SLE: functional relevance for monocytes/macrophages in disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:582352. [PMID: 23227085 PMCID: PMC3511832 DOI: 10.1155/2012/582352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies in the last 5 years have greatly facilitated our understanding of how the dysregulation of diverse components of the innate immune system contributes to pathophysiology of SLE. A role for macrophages in the pathogenesis of SLE was first proposed as early as the 1980s following the discovery that SLE macrophages were defective in their ability to clear apoptotic cell debris, thus prolonging exposure of potential autoantigens to the adaptive immune response. More recently, there is an emerging appreciation of the contribution both monocytes and macrophages play in orchestrating immune responses with perturbations in their activation or regulation leading to immune dysregulation. This paper will focus on understanding the relevance of genes identified as being associated with innate immune function of monocytes and macrophages and development of SLE, particularly with respect to their role in (1) immune complex (IC) recognition and clearance, (2) nucleic acid recognition via toll-like receptors (TLRs) and downstream signalling, and (3) interferon signalling. Particular attention will be paid to the functional consequences these genetic associations have for disease susceptibility or pathogenesis.
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46
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Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 regulates the function of interferon regulatory factor 7 by inducing its sumoylation. J Virol 2012; 86:12251-61. [PMID: 22951831 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01407-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) induces multiple signal transduction pathways during latent EBV infection via its C-terminal activating region 1 (CTAR1), CTAR2, and the less-studied CTAR3. One mechanism by which LMP1 regulates cellular activation is through the induction of protein posttranslational modifications, including phosphorylation and ubiquitination. We recently documented that LMP1 induces a third major protein modification by physically interacting with the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 through CTAR3 and inducing the sumoylation of cellular proteins in latently infected cells. We have now identified a specific target of LMP1-induced sumoylation, interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7). We hypothesize that during EBV latency, LMP1 induces the sumoylation of IRF7, limiting its transcriptional activity and modulating the activation of innate immune responses. Our data show that endogenously sumoylated IRF7 is detected in latently infected EBV lymphoblastoid cell lines. LMP1 expression coincided with increased sumoylation of IRF7 in a CTAR3-dependent manner. Additional experiments show that LMP1 CTAR3-induced sumoylation regulates the expression and function of IRF7 by decreasing its turnover, increasing its nuclear retention, decreasing its DNA binding, and limiting its transcriptional activation. Finally, we identified that IRF7 is sumoylated at lysine 452. These data demonstrate that LMP1 CTAR3 does in fact function in intracellular signaling, leading to biologic effects. We propose that CTAR3 is an important signaling region of LMP1 that regulates protein function by sumoylation. We have shown specifically that LMP1 CTAR3, in cooperation with CTAR2, can limit the ability of IRF7 to induce innate immune responses by inducing the sumoylation of IRF7.
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47
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Vaughn SE, Kottyan LC, Munroe ME, Harley JB. Genetic susceptibility to lupus: the biological basis of genetic risk found in B cell signaling pathways. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:577-91. [PMID: 22753952 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0212095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 50 genetic variants have been statistically associated with the development of SLE (or lupus). Each genetic association is a key component of a pathway to lupus pathogenesis, the majority of which requires further mechanistic studies to understand the functional changes to cellular physiology. Whereas their use in clinical practice has yet to be established, these genes guide efforts to develop more specific therapeutic approaches. The BCR signaling pathways are rich in lupus susceptibility genes and may well provide novel opportunities for the understanding and clinical treatment of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Vaughn
- Cincinnati Children’s Hosptial Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
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48
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Chang Foreman HC, Van Scoy S, Cheng TF, Reich NC. Activation of interferon regulatory factor 5 by site specific phosphorylation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33098. [PMID: 22412986 PMCID: PMC3297630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular defense to infection depends on accurate activation of transcription factors and expression of select innate immunity genes. Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), a risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus, is activated in response to pathogen recognition receptor engagement and downstream effector molecules. We find the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein 2 (NOD2) receptor to be a significant activator of IRF5. Phosphorylation is key to the regulation of IRF5, but the precise phosphorylation sites in IRF5 remained to be identified. We used mass spectrometry to identify for the first time specific residues that are phosphorylated in response to TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK-1), tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), or receptor interacting protein 2 (RIP2). RIP2, a kinase known to function downstream of NOD2, was the most effective activator of IRF5-regulated gene expression. To determine if the phosphorylated residues are required or sufficient for IRF5 activity, aspartic acid phosphomimetic substitutions or inactivating alanine substitutions were tested. Phosphorylation of carboxyl serines 451 and 462 appear the primary trigger of IRF5 function in nuclear accumulation, transcription, and apoptosis. Results indicate polyubiquitination of IRF5 does not play a major role in its transcriptional activity, and that ubiquitination and phosphorylation are independent modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nancy C. Reich
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dawson CW, Port RJ, Young LS. The role of the EBV-encoded latent membrane proteins LMP1 and LMP2 in the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:144-53. [PMID: 22249143 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although frequently expressed in EBV-positive malignancies, the contribution of the oncogenic latent membrane proteins, LMP1 and LMP2, to the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is not fully defined. As a key effector in EBV-driven B cell transformation and an established "transforming" gene, LMP1 displays oncogenic properties in rodent fibroblasts and induces profound morphological and phenotypic effects in epithelial cells. LMP1 functions as a viral mimic of the TNFR family member, CD40, engaging a number of signalling pathways that induce morphological and phenotypic alterations in epithelial cells. Although LMP2A plays an essential role in maintaining viral latency in EBV infected B cells, its role in epithelial cells is less clear. Unlike LMP1, LMP2A does not display "classical" transforming functions in rodent fibroblasts but its ability to engage a number of potentially oncogenic cell signalling pathways suggests that LMP2A can also participate in EBV-induced epithelial cell growth transformation. Here we review the effects of LMP1 and LMP2 on various aspects of epithelial cell behaviour highlighting key aspects that may contribute to the pathogenesis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Dawson
- Birmingham Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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50
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Arpaia N, Barton GM. Toll-like receptors: key players in antiviral immunity. Curr Opin Virol 2011; 1:447-54. [PMID: 22440908 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TLRs are a family of innate receptors whose specificities are predetermined in the germline. Therefore, TLRs have evolved to recognize conserved features of microbes. Viruses typically lack the conserved features common to other pathogen classes, so the innate immune system has evolved to recognize viral nucleic acid as a hallmark of viral infection. In this review we discuss examples of TLR-mediated viral recognition and the functional consequences of this recognition for antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Arpaia
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
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