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Liang J, Xu W, Gou F, Qin L, Yang H, Xiao J, Li L, Zhang W, Peng D. Antiviral activity of flavonol against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Virology 2024; 597:110128. [PMID: 38861876 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) remains one of the major causative microorganisms of viral diarrhea in piglets worldwide, with no approved drugs for treatment. We identified a natural molecule, flavonol, which is widely found in tea, vegetables and herbs. Subsequently, the antiviral activity of compound flavonol was evaluated in Vero cells and IPEC-J2 cells, and its anti-PEDV mechanism was analyzed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics. The results showed that flavonol could effectively inhibit viral progeny production, RNA synthesis and protein expression of PEDV strains in a dose-dependent manner. When flavonol was added simultaneously with viral infection in Vero cells, it demonstrated potent anti-PEDV activity by affecting the viral attachment and internalization phases. Similarly, in IPEC-J2 cells, flavonol effectively inhibited PEDV infection at different stages of infection, except for the release phase. Moreover, flavonol mainly interacts with PEDV Mpro through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces, and the complex formed by it has high stability. Importantly, flavonol also showed broad-spectrum activity against other porcine enteric coronaviruses such as TGEV and PDCoV in vitro. These findings suggest that flavonol may exert antiviral effects by interacting with viral Mpro, thereby affecting viral replication. This means that flavonol is expected to become a potential drug to prevent or treat porcine enteric coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangni Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxu Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dapeng Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430200, People's Republic of China.
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Chen XN, Cai ST, Liang YF, Weng ZJ, Song TQ, Li X, Sun YS, Peng YZ, Huang Z, Gao Q, Tang SQ, Zhang GH, Gong L. Subcellular localization of viral proteins after porcine epidemic diarrhea virus infection and their roles in the viral life cycle. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 274:133401. [PMID: 38925184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the pig industry globally. Due to the emergence of novel strains, no effective vaccines are available for prevention and control. Investigating the pathogenic mechanisms of PEDV may provide insights for creating clinical interventions. This study constructed and expressed eukaryotic expression vectors containing PEDV proteins (except NSP11) with a 3' HA tag in Vero cells. The subcellular localization of PEDV proteins was examined using endogenous protein antibodies to investigate their involvement in the viral life cycle, including endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, genome replication, energy metabolism, budding, and release. We systematically analyzed the potential roles of all PEDV viral proteins in the virus life cycle. We found that the endosome sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery may be involved in the replication and budding processes of PEDV. Our study provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying PEDV infection. IMPORTANCE: The global swine industry has suffered immense losses due to the spread of PEDV. Currently, there are no effective vaccines available for clinical protection. Exploring the pathogenic mechanisms of PEDV may provide valuable insights for clinical interventions. This study investigated the involvement of viral proteins in various stages of the PEDV lifecycle in the state of viral infection and identified several previously unreported interactions between viral and host proteins. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PEDV infection and may serve as a basis for further research and development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong-Nan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Tong Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jun Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Qi Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Shuo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Zhao Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Qiu Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Hong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China; Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Li K, Wang H, Chen T, Wang X, Wang X, Zhong M, Gao X, Hao Z. Dehydroevodiamine inhibits PEDV through regulateing ERK1/2 MAPK pathway in Vero cells. Virology 2024; 598:110166. [PMID: 39024722 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) results in severe economic losses to the swine industry due to its widespread prevalence and high mortality. Currently, there is no effective treatment against PEDV. New antiviral therapies are urgently needed to control this highly contagious pathogen. In this research, the anti-PEDV activity and mechanism of Dehydroevodiamine (DHED) were investigated in vitro. Our results showed that DHED exerted satisfactory anti-PEDV activity by ameliorating cytopathic effects (CPEs), reducing virus titer, and inhibiting PEDV N protein expression and gene transcription dose-dependently. The antiviral mechanism of DHED is related to its inhibition of the entry, replication, and assembly stages of PEDV life cycle. In addition, DHED can regulate the MAPK signaling pathway, and suppress phosphorylated ERK1/2 activation, thus exerting antiviral effects. In conclusion, our research confirmed the anti-PEDV activity and mechanism of DHED, preliminarily providing a new strategy for anti-PEDV drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huiru Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuebo Wang
- Shandong Lvdu Bio-sciences & Technology Co., LTD, Binzhou, 256600, China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Muqi Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xueyan Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhihui Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Biology Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China.
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4
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Yu R, Dong S, Chen B, Si F, Li C. Developing Next-Generation Live Attenuated Vaccines for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Using Reverse Genetic Techniques. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:557. [PMID: 38793808 PMCID: PMC11125984 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the etiology of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), a highly contagious digestive disease in pigs and especially in neonatal piglets, in which a mortality rate of up to 100% will be induced. Immunizing pregnant sows remains the most promising and effective strategy for protecting their neonatal offspring from PEDV. Although half a century has passed since its first report in Europe and several prophylactic vaccines (inactivated or live attenuated) have been developed, PED still poses a significant economic concern to the swine industry worldwide. Hence, there is an urgent need for novel vaccines in clinical practice, especially live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) that can induce a strong protective lactogenic immune response in pregnant sows. Reverse genetic techniques provide a robust tool for virological research from the function of viral proteins to the generation of rationally designed vaccines. In this review, after systematically summarizing the research progress on virulence-related viral proteins, we reviewed reverse genetics techniques for PEDV and their application in the development of PED LAVs. Then, we probed into the potential methods for generating safe, effective, and genetically stable PED LAV candidates, aiming to provide new ideas for the rational design of PED LAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201106, China; (R.Y.); (S.D.); (B.C.)
| | - Chunhua Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai 201106, China; (R.Y.); (S.D.); (B.C.)
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Ahmed MZ, Alqahtani AS. Cell surface expression of Ribophorin I, an endoplasmic reticulum protein, over different cell types. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130278. [PMID: 38373565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Ribophorin-1 serves as one of the subunits of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Until now, RPN-1 was considered an ER protein. However, our findings reveal that a minor fraction of RPN-1 escapes from the lumen of the ER and is ectopically expressed on the surface of different cell lines. The precise mechanism of protein translocation is unknown. The expression of RPN-1 was demonstrated through the isolation of membrane proteins using surface biotinylation and sucrose density gradient techniques. The confirmation of RPN-1 was obtained through surface staining using a specific antibody, revealing its expression on various cell lines. Additionally, we examined the expression of RPN-1 in different populations of PBMCs and observed a differential regulation of RPN-1 within PBMC subpopulations. Notably, there was a significant expression of RPN-1 on monocytes and B cells, but there was little to no population of T cells expressing RPN-1. We confirmed the expression of RPN-1 on THP-1, U937, and Jurkat cells. We also confirmed their surface expression through si-RNA knockdown. Our study shows RPN-1 expression on various cell surfaces, suggesting varied regulation among cell types. In the future, we may uncover its roles in immune function, signaling, and differentiation/proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Z Ahmed
- King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali S Alqahtani
- King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Li M, Wang Y, Wang Y, Li R, Wang S, Ding P, Zhang G. Accurate location of two conserved linear epitopes of PEDV utilizing monoclonal antibodies induced by S1 protein nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127276. [PMID: 37804887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Porcine Epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which can result in severe vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration and death in newborn piglets, poses a great threat to the pig industry around the world. The S1 subunit of S protein is crucial for triggering neutralizing antibodies binding to the receptor. Based on the advantages of high immunogenicity and precise assembly of nanoparticles, the mi3 nanoparticles and truncated S1 protein were assembled by the SpyTag/SpyCatcher system and then expressed in HEK293F cells, whereafter high-efficiency monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced and identified. The obtained five mAbs can bind to various genotypes of PEDV, including a mAb (12G) which can neutralize G1 and G2 genotypes of PEDV in vitro. By further identification of monoclonal antibody target sequences, 507FNDHSF512 and 553LFYNVTNSYG562 were first identified as B-cell linear epitopes, in which 553LFYNVTNSYG562 was a neutralizing epitope. Alanine scans identified the key amino acid sites of two epitopes. Moreover, the results of multiple sequence alignment analysis showed that these two epitopes were highly conserved in various subtype variants. In brief, these findings can serve as a basis for additional research of PEDV and prospective resources for the creation of later detection and diagnostic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Siqiao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Peiyang Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Si F, Song S, Yu R, Li Z, Wei W, Wu C. Coronavirus accessory protein ORF3 biology and its contribution to viral behavior and pathogenesis. iScience 2023; 26:106280. [PMID: 36945252 PMCID: PMC9972675 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is classified in the genus Alphacoronavirus, family Coronaviridae that encodes the only accessory protein, ORF3 protein. However, how ORF3 contributes to viral pathogenicity, adaptability, and replication is obscure. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and identify gaps in many aspects of ORF3 protein in PEDV, with emphasis on its unique biological features, including membrane topology, Golgi retention mechanism, potential intrinsic disordered property, functional motifs, protein glycosylation, and codon usage phenotypes related to genetic evolution and gene expression. In addition, we propose intriguing questions related to ORF3 protein that we hope to stimulate further studies and encourage collaboration among virologists worldwide to provide constructive knowledge about the unique characteristics and biological functions of ORF3 protein, by which their potential role in clarifying viral behavior and pathogenesis can be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Song
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Ruisong Yu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhou J, Wang X, Ma L, Li J, Yang L, Yuan H, Pang D, Ouyang H. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: An Updated Overview of Virus Epidemiology, Virulence Variation Patterns and Virus-Host Interactions. Viruses 2022; 14:2434. [PMID: 36366532 PMCID: PMC9695474 DOI: 10.3390/v14112434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the coronavirus family, causing deadly watery diarrhea in newborn piglets. The global pandemic of PEDV, with significant morbidity and mortality, poses a huge threat to the swine industry. The currently developed vaccines and drugs are only effective against the classic GI strains that were prevalent before 2010, while there is no effective control against the GII variant strains that are currently a global pandemic. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in the biology of PEDV, including its transmission and origin, structure and function, evolution, and virus-host interaction, in an attempt to find the potential virulence factors influencing PEDV pathogenesis. We conclude with the mechanism by which PEDV components antagonize the immune responses of the virus, and the role of host factors in virus infection. Essentially, this review serves as a valuable reference for the development of attenuated virus vaccines and the potential of host factors as antiviral targets for the prevention and control of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lerong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
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Hu X, Lian Y, He Y, Liu X, Tian Z, Dai Y, Liu M, Fan H, Shi Y, Cong F. Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of a Variant Recombinant Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain in China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172189. [PMID: 36077908 PMCID: PMC9454955 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2010, a variant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has re-emerged in several provinces of China, resulting in severe economic losses for the pork industry. Here, we isolated and identified a variant PEDV strain, SC-YB73, in Guangdong Province, China. The pathological observations of jejunum showed atrophy of villi and edema in the lamina propria. The sequence analysis of the viral genome identified a six-nucleotide insertion in the E gene, which has not previously been detected in PEDV strains. Furthermore, 50 nucleotide sites were unique in SC-YB73 compared with 27 other PEDV strains. The phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome showed that SC-YB73 was clustered in variant subgroup GII-a, which is widely prevalent in the Chinese pig population. The recombination analysis suggested that SC-YB73 originated from the recombination of GDS47, US PEDV prototype-like strains TW/Yunlin550/2018, and COL/Cundinamarca/2014. In the present study, we isolated and genetically characterized a variant PEDV strain, thus providing essential information for the control of PED outbreaks in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Hu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin Animal and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Yuexiao Lian
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou 510633, China
| | - Yucan He
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin Animal and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Xiangxiao Liu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin Animal and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Zhige Tian
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin Animal and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Yi Dai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin Animal and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin Animal and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Huayan Fan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin Key Laboratory of Zoological Diversity and Ecological Conservation, Yibin Animal and Plant Inspection and Quarantine Engineering Technology Research Center, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Beijing Senkang Biotech Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 100000, China
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou 510633, China
- Correspondence:
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10
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Zhou H, Zhang Y, Wang J, Yan Y, Liu Y, Shi X, Zhang Q, Xu X. The CREB and AP-1-Dependent Cell Communication Network Factor 1 Regulates Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus-Induced Cell Apoptosis Inhibiting Virus Replication Through the p53 Pathway. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:831852. [PMID: 35418961 PMCID: PMC8996185 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.831852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes severe diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality in sick pigs, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry. However, the relationship between cell communication network factor 1 (CCN1) and PEDV infection has not been reported. In this study, we showed that the expression of CCN1 was enhanced by PEDV infection, and we observed that PEDV promotes the CREB and AP-1 activation to promote CCN1 expression. The PKA and p38 inhibitors significantly suppress CCN1 expression, indicating that PEDV-induced CCN1 expression may be through PKA and p38 pathway. Further tests confirmed that CREB and AP-1 are regulated by PKA and p38, respectively. Overexpression of CCN1 decreased the replication of PEDV, whereas knockdown of CCN1 increased the replication of PEDV. We proved that the overexpression of CCN1 increased the phosphorylation level of p53, promoted the expresion of Bax and the cleavage of caspase 9 and caspase 3, and inhibited the production of Bcl-2. CCN1 knockdown decreased the phosphorylation level of p53, inhibited the production of Bax and the cleavage of caspase 9 and caspase 3, and promoted the expression of Bcl-2. The treatment of PFT-α (p53 inhibitor) significantly suppressed the expression of cleaved caspase 9 and caspase 3, leading to the decrease of apoptosis. Together, these studies showed that PEDV promotes the activation of CREB and AP-1 to increase the expression of CCN1. Overexpression of CCN1 promotes apoptosis by elevating p53 protein phosphorylation and inhibits PEDV replication, and knockdown of CCN1 inhibits apoptosis by decreasing p53 protein phosphorylation and promotes PEDV replication. Our study could provide some reference for the molecular mechanisms of PEDV-induced CCN1 induction and supply a new therapeutic target for PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yuchao Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiaojie Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xingang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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11
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Ergosterol Peroxide Inhibits Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Infection in Vero Cells by Suppressing ROS Generation and p53 Activation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020402. [PMID: 35215995 PMCID: PMC8876155 DOI: 10.3390/v14020402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an alphacoronavirus that causes severe watery diarrhea in piglets with high morbidity and mortality, resulting in serious economic losses to the farming industry. Ergosterol peroxide (EP) is a sterol with diverse biological activities including antiviral activity. In this study, we explored whether EP extracted from the fruiting body of the mushroom Cryptoporus volvatus had the potential to inhibit PEDV infection in Vero cells. The results revealed that EP had a remarkable inhibitory effect on PEDV infection. It could significantly inhibit multiple stages of the PEDV life cycle, including internalization, replication and release, and could directly inactivate PDCoV infectivity. However, it did not affect PEDV attachment. Furthermore, EP alleviated PEDV-induced apoptosis and mitigated the decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential caused by PEDV infection. It suppressed ROS generation and p53 activation caused by PEDV infection. The ROS scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) and the p53 specific inhibitor Pifithrin-α (PFT-α) suppressed PEDV-induced apoptosis and impeded viral replication, suggesting that ROS and p53 play an important role in PEDV-induced apoptosis and viral replication. Collectively, EP can prevent PEDV internalization, replication and release, possesses the ability to directly inactivate PEDV, and can inhibit PEDV-induced apoptosis by interfering with PEDV-induced ROS production and p53 activation. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of EP against PEDV infection.
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12
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Yang K, Liang Y, Li Y, Liu Q, Zhang W, Yin D, Song X, Shao Y, Tu J, Qi K. Reverse transcription-enzymatic recombinase amplification coupled with CRISPR-Cas12a for rapid detection and differentiation of PEDV wild-type strains and attenuated vaccine strains. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7521-7529. [PMID: 34686895 PMCID: PMC8536470 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enteric coronavirus that causes acute watery diarrhea and vomiting in unweaned piglets, and is associated with high mortality, thus causing severe economic losses in the pig industry. Currently, although attenuated vaccines are commonly used in commercial pig farms in China, they do not completely protect against all mutated wild-type strains. Existing nucleic acid assays have high sensitivity and specificity, but the complexity of the assay process and expensive instrumentation hinder disease detection. Here, reverse transcription–enzymatic recombinase amplification (RT-ERA) was combined with the CRISPR-Cas12a system to develop a rapid diagnostic method to distinguish PEDV wild-type strains from attenuated vaccine strains. The protocol used crRNA and RT-ERA amplification primers against open reading frame 3 (ORF3), followed by Cas12a/crRNA complex detection of predefined target sequences at 37 °C for 30 min, thus producing results visible to the naked eye under LED blue light. The assay is highly sensitive and specific, detecting as few as two copies of the target gene per test and showing no cross-reactivity with other porcine pathogens. Overall, this integrated RT-ERA pre-amplification and Cas12a/crRNA cleavage assay is a practical tool for reliable and rapid detection of PEDV for diagnostic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kankan Yang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yueqiao Liang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Wuyin Zhang
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Dongdong Yin
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangjun Song
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Shao
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Tu
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Kezong Qi
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Animal Food Quality and Bio-Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China.
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13
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Jantraphakorn Y, Viriyakitkosol R, Jongkaewwattana A, Kaewborisuth C. Interaction Between PEDV and Its Hosts: A Closer Look at the ORF3 Accessory Protein. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:744276. [PMID: 34568481 PMCID: PMC8461092 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.744276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a causative agent of a highly contagious enteric disease in swine of all ages, leading to severe economic losses for the swine industry in many countries. One of the most effective approaches in controlling PEDV infection is vaccination. The ORF3 accessory protein has been proposed as a crucial viral virulence factor in a natural host. However, due to the lack of an extensive comparative study of ORF3, exactly how the ORF3 takes part in virus replication and pathogenesis as well as its role in host-virus interaction is unclear. In this review, we aim to discuss the current knowledge of ORF3 concerning its dispensability for viral replication in vitro, ability to modulate host responses, contribution to virus pathogenicity, and research gaps among ORF3 functional studies. These will be beneficial for further studies to a better understanding of PEDV biology and PEDV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuparat Jantraphakorn
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | | | - Anan Jongkaewwattana
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Challika Kaewborisuth
- Virology and Cell Technology Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
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