1
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Mueller F, Witteveldt J, Macias S. Antiviral Defence Mechanisms during Early Mammalian Development. Viruses 2024; 16:173. [PMID: 38399949 PMCID: PMC10891733 DOI: 10.3390/v16020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The type-I interferon (IFN) response constitutes the major innate immune pathway against viruses in mammals. Despite its critical importance for antiviral defence, this pathway is inactive during early embryonic development. There seems to be an incompatibility between the IFN response and pluripotency, the ability of embryonic cells to develop into any cell type of an adult organism. Instead, pluripotent cells employ alternative ways to defend against viruses that are typically associated with safeguard mechanisms against transposable elements. The absence of an inducible IFN response in pluripotent cells and the constitutive activation of the alternative antiviral pathways have led to the hypothesis that embryonic cells are highly resistant to viruses. However, some findings challenge this interpretation. We have performed a meta-analysis that suggests that the susceptibility of pluripotent cells to viruses is directly correlated with the presence of receptors or co-receptors for viral adhesion and entry. These results challenge the current view of pluripotent cells as intrinsically resistant to infections and raise the fundamental question of why these cells have sacrificed the major antiviral defence pathway if this renders them susceptible to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Mueller
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, 464 Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jeroen Witteveldt
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
| | - Sara Macias
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; (F.M.); (J.W.)
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2
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Liu Q, Yi D, Ding J, Mao Y, Wang S, Ma L, Li Q, Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Guo S, Liu Z, Guo F, Zhao D, Liang C, Li X, Peng X, Cen S. MOV10 recruits DCP2 to decap human LINE-1 RNA by forming large cytoplasmic granules with phase separation properties. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56512. [PMID: 37437058 PMCID: PMC10481665 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Long interspersed element 1 (LINE-1) is the only active autonomous mobile element in the human genome. Its transposition can exert deleterious effects on the structure and function of the host genome and cause sporadic genetic diseases. Tight control of LINE-1 mobilization by the host is crucial for genetic stability. In this study, we report that MOV10 recruits the main decapping enzyme DCP2 to LINE-1 RNA and forms a complex of MOV10, DCP2, and LINE-1 RNP, exhibiting liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) properties. DCP2 cooperates with MOV10 to decap LINE-1 RNA, which causes degradation of LINE-1 RNA and thus reduces LINE-1 retrotransposition. We here identify DCP2 as one of the key effector proteins determining LINE-1 replication, and elucidate an LLPS mechanism that facilitates the anti-LINE-1 action of MOV10 and DCP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Institute of Medicinal BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Dongrong Yi
- Institute of Medicinal BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Jiwei Ding
- Institute of Medicinal BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Yang Mao
- Institute of Medicinal BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Shujie Wang
- Institute of Medicinal BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Ling Ma
- Institute of Medicinal BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Quanjie Li
- Institute of Medicinal BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Medicinal BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- Institute of Medicinal BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Saisai Guo
- Institute of Medicinal BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Zhenlong Liu
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General HospitalMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Fei Guo
- Institute of Pathogen BiologyChinese Academy of Medical ScienceBeijingChina
| | - Dongbing Zhao
- National Cancer CenterChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General HospitalMcGill UniversityMontrealQCCanada
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Institute of Medicinal BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical SchoolBeijingChina
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesSchool of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijingChina
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal BiotechnologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical SchoolBeijingChina
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3
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Goodier JL, Wan H, Soares AO, Sanchez L, Selser JM, Pereira GC, Karma S, García-Pérez JL, Kazazian HH, García Cañadas MM. ZCCHC3 is a stress granule zinc knuckle protein that strongly suppresses LINE-1 retrotransposition. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010795. [PMID: 37405998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrotransposons have generated about half of the human genome and LINE-1s (L1s) are the only autonomously active retrotransposons. The cell has evolved an arsenal of defense mechanisms to protect against retrotransposition with factors we are only beginning to understand. In this study, we investigate Zinc Finger CCHC-Type Containing 3 (ZCCHC3), a gag-like zinc knuckle protein recently reported to function in the innate immune response to infecting viruses. We show that ZCCHC3 also severely restricts human retrotransposons and associates with the L1 ORF1p ribonucleoprotein particle. We identify ZCCHC3 as a bona fide stress granule protein, and its association with LINE-1 is further supported by colocalization with L1 ORF1 protein in stress granules, dense cytoplasmic aggregations of proteins and RNAs that contain stalled translation pre-initiation complexes and form when the cell is under stress. Our work also draws links between ZCCHC3 and the anti-viral and retrotransposon restriction factors Mov10 RISC Complex RNA Helicase (MOV10) and Zinc Finger CCCH-Type, Antiviral 1 (ZC3HAV1, also called ZAP). Furthermore, collective evidence from subcellular localization, co-immunoprecipitation, and velocity gradient centrifugation connects ZCCHC3 with the RNA exosome, a multi-subunit ribonuclease complex capable of degrading various species of RNA molecules and that has previously been linked with retrotransposon control.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Goodier
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Han Wan
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alisha O Soares
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Laura Sanchez
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - John Michael Selser
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gavin C Pereira
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sadik Karma
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jose Luis García-Pérez
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
| | - Haig H Kazazian
- McKusick-Nathans Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marta M García Cañadas
- GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
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4
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Moon S, Namkoong S. Ribonucleoprotein Granules: Between Stress and Transposable Elements. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1027. [PMID: 37509063 PMCID: PMC10377603 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that can transpose and replicate within the genome, leading to genetic changes that affect various aspects of host biology. Evolutionarily, hosts have also developed molecular mechanisms to suppress TEs at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Recent studies suggest that stress-induced formation of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules, including stress granule (SG) and processing body (P-body), can play a role in the sequestration of TEs to prevent transposition, suggesting an additional layer of the regulatory mechanism for TEs. RNP granules have been shown to contain factors involved in RNA regulation, including mRNA decay enzymes, RNA-binding proteins, and noncoding RNAs, which could potentially contribute to the regulation of TEs. Therefore, understanding the interplay between TEs and RNP granules is crucial for elucidating the mechanisms for maintaining genomic stability and controlling gene expression. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the current knowledge regarding the interplay between TEs and RNP granules, proposing RNP granules as a novel layer of the regulatory mechanism for TEs during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Moon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sim Namkoong
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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5
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Guan Y, Gao H, Leu NA, Vourekas A, Alexiou P, Maragkakis M, Kang Z, Mourelatos Z, Liang G, Wang PJ. The MOV10 RNA helicase is a dosage-dependent host restriction factor for LINE1 retrotransposition in mice. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010566. [PMID: 37126510 PMCID: PMC10174503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposable elements constitute nearly half of the mammalian genome and play important roles in genome evolution. While a multitude of both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms exist to silence transposable elements, control of transposition in vivo remains poorly understood. MOV10, an RNA helicase, is an inhibitor of mobilization of retrotransposons and retroviruses in cell culture assays. Here we report that MOV10 restricts LINE1 retrotransposition in mice. Although MOV10 is broadly expressed, its loss causes only incomplete penetrance of embryonic lethality, and the surviving MOV10-deficient mice are healthy and fertile. Biochemically, MOV10 forms a complex with UPF1, a key component of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay pathway, and primarily binds to the 3' UTR of somatically expressed transcripts in testis. Consequently, loss of MOV10 results in an altered transcriptome in testis. Analyses using a LINE1 reporter transgene reveal that loss of MOV10 leads to increased LINE1 retrotransposition in somatic and reproductive tissues from both embryos and adult mice. Moreover, the degree of LINE1 retrotransposition inhibition is dependent on the Mov10 gene dosage. Furthermore, MOV10 deficiency reduces reproductive fitness over successive generations. Our findings demonstrate that MOV10 attenuates LINE1 retrotransposition in a dosage-dependent manner in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjuan Guan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyan Gao
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - N. Adrian Leu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anastassios Vourekas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Panagiotis Alexiou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Manolis Maragkakis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhenlong Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zissimos Mourelatos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Guanxiang Liang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - P. Jeremy Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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6
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Warkocki Z. An update on post-transcriptional regulation of retrotransposons. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:380-406. [PMID: 36460901 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Retrotransposons, including LINE-1, Alu, SVA, and endogenous retroviruses, are one of the major constituents of human genomic repetitive sequences. Through the process of retrotransposition, some of them occasionally insert into new genomic locations by a copy-paste mechanism involving RNA intermediates. Irrespective of de novo genomic insertions, retrotransposon expression can lead to DNA double-strand breaks and stimulate cellular innate immunity through endogenous patterns. As a result, retrotransposons are tightly regulated by multi-layered regulatory processes to prevent the dangerous effects of their expression. In recent years, significant progress was made in revealing how retrotransposon biology intertwines with general post-transcriptional RNA metabolism. Here, I summarize current knowledge on the involvement of post-transcriptional factors in the biology of retrotransposons, focusing on LINE-1. I emphasize general RNA metabolisms such as methylation of adenine (m6 A), RNA 3'-end polyadenylation and uridylation, RNA decay and translation regulation. I discuss the effects of retrotransposon RNP sequestration in cytoplasmic bodies and autophagy. Finally, I summarize how innate immunity restricts retrotransposons and how retrotransposons make use of cellular enzymes, including the DNA repair machinery, to complete their replication cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Warkocki
- Department of RNA Metabolism, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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7
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Kermi C, Lau L, Asadi Shahmirzadi A, Classon M. Disrupting Mechanisms that Regulate Genomic Repeat Elements to Combat Cancer and Drug Resistance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:826461. [PMID: 35602594 PMCID: PMC9114874 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.826461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advancements in understanding cancer pathogenesis and the development of many effective therapeutic agents, resistance to drug treatment remains a widespread challenge that substantially limits curative outcomes. The historical focus on genetic evolution under drug “pressure” as a key driver of resistance has uncovered numerous mechanisms of therapeutic value, especially with respect to acquired resistance. However, recent discoveries have also revealed a potential role for an ancient evolutionary balance between endogenous “viral” elements in the human genome and diverse factors involved in their restriction in tumor evolution and drug resistance. It has long been appreciated that the stability of genomic repeats such as telomeres and centromeres affect tumor fitness, but recent findings suggest that de-regulation of other repetitive genome elements, including retrotransposons, might also be exploited as cancer therapy. This review aims to present an overview of these recent findings.
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8
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Nawaz A, Shilikbay T, Skariah G, Ceman S. Unwinding the roles of RNA helicase MOV10. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2021; 13:e1682. [PMID: 34327836 PMCID: PMC8799784 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MOV10 is an RNA helicase that associates with the RNA‐induced silencing complex component Argonaute (AGO), likely resolving RNA secondary structures. MOV10 also binds the Fragile X mental retardation protein to block AGO2 binding at some sites and associates with UPF1, a principal component of the nonsense‐mediated RNA decay pathway. MOV10 is widely expressed and has a key role in the cellular response to viral infection and in suppressing retrotransposition. Posttranslational modifications of MOV10 include ubiquitination, which leads to stimulation‐dependent degradation, and phosphorylation, which has an unknown function. MOV10 localizes to the nucleus and/or cytoplasm in a cell type‐specific and developmental stage‐specific manner. Knockout of Mov10 leads to embryonic lethality, underscoring an important role in development where it is required for the completion of gastrulation. MOV10 is expressed throughout the organism; however, most studies have focused on germline cells and neurons. In the testes, the knockdown of Mov10 disrupts proliferation of spermatogonial progenitor cells. In brain, MOV10 is significantly elevated postnatally and binds mRNAs encoding cytoskeleton and neuron projection proteins, suggesting an important role in neuronal architecture. Heterozygous Mov10 mutant mice are hyperactive and anxious and their cultured hippocampal neurons have reduced dendritic arborization. Zygotic knockdown of Mov10 in Xenopus laevis causes abnormal head and eye development and mislocalization of neuronal precursors in the brain. Thus, MOV10 plays a vital role during development, defense against viral infection and in neuronal development and function: its many roles and regulation are only beginning to be unraveled. This article is categorized under:RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA‐Protein Complexes RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein‐RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatiqa Nawaz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Temirlan Shilikbay
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Geena Skariah
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephanie Ceman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
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9
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Lidak T, Baloghova N, Korinek V, Sedlacek R, Balounova J, Kasparek P, Cermak L. CRL4-DCAF12 Ubiquitin Ligase Controls MOV10 RNA Helicase during Spermatogenesis and T Cell Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5394. [PMID: 34065512 PMCID: PMC8161014 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisubunit cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase 4 (CRL4)-DCAF12 recognizes the C-terminal degron containing acidic amino acid residues. However, its physiological roles and substrates are largely unknown. Purification of CRL4-DCAF12 complexes revealed a wide range of potential substrates, including MOV10, an "ancient" RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) complex RNA helicase. We show that DCAF12 controls the MOV10 protein level via its C-terminal motif in a proteasome- and CRL-dependent manner. Next, we generated Dcaf12 knockout mice and demonstrated that the DCAF12-mediated degradation of MOV10 is conserved in mice and humans. Detailed analysis of Dcaf12-deficient mice revealed that their testes produce fewer mature sperms, phenotype accompanied by elevated MOV10 and imbalance in meiotic markers SCP3 and γ-H2AX. Additionally, the percentages of splenic CD4+ T and natural killer T (NKT) cell populations were significantly altered. In vitro, activated Dcaf12-deficient T cells displayed inappropriately stabilized MOV10 and increased levels of activated caspases. In summary, we identified MOV10 as a novel substrate of CRL4-DCAF12 and demonstrated the biological relevance of the DCAF12-MOV10 pathway in spermatogenesis and T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Lidak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic; (T.L.); (N.B.); (V.K.)
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nikol Baloghova
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic; (T.L.); (N.B.); (V.K.)
| | - Vladimir Korinek
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic; (T.L.); (N.B.); (V.K.)
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (R.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Jana Balounova
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (R.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (R.S.); (J.B.); (P.K.)
| | - Lukas Cermak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 42 Vestec, Czech Republic; (T.L.); (N.B.); (V.K.)
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10
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Liu D, Ndongwe TP, Puray-Chavez M, Casey MC, Izumi T, Pathak VK, Tedbury PR, Sarafianos SG. Effect of P-body component Mov10 on HCV virus production and infectivity. FASEB J 2020; 34:9433-9449. [PMID: 32496609 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800641r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mov10 is a processing body (P-body) protein and an interferon-stimulated gene that can affect replication of retroviruses, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus (HCV). The mechanism of HCV inhibition by Mov10 is unknown. Here, we investigate the effect of Mov10 on HCV infection and determine the virus life cycle steps affected by changes in Mov10 overexpression. Mov10 overexpression suppresses HCV RNA in both infectious virus and subgenomic replicon systems. Additionally, Mov10 overexpression decreases the infectivity of released virus, unlike control P-body protein DCP1a that has no effect on HCV RNA production or infectivity of progeny virus. Confocal imaging of uninfected cells shows endogenous Mov10 localized at P-bodies. However, in HCV-infected cells, Mov10 localizes in circular structures surrounding cytoplasmic lipid droplets with NS5A and core protein. Mutagenesis experiments show that the RNA binding activity of Mov10 is required for HCV inhibition, while its P-body localization, helicase, and ATP-binding functions are not required. Unexpectedly, endogenous Mov10 promotes HCV replication, as CRISPR-Cas9-based Mov10 depletion decreases HCV replication and infection levels. Our data reveal an important and complex role for Mov10 in HCV replication, which can be perturbed by excess or insufficient Mov10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Tanyaradzwa P Ndongwe
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Maritza Puray-Chavez
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mary C Casey
- Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vinay K Pathak
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Philip R Tedbury
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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11
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Liu T, Sun Q, Liu Y, Cen S, Zhang Q. The MOV10 helicase restricts hepatitis B virus replication by inhibiting viral reverse transcription. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19804-19813. [PMID: 31722967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons inhibit viruses by inducing antiviral protein expression. One of the interferon-induced antiviral proteins, human Moloney leukemia virus 10 (MOV10), a superfamily 1 RNA helicase, has been shown to inhibit retroviruses and several RNA viruses. However, it remains undetermined whether MOV10 also inhibits DNA viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV). Here, we report that MOV10 dramatically reduces the levels of intracellular HBV DNA, resulting in significant inhibition of both the HBV experimental strain and the clinical isolates. Mechanistic experiments revealed that MOV10 interacts with HBV RNA and blocks the early step of viral reverse transcription, thereby impairing viral DNA synthesis, without affecting viral gene expression and pregenomic RNA encapsidation. Moreover, mutation of the helicase domain of MOV10 caused loss of binding to HBV RNA and of the anti-HBV activity. Together, our results indicate that MOV10 restricts HBV replication, insights that may open new avenues to the development of anti-HBV therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008 China
| | - Qingsong Sun
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an 223301, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008 China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050 China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008 China .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008 China
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12
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Choi J, Hwang SY, Ahn K. Interplay between RNASEH2 and MOV10 controls LINE-1 retrotransposition. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:1912-1926. [PMID: 29315404 PMCID: PMC5829647 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Long interspersed nuclear element 1 is an autonomous non-long terminal repeat retrotransposon that comprises ∼17% of the human genome. Its spontaneous retrotransposition and the accumulation of heritable L1 insertions can potentially result in genome instability and sporadic disorders. Moloney leukemia virus 10 homolog (MOV10), a putative RNA helicase, has been implicated in inhibiting L1 replication, although its underlying mechanism of action remains obscure. Moreover, the physiological relevance of MOV10-mediated L1 regulation in human disease has not yet been examined. Using a proteomic approach, we identified RNASEH2 as a binding partner of MOV10. We show that MOV10 interacts with RNASEH2, and their interplay is crucial for restricting L1 retrotransposition. RNASEH2 and MOV10 co-localize in the nucleus, and RNASEH2 binds to L1 RNAs in a MOV10-dependent manner. Small hairpin RNA-mediated depletion of either RNASEH2A or MOV10 results in an accumulation of L1-specific RNA-DNA hybrids, suggesting they contribute to prevent formation of vital L1 heteroduplexes during retrotransposition. Furthermore, we show that RNASEH2-MOV10-mediated L1 restriction downregulates expression of the rheumatoid arthritis-associated inflammatory cytokines and matrix-degrading proteinases in synovial cells, implicating a potential causal relationship between them and disease development in terms of disease predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsu Choi
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yeon Hwang
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangseog Ahn
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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13
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Aso H, Ito J, Koyanagi Y, Sato K. Comparative Description of the Expression Profile of Interferon-Stimulated Genes in Multiple Cell Lineages Targeted by HIV-1 Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:429. [PMID: 30915053 PMCID: PMC6423081 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immediately after viral infections, innate immune sensors recognize viruses and lead to the production of type I interferon (IFN-I). IFN-I upregulates various genes, referred to as IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and some ISGs inhibit viral replication. HIV-1, the causative agent of AIDS, mainly infects CD4+ T cells and macrophages and triggers the IFN-I-mediated signaling cascade. Certain ISGs are subsequently upregulated by IFN-I stimulus and potently suppress HIV-1 replication. HIV-1 cell biology has shed light on the molecular understanding of the IFN-I production triggered by HIV-1 infection and the antiviral roles of ISGs. However, the differences in the gene expression patterns following IFN-I stimulus among HIV-1 target cell types are poorly understood. In this study, we hypothesize that the expression profiles of ISGs are different among HIV-1 target cells and address this question by utilizing public transcriptome datasets and bioinformatic techniques. We focus on three cell types intrinsically targeted by HIV-1, including CD4+ T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, and comprehensively compare the expression patterns of ISGs among these cell types. Furthermore, we use the datasets of the differentially expressed genes by HIV-1 infection and the evolutionarily conserved ISGs in mammals and perform comparative transcriptome analyses. We defined 104 ‘common ISGs’ that were upregulated by IFN-I stimulus in CD4+ T cells, monocytes, and macrophages. The ISG expression patterns were different among these three cell types, and intriguingly, both the numbers and the magnitudes of upregulated ISGs by IFN-I stimulus were greatest in macrophages. We also found that the upregulated genes by HIV-1 infection included most ‘common ISGs.’ Moreover, we determined that the ‘common ISGs,’ particularly those with antiviral activity, were evolutionarily conserved in mammals. To our knowledge, this study is the first investigation to comprehensively describe (i) the different expression patterns of ISGs among HIV-1 target cells, (ii) the overlap in the genes modulated by IFN-I stimulus and HIV-1 infection and (iii) the evolutionary conservation in mammals of the antiviral ISGs that are expressed in HIV-1 target cells. Our results will be useful for deeply understanding the relationship of the effect of IFN-I and the modulated gene expression by HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Aso
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jumpei Ito
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshio Koyanagi
- Laboratory of Systems Virology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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14
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Li J, Hu S, Xu F, Mei S, Liu X, Yin L, Zhao F, Zhao X, Sun H, Xiong Z, Zhang D, Cen S, Wang J, Liang C, Guo F. MOV10 sequesters the RNP of influenza A virus in the cytoplasm and is antagonized by viral NS1 protein. Biochem J 2019; 476:467-481. [PMID: 30617221 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
MOV10 has emerged as an important host antiviral factor. MOV10 not only inhibits various viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1, hepatitis C virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, but also restricts the activity of retroelements long interspersed nucleotide element-1, Alu, SVA and intracisternal A particles. Here, we report that MOV10 suppresses influenza A virus infection through interacting with viral nucleoprotein (NP), sequestering viral RNP in the cytoplasm and causing the degradation of viral vRNA. The antiviral activity of MOV10 depends on the integrity of P-bodies. We also found that the antiviral activity of MOV10 is partially countered by viral NS1 protein that interferes with the interaction of MOV10 with viral NP and causes MOV10 degradation through the lysosomal pathway. Moreover, NS1-defective influenza A virus is more susceptible to MOV10 restriction. Our data not only expand the antiviral spectrum of MOV10 but also reveal the NS1 protein as the first viral antagonist of MOV10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Siqi Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Fengwen Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Shan Mei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Xiaoman Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Fei Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Hong Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Zichen Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Di Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Chen Liang
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada H3T 1E2
| | - Fei Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
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15
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Warkocki Z, Krawczyk PS, Adamska D, Bijata K, Garcia-Perez JL, Dziembowski A. Uridylation by TUT4/7 Restricts Retrotransposition of Human LINE-1s. Cell 2018; 174:1537-1548.e29. [PMID: 30122351 PMCID: PMC6191937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
LINE-1 retrotransposition is tightly restricted by layers of regulatory control, with epigenetic pathways being the best characterized. Looking at post-transcriptional regulation, we now show that LINE-1 mRNA 3' ends are pervasively uridylated in various human cellular models and in mouse testes. TUT4 and TUT7 uridyltransferases catalyze the modification and function in cooperation with the helicase/RNPase MOV10 to counteract the RNA chaperone activity of the L1-ORF1p retrotransposon protein. Uridylation potently restricts LINE-1 retrotransposition by a multilayer mechanism depending on differential subcellular localization of the uridyltransferases. We propose that uridine residues added by TUT7 in the cytoplasm inhibit initiation of reverse transcription of LINE-1 mRNAs once they are reimported to the nucleus, whereas uridylation by TUT4, which is enriched in cytoplasmic foci, destabilizes mRNAs. These results provide a model for the post-transcriptional restriction of LINE-1, revealing a key physiological role for TUT4/7-mediated uridylation in maintaining genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Warkocki
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł S Krawczyk
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Adamska
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krystian Bijata
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jose L Garcia-Perez
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Centre for Genomics and Oncology (Pfizer-University of Granada and Andalusian Regional Government), PTS Granada, Granada 18016, Spain; Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Andrzej Dziembowski
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Functional Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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16
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Hili Inhibits HIV Replication in Activated T Cells. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00237-17. [PMID: 28331090 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00237-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
P-element-induced wimpy-like (Piwil) proteins restrict the replication of mobile genetic elements in the germ line. They are also expressed in many transformed cell lines. In this study, we discovered that the human Piwil 2 (Hili) protein can also inhibit HIV replication, especially in activated CD4+ T cells that are the preferred target cells for this virus in the infected host. Although resting cells did not express Hili, its expression was rapidly induced following T cell activation. In these cells and transformed cell lines, depletion of Hili increased levels of viral proteins and new viral particles. Further studies revealed that Hili binds to tRNA. Some of the tRNAs represent rare tRNA species, whose codons are overrepresented in the viral genome. Targeting tRNAArg(UCU) with an antisense oligonucleotide replicated effects of Hili and also inhibited HIV replication. Finally, Hili also inhibited the retrotransposition of the endogenous intracysternal A particle (IAP) by a similar mechanism. Thus, Hili joins a list of host proteins that inhibit the replication of HIV and other mobile genetic elements.IMPORTANCE Piwil proteins inhibit the movement of mobile genetic elements in the germ line. In their absence, sperm does not form and male mice are sterile. This inhibition is thought to occur via small Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). However, in some species and in human somatic cells, Piwil proteins bind primarily to tRNA. In this report, we demonstrate that human Piwil proteins, especially Hili, not only bind to select tRNA species, including rare tRNAs, but also inhibit HIV replication. Importantly, T cell activation induces the expression of Hili in CD4+ T cells. Since Hili also inhibited the movement of an endogenous retrovirus (IAP), our finding shed new light on this intracellular resistance to exogenous and endogenous retroviruses as well as other mobile genetic elements.
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17
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Abstract
Retrotransposons have generated about 40 % of the human genome. This review examines the strategies the cell has evolved to coexist with these genomic "parasites", focussing on the non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons of humans and mice. Some of the restriction factors for retrotransposition, including the APOBECs, MOV10, RNASEL, SAMHD1, TREX1, and ZAP, also limit replication of retroviruses, including HIV, and are part of the intrinsic immune system of the cell. Many of these proteins act in the cytoplasm to degrade retroelement RNA or inhibit its translation. Some factors act in the nucleus and involve DNA repair enzymes or epigenetic processes of DNA methylation and histone modification. RISC and piRNA pathway proteins protect the germline. Retrotransposon control is relaxed in some cell types, such as neurons in the brain, stem cells, and in certain types of disease and cancer, with implications for human health and disease. This review also considers potential pitfalls in interpreting retrotransposon-related data, as well as issues to consider for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L. Goodier
- McKusick-Nathans Institute for Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA 212051
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18
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Abstract
RNA granules are dynamic cellular structures essential for proper gene expression and homeostasis. The two principal types of cytoplasmic RNA granules are stress granules, which contain stalled translation initiation complexes, and processing bodies (P bodies), which concentrate factors involved in mRNA degradation. RNA granules are associated with gene silencing of transcripts; thus, viruses repress RNA granule functions to favor replication. This article discusses the breadth of viral interactions with cytoplasmic RNA granules, focusing on mechanisms that modulate the functions of RNA granules and that typically promote viral replication. Currently, mechanisms for virus manipulation of RNA granules can be loosely grouped into three nonexclusive categories: (a) cleavage of key RNA granule factors, (b) regulation of PKR activation, and (c) co-opting of RNA granule factors for new roles in viral replication. Viral modulation of RNA granules supports productive infection by inhibiting their gene-silencing functions and counteracting their role in linking stress sensing with innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chih Tsai
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
| | - Richard E Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
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19
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Goodier JL, Pereira GC, Cheung LE, Rose RJ, Kazazian HH. The Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Protein ZAP Restricts Human Retrotransposition. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005252. [PMID: 26001115 PMCID: PMC4441479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic immunity describes the set of recently discovered but poorly understood cellular mechanisms that specifically target viral pathogens. Their discovery derives in large part from intensive studies of HIV and SIV that revealed restriction factors acting at various stages of the retroviral life cycle. Recent studies indicate that some factors restrict both retroviruses and retrotransposons but surprisingly in ways that may differ. We screened known interferon-stimulated antiviral proteins previously untested for their effects on cell culture retrotransposition. Several factors, including BST2, ISG20, MAVS, MX2, and ZAP, showed strong L1 inhibition. We focused on ZAP (PARP13/ZC3HAV1), a zinc-finger protein that targets viruses of several families, including Retroviridae, Tiloviridae, and Togaviridae, and show that ZAP expression also strongly restricts retrotransposition in cell culture through loss of L1 RNA and ribonucleoprotein particle integrity. Association of ZAP with the L1 ribonucleoprotein particle is supported by co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization with ORF1p in cytoplasmic stress granules. We also used mass spectrometry to determine the protein components of the ZAP interactome, and identified many proteins that directly interact and colocalize with ZAP, including MOV10, an RNA helicase previously shown to suppress retrotransposons. The detection of a chaperonin complex, RNA degradation proteins, helicases, post-translational modifiers, and components of chromatin modifying complexes suggest mechanisms of ZAP anti-retroelement activity that function in the cytoplasm and perhaps also in the nucleus. The association of the ZAP ribonucleoprotein particle with many interferon-stimulated gene products indicates it may be a key player in the interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L. Goodier
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gavin C. Pereira
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ling E. Cheung
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J. Rose
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Haig H. Kazazian
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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20
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Li MMH, MacDonald MR, Rice CM. To translate, or not to translate: viral and host mRNA regulation by interferon-stimulated genes. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:320-9. [PMID: 25748385 PMCID: PMC4441850 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Translational regulation of viral and host mRNA is an important function of a subset of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). These ISGs repress translation through binding to viral RNA, direct interaction with, or perturbation of the translation machinery components. Several ISGs localize to cytoplasmic granules such as stress granules (SGs) and processing bodies (PBs), and interfere with the processing or function of microRNAs (miRNAs).
Type I interferon (IFN) is one of the first lines of cellular defense against viral pathogens. As a result of IFN signaling, a wide array of IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) products is upregulated to target different stages of the viral life cycle. We review recent findings implicating a subset of ISGs in translational regulation of viral and host mRNAs. Translation inhibition is mediated either by binding to viral RNA or by disrupting physiological interactions or levels of the translation complex components. In addition, many of these ISGs localize to translationally silent cytoplasmic granules, such as stress granules and processing bodies, and intersect with the microRNA (miRNA)-mediated silencing pathway to regulate translation of cellular mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody M H Li
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Margaret R MacDonald
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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21
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Mouse knockout models for HIV-1 restriction factors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3749-66. [PMID: 24854580 PMCID: PMC4160573 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection of cells with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is controlled by restriction factors, host proteins that counteract a variety of steps in the life cycle of this lentivirus. These include SAMHD1, APOBEC3G and tetherin, which block reverse transcription, hypermutate viral DNA and prevent progeny virus release, respectively. These and other HIV-1 restriction factors are conserved and have clear orthologues in the mouse. This review summarises studies in knockout mice lacking HIV-1 restriction factors. In vivo experiments in such animals have not only validated in vitro data obtained from cultured cells, but have also revealed new findings about the biology of these proteins. Indeed, genetic ablation of HIV-1 restriction factors in the mouse has provided evidence that restriction factors control retroviruses and other viruses in vivo and has led to new insights into the mechanisms by which these proteins counteract infection. For example, in vivo experiments in knockout mice demonstrate that virus control exerted by restriction factors can shape adaptive immune responses. Moreover, the availability of animals lacking restriction factors opens the possibility to study the function of these proteins in other contexts such as autoimmunity and cancer. Further in vivo studies of more recently identified HIV-1 restriction factors in gene targeted mice are, therefore, justified.
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22
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Crichton JH, Dunican DS, MacLennan M, Meehan RR, Adams IR. Defending the genome from the enemy within: mechanisms of retrotransposon suppression in the mouse germline. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1581-605. [PMID: 24045705 PMCID: PMC3983883 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The viability of any species requires that the genome is kept stable as it is transmitted from generation to generation by the germ cells. One of the challenges to transgenerational genome stability is the potential mutagenic activity of transposable genetic elements, particularly retrotransposons. There are many different types of retrotransposon in mammalian genomes, and these target different points in germline development to amplify and integrate into new genomic locations. Germ cells, and their pluripotent developmental precursors, have evolved a variety of genome defence mechanisms that suppress retrotransposon activity and maintain genome stability across the generations. Here, we review recent advances in understanding how retrotransposon activity is suppressed in the mammalian germline, how genes involved in germline genome defence mechanisms are regulated, and the consequences of mutating these genome defence genes for the developing germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Crichton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Donncha S. Dunican
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Marie MacLennan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Richard R. Meehan
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Ian R. Adams
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
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23
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APOBEC3G oligomerization is associated with the inhibition of both Alu and LINE-1 retrotransposition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84228. [PMID: 24367644 PMCID: PMC3868573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alu and LINE-1 (L1), which constitute ~11% and ~17% of the human genome, respectively, are transposable non-LTR retroelements. They transpose not only in germ cells but also in somatic cells, occasionally causing cancer. We have previously demonstrated that antiretroviral restriction factors, human APOBEC3 (hA3) proteins (A–H), differentially inhibit L1 retrotransposition. In this present study, we found that hA3 members also restrict Alu retrotransposition at differential levels that correlate with those observed previously for L1 inhibition. Through deletion analyses based on the best-characterized hA3 member human APOBEC3G (hA3G), its N-terminal 30 amino acids were required for its inhibitory activity against Alu retrotransposition. The inhibitory effect of hA3G on Alu retrotransposition was associated with its oligomerization that was affected by the deletion of its N-terminal 30 amino acids. Through structural modeling, the amino acids 24 to 28 of hA3G were predicted to be located at the interface of the dimer. The mutation of these residues resulted in abrogated hA3G oligomerization, and consistently abolished the inhibitory activity of hA3G against Alu retrotransposition. Importantly, the anti-L1 activity of hA3G was also associated with hA3G oligomerization. These results suggest that the inhibitory activities of hA3G against Alu and L1 retrotransposition might involve a common mechanism.
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24
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Dewannieux M, Heidmann T. Endogenous retroviruses: acquisition, amplification and taming of genome invaders. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:646-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Mov10 and APOBEC3G localization to processing bodies is not required for virion incorporation and antiviral activity. J Virol 2013; 87:11047-62. [PMID: 23926332 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02070-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mov10 and APOBEC3G (A3G) localize to cytoplasmic granules called processing bodies (P bodies), incorporate into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions, and inhibit viral replication. The functional relevance of Mov10/A3G P-body localization to virion incorporation and antiviral activity has not been fully explored. We found that a helicase V mutant of Mov10 exhibits significantly reduced localization to P bodies but still efficiently inhibits viral infectivity via virion incorporation. Disruption of the P bodies by DDX6 knockdown also confirmed Mov10 antiviral activity without P-body localization. In addition, overexpression of SRP19, which binds to 7SL RNA, depleted A3G from P bodies but did not affect its virion incorporation. Sucrose gradient sedimentation assays revealed that the majority of Mov10, A3G, HIV-1 RNA, and Gag formed high-molecular-mass (HMM) complexes that are converted to low-molecular-mass (LMM) complexes after RNase A treatment. In contrast, the P-body markers DCP2, LSM1, eIF4e, DDX6, and AGO1 were in LMM complexes, whereas AGO2, an effector protein of the RNA-induced silencing complex that localizes to P bodies, was present in both LMM and HMM complexes. Depletion of AGO2 indicated that RNA-induced silencing function is required for Mov10's ability to reduce Gag expression upon overexpression, but not its virion incorporation or effect on virus infectivity. We conclude that the majority of Mov10 and A3G are in HMM complexes, whereas most of the P-body markers are in LMM complexes, and that virion incorporation and the antiviral activities of Mov10 and A3G do not require their localization to P bodies.
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Serquiña AKP, Das SR, Popova E, Ojelabi OA, Roy CK, Göttlinger HG. UPF1 is crucial for the infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 progeny virions. J Virol 2013; 87:8853-61. [PMID: 23785196 PMCID: PMC3754033 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00925-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The SF1 helicase MOV10 is an antiviral factor that is incorporated into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions. We now report that HIV-1 virions also incorporate UPF1, which belongs to the same SF1 helicase subfamily as MOV10 and functions in the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway. Unlike ectopic MOV10, the overexpression of UPF1 does not impair the infectivity of HIV-1 progeny virions. However, UPF1 becomes a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 progeny virion infectivity when residues required for its helicase activity are mutated. In contrast, equivalent mutations abolish the antiviral activity of MOV10. Importantly, cells depleted of endogenous UPF1, but not of another NMD core component, produce HIV-1 virions of substantially lower specific infectivity. The defect is at the level of reverse transcription, the same stage of the HIV-1 life cycle inhibited by ectopic MOV10. Thus, whereas ectopic MOV10 restricts HIV-1 replication, the related UPF1 helicase functions as a cofactor at an early postentry step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suman R. Das
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, Program in Molecular Medicine
| | - Elena Popova
- Program in Gene Function and Expression, Program in Molecular Medicine
| | - Ogooluwa A. Ojelabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian K. Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Li X, Zhang J, Jia R, Cheng V, Xu X, Qiao W, Guo F, Liang C, Cen S. The MOV10 helicase inhibits LINE-1 mobility. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21148-21160. [PMID: 23754279 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.465856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
LINE-1 (long interspersed element 1) is an autonomous non-long terminal repeat retrotransposon. Its replication often causes mutation and rearrangement of host genomic DNA. Accordingly, host cells have evolved mechanisms to control LINE-1 mobility. Here, we report that a helicase named MOV10 effectively suppresses LINE-1 transposition. Mutating the helicase motifs impairs this function of MOV10, suggesting that MOV10 requires its helicase activity to suppress LINE-1 replication. Further studies show that MOV10 post-transcriptionally diminishes the level of LINE-1 RNA. The association of MOV10 with both LINE-1 RNA and ORF1 suggests that MOV10 interacts with LINE-1 RNP and consequently causes its RNA degradation. These data demonstrate collectively that MOV10 contributes to the cellular control of LINE-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- From the Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology and
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- the Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada,; the Departments of Medicine and
| | - Rui Jia
- Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Vicky Cheng
- the Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada,; Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada, and
| | - Xin Xu
- Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; the Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | | | - Fei Guo
- the Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chen Liang
- From the Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology and; the Departments of Medicine and; Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada, and.
| | - Shan Cen
- From the Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology and.
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28
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Hooper C, Hilliker A. Packing them up and dusting them off: RNA helicases and mRNA storage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1829:824-34. [PMID: 23528738 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic mRNA can be translated, translationally repressed, localized or degraded. Regulation of translation is an important step in control of gene expression and the cell can change whether and to what extent an mRNA is translated. If an mRNA is not translating, it will associate with translation repression factors; the mRNA can be stored in these non-translating states. The movement of mRNA into storage and back to translation is dictated by the recognition of the mRNA by trans factors. So, remodeling the factors that bind mRNA is critical for changing the fate of mRNA. RNA helicases, which have the ability to remodel RNA or RNA-protein complexes, are excellent candidates for facilitating such rearrangements. This review will focus on the RNA helicases implicated in translation repression and/or mRNA storage and how their study has illuminated mechanisms of mRNA regulation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Biology of RNA helicases - Modulation for life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hooper
- Department of Neonatology, Vanderbilt Children's Hospital, Nashville, TN, USA
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Koito A, Ikeda T. Intrinsic immunity against retrotransposons by APOBEC cytidine deaminases. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:28. [PMID: 23431045 PMCID: PMC3576619 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 40% of the human genome is recognizable as having been derived from ancient retroelements, transported by an intracellular copy-and-paste process involving an RNA intermediate, with an additional few percent classified as DNA transposable elements. Endogenous retroviruses are long terminal repeat (LTR)-type retroelements that account for ~8% of human genomic DNA. Non-LTR members are present at extremely high copy numbers, with ~17% of the human genome consisting of long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs). These LINEs modify vertebrate genomes not only through insertions, but also by the indirect replication of non-autonomous retrotransposons, such as short interspersed nuclear elements. As expected, vertebrate intrinsic immunity has evolved to support a balance between retroelement insertions that confer beneficial genetic diversity and those that cause deleterious gene disruptions. The mammalian cytidine deaminases encoded by the APOBEC3 genes can restrict a broad number of exogenous pathogens, such as exogenous retroviruses, and the mobility of endogenous retroelements. Furthermore, APOBEC1 from a variety of mammalian species, which mediates the cytidine (C) to uridine (U) deamination of apolipoprotein B (apoB) mRNA, a protein involved in lipid transport, also plays a role in controlling mobile elements. These mammalian apoB mRNA-editing, catalytic polypeptide (APOBEC) cytidine deaminases, which can bind to single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) as well as RNA, are able to insert mutations into ssDNA and/or RNA as a result of their ability to deaminate C to U. While these APOBEC cytidine deaminases with DNA mutagenic activity can be deleterious to cells, their biological modifications, such as protein-protein interactions and subcellular localization, in addition to their ability to bind to RNA, appear to have conferred a role for APOBECs as a cellular defense system against retroviruses and retroelements. In support of this notion, the expansion of the single APOBEC3 gene in mice to the seven APOBEC3 genes found in primates apparently correlates with the significant enhancement of the restriction of endogenous retroelements seen in primates, including humans. This review discusses the current understanding of the mechanism of action of APOBEC cytidine deaminases and attempts to summarize their roles in controlling retrotransposons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Koito
- Department of Retrovirology and Self-Defense, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University Kumamoto, Japan
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Zheng YH, Jeang KT, Tokunaga K. Host restriction factors in retroviral infection: promises in virus-host interaction. Retrovirology 2012; 9:112. [PMID: 23254112 PMCID: PMC3549941 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses have an intricate life cycle. There is much to be learned from studying retrovirus-host interactions. Among retroviruses, the primate lentiviruses have one of the more complex genome structures with three categories of viral genes: structural, regulatory, and accessory genes. Over time, we have gained increasing understanding of the lentivirus life cycle from studying host factors that support virus replication. Similarly, studies on host restriction factors that inhibit viral replication have also made significant contributions to our knowledge. Here, we review recent progress on the rapidly growing field of restriction factors, focusing on the antiretroviral activities of APOBEC3G, TRIM5, tetherin, SAMHD1, MOV10, and cellular microRNAs (miRNAs), and the counter-activities of Vif, Vpu, Vpr, Vpx, and Nef.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Kenzo Tokunaga
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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Lorgeoux RP, Guo F, Liang C. From promoting to inhibiting: diverse roles of helicases in HIV-1 Replication. Retrovirology 2012; 9:79. [PMID: 23020886 PMCID: PMC3484045 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicases hydrolyze nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs) and use the energy to modify the structures of nucleic acids. They are key players in every cellular process involving RNA or DNA. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) does not encode a helicase, thus it has to exploit cellular helicases in order to efficiently replicate its RNA genome. Indeed, several helicases have been found to specifically associate with HIV-1 and promote viral replication. However, studies have also revealed a couple of helicases that inhibit HIV-1 replication; these findings suggest that HIV-1 can either benefit from the function of cellular helicases or become curtailed by these enzymes. In this review, we focus on what is known about how a specific helicase associates with HIV-1 and how a distinct step of HIV-1 replication is affected. Despite many helicases having demonstrated roles in HIV-1 replication and dozens of other helicase candidates awaiting to be tested, a deeper appreciation of their involvement in the HIV-1 life cycle is hindered by our limited knowledge at the enzymatic and molecular levels regarding how helicases shape the conformation and structure of viral RNA-protein complexes and how these conformational changes are translated into functional outcomes in the context of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene-Pierre Lorgeoux
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, H3T 1E2, Quebec, Canada
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