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Azizi H, Knapp JP, Li Y, Berger A, Lafrance MA, Pedersen J, de la Vega MA, Racine T, Kang CY, Mann JFS, Dikeakos JD, Kobinger G, Arts EJ. Optimal Expression, Function, and Immunogenicity of an HIV-1 Vaccine Derived from the Approved Ebola Vaccine, rVSV-ZEBOV. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:977. [PMID: 37243081 PMCID: PMC10223473 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) remains an attractive platform for a potential HIV-1 vaccine but hurdles remain, such as selection of a highly immunogenic HIV-1 Envelope (Env) with a maximal surface expression on recombinant rVSV particles. An HIV-1 Env chimera with the transmembrane domain (TM) and cytoplasmic tail (CT) of SIVMac239 results in high expression on the approved Ebola vaccine, rVSV-ZEBOV, also harboring the Ebola Virus (EBOV) glycoprotein (GP). Codon-optimized (CO) Env chimeras derived from a subtype A primary isolate (A74) are capable of entering a CD4+/CCR5+ cell line, inhibited by HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies PGT121, VRC01, and the drug, Maraviroc. The immunization of mice with the rVSV-ZEBOV carrying the CO A74 Env chimeras results in anti-Env antibody levels as well as neutralizing antibodies 200-fold higher than with the NL4-3 Env-based construct. The novel, functional, and immunogenic chimeras of CO A74 Env with the SIV_Env-TMCT within the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine are now being tested in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiva Azizi
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (H.A.); (A.B.); (M.-A.L.); (J.P.); (M.-A.d.l.V.); (T.R.)
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1N 5A2, Canada
| | - Jason P. Knapp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (J.P.K.); (Y.L.); (C.-Y.K.); (J.D.D.)
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (J.P.K.); (Y.L.); (C.-Y.K.); (J.D.D.)
| | - Alice Berger
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (H.A.); (A.B.); (M.-A.L.); (J.P.); (M.-A.d.l.V.); (T.R.)
| | - Marc-Alexandre Lafrance
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (H.A.); (A.B.); (M.-A.L.); (J.P.); (M.-A.d.l.V.); (T.R.)
| | - Jannie Pedersen
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (H.A.); (A.B.); (M.-A.L.); (J.P.); (M.-A.d.l.V.); (T.R.)
| | - Marc-Antoine de la Vega
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (H.A.); (A.B.); (M.-A.L.); (J.P.); (M.-A.d.l.V.); (T.R.)
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Trina Racine
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (H.A.); (A.B.); (M.-A.L.); (J.P.); (M.-A.d.l.V.); (T.R.)
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Chil-Yong Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (J.P.K.); (Y.L.); (C.-Y.K.); (J.D.D.)
| | - Jamie F. S. Mann
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU Bristol, UK;
| | - Jimmy D. Dikeakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (J.P.K.); (Y.L.); (C.-Y.K.); (J.D.D.)
| | - Gary Kobinger
- Galveston National Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Eric J. Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (J.P.K.); (Y.L.); (C.-Y.K.); (J.D.D.)
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Klasse PJ, Moore JP. Reappraising the Value of HIV-1 Vaccine Correlates of Protection Analyses. J Virol 2022; 96:e0003422. [PMID: 35384694 PMCID: PMC9044961 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00034-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
With the much-debated exception of the modestly reduced acquisition reported for the RV144 efficacy trial, HIV-1 vaccines have not protected humans against infection, and a vaccine of similar design to that tested in RV144 was not protective in a later trial, HVTN 702. Similar vaccine regimens have also not consistently protected nonhuman primates (NHPs) against viral acquisition. Conversely, experimental vaccines of different designs have protected macaques from viral challenges but then failed to protect humans, while many other HIV-1 vaccine candidates have not protected NHPs. While efficacy varies more in NHPs than humans, vaccines have failed to protect in the most stringent NHP model. Intense investigations have aimed to identify correlates of protection (CoPs), even in the absence of net protection. Unvaccinated animals and humans vary vastly in their susceptibility to infection and in their innate and adaptive responses to the vaccines; hence, merely statistical associations with factors that do not protect are easily found. Systems biological analyses, including artificial intelligence, have identified numerous candidate CoPs but with no clear consistency within or between species. Proposed CoPs sometimes have only tenuous mechanistic connections to immune protection. In contrast, neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are a central mechanistic CoP for vaccines that succeed against other viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. No HIV-1 vaccine candidate has yet elicited potent and broadly active NAbs in NHPs or humans, but narrow-specificity NAbs against the HIV-1 isolate corresponding to the immunogen do protect against infection by the autologous virus. Here, we analyze why so many HIV-1 vaccines have failed, summarize the outcomes of vaccination in NHPs and humans, and discuss the value and pitfalls of hunting for CoPs other than NAbs. We contrast the failure to find a consistent CoP for HIV-1 vaccines with the identification of NAbs as the principal CoP for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Ishii H, Terahara K, Nomura T, Okazaki M, Yamamoto H, Shu T, Sakawaki H, Miura T, Watkins DI, Matano T. Env-independent protection of intrarectal SIV challenge by vaccine induction of Gag/Vif-specific CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ T cells. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2048-2057. [PMID: 35231604 PMCID: PMC9092394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective T cell induction is an important strategy in HIV-vaccine development. However, it has been indicated that vaccine-induced HIV-specific CD4+ T cells, the preferential targets of HIV infection, might increase viral acquisition after HIV exposure. We have recently developed an immunogen (CaV11), tandemly connected overlapping 11-mer peptides spanning the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag capsid and Vif proteins, to selectively induce Gag- and Vif-specific CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ T cells. Here, we show protective efficacy of a CaV11-expressing vaccine against repeated intrarectal low-dose SIVmac239 challenge in rhesus macaques. Eight of the twelve vaccinated macaques were protected after eight challenges. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated significant protection in the vaccinees compared to the unvaccinated macaques. Vaccine-induced Gag-specific CD8+ T cell responses were significantly higher in the protected than the unprotected vaccinees. These results suggest that classical CD8+ T cell induction by viral Env-independent vaccination can confer protection from intrarectal SIV acquisition, highlighting the rationale for this immunogen design to induce virus-specific CD8+ T cells but not CD4+ T cells in HIV-vaccine development.
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Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
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Swanson PA, Padilla M, Hoyland W, McGlinchey K, Fields PA, Bibi S, Faust SN, McDermott AB, Lambe T, Pollard AJ, Durham NM, Kelly EJ. AZD1222/ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination induces a polyfunctional spike protein-specific T H1 response with a diverse TCR repertoire. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabj7211. [PMID: 34591596 PMCID: PMC9924073 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abj7211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19), a replication-deficient simian adenovirus–vectored vaccine, has demonstrated safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity against coronavirus disease 2019 in clinical trials and real-world studies. We characterized CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses induced by AZD1222 vaccination in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 296 unique vaccine recipients aged 18 to 85 years who enrolled in the phase 2/3 COV002 trial. Total spike protein–specific CD4+ T cell helper type 1 (TH1) and CD8+ T cell responses were increased in AZD1222-vaccinated adults of all ages after two doses of AZD1222. CD4+ TH2 responses after AZD1222 vaccination were not detected. Furthermore, AZD1222-specific TH1 and CD8+ T cells both displayed a high degree of polyfunctionality in all adult age groups. T cell receptor β (TCRβ) sequences from vaccinated participants mapped against TCR sequences known to react to SARS-CoV-2 revealed substantial breadth and depth across the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein for both AZD1222-induced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Overall, AZD1222 vaccination induced a polyfunctional TH1-dominated T cell response, with broad CD4+ and CD8+ T cell coverage across the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A. Swanson
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marcelino Padilla
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wesley Hoyland
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kelly McGlinchey
- Discovery, Research and Early Development, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Sagida Bibi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 6PG, UK
| | - Saul N. Faust
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, and Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Adrian B. McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Teresa Lambe
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX4 6PG, UK
| | - Nicholas M. Durham
- Translational Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Kelly
- Translational Medicine, Microbial Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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Castro IM, Ricciardi MJ, Gonzalez-Nieto L, Rakasz EG, Lifson JD, Desrosiers RC, Watkins DI, Martins MA. Recombinant Herpesvirus Vectors: Durable Immune Responses and Durable Protection against Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac239 Acquisition. J Virol 2021; 95:e0033021. [PMID: 33910957 PMCID: PMC8223948 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00330-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A prophylactic vaccine that confers durable protection against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) would provide a valuable tool to prevent new HIV/AIDS cases. As herpesviruses establish lifelong infections that remain largely subclinical, the use of persistent herpesvirus vectors to deliver HIV antigens may facilitate the induction of long-term anti-HIV immunity. We previously developed recombinant (r) forms of the gamma-herpesvirus rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rRRV) expressing a replication-incompetent, near-full-length simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVnfl) genome. We recently showed that 8/16 rhesus macaques (RMs) vaccinated with a rDNA/rRRV-SIVnfl regimen were significantly protected against intrarectal (i.r.) challenge with SIVmac239. Here we investigated the longevity of this vaccine-mediated protection. Despite receiving no additional booster immunizations, the protected rDNA/rRRV-SIVnfl vaccinees maintained detectable cellular and humoral anti-SIV immune responses for more than 1.5 years after the rRRV boost. To assess if these responses were still protective, the rDNA/rRRV-SIVnfl vaccinees were subjected to a second round of marginal-dose i.r. SIVmac239 challenges, with eight SIV-naive RMs serving as concurrent controls. After three SIV exposures, 8/8 control animals became infected, compared to 3/8 vaccinees. This difference in SIV acquisition was statistically significant (P = 0.0035). The three vaccinated monkeys that became infected exhibited significantly lower viral loads than those in unvaccinated controls. Collectively, these data illustrate the ability of rDNA/rRRV-SIVnfl vaccination to provide long-term immunity against stringent mucosal challenges with SIVmac239. Future work is needed to identify the critical components of this vaccine-mediated protection and the extent to which it can tolerate sequence mismatches in the challenge virus. IMPORTANCE We report on the long-term follow-up of a group of rhesus macaques (RMs) that received an AIDS vaccine regimen and were subsequently protected against rectal acquisition of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. The vaccination regimen employed included a live recombinant herpesvirus vector that establishes persistent infection in RMs. Consistent with the recurrent SIV antigen expression afforded by this herpesvirus vector, vaccinees maintained detectable SIV-specific immune responses for more than 1.5 years after the last vaccination. Importantly, these vaccinated RMs were significantly protected against a second round of rectal SIV exposures performed 1 year after the first SIV challenge phase. These results are relevant for HIV vaccine development because they show the potential of herpesvirus-based vectors to maintain functional antiretroviral immunity without the need for repeated boosting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | | | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mauricio A. Martins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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