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Mikuličić S, Shamun M, Massenberg A, Franke AL, Freitag K, Döring T, Strunk J, Tenzer S, Lang T, Florin L. ErbB2/HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase regulates human papillomavirus promoter activity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1335302. [PMID: 38370412 PMCID: PMC10869470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1335302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a major cause of cancer. While surgical intervention remains effective for a majority of HPV-caused cancers, the urgent need for medical treatments targeting HPV-infected cells persists. The pivotal early genes E6 and E7, which are under the control of the viral genome's long control region (LCR), play a crucial role in infection and HPV-induced oncogenesis, as well as immune evasion. In this study, proteomic analysis of endosomes uncovered the co-internalization of ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase, also called HER2/neu, with HPV16 particles from the plasma membrane. Although ErbB2 overexpression has been associated with cervical cancer, its influence on HPV infection stages was previously unknown. Therefore, we investigated the role of ErbB2 in HPV infection, focusing on HPV16. Through siRNA-mediated knockdown and pharmacological inhibition studies, we found that HPV16 entry is independent of ErbB2. Instead, our signal transduction and promoter assays unveiled a concentration- and activation-dependent regulatory role of ErbB2 on the HPV16 LCR by supporting viral promoter activity. We also found that ErbB2's nuclear localization signal was not essential for LCR activity, but rather the cellular ErbB2 protein level and activation status that were inhibited by tucatinib and CP-724714. These ErbB2-specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors as well as ErbB2 depletion significantly influenced the downstream Akt and ERK signaling pathways and LCR activity. Experiments encompassing low-risk HPV11 and high-risk HPV18 LCRs uncovered, beyond HPV16, the importance of ErbB2 in the general regulation of the HPV early promoter. Expanding our investigation to directly assess the impact of ErbB2 on viral gene expression, quantitative analysis of E6 and E7 transcript levels in HPV16 and HPV18 transformed cell lines unveiled a noteworthy decrease in oncogene expression following ErbB2 depletion, concomitant with the downregulation of Akt and ERK signaling pathways. In light of these findings, we propose that ErbB2 holds promise as potential target for treating HPV infections and HPV-associated malignancies by silencing viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snježana Mikuličić
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Merha Shamun
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Annika Massenberg
- University of Bonn, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, Bonn, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Franke
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kirsten Freitag
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tatjana Döring
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Strunk
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Translational Oncology (HI-TRON) Mainz, Mainz, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lang
- University of Bonn, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, Bonn, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany
| | - Luise Florin
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Jung S, Lee HS, Shin HC, Choi JS, Kim SJ, Ku B. Crystal Structures of Plk1 Polo-Box Domain Bound to the Human Papillomavirus Minor Capsid Protein L2-Derived Peptide. J Microbiol 2023; 61:755-764. [PMID: 37684534 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) can increase the proliferation of infected cells during HPV-driven abnormalities, such as cervical cancer or benign warts. To date, more than 200 HPV genotypes have been identified, most of which are classified into three major genera: Alphapapillomavirus, Betapapillomavirus, and Gammapapillomavirus. HPV genomes commonly encode two structural (L1 and L2) and seven functional (E1, E2, E4-E7, and E8) proteins. L2, the minor structural protein of HPVs, not only serves as a viral capsid component but also interacts with various human proteins during viral infection. A recent report revealed that L2 of HPV16 recruits polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), a master regulator of eukaryotic mitosis and cell cycle progression, for the delivery of viral DNA to mitotic chromatin during HPV16 infection. In this study, we verified the direct and potent interactions between the polo-box domain (PBD) of Plk1 and PBD-binding motif (S-S-pT-P)-containing phosphopeptides derived from L2 of HPV16/HPV18 (high-risk alphapapillomaviruses), HPV5b (low-risk betapapillomavirus), and HPV4 (low-risk gammapapillomavirus). Subsequent structural determination of the Plk1 PBD bound to the HPV18 or HPV4 L2-derived phosphopeptide demonstrated that they interact with each other in a canonical manner, in which electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds play key roles in sustaining the complex. Therefore, our structural and biochemical data imply that Plk1 is a broad binding target of L2 of various HPV genotypes belonging to the Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammapapillomavirus genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Jung
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seon Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Sig Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Critical Diseases Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Schweiger L, Lelieveld-Fast LA, Mikuličić S, Strunk J, Freitag K, Tenzer S, Clement AM, Florin L. HPV16 Induces Formation of Virus-p62-PML Hybrid Bodies to Enable Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:1478. [PMID: 35891458 PMCID: PMC9315800 DOI: 10.3390/v14071478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) inflict a significant burden on the human population. The clinical manifestations caused by high-risk HPV types are cancers at anogenital sites, including cervical cancer, as well as head and neck cancers. Host cell defense mechanisms such as autophagy are initiated upon HPV entry. At the same time, the virus modulates cellular antiviral processes and structures such as promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) to enable infection. Here, we uncover the autophagy adaptor p62, also known as p62/sequestosome-1, as a novel proviral factor in infections by the high-risk HPV type 16 (HPV16). Proteomics, imaging and interaction studies of HPV16 pseudovirus-treated HeLa cells display that p62 is recruited to virus-filled endosomes, interacts with incoming capsids, and accompanies the virus to PML NBs, the sites of viral transcription and replication. Cellular depletion of p62 significantly decreased the delivery of HPV16 viral DNA to PML NBs and HPV16 infection rate. Moreover, the absence of p62 leads to an increase in the targeting of viral components to autophagic structures and enhanced degradation of the viral capsid protein L2. The proviral role of p62 and formation of virus-p62-PML hybrid bodies have also been observed in human primary keratinocytes, the HPV target cells. Together, these findings suggest the previously unrecognized virus-induced formation of p62-PML hybrid bodies as a viral mechanism to subvert the cellular antiviral defense, thus enabling viral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Schweiger
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Laura A. Lelieveld-Fast
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Snježana Mikuličić
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Johannes Strunk
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Kirsten Freitag
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
| | - Stefan Tenzer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Albrecht M. Clement
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Luise Florin
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany; (L.S.); (L.A.L.-F.); (S.M.); (J.S.); (K.F.)
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Whole Blood Transcriptional Fingerprints of High-Grade Glioma and Longitudinal Tumor Evolution under Carbon Ion Radiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030684. [PMID: 35158950 PMCID: PMC8833402 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Particle therapy with carbon ions is a promising novel option for the treatment of recurrent high-grade glioma (rHGG). Lack of initial and sequential biopsies limits the investigation of rHGG evolution under therapy. We hypothesized that peripheral blood transcriptome derived from liquid biopsies (lbx) as a minimal invasive method may provide a useful decision support for identification of glioma grade and provide novel means for longitudinal molecular monitoring of tumor evolution under carbon ion irradiation (CIR). We demonstrate feasibility and report patient, tumor and treatment fingerprints in whole blood transcriptomes of rHGG patients with pre-CIR and three post-CIR time points. Abstract Purpose: To assess the value of whole blood transcriptome data from liquid biopsy (lbx) in recurrent high-grade glioma (rHGG) patients for longitudinal molecular monitoring of tumor evolution under carbon ion irradiation (CIR). Methods: Whole blood transcriptome (WBT) analysis (Illumina HumanHT-12 Expression BeadChips) was performed in 14 patients with rHGG pre re-irradiation (reRT) with CIR and 3, 6 and 9 weeks post-CIR (reRT grade III:5, 36%, IV:9, 64%). Patients were irradiated with 30, 33, 36 GyRBE (n = 5, 6, 3) in 3GyRBE per fraction. Results: WTB analysis showed stable correlation with treatment characteristics and patients tumor grade, indicating a preserved tumor origin specific as well as dynamic transcriptional fingerprints of peripheral blood cells. Initial histopathologic tumor grade was indirectly associated with TMEM173 (STING), DNA-repair (ATM, POLD4) and hypoxia related genes. DNA-repair, chromatin remodeling (LIG1, SMARCD1) and immune response (FLT3LG) pathways were affected post-CIR. Longitudinal WTB fingerprints identified two distinct trajectories of rHGG evolution, characterized by differential and prognostic CRISPLD2 expression pre-CIR. Conclusions: Lbx based WTB analysis holds the potential for molecular stratification of rHGG patients and therapy monitoring. We demonstrate the feasibility of the peripheral blood transcriptome as a sentinel organ for identification of patient, tumor characteristics and CIR specific fingerprints in rHGG.
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Mikuličić S, Strunk J, Florin L. HPV16 Entry into Epithelial Cells: Running a Gauntlet. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122460. [PMID: 34960729 PMCID: PMC8706107 DOI: 10.3390/v13122460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During initial infection, human papillomaviruses (HPV) take an unusual trafficking pathway through their host cell. It begins with a long period on the cell surface, during which the capsid is primed and a virus entry platform is formed. A specific type of clathrin-independent endocytosis and subsequent retrograde trafficking to the trans-Golgi network follow this. Cellular reorganization processes, which take place during mitosis, enable further virus transport and the establishment of infection while evading intrinsic cellular immune defenses. First, the fragmentation of the Golgi allows the release of membrane-encased virions, which are partially protected from cytoplasmic restriction factors. Second, the nuclear envelope breakdown opens the gate for these virus–vesicles to the cell nucleus. Third, the dis- and re-assembly of the PML nuclear bodies leads to the formation of modified virus-associated PML subnuclear structures, enabling viral transcription and replication. While remnants of the major capsid protein L1 and the viral DNA remain in a transport vesicle, the viral capsid protein L2 plays a crucial role during virus entry, as it adopts a membrane-spanning conformation for interaction with various cellular proteins to establish a successful infection. In this review, we follow the oncogenic HPV type 16 during its long journey into the nucleus, and contrast pro- and antiviral processes.
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New C, Lee ZY, Tan KS, Wong AHP, Wang DY, Tran T. Tetraspanins: Host Factors in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11609. [PMID: 34769038 PMCID: PMC8583825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are transmembrane glycoproteins that have been shown increasing interest as host factors in infectious diseases. In particular, they were implicated in the pathogenesis of both non-enveloped (human papillomavirus (HPV)) and enveloped (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Zika, influenza A virus, (IAV), and coronavirus) viruses through multiple stages of infection, from the initial cell membrane attachment to the syncytium formation and viral particle release. However, the mechanisms by which different tetraspanins mediate their effects vary. This review aimed to compare and contrast the role of tetraspanins in the life cycles of HPV, HIV, Zika, IAV, and coronavirus viruses, which cause the most significant health and economic burdens to society. In doing so, a better understanding of the relative contribution of tetraspanins in virus infection will allow for a more targeted approach in the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChihSheng New
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (C.N.); (Z.-Y.L.); (K.S.T.); (A.H.-P.W.)
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Zhao-Yong Lee
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (C.N.); (Z.-Y.L.); (K.S.T.); (A.H.-P.W.)
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Kai Sen Tan
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (C.N.); (Z.-Y.L.); (K.S.T.); (A.H.-P.W.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Biosafety Level 3 Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Amanda Huee-Ping Wong
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (C.N.); (Z.-Y.L.); (K.S.T.); (A.H.-P.W.)
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (C.N.); (Z.-Y.L.); (K.S.T.); (A.H.-P.W.)
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Thai Tran
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (C.N.); (Z.-Y.L.); (K.S.T.); (A.H.-P.W.)
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
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Recent Advances in Our Understanding of the Infectious Entry Pathway of Human Papillomavirus Type 16. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102076. [PMID: 34683397 PMCID: PMC8540256 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are a diverse viral species, but several types such as HPV16 are given special attention due to their contribution towards the pathogenesis of several major cancers. In this review, we will summarize how the knowledge of HPV16 entry has expanded since the last comprehensive HPV16 entry review our lab published in 2017.
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Ozbun MA, Campos SK. The long and winding road: human papillomavirus entry and subcellular trafficking. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 50:76-86. [PMID: 34416595 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect and replicate in differentiating mucosal and cutaneous epithelium. Most HPV infections are asymptomatic or cause transient benign neoplasia. However, persistent infections by oncogenic HPV types can progress to cancer. During infectious entry into host keratinocytes, HPV particles interact with many host proteins, beginning with major capsid protein L1 binding to cellular heparan sulfate and a series of enzymatic capsid modifications that promote infectious cellular entry. After utilizing the endosomal pathway to uncoat the viral genome (vDNA), the minor capsid protein L2/vDNA complex is retrograde trafficked to the Golgi, and thereafter, to the nucleus where viral transcription initiates. Post-Golgi trafficking is dependent on mitosis, with L2-dependent tethering of vDNA to mitotic chromosomes before accumulation at nuclear substructures in G1. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the HPV entry pathway, the role of cellular proteins in this process, and notes many gaps in our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Ozbun
- Departments of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Obstetrics & Gynecology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; The University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Samuel K Campos
- Departments of Immunobiology, Molecular & Cellular Biology, and the Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; The BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Xie J, Zhang P, Crite M, Lindsay CV, DiMaio D. Retromer stabilizes transient membrane insertion of L2 capsid protein during retrograde entry of human papillomavirus. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh4276. [PMID: 34193420 PMCID: PMC11057781 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh4276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Retromer, a cellular protein trafficking complex, sorts human papillomaviruses (HPVs) into the retrograde pathway for transport of HPV to the nucleus during virus entry. Here, we conducted a protein modulation screen to isolate four artificial transmembrane proteins called traptamers that inhibit different steps of HPV entry. By analyzing cells expressing pairs of traptamers, we ordered the trafficking steps during entry into a coherent pathway. One traptamer stimulates ubiquitination of the L2 capsid protein or associated proteins and diverts incoming virus to the lysosome, whereas the others act downstream by preventing sequential passage of the virus through retrograde compartments. Complex genetic interactions between traptamers revealed that a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) on L2 mediates transient insertion of L2 into the endosome membrane, which is stabilized by retromer-L2 binding. These results define the retrograde entry route taken by HPV and show that retromer can play a role in CPP-mediated membrane insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005 USA
| | - Pengwei Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005 USA
| | - Mac Crite
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519 USA
| | - Christina V Lindsay
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005 USA
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005 USA.
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208040, New Haven, CT 06520-8040 USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale School of Medicine, PO Box 208024, New Haven, CT 06520-8024 USA
- Yale Cancer Center, PO Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06520-8028 USA
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10
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Carse S, Bergant M, Schäfer G. Advances in Targeting HPV Infection as Potential Alternative Prophylactic Means. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2201. [PMID: 33672181 PMCID: PMC7926419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer and other anogenital cancers. The majority of cervical cancer cases occur in low- and middle- income countries (LMIC). Concurrent infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) further increases the risk of HPV infection and exacerbates disease onset and progression. Highly effective prophylactic vaccines do exist to combat HPV infection with the most common oncogenic types, but the accessibility to these in LMIC is severely limited due to cost, difficulties in accessing the target population, cultural issues, and maintenance of a cold chain. Alternative preventive measures against HPV infection that are more accessible and affordable are therefore also needed to control cervical cancer risk. There are several efforts in identifying such alternative prophylactics which target key molecules involved in early HPV infection events. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the initial steps in HPV infection, from host cell-surface engagement to cellular trafficking of the viral genome before arrival in the nucleus. The key molecules that can be potentially targeted are highlighted, and a discussion on their applicability as alternative preventive means against HPV infection, with a focus on LMIC, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead Carse
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa;
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Martina Bergant
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia;
| | - Georgia Schäfer
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa;
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Division of Medical Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
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Wang Z, Jiang C, Pang L, Jia W, Wang C, Gao X, Zhang X, Dang H, Ren Y. ANXA2 is a potential marker for the diagnosis of human cervical cancer. Biomark Med 2021; 15:57-67. [PMID: 33315468 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2020-0629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim is to study ANXA2 biomarkers for early diagnosis of cervical cancer. Materials & methods: The study used bioinformatics analysis and experimental verification of ANXA2 expression in cervical cancer. Results:ANXA2 expression was higher in cancer tissues than in non-cancer tissues (p = 0.002). ANXA2 was expressed in cell membranes of non-cancer tissues, whereas in cancer tissues it was expressed in both the cell membranes and the cytoplasm. Moreover, ANXA2 expression was more pronounced in squamous cell carcinomas. ANXA2 expression decreased overall survival of patients, and the data suggested that protein expression was associated with invasion and migration of tumors. Conclusion:ANXA2 has high specificity and sensitivity as a detection marker for cervical cancer and can assist in the diagnosis of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education) /Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Chenhao Jiang
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education) /Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Lijuan Pang
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education) /Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education) /Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education) /Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Xiangting Gao
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education) /Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Xuxuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education) /Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Hongwei Dang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, 832000, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Pathology & Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic & Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education) /Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang, 832000, China
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12
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do Canto LM, Barros-Filho MC, Rainho CA, Marinho D, Kupper BEC, Begnami MDFDS, Scapulatempo-Neto C, Havelund BM, Lindebjerg J, Marchi FA, Baumbach J, Aguiar S, Rogatto SR. Comprehensive Analysis of DNA Methylation and Prediction of Response to NeoadjuvantTherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113079. [PMID: 33105711 PMCID: PMC7690383 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment for locally advanced rectal carcinomas (LARC) is based on neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and surgery, which results in pathological complete response (pCR) in up to 30% of patients. Since epigenetic changes may influence response to therapy, we aimed to identify DNA methylation markers predictive of pCR in LARC patients treated with nCRT. We used high-throughput DNA methylation analysis of 32 treatment-naïve LARC biopsies and five normal rectal tissues to explore the predictive value of differentially methylated (DM) CpGs. External validation was carried out with The Cancer Genome Atlas-Rectal Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-READ 99 cases). A classifier based on three-CpGs DM (linked to OBSL1, GPR1, and INSIG1 genes) was able to discriminate pCR from incomplete responders with high sensitivity and specificity. The methylation levels of the selected CpGs confirmed the predictive value of our classifier in 77 LARCs evaluated by bisulfite pyrosequencing. Evaluation of external datasets (TCGA-READ, GSE81006, GSE75546, and GSE39958) reproduced our results. As the three CpGs were mapped near to regulatory elements, we performed an integrative analysis in regions associated with predicted cis-regulatory elements. A positive and inverse correlation between DNA methylation and gene expression was found in two CpGs. We propose a novel predictive tool based on three CpGs potentially useful for pretreatment screening of LARC patients and guide the selection of treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Matos do Canto
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
- International Research Center–CIPE, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 04002-010, Brazil; (M.C.B.-F.); (F.A.M.)
| | - Mateus Camargo Barros-Filho
- International Research Center–CIPE, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 04002-010, Brazil; (M.C.B.-F.); (F.A.M.)
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Aparecida Rainho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-689, Brazil;
| | - Diogo Marinho
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Psykiatrisk Center Sct. Hans, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark;
| | - Bruna Elisa Catin Kupper
- Colorectal Cancer Service, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 04002-010, Brazil; (B.E.C.K.); (S.A.J.)
| | | | - Cristovam Scapulatempo-Neto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos – 14784-400, and Diagnósticos da América (DASA), Barueri 06455010, Brazil;
| | - Birgitte Mayland Havelund
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
| | - Jan Lindebjerg
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark
| | - Fabio Albuquerque Marchi
- International Research Center–CIPE, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 04002-010, Brazil; (M.C.B.-F.); (F.A.M.)
| | - Jan Baumbach
- TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Samuel Aguiar
- Colorectal Cancer Service, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, Sao Paulo 04002-010, Brazil; (B.E.C.K.); (S.A.J.)
| | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
- Danish Colorectal Cancer Center South, 7100 Vejle, Denmark;
- Institute of Regional Health Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-7940-6669
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13
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Mikuličić S, Fritzen A, Scheffer K, Strunk J, Cabañas C, Sperrhacke M, Reiss K, Florin L. Tetraspanin CD9 affects HPV16 infection by modulating ADAM17 activity and the ERK signalling pathway. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:461-471. [PMID: 32385608 PMCID: PMC7206579 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are causative agents of various tumours such as cervical cancer. HPV binding to the cell surface of keratinocytes leads to virus endocytosis at tetraspanin enriched microdomains. Complex interactions of the capsid proteins with host proteins as well as ADAM17-dependent ERK1/2 signal transduction enable the entry platform assembly of the oncogenic HPV type 16. Here, we studied the importance of tetraspanin CD9, also known as TSPAN29, in HPV16 infection of different epithelial cells. We found that both overexpression and loss of the tetraspanin decreased infection rates in cells with low endogenous CD9 levels, while reduction of CD9 expression in keratinocytes that exhibit high-CD9 protein amounts, led to an increase of infection. Therefore, we concluded that low-CD9 supports infection. Moreover, we found that changes in CD9 amounts affect the shedding of the ADAM17 substrate transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) and the downstream phosphorylation of ERK. These effects correlate with those on infection rates suggesting that a specific CD9 optimum promotes ADAM17 activity, ERK signalling and virus infection. Together, our findings implicate that CD9 regulates HPV16 infection through the modulation of ADAM17 sheddase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snježana Mikuličić
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, Augustusplatz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anna Fritzen
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, Augustusplatz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstanze Scheffer
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, Augustusplatz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Strunk
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, Augustusplatz, 55131, Mainz, Germany
- Max Planck Graduate Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Carlos Cabañas
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology (IOO), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), 28041, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Sperrhacke
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 9, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karina Reiss
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 9, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Luise Florin
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, Augustusplatz, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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14
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Finke J, Hitschler L, Boller K, Florin L, Lang T. HPV caught in the tetraspanin web? Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:447-459. [PMID: 32535702 PMCID: PMC7293171 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00683-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tetraspanins are master organizers of the cell membrane. Recent evidence suggests that tetraspanins themselves may become crowded by virus particles and that these crowds/aggregates co-internalize with the viral particles. Using microscopy, we studied human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16-dependent aggregates on the cell surface of tetraspanin overexpressing keratinocytes. We find that aggregates are (1) rich in at least two different tetraspanins, (2) three-dimensional architectures extending up to several micrometers into the cell, and (3) decorated intracellularly by filamentous actin. Moreover, in cells not overexpressing tetraspanins, we note that obscurin-like protein 1 (OBSL1), which is thought to be a cytoskeletal adaptor, associates with filamentous actin. We speculate that HPV contact with the cell membrane could trigger the formation of a large tetraspanin web. This web may couple the virus contact site to the intracellular endocytic actin machinery, possibly involving the cytoskeletal adaptor protein OBSL1. Functionally, such a tetraspanin web could serve as a virus entry platform, which is co-internalized with the virus particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Finke
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Lisa Hitschler
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Boller
- Paul Ehrlich Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225, Langen, Germany
| | - Luise Florin
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lang
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
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15
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Jiang X, Jia X, Sun J, Qi C, Lu L, Wang Y, Zhang L, Wei M. Overexpressed coiled-coil domain containing protein 8 (CCDC8) mediates newly synthesized HIV-1 Gag lysosomal degradation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11416. [PMID: 32651437 PMCID: PMC7351720 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68341-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Normally, HIV-1 enters into CD4+ cells through membrane fusion, and newly synthesized HIV-1 viral proteins assemble on the plasma membrane to form viral particles and bud out. In the previous study, we found host factor coiled-coil domain containing protein 8 (CCDC8) can strongly inhibit HIV-1 production, but the underline mechanism is not clear. Here we show that overexpression of CCDC8 reverses the normal HIV-1 production process, and causes newly assembled HIV-1 Gag particles to be endocytosed on the plasma membrane, rather than budding out. Live-cell imaging system captured the moment of CCDC8-mediated Gag internalization on the plasma membrane, and the speed of Gag turnover is up to 1.53 μm/s, much faster than Gag assembly on the plasma membrane. After Gag internalization, it accumulates in the cellular organelle-lysosome for degradation, but not proteasome, autophagosome, endoplasmic reticulum, clathrin or recycling endosome. In addition, CCDC8 is a membrane-associated protein, and N-terminal of CCDC8 is very important for membrane binding, and also important for inhibition of Gag assembly. C-terminal deletion of CCDC8 has a little effect on anti-HIV-1 effect. Moreover, CCDC8 is phosphorylated at amino acid threonine T87 and serine S261, and mono-methylated at lysine K491. Alanine mutations of T87A, S261A and K491A singly or in combination do not affect CCDC8 anti-HIV activity. In conclusion, overexpression of CCDC8 can cause newly assembled HIV-1 Gag particles on the plasma membrane to be endocytosed and degraded in lysosome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaopeng Jia
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhuan Sun
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunxia Qi
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingling Lu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Wei
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China. .,Nankai University Second People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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16
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Wu N, Yang B, Wen B, Wang T, Guo J, Qi X, Wang J. Interactions Among Expressed MicroRNAs and mRNAs in the Early Stages of Fowl Adenovirus Aerotype 4-Infected Leghorn Male Hepatocellular Cells. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:831. [PMID: 32508763 PMCID: PMC7248314 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) is caused by some strains of fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4). However, the mechanism of FAdV-4 entry is not well understood. Therefore, to investigate the changes in host cellular response at the early stage of FAdV-4 infection, a conjoint analysis of miRNA-seq and mRNA-seq was utilized with leghorn male hepatocellular (LMH) cells at 30, 60, and 120 min after FAdV-4 infection. In total, we identified 785 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and 725 DE mRNAs in FAdV-4-infected LMH cells. Most miRNAs and mRNAs, including gga-miR-148a-3p, gga-miR-148a-5p, gga-miR-15c-3p, CRK, SOCS3, and EGR1, have not previously been reported to be associated with FAdV-4 infection. The conjoint analysis of the obtained data identified 856 miRNA–mRNA pairs at three time points. The interaction network analysis showed that gga-miR-128-2-5p, gga-miR-7475-5p, novel_miR205, and TCF7L1 were located in the core of the network. Furthermore, the relationship between gga-miR-128-2-5p and its target OBSL1 was confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter system and a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. In vitro experiments revealed that both gga-miR-128-2-5p overexpression and OBSL1 loss of function inhibited FAdV-4 entry. These results suggested that gga-miR-128-2-5p plays an important role in FAdV-4 entry by targeting OBSL1. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to analyze host miRNA and mRNA expression at the early stage of FAdV-4 infection; furthermore, the results of this study help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of FAdV-4 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan, China
| | - Bo Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiaona Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Xuefeng Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
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17
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Bado P, Djigma Wendkuuni F, Zohoncon Théodora M, Obiri-Yeboah D, Traoré Esther Mah A, Ouattara Abdoul K, Ouedraogo Teega-Wendé C, Bello Shoukrat Ohuwa T, Setor Marius A, Traore Ina Marie A, Horo A, Kouakou Kouame P, Yonli Albert T, Ouedraogo C, Simpore J. Polymorphism of MMP1 and MMP3 promoter regions and HR-HPV infection in women from Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire. Biomol Concepts 2020; 11:116-124. [PMID: 32417757 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2020-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the promoter region of MMP-1 (at 1607 bp) and MMP-3 (at 1171 bp) create Ets binding sites. Correlations between these SNPs and sensitivity to several biological processes such as metastasis and recurrence of cancer have been reported in several studies. In this case-control study, we looked for these SNPs in women infected with or not with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV). The frequency, distribution and correlation of these SNPs with the presence or absence of HR-HPV infection were evaluated. Genotypes 1G1G, 1G2G and 2G2G for MMP1 and genotypes 5A5A, 5A6A, 6A6A for MMP3 were found in our study population. In general, we noted that the 1G (40.8%) and 2G (64.8%) alleles were more frequent in non-infected women and infected women, respectively, and more specifically this difference was significant in women from Côte d'Ivoire. These results, although yet to be reaffirmed with assays for quantifying the mRNA of these genes, suggest that the SNP of the MMP-1 promoter could promote infection with HR-HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosper Bado
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LABIOGENE), University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
- Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA), 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou 01, OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Florencia Djigma Wendkuuni
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LABIOGENE), University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
- Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA), 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou 01, OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | | | - Dorcas Obiri-Yeboah
- University of Cape Coast, School of Medical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University Post Office, Cape Coast Ghana
| | - Alima Traoré Esther Mah
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LABIOGENE), University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
- Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA), 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou 01, OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Karim Ouattara Abdoul
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LABIOGENE), University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
- Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA), 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou 01, OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Clarisse Ouedraogo Teega-Wendé
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LABIOGENE), University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
| | - Toyin Bello Shoukrat Ohuwa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LABIOGENE), University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
| | - Ayaovi Setor Marius
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LABIOGENE), University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
| | - Angèle Traore Ina Marie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LABIOGENE), University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
- Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA), 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou 01, OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Apollinaire Horo
- University Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan Medical Sciences Training and Research Unit, 01 BPV 34 Abidjan 01, Abidjan Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Privat Kouakou Kouame
- Université Alassane Ouattara, Bouaké, Hôpital Catholique Saint Joseph Moscati 01 BP 1107 Yamoussoukro Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Théophane Yonli Albert
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LABIOGENE), University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
- Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA), 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou 01, OuagadougouBurkina Faso
| | - Charlemagne Ouedraogo
- University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, UFR/SDS, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
| | - Jacques Simpore
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Genetics (LABIOGENE), University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, 03 BP 7021 Ouagadougou 03, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
- Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA), 01 BP 364 Ouagadougou 01, OuagadougouBurkina Faso
- University Saint Thomas d'Aquin, Faculty of Medicine, 06 BP 10212 Ouagadougou 01, Ouagadougou Burkina Faso
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18
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Xie J, Zhang P, Crite M, DiMaio D. Papillomaviruses Go Retro. Pathogens 2020; 9:E267. [PMID: 32272661 PMCID: PMC7238053 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses are important pathogens responsible for approximately 5% of cancer as well as other important human diseases, but many aspects of the papillomavirus life cycle are poorly understood. To undergo genome replication, HPV DNA must traffic from the cell surface to the nucleus. Recent findings have revolutionized our understanding of HPV entry, showing that it requires numerous cellular proteins and proceeds via a series of intracellular membrane-bound vesicles that comprise the retrograde transport pathway. This paper reviews the evidence supporting this unique entry mechanism with a focus on the crucial step by which the incoming virus particle is transferred from the endosome into the retrograde pathway. This new understanding provides novel insights into basic cellular biology and suggests novel rational approaches to inhibit HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xie
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA; (J.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Pengwei Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA; (J.X.); (P.Z.)
| | - Mac Crite
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519, USA;
| | - Daniel DiMaio
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005, USA; (J.X.); (P.Z.)
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, P.O. Box 208040, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
- Department of Molecular Biophysics & Biochemistry, Yale University, P.O. Box 208024, New Haven, CT 06520-8024, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, P.O. Box 208028, New Haven, CT 06520-8028, USA
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19
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Mikuličić S, Finke J, Boukhallouk F, Wüstenhagen E, Sons D, Homsi Y, Reiss K, Lang T, Florin L. ADAM17-dependent signaling is required for oncogenic human papillomavirus entry platform assembly. eLife 2019; 8:44345. [PMID: 31107240 PMCID: PMC6557631 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV) are small DNA viruses that infect keratinocytes. After HPV binding to cell surface receptors, a cascade of molecular interactions mediates the infectious cellular internalization of virus particles. Aside from the virus itself, important molecular players involved in virus entry include the tetraspanin CD151 and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). To date, it is unknown how these components are coordinated in space and time. Here, we studied plasma membrane dynamics of CD151 and EGFR and the HPV16 capsid during the early phase of infection. We find that the proteinase ADAM17 activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) pathway by the shedding of growth factors which triggers the formation of an endocytic entry platform. Infectious endocytic entry platforms carrying virus particles consist of two-fold larger CD151 domains containing the EGFR. Our finding clearly dissects initial virus binding from ADAM17-dependent assembly of a HPV/CD151/EGFR entry platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snježana Mikuličić
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jérôme Finke
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fatima Boukhallouk
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elena Wüstenhagen
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dominik Sons
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Yahya Homsi
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karina Reiss
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lang
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Luise Florin
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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The endocytic trafficking pathway of oncogenic papillomaviruses. PAPILLOMAVIRUS RESEARCH 2019; 7:135-137. [PMID: 30946955 PMCID: PMC6460326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pvr.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades many host cell proteins have been described to be involved in the process of infectious entry of oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPV). After initial binding and priming of the capsid, a sequence of events on the cell surface precedes the formation of the HPV entry platform. It has been shown that the virus-associated entry complex consists of membrane organizers, tetraspanins CD151 and CD63, and their associated partner proteins such as integrins, growth factor receptors, and the annexin A2 heterotetramer. Further recruitment of cytoplasmic factors such as the obscurin-like protein 1 and actin results in a non-canonical clathrin-independent endocytosis of the virus. Internalized viruses are then routed to multivesicular bodies for capsid disassembly. This early trafficking again involves annexins, and tetraspanin proteins. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about HPV16 endocytosis and the subsequent endosomal trafficking. Moreover, we propose a model on how tetraspanins and annexins organize the spatial accumulation of HPV16-associated molecules, the recruitment of cytoplasmic trafficking factors, and the L2 membrane penetration to trigger virus entry.
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21
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Breiner B, Preuss L, Roos N, Conrady M, Lilie H, Iftner T, Simon C. Refolding and in vitro characterization of human papillomavirus 16 minor capsid protein L2. Biol Chem 2019; 400:513-522. [PMID: 30375341 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The minor capsid protein L2 of papillomaviruses exhibits multiple functions during viral entry including membrane interaction. Information on the protein is scarce, because of its high tendency of aggregation. We determined suitable conditions to produce a functional human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 L2 protein and thereby provide the opportunity for extensive in vitro analysis with respect to structural and biochemical information on L2 proteins and mechanistic details in viral entry. We produced the L2 protein of high-risk HPV 16 in Escherichia coli as inclusion bodies and purified the protein under denaturing conditions. A successive buffer screen resulted in suitable conditions for the biophysical characterization of 16L2. Analytical ultracentrifugation of the refolded protein showed a homogenous monomeric species. Furthermore, refolded 16L2 shows secondary structure elements. The N-terminal region including the proposed transmembrane region of 16L2 shows alpha-helical characteristics. However, overall 16L2 appears largely unstructured. Refolded 16L2 is capable of binding to DNA indicating that the putative DNA-binding regions are accessible in refolded 16L2. Further the refolded protein interacts with liposomal membranes presumably via the proposed transmembrane region at neutral pH without structural changes. This indicates that 16L2 can initially interact with membranes via pre-existing structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastian Breiner
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 06, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Laura Preuss
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 06, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Nora Roos
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 06, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marcel Conrady
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 06, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hauke Lilie
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 03, D-06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Thomas Iftner
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 06, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Simon
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 06, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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22
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Papillomaviruses and Endocytic Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092619. [PMID: 30181457 PMCID: PMC6163501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytic trafficking plays a major role in transport of incoming human papillomavirus (HPVs) from plasma membrane to the trans Golgi network (TGN) and ultimately into the nucleus. During this infectious entry, several cellular sorting factors are recruited by the viral capsid protein L2, which plays a critical role in ensuring successful transport of the L2/viral DNA complex to the nucleus. Later in the infection cycle, two viral oncoproteins, E5 and E6, have also been shown to modulate different aspects of endocytic transport pathways. In this review, we highlight how HPV makes use of and perturbs normal endocytic transport pathways, firstly to achieve infectious virus entry, secondly to produce productive infection and the completion of the viral life cycle and, finally, on rare occasions, to bring about the development of malignancy.
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Taylor JR, Fernandez DJ, Thornton SM, Skeate JG, Lühen KP, Da Silva DM, Langen R, Kast WM. Heterotetrameric annexin A2/S100A10 (A2t) is essential for oncogenic human papillomavirus trafficking and capsid disassembly, and protects virions from lysosomal degradation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11642. [PMID: 30076379 PMCID: PMC6076308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) entry into epithelial cells is independent of canonical endocytic pathways. Upon interaction with host cells, HPV establishes infection by traversing through an endocytic pathway that is clathrin- and caveolin-independent, but dependent on the annexin A2/S100A10 heterotetramer (A2t). We examined the contribution of monomeric annexin A2 (AnxA2) vs. A2t in HPV infection and endocytosis, and further characterized the role of these molecules in protein trafficking. We specifically show that cell surface A2t is not required for HPV attachment, and in the absence of A2t virion internalization remains clathrin-independent. Without A2t, viral progression from early endosomes to multivesicular endosomes is significantly inhibited, capsid uncoating is dramatically reduced, and lysosomal degradation of HPV is accelerated. Furthermore, we present evidence that AnxA2 forms a complex with CD63, a known mediator of HPV trafficking. Overall, the observed reduction in infection is less significant in the absence of S100A10 alone compared to full A2t, supporting an independent role for monomeric AnxA2. More broadly, we show that successful infection by multiple oncogenic HPV types is dependent on A2t. These findings suggest that A2t is a central mediator of high-risk HPV intracellular trafficking post-entry and pre-viral uncoating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R Taylor
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J Fernandez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shantaé M Thornton
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph G Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kim P Lühen
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Diane M Da Silva
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ralf Langen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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The Myb-related protein MYPOP is a novel intrinsic host restriction factor of oncogenic human papillomaviruses. Oncogene 2018; 37:6275-6284. [PMID: 30018400 PMCID: PMC6265261 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The skin represents a physical and chemical barrier against invading pathogens, which is additionally supported by restriction factors that provide intrinsic cellular immunity. These factors detect viruses to block their replication cycle. Here, we uncover the Myb-related transcription factor, partner of profilin (MYPOP) as a novel antiviral protein. It is highly expressed in the epithelium and binds to the minor capsid protein L2 and the DNA of human papillomaviruses (HPV), which are the primary causative agents of cervical cancer and other tumors. The early promoter activity and early gene expression of the oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18 is potently silenced by MYPOP. Cellular MYPOP-depletion relieves the restriction of HPV16 infection, demonstrating that MYPOP acts as a restriction factor. Interestingly, we found that MYPOP protein levels are significantly reduced in diverse HPV-transformed cell lines and in HPV-induced cervical cancer. Decades ago it became clear that the early oncoproteins E6 and E7 cooperate to immortalize keratinocytes by promoting degradation of tumor suppressor proteins. Our findings suggest that E7 stimulates MYPOP degradation. Moreover, overexpression of MYPOP blocks colony formation of HPV and non-virally transformed keratinocytes, suggesting that MYPOP exhibits tumor suppressor properties.
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Campos SK. Subcellular Trafficking of the Papillomavirus Genome during Initial Infection: The Remarkable Abilities of Minor Capsid Protein L2. Viruses 2017; 9:v9120370. [PMID: 29207511 PMCID: PMC5744145 DOI: 10.3390/v9120370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2012, our understanding of human papillomavirus (HPV) subcellular trafficking has undergone a drastic paradigm shift. Work from multiple laboratories has revealed that HPV has evolved a unique means to deliver its viral genome (vDNA) to the cell nucleus, relying on myriad host cell proteins and processes. The major breakthrough finding from these recent endeavors has been the realization of L2-dependent utilization of cellular sorting factors for the retrograde transport of vDNA away from degradative endo/lysosomal compartments to the Golgi, prior to mitosis-dependent nuclear accumulation of L2/vDNA. An overview of current models of HPV entry, subcellular trafficking, and the role of L2 during initial infection is provided below, highlighting unresolved questions and gaps in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Campos
- The Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0240, USA.
- The Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0240, USA.
- The Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0240, USA.
- The BIO5 Institute, Tucson, AZ 85721-0240, USA.
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Human Papillomavirus Major Capsid Protein L1 Remains Associated with the Incoming Viral Genome throughout the Entry Process. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00537-17. [PMID: 28566382 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00537-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
During infectious entry, acidification within the endosome triggers uncoating of the human papillomavirus (HPV) capsid, whereupon host cyclophilins facilitate the release of most of the major capsid protein, L1, from the minor capsid protein L2 and the viral genome. The L2/DNA complex traffics to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). After the onset of mitosis, HPV-harboring transport vesicles bud from the TGN, followed by association with mitotic chromosomes. During this time, the HPV genome remains in a vesicular compartment until the nucleus has completely reformed. Recent data suggest that while most of L1 protein dissociates and is degraded in the endosome, some L1 protein remains associated with the viral genome. The L1 protein has DNA binding activity, and the L2 protein has multiple domains capable of interacting with L1 capsomeres. In this study, we report that some L1 protein traffics with L2 and viral genome to the nucleus. The accompanying L1 protein is mostly full length and retains conformation-dependent epitopes, which are recognized by neutralizing antibodies. Since more than one L1 molecule contributes to these epitopes and requires assembly into capsomeres, we propose that L1 protein is present in the form of pentamers. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the L1 protein interacts directly with viral DNA within the capsid. Based on our findings, we propose that the L1 protein, likely arranged as capsomeres, stabilizes the viral genome within the subviral complex during intracellular trafficking.IMPORTANCE After internalization, the nonenveloped human papillomavirus virion uncoats in the endosome, whereupon conformational changes result in a dissociation of a subset of the major capsid protein L1 from the minor capsid protein L2, which remains in complex with the viral DNA. Recent data suggest that some L1 protein may accompany the viral genome beyond the endosomal compartment. We demonstrate that conformationally intact L1 protein, likely still arranged as capsomeres, remains associated with the incoming viral genome throughout mitosis and transiently resides in the nucleus until after the viral DNA is released from the transport vesicle.
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DiGiuseppe S, Bienkowska-Haba M, Guion LG, Sapp M. Cruising the cellular highways: How human papillomavirus travels from the surface to the nucleus. Virus Res 2016; 231:1-9. [PMID: 27984059 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The non-enveloped human papillomaviruses (HPVs) specifically target epithelial cells of the skin and mucosa. Successful infection requires a lesion in the stratified tissue for access to the basal cells. Herein, we discuss our recent progress in understanding binding, internalization, uncoating, and intracellular trafficking of HPV particles. Our focus will be on HPV type 16, which is the most common HPV type associated with various anogenital and oropharyngeal carcinomas. The study of HPV entry has revealed a number of novel cellular pathways utilized during infection. These include but are not restricted to the following: a previously uncharacterized form of endocytosis, membrane penetration by a capsid protein, the use of retromer complexes for trafficking to the trans-Golgi network, the requirement for nuclear envelope breakdown and microtubule-mediated transport during mitosis for nuclear entry, the existence of membrane-bound intranuclear vesicles harboring HPV genome, and the requirement of PML protein for efficient transcription of incoming viral genome. The continued study of these pathways may reveal new roles in basic biological cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen DiGiuseppe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Malgorzata Bienkowska-Haba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Lucile G Guion
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Martin Sapp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Tumor Virology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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