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Gujar S, Pol JG, Kumar V, Lizarralde-Guerrero M, Konda P, Kroemer G, Bell JC. Tutorial: design, production and testing of oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Protoc 2024; 19:2540-2570. [PMID: 38769145 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a novel class of cancer immunotherapy agents that preferentially infect and kill cancer cells and promote protective antitumor immunity. Furthermore, OVs can be used in combination with established or upcoming immunotherapeutic agents, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, to efficiently target a wide range of malignancies. The development of OV-based therapy involves three major steps before clinical evaluation: design, production and preclinical testing. OVs can be designed as natural or engineered strains and subsequently selected for their ability to kill a broad spectrum of cancer cells rather than normal, healthy cells. OV selection is further influenced by multiple factors, such as the availability of a specific viral platform, cancer cell permissivity, the need for genetic engineering to render the virus non-pathogenic and/or more effective and logistical considerations around the use of OVs within the laboratory or clinical setting. Selected OVs are then produced and tested for their anticancer potential by using syngeneic, xenograft or humanized preclinical models wherein immunocompromised and immunocompetent setups are used to elucidate their direct oncolytic ability as well as indirect immunotherapeutic potential in vivo. Finally, OVs demonstrating the desired anticancer potential progress toward translation in patients with cancer. This tutorial provides guidelines for the design, production and preclinical testing of OVs, emphasizing considerations specific to OV technology that determine their clinical utility as cancer immunotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jonathan G Pol
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Vishnupriyan Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Manuela Lizarralde-Guerrero
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Wang G, Shen X, Jin W, Song C, Dong M, Zhou Z, Wang X. Elucidating the role of S100A10 in CD8 + T cell exhaustion and HCC immune escape via the cPLA2 and 5-LOX axis. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:573. [PMID: 39117605 PMCID: PMC11310305 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor with a complex immune evasion mechanism posing a challenge to treatment. The role of the S100A10 gene in various cancers has garnered significant attention. This study aims to elucidate the impact of S100A10 on CD8+ T cell exhaustion via the cPLA2 and 5-LOX axis, thereby elucidating its role in immune evasion in HCC. By analyzing the HCC-related data from the GEO and TCGA databases, we identified differentially expressed genes associated with lipid metabolism and developed a prognostic risk model. Subsequently, through RNA-seq and PPI analyses, we determined vital lipid metabolism genes and downstream factors S100A10, ACOT7, and SMS, which were significantly correlated with CD8+ T cell infiltration. Given the most significant expression differences, we selected S100A10 for further investigation. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted, including co-culture experiments of CD8+ T cells with MHCC97-L cells, Co-IP experiments, and validation in an HCC mouse model. S100A10 was significantly overexpressed in HCC tissues and potentially regulates CD8+ T cell exhaustion and lipid metabolism reprogramming through the cPLA2 and 5-LOX axis. Silencing S100A10 could inhibit CD8+ T cell exhaustion, further suppressing immune evasion in HCC. S100A10 may activate the cPLA2 and 5-LOX axis, initiating lipid metabolism reprogramming and upregulating LTB4 levels, thus promoting CD8+ T cell exhaustion in HCC tissues, facilitating immune evasion by HCC cells, ultimately impacting the growth and migration of HCC cells. This research highlights the critical role of S100A10 via the cPLA2 and 5-LOX axis in immune evasion in HCC, providing new theoretical foundations and potential targets for diagnosing and treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Xiaowei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, QingPu District Central Hospital Shanghai, No. 1158, Gong Yuan Dong Road, Shanghai, 201700, China
| | - Wenzhi Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Chao Song
- Department of General Surgery, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, QingPu District Central Hospital Shanghai, No. 1158, Gong Yuan Dong Road, Shanghai, 201700, China
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Meiyuan Dong
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201399, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, 2800 Gongwei Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 201399, China.
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3
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Göbel S, Pelz L, Silva CAT, Brühlmann B, Hill C, Altomonte J, Kamen A, Reichl U, Genzel Y. Production of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus-based vectors by tangential flow depth filtration. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:240. [PMID: 38413399 PMCID: PMC10899354 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Cell culture-based production of vector-based vaccines and virotherapeutics is of increasing interest. The vectors used not only retain their ability to infect cells but also induce robust immune responses. Using two recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based constructs, we performed a proof-of-concept study regarding an integrated closed single-use perfusion system that allows continuous virus harvesting and clarification. Using suspension BHK-21 cells and a fusogenic oncolytic hybrid of vesicular stomatitis virus and Newcastle disease virus (rVSV-NDV), a modified alternating tangential flow device (mATF) or tangential flow depth filtration (TFDF) systems were used for cell retention. As the hollow fibers of the former are characterized by a large internal lumen (0.75 mm; pore size 0.65 μm), membrane blocking by the multi-nucleated syncytia formed during infection could be prevented. However, virus particles were completely retained. In contrast, the TFDF filter unit (lumen 3.15 mm, pore size 2-5 μm) allowed not only to achieve high viable cell concentrations (VCC, 16.4-20.6×106 cells/mL) but also continuous vector harvesting and clarification. Compared to an optimized batch process, 11-fold higher infectious virus titers were obtained in the clarified permeate (maximum 7.5×109 TCID50/mL). Using HEK293-SF cells and a rVSV vector expressing a green fluorescent protein, perfusion cultivations resulted in a maximum VCC of 11.3×106 cells/mL and infectious virus titers up to 7.1×1010 TCID50/mL in the permeate. Not only continuous harvesting but also clarification was possible. Although the cell-specific virus yield decreased relative to a batch process established as a control, an increased space-time yield was obtained. KEY POINTS: • Viral vector production using a TFDF perfusion system resulted in a 460% increase in space-time yield • Use of a TFDF system allowed continuous virus harvesting and clarification • TFDF perfusion system has great potential towards the establishment of an intensified vector production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Göbel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lars Pelz
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cristina A T Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Jennifer Altomonte
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Amine Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Zhang J, Xiao Y, Zhang J, Yang Y, Zhang L, Liang F. Recent advances of engineered oncolytic viruses-based combination therapy for liver cancer. J Transl Med 2024; 22:3. [PMID: 38167076 PMCID: PMC10763442 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04817-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a major malignant tumor, which seriously threatens human health and increases the economic burden on patients. At present, gene therapy has been comprehensively studied as an excellent therapeutic measure in liver cancer treatment. Oncolytic virus (OV) is a kind of virus that can specifically infect and kill tumor cells. After being modified by genetic engineering, the specificity of OV infection to tumor cells is increased, and its influence on normal cells is reduced. To date, OV has shown its effectiveness and safety in experimental and clinical studies on a variety of tumors. Thus, this review primarily introduces the current status of different genetically engineered OVs used in gene therapy for liver cancer, focuses on the application of OVs and different target genes for current liver cancer therapy, and identifies the problems encountered in OVs-based combination therapy and the corresponding solutions, which will provide new insights into the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhe Zhang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, No. 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, 453100, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Yunxi Xiao
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, No. 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yun Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Liao Zhang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, No. 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Fan Liang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, No. 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
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Liu T, Guo Y, Liao Y, Liu J. Mechanism-guided fine-tuned microbiome potentiates anti-tumor immunity in HCC. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1333864. [PMID: 38169837 PMCID: PMC10758498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1333864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbiome, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, plays a crucial role in shaping distal and proximal anti-tumor immunity. Mounting evidence showed that commensal microbiome critically modulates immunophenotyping of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a leading cause of cancer-related death. However, their role in anti-tumor surveillance of HCC is still poorly understood. Herein, we spotlighted growing interests in how the microbiome influences the progression and immunotherapeutic responses of HCC via changing local tumor microenvironment (TME) upon translocating to the sites of HCC through different "cell-type niches". Moreover, we summarized not only the associations but also the deep insight into the mechanisms of how the extrinsic microbiomes interplay with hosts to shape immune surveillance and regulate TME and immunotherapeutic responses. Collectively, we provided a rationale for a mechanism-guided fine-tuned microbiome to be neoadjuvant immunotherapy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxia Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Göbel S, Jaén KE, Fernandes RP, Reiter M, Altomonte J, Reichl U, Genzel Y. Characterization of a quail suspension cell line for production of a fusogenic oncolytic virus. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:3335-3346. [PMID: 37584190 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of efficient processes for the production of oncolytic viruses (OV) plays a crucial role regarding the clinical success of virotherapy. Although many different OV platforms are currently under investigation, manufacturing of such viruses still mainly relies on static adherent cell cultures, which bear many challenges, particularly for fusogenic OVs. Availability of GMP-compliant continuous cell lines is limited, further complicating the development of commercially viable products. BHK21, AGE1. CR and HEK293 cells were previously identified as possible cell substrates for the recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based fusogenic OV, rVSV-NDV. Now, another promising cell substrate was identified, the CCX.E10 cell line, developed by Nuvonis Technologies. This suspension cell line is considered non-GMO as no foreign genes or viral sequences were used for its development. The CCX.E10 cells were thus thoroughly investigated as a potential candidate for OV production. Cell growth in the chemically defined medium in suspension resulted in concentrations up to 8.9 × 106 cells/mL with a doubling time of 26.6 h in batch mode. Cultivation and production of rVSV-NDV, was demonstrated successfully for various cultivation systems (ambr15, shake flask, stirred tank reactor, and orbitally shaken bioreactor) at vessel scales ranging from 15 mL to 10 L. High infectious virus titers of up to 4.2 × 108 TCID50 /mL were reached in orbitally shaken bioreactors and stirred tank reactors in batch mode, respectively. Our results suggest that CCX.E10 cells are a very promising option for industrial production of OVs, particularly for fusogenic VSV-based constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Göbel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karim E Jaén
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Rita P Fernandes
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Jennifer Altomonte
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
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Marek J, Hanesch L, Krabbe T, El Khawanky N, Heidegger S, Altomonte J. Oncolytic virotherapy with chimeric VSV-NDV synergistically supports RIG-I-dependent checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 30:117-131. [PMID: 37654972 PMCID: PMC10465858 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the complexities of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its correlation with responsiveness to immunotherapy has become a main focus in overcoming resistance to such treatments. Targeting tumor-intrinsic retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I), a sensor for viral RNA, was shown to transform the TME from an immunogenically "cold" state to an inflamed, "hot" lesion, which we demonstrated previously to be a crucial mediator of the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition with anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). In this study, we focus on the chimeric oncolytic virus vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-Newcastle disease virus (NDV), comprised of genetic components of VSV and NDV, and we investigate its utility to support tumor-intrinsic RIG-I-dependent therapy with anti-CTLA-4. Overall, we demonstrate that treatment with VSV-NDV efficiently delays tumor growth and significantly prolongs survival in a murine model of malignant melanoma, which was further enhanced in combination with anti-CTLA-4. Although the direct oncolytic and pro-inflammatory effects of VSV-NDV therapy were independent of RIG-I activation, the synergism with anti-CTLA-4 therapy and associated activation of tumor-specific T cells was critically dependent on active RIG-I signaling in tumor cells. This work highlights the therapeutic value of utilizing an immune-stimulatory oncolytic virus to sensitize tumors to immune checkpoint inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Marek
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenz Hanesch
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Teresa Krabbe
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Nadia El Khawanky
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon Heidegger
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Altomonte
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
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8
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Göbel S, Jaén KE, Dorn M, Neumeyer V, Jordan I, Sandig V, Reichl U, Altomonte J, Genzel Y. Process intensification strategies toward cell culture-based high-yield production of a fusogenic oncolytic virus. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:2639-2657. [PMID: 36779302 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a proof-of-concept study for production of a recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based fusogenic oncolytic virus (OV), rVSV-Newcastle disease virus (NDV), at high cell densities (HCD). Based on comprehensive experiments in 1 L stirred tank reactors (STRs) in batch mode, first optimization studies at HCD were carried out in semi-perfusion in small-scale cultivations using shake flasks. Further, a perfusion process was established using an acoustic settler for cell retention. Growth, production yields, and process-related impurities were evaluated for three candidate cell lines (AGE1.CR, BHK-21, HEK293SF)infected at densities ranging from 15 to 30 × 106 cells/mL. The acoustic settler allowed continuous harvesting of rVSV-NDV with high cell retention efficiencies (above 97%) and infectious virus titers (up to 2.4 × 109 TCID50 /mL), more than 4-100 times higher than for optimized batch processes. No decrease in cell-specific virus yield (CSVY) was observed at HCD, regardless of the cell substrate. Taking into account the accumulated number of virions both from the harvest and bioreactor, a 15-30 fold increased volumetric virus productivity for AGE1.CR and HEK293SF was obtained compared to batch processes performed at the same scale. In contrast to all previous findings, formation of syncytia was observed at HCD for the suspension cells BHK 21 and HEK293SF. Oncolytic potency was not affected compared to production in batch mode. Overall, our study describes promising options for the establishment of perfusion processes for efficient large-scale manufacturing of fusogenic rVSV-NDV at HCD for all three candidate cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Göbel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karim E Jaén
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munchen, Germany
| | - Marie Dorn
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- Faculty of Process and Systems Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Victoria Neumeyer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munchen, Germany
| | | | | | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Altomonte
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munchen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
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9
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Abdulal RH, Malki JS, Ghazal E, Alsaieedi AA, Almahboub SA, Khan MY, Alsulaiman RM, Ghaith MM, Abujamel TS, Ganash M, Mahmoud AB, Alkayyal AA, Hashem AM. Construction of VSVΔ51M oncolytic virus expressing human interleukin-12. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1190669. [PMID: 37255540 PMCID: PMC10225647 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1190669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) in combination with cytokines, such as IL-12, is a promising approach for cancer treatment that addresses the limitations of current standard treatments and traditional cancer immunotherapies. IL-12, a proinflammatory cytokine, triggers intracellular signaling pathways that lead to increased apoptosis of tumor cells and enhanced antitumor activity of immune cells via IFN-γ induction, making this cytokine a promising candidate for cancer therapy. Targeted expression of IL-12 within tumors has been shown to play a crucial role in tumor eradication. The recent development of oncolytic viruses enables targeted delivery and expression of IL-12 at the tumor site, thereby addressing the systemic toxicities associated with traditional cancer therapy. In this study, we constructed an oncolytic virus, VSVΔ51M, based on the commercially available VSV wild-type backbone and further modified it to express human IL-12. Our preclinical data confirmed the safety and limited toxicity of the modified virus, VSV-Δ51M-hIL-12, supporting its potential use for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rwaa H. Abdulal
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jana S. Malki
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ezdehar Ghazal
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahdab A. Alsaieedi
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah A. Almahboub
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Yasir Khan
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem M. Alsulaiman
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen M. Ghaith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki S. Abujamel
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdah Ganash
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Bakur Mahmoud
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
- Strategic Research and Innovation Laboratories, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Almohanad A. Alkayyal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Hashem
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Zhu L, Lei Y, Huang J, An Y, Ren Y, Chen L, Zhao H, Zheng C. Recent advances in oncolytic virus therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1172292. [PMID: 37182136 PMCID: PMC10169724 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1172292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly refractory cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite the development of a detailed treatment strategy for HCC, the survival rate remains unsatisfactory. Oncolytic virus has been extensively researched as a new cancer therapeutic agent in the treatment of HCC. Researchers have designed a variety of recombinant viruses based on natural oncolytic diseases, which can increase the targeting of oncolytic viruses to HCC and their survival in tumors, as well as kill tumor cells and inhibit the growth of HCC through a variety of mechanisms. The overall efficacy of oncolytic virus therapy is known to be influenced by anti-tumor immunity, toxic killing effect and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, etc. Therefore, a comprehensive review of the multiple oncolytic mechanisms of oncolytic viruses in HCC has been conducted. So far, a large number of relevant clinical trials are under way or have been completed, and some encouraging results have been obtained. Studies have shown that oncolytic virus combined with other HCC therapies may be a feasible method, including local therapy, chemotherapy, molecular targeted therapy and immunotherapy. In addition, different delivery routes for oncolytic viruses have been studied so far. These studies make oncolytic virus a new and attractive drug for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Lei
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yahang An
- The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yanqiao Ren
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuansheng Zheng
- Department of Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Palanivelu L, Liu CH, Lin LT. Immunogenic cell death: The cornerstone of oncolytic viro-immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1038226. [PMID: 36755812 PMCID: PMC9899992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1038226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, cancer is one of the leading global health concerns, causing nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. While classical chemotherapeutics produce strong cytotoxicity on cancer cells, they carry limitations of drug resistance and off-target effects and sometimes fail to elicit adequate antitumor protection against tumor relapse. Additionally, most cancer cells have developed various ways to escape immune surveillance. Nevertheless, novel anticancer strategies such as oncolytic viro-immunotherapy can trigger immunogenic cell death (ICD), which can quickly grasp the attention of the host defense machinery, resulting in an ensuing antitumor immune response. Specifically, oncolytic viruses (OVs) can infect and destroy targeted cancer cells and stimulate the immune system by exposing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to promote inflammatory reactions, and concomitantly prime and induce antitumor immunity by the release of neoantigens from the damaged cancer cells. Thus, OVs can serve as a novel system to sensitize tumor cells for promising immunotherapies. This review discusses the concept of ICD in cancer, centralizing ICD-associated danger signals and their consequence in antitumor responses and ICD induced by OVs. We also shed light on the potential strategies to enhance the immunogenicity of OVs, including the use of genetically modified OVs and their combination with ICD-enhancing agents, which are helpful as forthcoming anticancer regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha Palanivelu
- International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan,*Correspondence: Liang-Tzung Lin,
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12
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Spunde K, Korotkaja K, Zajakina A. Recombinant Viral Vectors for Therapeutic Programming of Tumour Microenvironment: Advantages and Limitations. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2142. [PMID: 36140243 PMCID: PMC9495732 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral vectors have been widely investigated as tools for cancer immunotherapy. Although many preclinical studies demonstrate significant virus-mediated tumour inhibition in synergy with immune checkpoint molecules and other drugs, the clinical success of viral vector applications in cancer therapy currently is limited. A number of challenges have to be solved to translate promising vectors to clinics. One of the key elements of successful virus-based cancer immunotherapy is the understanding of the tumour immune state and the development of vectors to modify the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME). Tumour-associated immune cells, as the main component of TME, support tumour progression through multiple pathways inducing resistance to treatment and promoting cancer cell escape mechanisms. In this review, we consider DNA and RNA virus vectors delivering immunomodulatory genes (cytokines, chemokines, co-stimulatory molecules, antibodies, etc.) and discuss how these viruses break an immunosuppressive cell development and switch TME to an immune-responsive "hot" state. We highlight the advantages and limitations of virus vectors for targeted therapeutic programming of tumour immune cell populations and tumour stroma, and propose future steps to establish viral vectors as a standard, efficient, safe, and non-toxic cancer immunotherapy approach that can complement other promising treatment strategies, e.g., checkpoint inhibitors, CAR-T, and advanced chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Zajakina
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, k.1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
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13
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Therapeutic Efficacy of Oncolytic Viruses in Fighting Cancer: Recent Advances and Perspective. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3142306. [PMID: 35910836 PMCID: PMC9337963 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3142306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is at the cutting edge of modern cancer treatment. Innovative medicines have been developed with varying degrees of success that target all aspects of tumor biology: tumors, niches, and the immune system. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are a novel and potentially immunotherapeutic approach for cancer treatment. OVs reproduce exclusively in cancer cells, causing the tumor mass to lyse. OVs can also activate the immune system in addition to their primary activity. Tumors create an immunosuppressive environment by suppressing the immune system’s ability to respond to tumor cells. By injecting OVs into the tumor, the immune system is stimulated, allowing it to generate a robust and long-lasting response against the tumor. The essential biological properties of oncolytic viruses, as well as the underlying mechanisms that enable their usage as prospective anticancer medicines, are outlined in this review. We also discuss the increased efficacy of virotherapy when combined with other cancer medications.
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14
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Göbel S, Kortum F, Chavez KJ, Jordan I, Sandig V, Reichl U, Altomonte J, Genzel Y. Cell-line screening and process development for a fusogenic oncolytic virus in small-scale suspension cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4945-4961. [PMID: 35767011 PMCID: PMC9329169 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a novel class of immunotherapeutics under development for the treatment of cancers. OVs that express a cognate or transgenic fusion protein is particularly promising as their enhanced intratumoral spread via syncytia formation can be a potent mechanism for tumor lysis and induction of antitumor immune responses. Rapid and efficient fusion of infected cells results in cell death before high titers are reached. Although this is an attractive safety feature, it also presents unique challenges for large-scale clinical-grade manufacture of OVs. Here we evaluate the use of four different suspension cell lines for the production of a novel fusogenic hybrid of vesicular stomatitis virus and Newcastle disease virus (rVSV-NDV). The candidate cell lines were screened for growth, metabolism, and virus productivity. Permissivity was evaluated based on extracellular infectious virus titers and cell-specific virus yields (CSVYs). For additional process optimizations, virus adaptation and multiplicity of infection (MOI) screenings were performed and confirmed in a 1 L bioreactor. BHK-21 and HEK293SF cells infected at concentrations of 2 × 106 cells/mL were identified as promising candidates for rVSV-NDV production, leading to infectious titers of 3.0 × 108 TCID50/mL and 7.5 × 107 TCID50/mL, and CSVYs of 153 and 9, respectively. Compared to the AGE1.CR.pIX reference produced in adherent cultures, oncolytic potency was not affected by production in suspension cultures and possibly even increased in cultures of HEK293SF and AGE1.CR.pIX. Our study describes promising suspension cell-based processes for efficient large-scale manufacturing of rVSV-NDV. Key points • Cell contact-dependent oncolytic virus (OV) replicates in suspension cells. • Oncolytic potency is not encompassed during suspension cultivation. • Media composition, cell line, and MOI are critical process parameters for OV production. • The designed process is scalable and shows great promise for manufacturing clinical-grade material. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-022-12027-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Göbel
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Kortum
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karim Jaén Chavez
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingo Jordan
- ProBioGen AG, Herbert-Bayer-Str. 8, 13086, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Sandig
- ProBioGen AG, Herbert-Bayer-Str. 8, 13086, Berlin, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Otto-Von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Altomonte
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
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15
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Li Q, Oduro PK, Guo R, Li R, Leng L, Kong X, Wang Q, Yang L. Oncolytic Viruses: Immunotherapy Drugs for Gastrointestinal Malignant Tumors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:921534. [PMID: 35719333 PMCID: PMC9203847 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.921534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy has advanced rapidly in recent years. Natural or transgenic viruses can target tumor cells and inhibit tumor growth and metastasis in various ways without interfering with normal cell and tissue function. Oncolytic viruses have a high level of specificity and are relatively safe. Malignant tumors in the digestive system continue to have a high incidence and mortality rate. Although existing treatment methods have achieved some curative effects, they still require further improvement due to side effects and a lack of specificity. Many studies have shown that oncolytic viruses can kill various tumor cells, including malignant tumors in the digestive system. This review discusses how oncolytic virus therapy improves malignant tumors in the digestive system from the point-of-view of basic and clinical studies. Also, the oncolytic virus anti-tumor mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic potential of oncolytic viruses are expounded. In all, we argue that oncolytic viruses might eventually provide therapeutic solutions to malignant tumors in the digestive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Patrick Kwabena Oduro
- Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine & State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruiqiao Li
- Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine & State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Leng
- Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine & State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianbin Kong
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xianbin Kong, ; Qilong Wang, ; Long Yang,
| | - Qilong Wang
- Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine & State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xianbin Kong, ; Qilong Wang, ; Long Yang,
| | - Long Yang
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xianbin Kong, ; Qilong Wang, ; Long Yang,
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16
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bin Umair M, Akusa FN, Kashif H, Seerat-e-Fatima, Butt F, Azhar M, Munir I, Ahmed M, Khalil W, Sharyar H, Rafique S, Shahid M, Afzal S. Viruses as tools in gene therapy, vaccine development, and cancer treatment. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1387-1404. [PMID: 35462594 PMCID: PMC9035288 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using viruses to our advantage has been a huge leap for humanity. Their ability to mediate horizontal gene transfer has made them useful tools for gene therapy, vaccine development, and cancer treatment. Adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, alphaviruses, and herpesviruses are a few of the most common candidates for use as therapeutic agents or efficient gene delivery systems. Efforts are being made to improve and perfect viral-vector-based therapies to overcome potential or reported drawbacks. Some preclinical trials of viral vector vaccines have yielded positive results, indicating their potential as prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine candidates. Utilization of the oncolytic activity of viruses is the future of cancer therapy, as patients will then be free from the harmful effects of chemo- or radiotherapy. This review discusses in vitro and in vivo studies showing the brilliant therapeutic potential of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musab bin Umair
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fujimura Nao Akusa
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hadia Kashif
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Seerat-e-Fatima
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Butt
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Marium Azhar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Munir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wajeeha Khalil
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Sharyar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samia Afzal
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
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17
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Mardi A, Shirokova AV, Mohammed RN, Keshavarz A, Zekiy AO, Thangavelu L, Mohamad TAM, Marofi F, Shomali N, Zamani A, Akbari M. Biological causes of immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD) and anti-tumor therapy; Combination of Oncolytic virus-based immunotherapy and CAR T-cell therapy for ICD induction. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:168. [PMID: 35488303 PMCID: PMC9052538 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02585-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a promising and rapidly expanding therapeutic option for a wide range of human malignancies. Despite the ongoing progress of CAR T-cell therapy in hematologic malignancies, the application of this therapeutic strategy in solid tumors has encountered several challenges due to antigen heterogeneity, suboptimal CAR T-cell trafficking, and the immunosuppressive features of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Oncolytic virotherapy is a novel cancer therapy that employs competent or genetically modified oncolytic viruses (OVs) to preferentially proliferate in tumor cells. OVs in combination with CAR T-cells are promising candidates for overcoming the current drawbacks of CAR T-cell application in tumors through triggering immunogenic cell death (ICD) in cancer cells. ICD is a type of cellular death in which danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and tumor-specific antigens are released, leading to the stimulation of potent anti-cancer immunity. In the present review, we discuss the biological causes of ICD, different types of ICD, and the synergistic combination of OVs and CAR T-cells to reach potent tumor-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Mardi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anastasia V Shirokova
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Rebar N Mohammed
- Medical Laboratory Analysis Department, College of Health Science, Cihan University of Sulaimaniya, Suleimanyah, Kurdistan region, Iraq.,College of. Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Suleimanyah, Iraq
| | - Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Angelina O Zekiy
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Talar Ahmad Merza Mohamad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, College of Pharmacy, Kurdistan Region-Erbil, Iraq
| | - Faroogh Marofi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Zamani
- Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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18
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Schirrmacher V. Molecular Mechanisms of Anti-Neoplastic and Immune Stimulatory Properties of Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus. Biomedicines 2022; 10:562. [PMID: 35327364 PMCID: PMC8945571 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses represent interesting anti-cancer agents with high tumor selectivity and immune stimulatory potential. The present review provides an update of the molecular mechanisms of the anti-neoplastic and immune stimulatory properties of the avian paramyxovirus, Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV). The anti-neoplastic activities of NDV include (i) the endocytic targeting of the GTPase Rac1 in Ras-transformed human tumorigenic cells; (ii) the switch from cellular protein to viral protein synthesis and the induction of autophagy mediated by viral nucleoprotein NP; (iii) the virus replication mediated by viral RNA polymerase (large protein (L), associated with phosphoprotein (P)); (iv) the facilitation of NDV spread in tumors via the membrane budding of the virus progeny with the help of matrix protein (M) and fusion protein (F); and (v) the oncolysis via apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, or ferroptosis associated with immunogenic cell death. A special property of this oncolytic virus consists of its potential for breaking therapy resistance in human cancer cells. Eight examples of this important property are presented and explained. In healthy human cells, NDV infection activates the RIG-MAVs immune signaling pathway and establishes an anti-viral state based on a strong and uninhibited interferon α,ß response. The review also describes the molecular determinants and mechanisms of the NDV-mediated immune stimulatory effects, in which the viral hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein plays a prominent role. The six viral proteins provide oncolytic NDV with a special profile in the treatment of cancer.
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19
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Liu T, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Jiang S, Sun R, Yin J, Gao Z, Ren G, Wang Z, Yu Q, Sui G, Sun X, Sun W, Xiao W, Li D. Optimization of oncolytic effect of Newcastle disease virus Clone30 by selecting sensitive tumor host and constructing more oncolytic viruses. Gene Ther 2021; 28:697-717. [PMID: 32409746 PMCID: PMC8674137 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-020-0145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The direct oncolytic effect of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) depends on the following two aspects: the susceptibility of cancer cells to virus infection and the ability of virus itself to lyse cancer cells. First, we investigate the susceptibility of cancer cells to NDV infection, HepG2, MDA-MB-231, and SH-SY5Y cells were susceptible, A549, MCF7, and LoVo cells were less susceptible. To investigate the molecular mechanism responsible for cancer cell susceptibility, transcriptome sequencing was carried out. We found that the levels of alpha-sialic acid acyltransferase were upregulated in MDA-MB-231 cells compared with MCF7 cells, and the interferon was downregulated. Second, to optimize the oncolytic capacity of the wild-type rClone30, a series of chimeric viruses rClone30-Anh(HN), rClone30-Anh(F), and rClone30-Anh(HN-F) were constructed by exchanging the HN gene, F gene or both of non-lytic rClone30 strain with lytic strain Anhinga. rClone30-Anh(F) and rClone30-Anh(HN-F) enhanced the oncolytic effect of the rClone30, and this enhancement is more obvious in the susceptible cells. The oncolytic mechanism of rClone30-Anh(F) was analyzed by transcriptome analyses, in comparison with rClone30, rClone30-Anh(F) upregulated the expression of ATG5, Beclin 1, and MAP1LC3B, thus activating autophagy and promoting the production of syncytia. In conclusion, our study provides a strategy to enhance the oncolytic effect of rClone30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyan Liu
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yukai Cao
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Jiangsu Kanion Parmaceutical CO. LTD, State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, 222001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jiechao Yin
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhenqiu Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224007, China
| | - Guiping Ren
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Parmaceutical CO. LTD, State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, 222001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingzhong Yu
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Guangchao Sui
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Xu Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wenying Sun
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Parmaceutical CO. LTD, State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Lianyungang, 222001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Deshan Li
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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20
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Dittmar T, Weiler J, Luo T, Hass R. Cell-Cell Fusion Mediated by Viruses and HERV-Derived Fusogens in Cancer Initiation and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5363. [PMID: 34771528 PMCID: PMC8582398 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fusion is a well-known, but still scarcely understood biological phenomenon, which might play a role in cancer initiation, progression and formation of metastases. Although the merging of two (cancer) cells appears simple, the entire process is highly complex, energy-dependent and tightly regulated. Among cell fusion-inducing and -regulating factors, so-called fusogens have been identified as a specific type of proteins that are indispensable for overcoming fusion-associated energetic barriers and final merging of plasma membranes. About 8% of the human genome is of retroviral origin and some well-known fusogens, such as syncytin-1, are expressed by human (cancer) cells. Likewise, enveloped viruses can enable and facilitate cell fusion due to evolutionarily optimized fusogens, and are also capable to induce bi- and multinucleation underlining their fusion capacity. Moreover, multinucleated giant cancer cells have been found in tumors derived from oncogenic viruses. Accordingly, a potential correlation between viruses and fusogens of human endogenous retroviral origin in cancer cell fusion will be summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dittmar
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany;
| | - Julian Weiler
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany;
| | - Tianjiao Luo
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Ralf Hass
- Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany;
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21
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Harrison AJ, Du X, von Scheidt B, Kershaw MH, Slaney CY. Enhancing co-stimulation of CAR T cells to improve treatment outcomes in solid cancers. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2021; 1:ltab016. [PMID: 35919743 PMCID: PMC9327106 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-stimulation is a fundamental component of T cell biology and plays a key role in determining the quality of T cell proliferation, differentiation, and memory formation. T cell-based immunotherapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy, are no exception. Solid tumours have largely been refractory to CAR T cell therapy owing to an immunosuppressive microenvironment which limits CAR T cell persistence and effector function. In order to eradicate solid cancers, increasingly sophisticated strategies are being developed to deliver these vital co-stimulatory signals to CAR T cells, often specifically within the tumour microenvironment. These include designing novel co-stimulatory domains within the CAR or other synthetic receptors, arming CAR T cells with cytokines or using CAR T cells in combination with agonist antibodies. This review discusses the evolving role of co-stimulation in CAR T cell therapies and the strategies employed to target co-stimulatory pathways in CAR T cells, with a view to improve responses in solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Harrison
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xin Du
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bianca von Scheidt
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Clare Y Slaney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Virotherapy in Germany-Recent Activities in Virus Engineering, Preclinical Development, and Clinical Studies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081420. [PMID: 34452286 PMCID: PMC8402873 DOI: 10.3390/v13081420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virotherapy research involves the development, exploration, and application of oncolytic viruses that combine direct killing of cancer cells by viral infection, replication, and spread (oncolysis) with indirect killing by induction of anti-tumor immune responses. Oncolytic viruses can also be engineered to genetically deliver therapeutic proteins for direct or indirect cancer cell killing. In this review—as part of the special edition on “State-of-the-Art Viral Vector Gene Therapy in Germany”—the German community of virotherapists provides an overview of their recent research activities that cover endeavors from screening and engineering viruses as oncolytic cancer therapeutics to their clinical translation in investigator-initiated and sponsored multi-center trials. Preclinical research explores multiple viral platforms, including new isolates, serotypes, or fitness mutants, and pursues unique approaches to engineer them towards increased safety, shielded or targeted delivery, selective or enhanced replication, improved immune activation, delivery of therapeutic proteins or RNA, and redirecting antiviral immunity for cancer cell killing. Moreover, several oncolytic virus-based combination therapies are under investigation. Clinical trials in Germany explore the safety and potency of virotherapeutics based on parvo-, vaccinia, herpes, measles, reo-, adeno-, vesicular stomatitis, and coxsackie viruses, including viruses encoding therapeutic proteins or combinations with immune checkpoint inhibitors. These research advances represent exciting vantage points for future endeavors of the German virotherapy community collectively aimed at the implementation of effective virotherapeutics in clinical oncology.
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23
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Lurje I, Werner W, Mohr R, Roderburg C, Tacke F, Hammerich L. In Situ Vaccination as a Strategy to Modulate the Immune Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:650486. [PMID: 34025657 PMCID: PMC8137829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.650486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a highly prevalent malignancy that develops in patients with chronic liver diseases and dysregulated systemic and hepatic immunity. The tumor microenvironment (TME) contains tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), regulatory T cells (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and is central to mediating immune evasion and resistance to therapy. The interplay between these cells types often leads to insufficient antigen presentation, preventing effective anti-tumor immune responses. In situ vaccines harness the tumor as the source of antigens and implement sequential immunomodulation to generate systemic and lasting antitumor immunity. Thus, in situ vaccines hold the promise to induce a switch from an immunosuppressive environment where HCC cells evade antigen presentation and suppress T cell responses towards an immunostimulatory environment enriched for activated cytotoxic cells. Pivotal steps of in situ vaccination include the induction of immunogenic cell death of tumor cells, a recruitment of antigen-presenting cells with a focus on dendritic cells, their loading and maturation and a subsequent cross-priming of CD8+ T cells to ensure cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. Several in situ vaccine approaches have been suggested, with vaccine regimens including oncolytic viruses, Flt3L, GM-CSF and TLR agonists. Moreover, combinations with checkpoint inhibitors have been suggested in HCC and other tumor entities. This review will give an overview of various in situ vaccine strategies for HCC, highlighting the potentials and pitfalls of in situ vaccines to treat liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Lurje
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wiebke Werner
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raphael Mohr
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Hammerich
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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24
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de Almeida NAA, Ribeiro CRDA, Raposo JV, de Paula VS. Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy for Oncoviruses Infections: A Review. Viruses 2021; 13:822. [PMID: 34063186 PMCID: PMC8147456 DOI: 10.3390/v13050822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been shown to be highly effective in some types of cancer caused by viruses. Gene therapy involves insertion or modification of a therapeutic gene, to correct for inappropriate gene products that cause/may cause diseases. Both these types of therapy have been used as alternative ways to avoid cancers caused by oncoviruses. In this review, we summarize recent studies on immunotherapy and gene therapy including the topics of oncolytic immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, gene replacement, antisense oligonucleotides, RNA interference, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-based gene editing, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) and custom treatment for Epstein-Barr virus, human T-lymphotropic virus 1, hepatitis B virus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis C virus, herpesvirus associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, Merkel cell polyomavirus, and cytomegalovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vanessa Salete de Paula
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (N.A.A.d.A.); (C.R.d.A.R.); (J.V.R.)
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25
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Adoptive T Cell Therapy Is Complemented by Oncolytic Virotherapy with Fusogenic VSV-NDV in Combination Treatment of Murine Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051044. [PMID: 33801359 PMCID: PMC7958625 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies have made major advancements in recent years and are becoming the prevalent treatment options for numerous tumor entities. However, substantial response rates have only been observed in specific subsets of patients since pre-existing factors determine the susceptibility of a tumor to these therapies. The development of approaches that can actively induce an anti-tumor immune response, such as adoptive cell transfer and oncolytic virotherapy, have shown clinical success in the treatment of leukemia and melanoma, respectively. Based on the immune-stimulatory capacity of oncolytic VSV-NDV virotherapy, we envisioned a combination approach to synergize with adoptive T cell transfer, in order to enhance tumor cell killing. Using the immune-competent B16 melanoma model, we demonstrate that combination treatment has beneficial effects on the suppressive microenvironment through upregulation of MHC-I and maintaining low expression levels of PD-L1 on tumor cells. The approach led to additive cytotoxic effects and improved the recruitment of T cells to virus-infected tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. We observed substantial delays in tumor growth and evidence of abscopal effects, as well as prolongation of overall survival time when administered at clinically relevant dosing conditions. Our results indicate that treatment with oncolytic VSV-NDV, combined with adoptive T cell therapy, induces multi-mechanistic and synergistic tumor responses, which supports the further development of this promising translational approach.
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26
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Jin KT, Du WL, Liu YY, Lan HR, Si JX, Mou XZ. Oncolytic Virotherapy in Solid Tumors: The Challenges and Achievements. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040588. [PMID: 33546172 PMCID: PMC7913179 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising approach in cancer immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) could be applied in cancer immunotherapy without in-depth knowledge of tumor antigens. The capability of genetic modification makes OVs exciting therapeutic tools with a high potential for manipulation. Improving efficacy, employing immunostimulatory elements, changing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to inflammatory TME, optimizing their delivery system, and increasing the safety are the main areas of OVs manipulations. Recently, the reciprocal interaction of OVs and TME has become a hot topic for investigators to enhance the efficacy of OVT with less off-target adverse events. Current investigations suggest that the main application of OVT is to provoke the antitumor immune response in the TME, which synergize the effects of other immunotherapies such as immune-checkpoint blockers and adoptive cell therapy. In this review, we focused on the effects of OVs on the TME and antitumor immune responses. Furthermore, OVT challenges, including its moderate efficiency, safety concerns, and delivery strategies, along with recent achievements to overcome challenges, are thoroughly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China; (K.-T.J.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Wen-Lin Du
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China;
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu-Yao Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China; (K.-T.J.); (Y.-Y.L.)
| | - Huan-Rong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China;
| | - Jing-Xing Si
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (J.-X.S.); (X.-Z.M.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-85893781 (J.-X.S.); +86-571-85893985 (X.-Z.M.)
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence: (J.-X.S.); (X.-Z.M.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-85893781 (J.-X.S.); +86-571-85893985 (X.-Z.M.)
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27
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Fusogenic oncolytic vaccinia virus enhances systemic antitumor immune response by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Mol Ther 2020; 29:1782-1793. [PMID: 33348052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses induce antitumor immunity following direct viral oncolysis. However, their therapeutic effects are limited in distant untreated tumors because their antitumor function depends on indirect antitumor immunity. Here, we generated a novel fusogenic oncolytic vaccinia virus (FUVAC) and compared its antitumor activity with that of its parental non-fusogenic virus. Compared with the parent, FUVAC exerted the cytopathic effect and induced immunogenic cell death in human and murine cancer cells more efficiently. In a bilateral tumor-bearing syngeneic mouse model, FUVAC administration significantly inhibited tumor growth in both treated and untreated tumors. However, its antitumor effects were completely suppressed by CD8+ T cell depletion. Notably, FUVAC reduced the number of tumor-associated immune-suppressive cells in treated tumors, but not in untreated tumors. Mice treated with FUVAC before an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment achieved complete response (CR) in both treated and untreated tumors, whereas ICI alone did not show antitumor activity. Mice achieving CR rejected rechallenge with the same tumor cells, suggesting establishment of a long-term tumor-specific immune memory. Thus, FUVAC improves the tumor immune microenvironment and enhances systemic antitumor immunity, suggesting that, alone and in combination with ICI, it is a novel immune modulator for overcoming oncolytic virus-resistant tumors.
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28
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Hager S, Fittler FJ, Wagner E, Bros M. Nucleic Acid-Based Approaches for Tumor Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:E2061. [PMID: 32917034 PMCID: PMC7564019 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the last decade, the introduction of checkpoint inhibitors proposed to boost the patients' anti-tumor immune response has proven the efficacy of immunotherapeutic approaches for tumor therapy. Furthermore, especially in the context of the development of biocompatible, cell type targeting nano-carriers, nucleic acid-based drugs aimed to initiate and to enhance anti-tumor responses have come of age. This review intends to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the therapeutic use of nucleic acids for cancer treatment on various levels, comprising (i) mRNA and DNA-based vaccines to be expressed by antigen presenting cells evoking sustained anti-tumor T cell responses, (ii) molecular adjuvants, (iii) strategies to inhibit/reprogram tumor-induced regulatory immune cells e.g., by RNA interference (RNAi), (iv) genetically tailored T cells and natural killer cells to directly recognize tumor antigens, and (v) killing of tumor cells, and reprograming of constituents of the tumor microenvironment by gene transfer and RNAi. Aside from further improvements of individual nucleic acid-based drugs, the major perspective for successful cancer therapy will be combination treatments employing conventional regimens as well as immunotherapeutics like checkpoint inhibitors and nucleic acid-based drugs, each acting on several levels to adequately counter-act tumor immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Hager
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | | | - Ernst Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
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29
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Oncolytic virotherapy: a potential therapeutic approach for cholesteatoma. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 28:281-285. [PMID: 32833886 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the principles of oncolytic virotherapy and summarize the recent preliminary evidence on the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy for cholesteatoma (CHST) treatment in vitro in human CHST cells and in a gerbil CHST model. RECENT FINDINGS The use of oncolytic virotherapy for nonmalignant lesions is innovative. In-vitro results showed that oncolytic herpes simplex virus 1 (oHSV) selectively targets and kills CHST cells. In a gerbil model of CHST, local oHSV injections were associated with a decrease in CHST volume and modulation of bony changes. SUMMARY Surgical treatment options for CHST are limited by high morbidity and recidivism, emphasizing the need for developing treatment alternatives. Preliminary results support the potential therapeutic effect of oncolytic virotherapy on CHST, yet further research is needed to evaluate this novel approach.
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30
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Nagalo BM, Breton CA, Zhou Y, Arora M, Bogenberger JM, Barro O, Steele MB, Jenks NJ, Baker AT, Duda DG, Roberts LR, Russell SJ, Peng KW, Borad MJ. Oncolytic Virus with Attributes of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Measles Virus in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancers. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 18:546-555. [PMID: 32839735 PMCID: PMC7437509 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-fusion and hemagglutinin (FH) was developed by substituting the promiscuous VSV-G glycoprotein (G) gene in the backbone of VSV with genes encoding for the measles virus envelope proteins F and H. Hybrid VSV-FH exhibited a multifaceted mechanism of cancer-cell killing and improved neurotolerability over parental VSV in preclinical studies. In this study, we evaluated VSV-FH in vitro and in vivo in models of hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers. Our results indicate that high intrahepatic doses of VSV-FH did not result in any significant toxicity and were well tolerated by transgenic mice expressing the measles virus receptor CD46. Furthermore, a single intratumoral treatment with VSV-FH yielded improved survival and complete tumor regressions in a proportion of mice in the Hep3B hepatocellular carcinoma model but not in mice xenografted with BxPC-3 pancreatic cancer cells. Our preliminary findings indicate that VSV-FH can induce potent oncolysis in hepatocellular and pancreatic cancer cell lines with concordant results in vivo in hepatocellular cancer and discordant in pancreatic cancer without the VSV-mediated toxic effects previously observed in laboratory animals. Further study of VSV-FH as an oncolytic virotherapy is warranted in hepatocellular carcinoma and pancreatic cancer to understand broader applicability and mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolni Marius Nagalo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Yumei Zhou
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Mansi Arora
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - James M Bogenberger
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Oumar Barro
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael B Steele
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nathan J Jenks
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Alexander T Baker
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dan G Duda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lewis Rowland Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Russell
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kah Whye Peng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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31
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Li L, Liu S, Han D, Tang B, Ma J. Delivery and Biosafety of Oncolytic Virotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:475. [PMID: 32373515 PMCID: PMC7176816 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a promising anticancer therapy. Oncolytic viruses destroy cancer cells, without damaging normal tissues, through virus self-replication and antitumor immunity responses, showing great potential for cancer treatment. However, the clinical guidelines for administering oncolytic virotherapy remain unclear. Delivery routes for oncolytic virotherapy to patients vary in existing studies, depending on the tumor sites and the objective of studies. Moreover, the biosafety of oncolytic virotherapy, including mainly uncontrolled adverse events and long-term complications, remains a serious concern that needs to be accurately measured. This review provides a comprehensive and detailed overview of the delivery and biosafety of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shixin Liu
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Duoduo Han
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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32
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Hromic-Jahjefendic A, Lundstrom K. Viral Vector-Based Melanoma Gene Therapy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E60. [PMID: 32187995 PMCID: PMC7148454 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy applications of oncolytic viruses represent an attractive alternative for cancer treatment. A broad range of oncolytic viruses, including adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, alphaviruses, herpes simplex viruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, rhabdoviruses, reoviruses, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, picornaviruses and poxviruses, have been used in diverse preclinical and clinical studies for the treatment of various diseases, including colon, head-and-neck, prostate and breast cancer as well as squamous cell carcinoma and glioma. The majority of studies have focused on immunotherapy and several drugs based on viral vectors have been approved. However, gene therapy for malignant melanoma based on viral vectors has not been utilized to its full potential yet. This review represents a summary of the achievements of preclinical and clinical studies using viral vectors, with the focus on malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altijana Hromic-Jahjefendic
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, International University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
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Development of oncolytic virotherapy: from genetic modification to combination therapy. Front Med 2020; 14:160-184. [PMID: 32146606 PMCID: PMC7101593 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a novel form of immunotherapy using natural or genetically modified viruses to selectively replicate in and kill malignant cells. Many genetically modified oncolytic viruses (OVs) with enhanced tumor targeting, antitumor efficacy, and safety have been generated, and some of which have been assessed in clinical trials. Combining OVT with other immunotherapies can remarkably enhance the antitumor efficacy. In this work, we review the use of wild-type viruses in OVT and the strategies for OV genetic modification. We also review and discuss the combinations of OVT with other immunotherapies.
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Li Y, Shen Y, Zhao R, Samudio I, Jia W, Bai X, Liang T. Oncolytic virotherapy in hepato-bilio-pancreatic cancer: The key to breaking the log jam? Cancer Med 2020; 9:2943-2959. [PMID: 32130786 PMCID: PMC7196045 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional therapies have limited efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and biliary tract cancer, especially for advanced and refractory cancers. Through a deeper understanding of antitumor immunity and the tumor microenvironment, novel immunotherapies are becoming available for cancer treatment. Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is an emerging type of immunotherapy that has demonstrated effective antitumor efficacy in many preclinical studies and clinical studies. Thus, it may represent a potential feasible treatment for hard to treat gastrointestinal (GI) tumors. Here, we summarize the research progress of OV therapy for the treatment of hepato-bilio-pancreatic cancers. In general, most OV therapies exhibits potent, specific oncolysis both in cell lines in vitro and the animal models in vivo. Currently, several clinical trials have suggested that OV therapy may also be effective in patients with refractory hepato-bilio-pancreatic cancer. Multiple strategies such as introducing immunostimulatory genes, modifying virus capsid and combining various other therapeutic modalities have been shown enhanced specific oncolysis and synergistic anti-cancer immune stimulation. Combining OV with other antitumor therapies may become a more effective strategy than using virus alone. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of OV, and to design appropriate dosing and combination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for the study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinan Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for the study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | - William Jia
- Virogin Biotech Canada Ltd, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Xueli Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for the study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingbo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for the study of Pancreatic Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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Hou J, Zhang H, Sun B, Karin M. The immunobiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans and mice: Basic concepts and therapeutic implications. J Hepatol 2020; 72:167-182. [PMID: 31449859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Basic and clinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of immunotherapy, a technical and conceptual breakthrough that has revolutionised cancer treatment. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a deadly malignancy with aetiologic diversity and a chronic course, is strongly influenced by the immune system, and was recently found to partially benefit from immune-checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Notably, HCC onco-immunology depends on diverse genetic and environmental factors that together shape cancer-promoting inflammation and immune dysfunction - critical processes that control HCC malignant progression and response to therapy. Herein, we summarise the current understanding of liver and HCC onco-immunology obtained through basic studies with mouse models and clinical practice in humans. In particular, we discuss preclinical and clinical findings that implicate immunomodulation as a major factor in HCC development and explain the basis for HCC-targeting immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Hou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China; Liver Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Luo Y, Lin C, Ren W, Ju F, Xu Z, Liu H, Yu Z, Chen J, Zhang J, Liu P, Huang C, Xia N. Intravenous Injections of a Rationally Selected Oncolytic Herpes Virus as a Potent Virotherapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 15:153-165. [PMID: 31720372 PMCID: PMC6838930 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As a clinical setting in which novel treatment options are urgently needed, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) exhibits intriguing opportunities for oncolytic virotherapy. Here we report the rational generation of a novel herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-based oncolytic vector for targeting HCC, named Ld0-GFP, which was derived from oncolytic ICP0-null virus (d0-GFP), had a fusogenic phenotype, and was a novel killer against HCC as well as other types of cancer cells. Compared with d0-GFP, Ld0-GFP exhibited superior cancer cell-killing ability in vitro and in vivo. Ld0-GFP targets a broad spectrum of HCC cells and can result in significantly enhanced immunogenic tumor cell death. Intratumoral and intravenous injections of Ld0-GFP showed effective antitumor capabilities in multiple tumor models, leading to increased survival. We speculated that more active cell-killing capability of oncolytic virus and enhanced immunogenic cell death may lead to better tumor regression. Additionally, Ld0-GFP had an improved safety profile, showing reduced neurovirulence and systemic toxicity. Ld0-GFP virotherapy could offer a potentially less toxic, more effective option for both local and systemic treatment of HCC. This approach also provides novel insights toward ongoing efforts to develop an optimal oncolytic vector for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chaolong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenfeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fei Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zilong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Huiling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Pingguo Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, ZhongShan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory and Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, ZhongShan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chenghao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Fu LQ, Wang SB, Cai MH, Wang XJ, Chen JY, Tong XM, Chen XY, Mou XZ. Recent advances in oncolytic virus-based cancer therapy. Virus Res 2019; 270:197675. [PMID: 31351879 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Administration of oncolytic viruses (OVs) is an emerging anticancer strategy that exploits the lytic nature of viral replication to enhance the killing of malignant cells. OVs can be used as tools to directly induce cancer cell death and to trigger local and/or systemic immune responses to metastatic cancer in vivo. The effectiveness of OV therapy was initially highlighted by the clinical use of the genetically modified herpes virus, talimogene laherparepvec, for melanoma therapy. A number of OVs are now being evaluated as potential treatments for cancer in clinical trials. In spite of being engineered to specifically target tumor cells, the safety and off-target effects of OV therapy are a concern. The potential safety concerns of OVs are highlighted by current clinical trial criteria, which exclude individuals harbouring other viral infections and people who are immunocompromised. Despite the potential for adverse effects, clinical trials to date revealed relatively minimal adverse immune-related effects, such as fever. With advances in our understanding of virus replication cycles, several novel OVs have emerged. Reverse genetic systems have facilitated the insertion of anticancer genes into a range of OVs to further enhance their tumor-killing capacity. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in OV therapy for a range of human cancers in in vitro and in in vivo animal studies. We further discuss the future of OVs as a therapeutic strategy for a range of life-threatening cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Qin Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou 311700, Zhejiang Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 21513, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Mao-Hua Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou 311700, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xue-Jun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou 311700, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jin-Yang Chen
- Research and Development Department, Zhejiang Healthfuture Institute For Cell-Based Applied Technology, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Min Tong
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China; Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China; Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China; Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China.
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RNA Viruses as Tools in Gene Therapy and Vaccine Development. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030189. [PMID: 30832256 PMCID: PMC6471356 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses have been subjected to substantial engineering efforts to support gene therapy applications and vaccine development. Typically, retroviruses, lentiviruses, alphaviruses, flaviviruses rhabdoviruses, measles viruses, Newcastle disease viruses, and picornaviruses have been employed as expression vectors for treatment of various diseases including different types of cancers, hemophilia, and infectious diseases. Moreover, vaccination with viral vectors has evaluated immunogenicity against infectious agents and protection against challenges with pathogenic organisms. Several preclinical studies in animal models have confirmed both immune responses and protection against lethal challenges. Similarly, administration of RNA viral vectors in animals implanted with tumor xenografts resulted in tumor regression and prolonged survival, and in some cases complete tumor clearance. Based on preclinical results, clinical trials have been conducted to establish the safety of RNA virus delivery. Moreover, stem cell-based lentiviral therapy provided life-long production of factor VIII potentially generating a cure for hemophilia A. Several clinical trials on cancer patients have generated anti-tumor activity, prolonged survival, and even progression-free survival.
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39
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Melzer MK, Zeitlinger L, Mall S, Steiger K, Schmid RM, Ebert O, Krackhardt A, Altomonte J. Enhanced Safety and Efficacy of Oncolytic VSV Therapy by Combination with T Cell Receptor Transgenic T Cells as Carriers. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2018; 12:26-40. [PMID: 30662938 PMCID: PMC6325079 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) represents an attractive oncolytic virotherapy platform because of its potent tumor cell-killing and immune-stimulating properties; yet the clinical translation of VSV faces numerous challenges, such as inefficient systemic delivery and severe side effects such as neurotoxicity. We hypothesized that we could overcome these limitations and simultaneously enhance the therapy, by combining VSV with adoptively transferred T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells as carrier cells. We show that CD8+ T central memory cells (CD8+ T cm) can be efficiently loaded with VSV, they support intracellular virus production, and they can efficiently transfer VSV to tumor cells without compromising their own viability or antitumor reactivity. Loading VSV onto CD8+ T cm not only improves the safety compared with systemic administration of naked virus, but this approach also allows for an effective delivery of virus to its tumor target, resulting in an effective combination therapy in NSG mice bearing subcutaneous human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) tumors. We conclude that the combination of potent tumor debulking provided by the oncolytic VSV with the added effector functions afforded by the cytotoxic immune carrier cells results in a potent and safer immunotherapeutic, which can be further developed for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karl Melzer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Zeitlinger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Mall
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Ebert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Angela Krackhardt
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Altomonte
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University, 81675 Munich, Germany
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