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Dai M, Ouyang W, Yu Y, Wang T, Wang Y, Cen M, Yang L, Han Y, Yao Y, Xu F. IFP35 aggravates Staphylococcus aureus infection by promoting Nrf2-regulated ferroptosis. J Adv Res 2024; 62:143-154. [PMID: 37777065 PMCID: PMC11331171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serious Staphylococcus aureus (SA) infection is one of the most life-threatening diseases. Interferon-induced protein 35 (IFP35) is a pleiotropic factor that participates in multiple biological functions, however, its biological role in SA infection is not fully understood. Ferroptosis is a new type of regulated cell death driven by the accretion of free iron and toxic lipid peroxides and plays critical roles in tissue damage. Whether ferroptosis is involved in SA-induced immunopathology and its regulatory mechanisms remain unknown. OBJECTIVES We aimed to determine the role and underlying mechanisms of IFP35 in SA-induced lung infections. METHODS SA infection models were established using wild-type (WT) and IFP35 knockout (Ifp35-/-) mice or macrophages. Histological analysis was performed to assess lung injury. Quantitative real-time PCR, western blotting, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy were performed to detect ferroptosis. Co-IP and immunofluorescence were used to elucidate the molecular regulatory mechanisms. RESULTS We found that IFP35 levels increased in the macrophages and lung tissue of SA-infected mice. IFP35 deficiency protected against SA-induced lung damage in mice. Moreover, ferroptosis occurred and contributed to lung injury after SA infection, which was ameliorated by IFP35 deficiency. Mechanically, IFP35 facilitated the ubiquitination and degradation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), aggravating SA-induced ferroptosis and lung injury. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that IFP35 promotes ferroptosis by facilitating the ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2 to exacerbate SA infection. Targeting IFP35 may be a promising approach for treating infectious diseases caused by SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yangle Yu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, China
| | - Mengyuan Cen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu Han
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yushi Yao
- Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310009, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China; Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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2
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Li D, Wang X, Chen K, Shan D, Cui G, Yuan W, Lin Q, Gimple RC, Dixit D, Lu C, Gu D, You H, Gao J, Li Y, Kang T, Yang J, Yu H, Song K, Shi Z, Fan X, Wu Q, Gao W, Zhu Z, Man J, Wang Q, Lin F, Tao W, Mack SC, Chen Y, Zhang J, Li C, Zhang N, You Y, Qian X, Yang K, Rich JN, Zhang Q, Wang X. IFI35 regulates non-canonical NF-κB signaling to maintain glioblastoma stem cells and recruit tumor-associated macrophages. Cell Death Differ 2024; 31:738-752. [PMID: 38594444 PMCID: PMC11165006 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor characterized by a highly heterogeneous and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). The symbiotic interactions between glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) in the TME are critical for tumor progression. Here, we identified that IFI35, a transcriptional regulatory factor, plays both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic roles in maintaining GSCs and the immunosuppressive TME. IFI35 induced non-canonical NF-kB signaling through proteasomal processing of p105 to the DNA-binding transcription factor p50, which heterodimerizes with RELB (RELB/p50), and activated cell chemotaxis in a cell-autonomous manner. Further, IFI35 induced recruitment and maintenance of M2-like TAMs in TME in a paracrine manner. Targeting IFI35 effectively suppressed in vivo tumor growth and prolonged survival of orthotopic xenograft-bearing mice. Collectively, these findings reveal the tumor-promoting functions of IFI35 and suggest that targeting IFI35 or its downstream effectors may provide effective approaches to improve GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqi Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiefeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China
| | - Kexin Chen
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Danyang Shan
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Gaoyuan Cui
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Pathology, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224005, China
- Department of Central Laboratory, Yancheng Medical Research Center of Nanjing University Medical School, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224005, China
| | - Qiankun Lin
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Ryan C Gimple
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Deobrat Dixit
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Chenfei Lu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China
| | - Danling Gu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Hao You
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jiancheng Gao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Yangqing Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Tao Kang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Junlei Yang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Hang Yu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Kefan Song
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China
| | - Zhumei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China
| | - Xiao Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China
| | - Qiulian Wu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jianghong Man
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Qianghu Wang
- Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Lin
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Weiwei Tao
- College of Biomedicine and Health & College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Division of Brain Tumor Research, Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China
| | - Chaojun Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center and School of Medicine, Nanjing University, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Guangdong Translational Medicine Innovation Platform, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Yongping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China
| | - Xu Qian
- Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Kailin Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
- Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiuxing Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
- Institute for Brain Tumors, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211100, China.
- The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, China.
- Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China.
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Zhang J, Xu Y, Wang C, Tuo X, Zhao X, Qiao W, Tan J. PREB inhibits the replication of prototype foamy virus by affecting its transcription. Virol J 2023; 20:244. [PMID: 37885034 PMCID: PMC10604407 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foamy viruses (FVs) are unique nonpathogenic retroviruses, which remain latent in the host for a long time. Therefore, they may be safe, effective gene transfer vectors. In this study, were assessed FV-host cell interactions and the molecular mechanisms underlying FV latent infection. METHODS We used the prototype FV (PFV) to infect HT1080 cells and a PFV indicator cell line (PFVL) to measure virus titers. After 48 h of infection, the culture supernatant (i.e., cell-free PFV particles) and transfected cells (i.e., cell-associated PFV particles) were harvested and incubated with PFVL. After another 48 h, the luciferase activity was used to measure virus titers. RESULTS Through transcriptomics sequencing, we found that PREB mRNA expression was significantly upregulated. Moreover, PREB overexpression reduced PFV replication, whereas endogenous PREB knockdown increased PFV replication. PREB interacted with the Tas DNA-binding and transcriptional activation domains and interfered with its binding to the PFV long terminal repeat and internal promoter, preventing the recruitment of transcription factors and thereby inhibiting the transactivation function of Tas. PREB C-terminal 329-418 aa played a major role in inhibiting PFV replication; PREB also inhibited bovine FV replication. Therefore, PREB has a broad-spectrum inhibitory effect on FV replication. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that PREB inhibits PFV replication by impeding its transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Department of Hematology, Oncology Centrer, Tianjin Union Medical Center, No.190 Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121, P. R. China
| | - Yali Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Chenchen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaopeng Tuo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xingli Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Oncology Centrer, Tianjin Union Medical Center, No.190 Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300121, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Yuan P, Wang S, Du T, Liu L, Chen X, Yan J, Han S, Peng B, He X, Liu W. ZNF219, a novel transcriptional repressor, inhibits transcription of the prototype foamy virus by interacting with the viral LTR promoter. Virus Res 2023; 334:199161. [PMID: 37356580 PMCID: PMC10410575 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Prototype foamy virus (PFV) is an ancient retrovirus that infects humans with persistent latent infections and non-pathogenic consequences. Lifelong latent PFV infections can be caused by restrictive factors in the host. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying host cell regulation during PFV infection are not fully understood. The aim of the study was to investigate whether a zinc finger protein (ZFP), ZNF219, as a transcription factor, can regulate the transcriptional activity of the viral promoter. Here, using transcriptome sequencing, we found that ZNF219, is downregulated in PFV infected cells and that ZNF219 suppresses viral replication by targeting the viral 5'LTR promoter region to repress its transcription. We also found that PFV infection induced abnormal expression of miRNAs targeting the ZNF219-3'UTR to downregulate ZNF219 expression. These findings indicated that ZNF219 may be a potent antiviral factor for suppressing PFV infection, and may shed light on the mechanism of virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Yuan
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Province, Shiyan 442000, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Province, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Tongtong Du
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Luo Liu
- Beijing Bioprocess Key Laboratory, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Song Han
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Taikang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences), Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
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Li P, Zhou D, Chen D, Cheng Y, Chen Y, Lin Z, Zhang X, Huang Z, Cai J, Huang W, Lin Y, Ke H, Long J, Zou Y, Ye S, Lan P. Tumor-secreted IFI35 promotes proliferation and cytotoxic activity of CD8 + T cells through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in colorectal cancer. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:47. [PMID: 37380972 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00930-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large proportion of the patients with cancer do not respond to immunotherapies. Recent studies suggested an important role for tumor-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in enhancing response to immunotherapy. Here, we aim to identify gene that induce proliferative and cytotoxic states of CD8+ T cells, and to investigate its effect on CAR-T cells against colorectal cancer. METHODS Correlation between the expression of IFI35 with the activation and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells was assessed with TCGA and proteomic databases. Then we constructed murine colon cancer cells over-expressing IFI35 and tested their effect on anti-tumor immunity in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent mouse models. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry were performed to assess the immune microenvironment. Western blot analysis was used to identify the potential down-stream signaling pathway regulated by IFI35. We further investigated the efficacy of the rhIFI35 protein in combination with immunotherapeutic treatment. RESULTS The transcriptional and proteomic analysis of the activation and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells in human cancer samples demonstrated that IFI35 expression is correlated with increased CD8+ T cell infiltration and predicted a better outcome in colorectal cancer. The number and cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in IFI35-overexpressing tumors. Mechanistically, we identified that the IFNγ-STAT1-IRF7 axis stimulated IFI35 expression, and that IFI35-mediated regulation of CD8+ T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity was dependent on PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in vitro. Furthermore, IFI35 protein enhanced the efficacy of CAR-T cells against colorectal cancer cells. CONCLUSION Our findings identify IFI35 as a new biomarker that can enhance the proliferation and function of CD8+ T cells, as well as increase the efficacy of CAR-T cells against colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisi Li
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawang Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangdong, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongwen Chen
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yikan Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhensen Lin
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Guangzhou Biosyngen Co., Ltd., Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Huang
- Guangzhou Biosyngen Co., Ltd., Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Cai
- Department of General Surgery (Department of Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Huang
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyun Lin
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxian Ke
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Long
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Zou
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Department of General Surgery (Department of Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shubiao Ye
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Department of General Surgery (Department of Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Lan
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Department of General Surgery (Department of Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Jie W, Rui-Fen Z, Zhong-Xiang H, Yan W, Wei-Na L, Yong-Ping M, Jing S, Jing-Yi C, Wan-Hong L, Xiao-Hua H, Zhi L, Yan S. Inhibition of cell proliferation by Tas of foamy viruses through cell cycle arrest or apoptosis underlines the different mechanisms of virus-host interactions. Virulence 2022; 13:342-354. [PMID: 35132916 PMCID: PMC8837258 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2029329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses belong to the Spumaretrovirinae subfamily member of the Retroviridae family and produce nonpathogenic infection to hosts in the natural conditions. However, infections of foamy viruses can dramatically cause severe cytopathic effects in vitro. To date, the exact molecular mechanism has remained unclear which implied the tremendous importance of virus-host cell immune reactions. In this study, we found that the transactivator Tas in two foamy viruses isolated from Old World Monkey (OWM) induced obvious inhibition of cell proliferation via the upregulation of Foxo3a expression. It was mediated by the generation of ROS and the initiation of ER stress, and ultimately, the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was triggered. Notably, PFV Tas contributed to the accumulation of G0/G1 phase cycle arrest induced by the activation of the p53 signaling pathway and the nuclear transportation of HDAC4 via upregulating PPM1E expression. Together, these results demonstrated the different survival strategies by which foamy virus can hijack host cell cytokines and regulate virus-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jie
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Zhang Rui-Fen
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Hu Zhong-Xiang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Wu Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Liu Wei-Na
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Ma Yong-Ping
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Song Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Chen Jing-Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Liu Wan-Hong
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - He Xiao-Hua
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhi
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, P. R. China
| | - Sun Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, P. R. China
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7
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Gao X, Zhang Y, Zheng J, Yang X, Wang Y, Qin Q, Huang X, Huang Y. Grouper interferon-induced protein 35, a CP-interacting protein, inhibits fish nodavirus replication via positively regulating host interferon and inflammatory immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:113-122. [PMID: 35931290 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-induced protein 35 (IFI35, also known as IFP35), a member of IFN induced genes (ISGs), participates in virus infection, cancer progression and the chronic inflammatory diseases. However, its roles during fish nodavirus infection still remained largely unknown. In the present study, a homolog of IFI35 from orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) (EcIFI35) was cloned and characterized. The open reading frame of EcIFI35 was composed of 1,128 bp, and encoded a 375 amino acid polypeptide, which contained two conserved N-myc-interactor (Nmi)/IFP35 domains (NIDs). Homology analysis indicated that EcIFI35 shared 95.73% and 31.96% identity with homologs of giant grouper (E. lanceolatus) and human (Homo sapiens), respectively. The transcription of EcIFI35 was significantly up-regulated in grouper spleen (GS) cells after challenged with red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The subcellular localization analysis showed that EcIFI35 encoded a cytoplasmic protein. The ectopic expression of EcIFI35 inhibited RGNNV replication by reducing viral genes transcription and protein synthesis. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay demonstrated that EcIFI35 interacted with RGNNV coat protein (CP), and partly co-localized with CP. EcIFI35 overexpression promoted the expression of IFN-related molecules and pro-inflammatory factors, including IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and myxovirus resistance gene I (MxI), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8. Together, our results revealed that EcIFI35 interacted with CP and inhibited fish nodavirus replication through positively regulated host innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Gao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xinmei Yang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai, 519082, China; University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Youhua Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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8
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The danger signal interferon-induced protein 35 (IFP35) mediates acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 621:25-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Xu B, Sun H, Song X, Liu Q, Jin W. Mapping the Tumor Microenvironment in TNBC and Deep Exploration for M1 Macrophages-Associated Prognostic Genes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923481. [PMID: 35844580 PMCID: PMC9279655 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains the worst molecular subtype due to high heterogeneity and lack of effective therapeutic targets. Here we investigated the tumor and immune microenvironment heterogeneity of TNBC using scRNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq data from public databases and our cohort. Macrophage subpopulations accounted for a high proportion of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), and M1 macrophages were associated with better clinical outcomes. Furthermore, three maker genes including IFI35, PSMB9, and SAMD9L showed a close connection with M1 macrophages. Specifically, IFI35 was positively associated with macrophage activation, chemotaxis, and migration. Also, patients with high IFI35 expression had a better prognosis. In vitro studies subsequently demonstrated that IFI35 was upregulated during the M1 subtype differentiation of macrophages. In summary, our data suggested that IFI35 maybe a promising novel target that helps to reshape macrophage polarization towards the M1 subtype for anti-tumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hefen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Song
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Jin,
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10
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SGK1, a Serine/Threonine Kinase, Inhibits Prototype Foamy Virus Replication. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0199521. [PMID: 35438526 PMCID: PMC9241813 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01995-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) are complex retroviruses belonging to the Spumaretrovirinae subfamily of the Retroviridae family. In contrast to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), another member of the Retroviridae family, FVs are nonpathogenic in their natural hosts or in experimentally infected animals. Prototype foamy virus (PFV) is the only foamy virus that can infect humans through cross-species transmission and does not show any pathogenicity after infection. Consequently, PFV is considered a safe and efficient gene transfer vector. Understanding the host proteins involved in the replication of PFV and the mechanism of interaction between the host and the virus might lead to studies to improve the efficiency of gene transfer. To date, only a few host factors have been identified that affect PFV replication. In the present study, we report that PFV infection enhances the promoter activity of SGK1 (encoding serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1) via the Tas protein signaling pathway, and then upregulates the mRNA and protein levels of SGK1. Overexpression of SGK1 reduced PFV replication, whereas its depletion using small interfering RNA increased PFV replication. SGK1 inhibits PFV replication by impairing the function of the PFV Tas activation domain in a kinase-independent manner and reducing the stability of the Gag protein in a kinase-dependent manner. In addition, both human and bovine SGK1 proteins inhibit the replication of bovine foamy virus (BFV) and PFV. These findings not only improved our understanding of the function of SGK1 and its relationship with foamy viruses, but also contributed to determining the antiviral mechanism of the host. IMPORTANCE Foamy viruses can integrate into the host chromosome and are nonpathogenic in natural hosts or in experimentally infected animals. Therefore, foamy viruses are considered to be safe and efficient gene transfer vectors. Persistent infection of foamy viruses is partly caused by the restrictive effect of host factors on the virus. However, only a few cellular proteins are known to influence the replication of foamy viruses. In this study, we report that SGK1 inhibits the replication of prototype foamy virus by affecting the function of the transcription activator, Tas, and reducing the stability of the structural protein, Gag. These results will increase our understanding of the interaction between the virus and host factors, deepening our perception of host antiviral defenses and the function of SGK1, and could improve the gene transfer efficiency of foamy viruses.
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11
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Jia Y, Wang X, Chen X, Qiu X, Wang X, Yang Z. Characterization of chicken IFI35 and its antiviral activity against Newcastle disease virus. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:473-483. [PMID: 35135934 PMCID: PMC8983280 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced protein-35 kDa (IFI35) was an antiviral protein induced by interferon (IFN)-γ, which plays an important role in the IFN-mediated
antiviral signaling pathway. Here, we cloned and identified IFI35 in the chicken for the first time. Chicken IFI35 (chIFI35) contains an
open reading frame (ORF) of 1,152 bp encoding a protein of 384 amino acids containing two conserved Nmi/IFI35 domain (NID) motifs. Tissue distribution
analysis of chIFI35 in healthy and Newcastle disease (ND) virus-infected chickens indicated a positive correlation between chIFI35 mRNA transcription and ND
viral loads in various tissues. The role of chIFI35 in regulation NDV replication were further assessed by up- or down-regulated chIFI35 expression in DF-1
cells transfected with plasmid harboring chIFI35, pCMV-3HA-chIFI35 or shRNA targeting chIFI35, pshRNA-chIFI35 plasmids.
NDV replications in DF-1 cells were significantly reduced or slightly increased by over- or under-expression of the chIFI35 protein, respectively, indicating the role of
chIFI35 in anti-NDV infection. Moreover, chIFI35 also involved in regulation of viral gene transcription and IFNs expression. The collected data were
meaningful for research of chicken antiviral immunity and shed light on the pleiotropic antiviral effect of chIFI35 during NDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Jia
- Department of Animal Engineering/Engineering Research Center of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Yangling Vocational & Technical College
| | - Xiangwei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University
| | - Xinxin Qiu
- Department of Animal Engineering/Engineering Research Center of Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Yangling Vocational & Technical College
| | - Xinglong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University
| | - Zengqi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University
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12
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IFP35 Is a Relevant Factor in Innate Immunity, Multiple Sclerosis, and Other Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: A Review. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10121325. [PMID: 34943240 PMCID: PMC8698480 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we focused on the emerging role of IFP35, a highly conserved leucine zipper protein from fish to humans, with a still unknown biological function. The considered literature indicates this protein as a key-pleiotropic factor reflecting JAK-STAT and DAMPs pathways activation in innate immunity-dependent inflammation, as well as in the physiology and general pathology of a wide range of phylogenetically distant organisms. These findings also indicate IFP35 as a biologically relevant molecule in human demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system, including Multiple Sclerosis, and other organ-specific chronic inflammatory disorders. Abstract Discovered in 1993 by Bange et al., the 35-kDa interferon-induced protein (IFP35) is a highly conserved cytosolic interferon-induced leucine zipper protein with a 17q12-21 coding gene and unknown function. Belonging to interferon stimulated genes (ISG), the IFP35 reflects the type I interferon (IFN) activity induced through the JAK-STAT phosphorylation, and it can homodimerize with N-myc-interactor (NMI) and basic leucine zipper transcription factor (BATF), resulting in nuclear translocation and a functional expression. Casein kinase 2-interacting protein-1 (CKIP-1), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), and laboratory of genetics and physiology 2 Epinephelus coioides (EcLGP2) are thought to regulate IFP35, via the innate immunity pathway. Several in vitro and in vivo studies on fish and mammals have confirmed the IFP35 as an ISG factor with antiviral and antiproliferative functions. However, in a mice model of sepsis, IFP35 was found working as a damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule, which enhances inflammation by acting in the innate immune-mediated way. In human pathology, the IFP35 expression level predicts disease outcome and response to therapy in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), reflecting IFN activity. Specifically, IFP35 was upregulated in Lupus Nephritis (LN), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), and untreated MS. However, it normalized in the MS patients undergoing therapy. The considered data indicate IFP35 as a pleiotropic factor, suggesting it as biologically relevant in the innate immunity, general pathology, and human demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system.
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13
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Madhuranga WSP, Tharuka MDN, Harasgama JC, Kwon H, Wan Q, Lee J. Immune responses, subcellular localization, and antiviral activity of interferon-induced protein 35 (IFP35) in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 123:104142. [PMID: 34044039 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-induced protein 35 kDa (IFP35) has been demonstrated to play important roles in antiviral defense, inflammatory response and cancer progression. However, its precise function in teleost fish remains to be elucidated. Herein, we functionally characterized the rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) IFP35 (OfIFP35) to understand its expression pattern, subcellular localization, antiviral activity, and regulation of downstream genes. OfIFP35 consists of an 1107 bp open reading frame encoding 368 amino acids, including two N-myc-interactor (Nmi)/IFP35 domains (NIDs). The predicted molecular weight of OfIFP35 was 42 kDa, with a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 5.10. Evolutionary conservation of IFP35 was analyzed using multiple, pairwise alignments and phylogenetic tree analysis. OfIFP35 in rock bream was found to be highest expressed in the gills. Immune challenges with iridovirus, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, lipopolysaccharide, and live bacteria (Streptococcus iniae and Edwardsiella tarda) significantly upregulated its mRNA expression in gill and liver tissues of the rock bream. GFP-tagged OfIFP35 was localized in the cytoplasm of FHM cells, and its overexpression significantly suppressed VHSV transcription in vitro. Moreover, the analysis of downstream gene expression revealed that OfIFP35 could activate the type I interferon pathway. Collectively, these findings indicate that OfIFP35 is important for the immune system of rock bream as it promotes defense responses during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- W S P Madhuranga
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - M D Neranjan Tharuka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - J C Harasgama
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjae Kwon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Interferon Inducer IFI35 regulates RIG-I-mediated innate antiviral response through mutual antagonism with Influenza protein NS1. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00283-21. [PMID: 33692214 PMCID: PMC8139692 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00283-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) create multiple lines of defense against viral infection. Here we show that interferon induced protein 35 (IFI35) inhibits swine (H3N2) influenza virus replication by directly interacting with the viral protein NS1. IFI35 binds more preferentially to the effector domain of NS1 (128-207aa) than to the viral RNA sensor RIG-I. This promotes mutual antagonism between IFI35 and NS1, and frees RIG-I from IFI35-mediated K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation. However, IFI35 does not interact with the NS1 encoded by avian (H7N9) influenza virus, resulting in IFI35 playing an opposite virus enabling role during highly pathogenic H7N9 virus infection. Notably, replacing the 128-207aa region of NS1-H7N9 with the corresponding region of NS1-H3N2 results in the chimeric NS1 acquiring the ability to bind to and mutually antagonize IFI35. IFI35 deficient mice accordingly exhibit more resistance to lethal H7N9 infection than their wild-type control exhibit. Our data uncover a novel mechanism by which IFI35 regulates RIG-I-mediated anti-viral immunity through mutual antagonism with influenza protein NS1.IMPORTANCEIAV infection poses a global health threat, and is among the most common contagious pathogens to cause severe respiratory infections in humans and animals. ISGs play a key role in host defense against IAV infection. In line with others, we show IFI35-mediated ubiquitination of RIG-I to be involved in innate immunity. Moreover, we define a novel role of IFI35 in regulating the type I IFN pathway during IAV infection. We found that IFI35 regulates RIG-I mediated antiviral signaling by interacting with IAV-NS1. H3N2 NS1, but notably not H7N9 NS1, interacts with IFI35 and efficiently suppresses IFI35-dependent ubiquitination of RIG-I. IFI35 deficiency protected mice from H7N9 virus infection. Therefore, manipulation of the IFI35-NS1 provides a new approach for the development of anti-IAV treatments.
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15
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Jaguva Vasudevan AA, Becker D, Luedde T, Gohlke H, Münk C. Foamy Viruses, Bet, and APOBEC3 Restriction. Viruses 2021; 13:504. [PMID: 33803830 PMCID: PMC8003144 DOI: 10.3390/v13030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHP) are an important source of viruses that can spillover to humans and, after adaptation, spread through the host population. Whereas HIV-1 and HTLV-1 emerged as retroviral pathogens in humans, a unique class of retroviruses called foamy viruses (FV) with zoonotic potential are occasionally detected in bushmeat hunters or zookeepers. Various FVs are endemic in numerous mammalian natural hosts, such as primates, felines, bovines, and equines, and other animals, but not in humans. They are apathogenic, and significant differences exist between the viral life cycles of FV and other retroviruses. Importantly, FVs replicate in the presence of many well-defined retroviral restriction factors such as TRIM5α, BST2 (Tetherin), MX2, and APOBEC3 (A3). While the interaction of A3s with HIV-1 is well studied, the escape mechanisms of FVs from restriction by A3 is much less explored. Here we review the current knowledge of FV biology, host restriction factors, and FV-host interactions with an emphasis on the consequences of FV regulatory protein Bet binding to A3s and outline crucial open questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Ayyappan Jaguva Vasudevan
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Daniel Becker
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.B.); (H.G.)
| | - Tom Luedde
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (D.B.); (H.G.)
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre & Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Carsten Münk
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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16
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Wang B, Zhou M, Lin Y, Ma Y, Cao H. TBK1 regulates the induction of innate immune response against GCRV by phosphorylating IRF3 in rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:103883. [PMID: 33045274 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus), a small cyprinid species that is highly sensitive to the grass carp reovirus (GCRV), is regarded as an ideal model to study the mechanisms of innate immunity in fish. In the present study, a TBK1 homologue from rare minnow (GrTBK1) was identified and its roles in defence against viral infection were investigated. Sequence analysis showed that GrTBK1 encoded a 727-amino acid peptide which shared 98% and 72% identity to the black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) and human (Homo sapiens) orthologues, respectively. The amino acid sequence analysis demonstrated that GrTBK1 contains a conserved Serine/Threonine protein kinases catalytic domain (S_TKc) at the N-terminus. Furthermore, cellular distribution proved that GrTBK1 was located in the cytoplasm region. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that GrTBK1 was ubiquitously expressed in all examined organs, but especially highly in liver. Temporal expression analysis in vivo showed that the expression levels of GrTBK1 were obviously up-regulated in response to GCRV infection. Meanwhile, qRT-PCR assay revealed that the levels of S7 RNA, an important segment of GCRV genome, were higher in the liver than in other tissues. This indicates that GrTBK1 might play a crucial role in responses to GCRV infection in fish. In addition, GrTBK1 activated several type I interferon (IFN) promoters and induced the expression of downstream type I IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Furthermore, GrTBK1 obviously phosphorylated the interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Furthermore, overexpression of GrTBK1 remarkably decreased the GCRV proliferation. In summary, we systematically characterized GrTBK1 and illustrated its role in the innate immune response to GCRV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Man Zhou
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yusheng Lin
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuegang Ma
- Chongqing Fishery Sciences Research Institute, Chongqing, 400020, China
| | - Hong Cao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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17
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Li L, Chen SN, Li N, Nie P. Transcriptional and subcellular characterization of interferon induced protein-35 (IFP35) in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:103877. [PMID: 33007334 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) exert multiple functions in immune system, and IFN-induced protein 35 (IFP35), which is a member of ISG, has been suggested to be involved in numerous cellular activities including the regulation of antiviral immunity in mammals. However, the role of IFP35 in fish innate immunity remains largely unknown. In the present study, we characterized the IFP35 gene in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi, which contains two conserved Nmi/IFP35 homology domains (NIDs) at C-terminus, but no leucine zipper motif, with its genomic DNA sequence consisting of eight exons and seven introns. High and constitutive mRNA level of IFP35 was observed in all examined tissues, with the highest level being observed in gills. Moreover, the IFP35 gene was significantly induced in vivo for 120 h following the infection of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), and its mRNA and protein level was also significantly induced in vitro following the treatment of poly I:C, IFNh, IFNc, as well as IFN-γ. The subcellular localization results indicated that exogenous IFP35 protein was mainly located in cytoplasm, while endogenous IFP35 protein was transferred into, or aggregated around, the nucleus with the induction of poly I:C or IFNs. The dual luciferase activity analysis indicated that the IFP35 promoter was activated by type I and type II IFNs through ISRE site. It is considered that IFP35 in fish is involved in antiviral, as well as in IFN-induced innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - P Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, and Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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18
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Cheng K, Ma C, Guo X, Huang Y, Tang R, Karrow NA, Wang C. Vitamin D 3 modulates yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) immune function in vivo and in vitro and this involves the vitamin D 3/VDR-type I interferon axis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:103644. [PMID: 32061641 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 (VD3) has been shown to regulate immune function in mammals. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin (1,25(OH)2D3) is the active form of vitamin D3, which is also known as calcitriol. The current study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the innate immune response of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) after in vivo and in vitro immune challenge. The in vivo results showed that increasing dietary vitamin D3 decreased mortality, enhanced the immune protective rate, and increased serum lysozyme, catalase and SOD activities in yellow catfish infected with Edwardsiella Ictaluri (p < 0.05). The in vitro results showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 (0, 1, 10, 100, 200 pM) dose-dependently attenuated the rate of apoptosis and production or reactive oxygen species and increased the phagocytic activity of head kidney macrophages stimulated with 10 mg/L lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 100 mg/L of Poly(I:C) (p < 0.05). Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that increasing dietary vitamin D3 content in vivo and increasing the level of 1,25(OH)2D3in vitro partially regulated the expression of VD3/VDR-type I interferon axis genes (vdr, irf-3, ifn-a, jak1, stat1, ifi56 and ifp35) after immune challenge. These results indicated that vitamin D3 content helped yellow catfish to resist oxidative stress and inflammation caused by immune challenge, and immunomodulation involved the VD3/VDR-type I interferon action axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cheng
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunsong Ma
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xun Guo
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanqing Huang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, 200090, China.
| | - Rong Tang
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Niel A Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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19
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Materniak-Kornas M, Tan J, Heit-Mondrzyk A, Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Löchelt M. Bovine Foamy Virus: Shared and Unique Molecular Features In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2019; 11:E1084. [PMID: 31766538 PMCID: PMC6950176 DOI: 10.3390/v11121084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The retroviral subfamily of Spumaretrovirinae consists of five genera of foamy (spuma) viruses (FVs) that are endemic in some mammalian hosts [1]. Closely related species may be susceptible to the same or highly related FVs. FVs are not known to induce overt disease and thus do not pose medical problems to humans and livestock or companion animals. A robust lab animal model is not available or is a lab animal a natural host of a FV. Due to this, research is limited and often focused on the simian FVs with their well-established zoonotic potential. The authors of this review and their groups have conducted several studies on bovine FV (BFV) in the past with the intention of (i) exploring the risk of zoonotic infection via beef and raw cattle products, (ii) studying a co-factorial role of BFV in different cattle diseases with unclear etiology, (iii) exploring unique features of FV molecular biology and replication strategies in non-simian FVs, and (iv) conducting animal studies and functional virology in BFV-infected calves as a model for corresponding studies in primates or small lab animals. These studies gained new insights into FV-host interactions, mechanisms of gene expression, and transcriptional regulation, including miRNA biology, host-directed restriction of FV replication, spread and distribution in the infected animal, and at the population level. The current review attempts to summarize these findings in BFV and tries to connect them to findings from other FVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
| | - Anke Heit-Mondrzyk
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Core Facility Omics IT and Data Management, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.-M.); (A.H.-W.)
| | - Agnes Hotz-Wagenblatt
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Core Facility Omics IT and Data Management, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (A.H.-M.); (A.H.-W.)
| | - Martin Löchelt
- German Cancer Research Center DKFZ, Program Infection, Inflammation and Cancer, Div. Viral Transformation Mechanisms, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Lnc-RP5 Regulates the miR-129-5p/Notch1/PFV Internal Promoter Axis to Promote the Expression of the Prototype Foamy Virus Transactivator Tas. Virol Sin 2019; 35:73-82. [PMID: 31637632 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prototype foamy virus (PFV) is a unique retrovirus that infects animals and humans and does not cause clinical symptoms. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are believed to exert multiple regulatory functions during viral infections. Previously, we utilized RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to characterize and identify the lncRNA lnc-RP5-1086D14.3.1-1:1 (lnc-RP5), which is markedly decreased in PFV-infected cells. However, little is known about the function of lnc-RP5 during PFV infection. In this study, we identified lnc-RP5 as a regulator of the PFV transcriptional transactivator (Tas). Lnc-RP5 enhanced the activity of the PFV internal promoter (IP). The expression of PFV Tas was found to be promoted by lnc-RP5. Moreover, miR-129-5p was found to be involved in the lnc-RP5-mediated promotion of PFV IP activity, while the Notch1 protein suppressed the activity of PFV IP and the expression of Tas. Our results demonstrate that lnc-RP5 promotes the expression of PFV Tas through the miR-129-5p/Notch1/PFV IP axis. This work provides evidence that host lncRNAs can manipulate PFV replication by employing miRNAs and proteins during an early viral infection.
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21
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Xu S, Yang W, Yuan P, Yan J, Tang Y, Zheng Y, Li Z, Sun Y, Han S, Yin J, Peng B, He X, Pan Q, Liu W. The Long-Noncoding RNA lnc-NONH Enhances the Early Transcription of Prototype Foamy Virus Via Upregulating Expression of miR-34c-5p and Tas Protein. Intervirology 2019; 62:156-163. [PMID: 31430761 DOI: 10.1159/000502038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prototype foamy virus (PFV) is a complex and unique retrovirus with the longest genome among the retroviruses and is used as a vector for gene therapies. The viral Tas protein transactivates the viral long terminal repeat promoter and is required for viral replication. We have utilized RNA sequencing to identify and characterize the long-noncoding RNA NONHSAG000101 (lnc-NONH), which markedly increases in PFV-infected cells. However, little is known about the function of lnc-NONH. OBJECTIVES We aim to explore the role of lnc-NONH during PFV infection. METHODS To assess the lnc-NONH role during PFV infection, the siRNAs were used to silence the lnc-NONH expression. The microRNA (miRNA) mimic and inhibitor were employed to explore the function of lnc-NONH-related miRNA miR-34c-5p. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and Western blotting were applied to measure the mRNA and protein levels of PFV transactivator Tas. Luciferase assay was used to determine the transcriptional activity of the PFV unique internal promoter (IP). RESULTS lnc-NONH promotes the expression of PFV Tas and miR-34c-5p. The interaction between lnc-NONH and miR-34c-5p enhances the transcriptional activity of the PFV IP. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, we report a novel mechanism for the lnc-NONH-mediated upregulation of Tas expression. Our findings contribute to the understanding of regulatory network of Tas expression and PFV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Allergy, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqiong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Peipei Yuan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinglian Tang
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingcheng Zheng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Song Han
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Pan
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Red Blood Cells from Rainbow Trout Challenged with VHSV Point Towards Novel Immunomodulant Targets. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030063. [PMID: 31324030 PMCID: PMC6789484 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost red blood cells (RBCs) are nucleated and therefore can propagate cellular responses to exogenous stimuli. RBCs can mount an immune response against a variety of fish viruses, including the viral septicemia hemorrhagic virus (VHSV), which is one of the most prevalent fish viruses resulting in aquaculture losses. In this work, RBCs from blood and head kidney samples of rainbow trout challenged with VHSV were analyzed via transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. We detected an overrepresentation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the type I interferon response and signaling in RBCs from the head kidney and related to complement activation in RBCs from blood. Antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen was overrepresented in RBCs from both tissues. DEGs shared by both tissues showed an opposite expression profile. In summary, this work has demonstrated that teleost RBCs can modulate the immune response during an in vivo viral infection, thus implicating RBCs as cell targets for the development of novel immunomodulants.
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23
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ITRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Proteome Profiles of Primary Duck Embryo Fibroblast Cells Infected with Duck Tembusu Virus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1582709. [PMID: 30809531 PMCID: PMC6369498 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1582709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) have caused substantial economic losses in the major duck-producing regions of China since 2010. To improve our understanding of the host cellular responses to virus infection and the pathogenesis of DTMUV infection, we applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling coupled with multidimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to detect the protein changes in duck embryo fibroblast cells (DEFs) infected and mock-infected with DTMUV. In total, 434 cellular proteins were differentially expressed, among which 116, 76, and 339 proteins were differentially expressed in the DTMUV-infected DEFs at 12, 24, and 42 hours postinfection, respectively. The Gene Ontology analysis indicated that the biological processes of the differentially expressed proteins were primarily related to cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulation, response to stimulus, and cellular organismal processes and that the molecular functions in which the differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved were binding and catalytic activity. Some selected proteins that were found to be differentially expressed in DTMUV-infected DEFs were further confirmed by real-time PCR. The results of this study provide valuable insight into DTMUV-host interactions. This could lead to a better understanding of DTMUV infection mechanisms.
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24
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Jian D, Wang W, Zhou X, Jia Z, Wang J, Yang M, Zhao W, Jiang Z, Hu X, Zhu J. Interferon-induced protein 35 inhibits endothelial cell proliferation, migration and re-endothelialization of injured arteries by inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B pathway. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 223:e13037. [PMID: 29350881 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Endothelial recovery, or re-endothelialization, plays an important role in intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis after endothelial injury. Studying the mechanisms of re-endothelialization and strategies to promote efficient endothelial recovery are still needed. Interferon-induced protein 35 (IFI35) is an IFN-γ-induced protein that plays important roles in the antivirus-related immune-inflammatory response. In this study, we tested whether overexpression IFI35 affects the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells (ECs) and re-endothelialization. METHODS Wire injury of the carotid artery was induced in C57BL/6 mice, which was followed by IFI35 or null adenovirus transduction. Evans blue staining and HE staining were performed to evaluate the re-endothelialization rate and neointima formation. In vitro studies, primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were transfected with Ad-IFI35 or siRNA-IFI35 to evaluate its potential roles in cell proliferation and migration. Furthermore, the potential mechanism relating inhibition of NF-κB/p65 pathway was elaborated by luciferase assay and IFI35 domain deletion assay. RESULTS In IFI35 adenovirus-transduced mice, the re-endothelialization rates at days 3, 7 were significantly reduced compared to those in null adenovirus-transduced mice (5% and 35%, vs 20% and 50%, respectively). Meanwhile, subsequent neointimal hyperplasia was obviously increased in IFI35 adenovirus-transduced mice. In vitro studies further indicated that IFI35 inhibits both EC proliferation and migration by inhibiting the NF-κB/p65 pathway. Subsequent studies demonstrated that IFI35 functionally interacted with Nmi through its NID1 domain and that knock-down of Nmi significantly mitigated the inhibitory effect of IFI35 on EC proliferation and migration. CONCLUSION Our study revealed a novel mechanism through which IFI35 affects the proliferation and migration of ECs as well as neointima formation, specifically through inhibition of the NF-κB/p65 pathway. Thus, IFI35 is a promising target for the prevention and treatment of post-injury vascular intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Jian
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - W. Wang
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - X. Zhou
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Z. Jia
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - J. Wang
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - M. Yang
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - W. Zhao
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Z. Jiang
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - X. Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - J. Zhu
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital; School of Medicine; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
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25
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Michalska A, Blaszczyk K, Wesoly J, Bluyssen HAR. A Positive Feedback Amplifier Circuit That Regulates Interferon (IFN)-Stimulated Gene Expression and Controls Type I and Type II IFN Responses. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1135. [PMID: 29892288 PMCID: PMC5985295 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-I and IFN-II both induce IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression through Janus kinase (JAK)-dependent phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 and STAT2. STAT1 homodimers, known as γ-activated factor (GAF), activate transcription in response to all types of IFNs by direct binding to IFN-II activation site (γ-activated sequence)-containing genes. Association of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 9 with STAT1–STAT2 heterodimers [known as interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3)] or with STAT2 homodimers (STAT2/IRF9) in response to IFN-I, redirects these complexes to a distinct group of target genes harboring the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE). Similarly, IRF1 regulates expression of ISGs in response to IFN-I and IFN-II by directly binding the ISRE or IRF-responsive element. In addition, evidence is accumulating for an IFN-independent and -dependent role of unphosphorylated STAT1 and STAT2, with or without IRF9, and IRF1 in basal as well as long-term ISG expression. This review provides insight into the existence of an intracellular amplifier circuit regulating ISG expression and controlling long-term cellular responsiveness to IFN-I and IFN-II. The exact timely steps that take place during IFN-activated feedback regulation and the control of ISG transcription and long-term cellular responsiveness to IFN-I and IFN-II is currently not clear. Based on existing literature and our novel data, we predict the existence of a multifaceted intracellular amplifier circuit that depends on unphosphorylated and phosphorylated ISGF3 and GAF complexes and IRF1. In a combinatorial and timely fashion, these complexes mediate prolonged ISG expression and control cellular responsiveness to IFN-I and IFN-II. This proposed intracellular amplifier circuit also provides a molecular explanation for the existing overlap between IFN-I and IFN-II activated ISG expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Michalska
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Blaszczyk
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Joanna Wesoly
- Laboratory of High Throughput Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Hans A R Bluyssen
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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26
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Gounder AP, Yokoyama CC, Jarjour NN, Bricker TL, Edelson BT, Boon ACM. Interferon induced protein 35 exacerbates H5N1 influenza disease through the expression of IL-12p40 homodimer. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007001. [PMID: 29698474 PMCID: PMC5940246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokinemia is a hallmark of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus (IAV) disease yet little is known about the role of host proteins in modulating a pathogenic innate immune response. The host Interferon Induced Protein 35 (Ifi35) has been implicated in increased susceptibility to H5N1-IAV infection. Here, we show that Ifi35 deficiency leads to reduced morbidity in mouse models of highly pathogenic H5N1- and pandemic H1N1-IAV infection. Reduced weight loss in Ifi35-/- mice following H5N1-IAV challenge was associated with reduced cellular infiltration and decreased production of specific cytokines and chemokines including IL-12p40. Expression of Ifi35 by the hematopoietic cell compartment in bone-marrow chimeric mice contributed to increased immune cell recruitment and IL-12p40 production. In addition, Ifi35 deficient primary macrophages produce less IL-12p40 following TLR-3, TLR-4, and TLR-7 stimulation in vitro. Decreased levels of IL-12p40 and its homodimer, IL-12p80, were found in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of H5N1-IAV infected Ifi35 deficient mice. Specific antibody blockade of IL-12p80 ameliorated weight loss and reduced cellular infiltration following H5N1-IAV infection in wild-type mice; suggesting that increased levels of IL-12p80 alters the immune response to promote inflammation and IAV disease. These data establish a role for Ifi35 in modulating cytokine production and exacerbating inflammation during IAV infection. Highly pathogenic influenza A viruses (IAV) are an important human pathogen that cause high mortality and can acquire the ability to cause pandemics. Following highly pathogenic H5N1-IAV infection, exaggerated inflammatory responses are detrimental to the host and lead to more disease; tipping the balance between protection and pathology. Understanding the role of host genes that enhance inflammation will lead to the identification of therapeutic targets and treatments to help lessen severe disease. Here, we report that the deletion of an interferon induced gene, Ifi35 (interferon induced protein 35), in mice protects the host from severe morbidity following H5N1 infection. Ifi35 enhances inflammation following H5N1 infection by increasing pro-inflammatory cytokine production; notably, the cytokine IL-12p40 and its homodimer, IL-12p80. Blocking IL-12p80 in mice led to reduced weight loss following H5N1 infection. Thus, our results provide insights into the development of therapeutic agents against host factors, Ifi35 and IL-12p80, to help control inflammation and inflammatory disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshu P. Gounder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Christine C. Yokoyama
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Nicholas N. Jarjour
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Traci L. Bricker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Brian T. Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Adrianus C. M. Boon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Shao Q, Lin Z, Wu X, Tang J, Lu S, Feng D, Cheng C, Qing L, Yao K, Chen Y. Transcriptome sequencing of neurologic diseases associated genes in HHV-6A infected human astrocyte. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48070-48080. [PMID: 27344170 PMCID: PMC5217001 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) has been involved in the development of several central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and glioma. In order to identify the pathogenic mechanism of HHV-6A infection, we carried out mRNA-seq study of human astrocyte HA1800 cell with HHV-6A GS infection. Using mRNA-seq analysis of HA1800-control cells with HA1800-HHV-6A GS cells, we identified 249 differentially expressed genes. After investigating these candidate genes, we found seven genes associated with two or more CNS diseases: CTSS, PTX3, CHI3L1, Mx1, CXCL16, BIRC3, and BST2. This is the first transcriptome sequencing study which showed the significant association of these genes between HHV-6A infection and neurologic diseases. We believe that our findings can provide a new perspective to understand the pathogenic mechanism of HHV-6A infection and neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shao
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Lin
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- Genetic Data Analysis Group, Shanghai Biotechnology Corporation, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Junwei Tang
- Liver Transplantation Center of The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Lu
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongju Feng
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ci Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanqun Qing
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yao
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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Hu Y, Huang Y, Liu J, Zhang J, Qin Q, Huang X. TBK1 from orange-spotted grouper exerts antiviral activity against fish viruses and regulates interferon response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 73:92-99. [PMID: 29222027 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1) has been well studied in mammals because of its importance in type I interferon induction in antiviral immunity. However, the roles of fish TBK1 in virus infection still remained largely uncertain. In the current study, a TBK1 homolog from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) (EcTBK1) was cloned and its roles in fish viral infections were investigated. Sequence analysis showed that EcTBK1 encoded a 723-amino acid peptide which shared 98% and 73% identity to large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) and human (homo sapiens), respectively. Multiple sequence alignments indicated that EcTBK1 contained conserved domains, including N-terminal kinase domain (KD), the middle ubiquitin-like domain (ULD) and C-terminal coiled-coil (CC) domains. The tissue distribution profiles demonstrated that EcTBK1 gene was constitutively expressed in all examined tissues, with predominant expression in intestine. Temporal expression analysis in vitro showed that the expression levels of EcTBK1 were significantly up-regulated in response to both red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) and Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV) infection, suggested that EcTBK1 might exert crucial roles in fish virus infection. Subcellular localization indicated that EcTBK1 expression was primarily in the cytoplasm in GS cells. The ectopic expression of EcTBK1 significantly inhibited both SGIV and RGNNV replication. Furthermore, EcTBK1 overexpression significantly increased the expression levels of interferon related cytokines and pro-inflammatory factors. In addition, the overexpression of EcTBK1 increased the IRF3- and IRF7-regulated interferon promoter ISRE and IFN activity, and the regulatory effect on interferon immune response were dependent on its kinase domain. Together, we speculated that grouper TBK1 exerted antiviral activity against iridovirus and nodavirus via regulating the interferon immune and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Youhua Huang
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Jingcheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
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NMI and IFP35 serve as proinflammatory DAMPs during cellular infection and injury. Nat Commun 2017; 8:950. [PMID: 29038465 PMCID: PMC5643540 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00930-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) trigger innate immune response and exacerbate inflammation to combat infection and cellular damage. Identifying DAMPs and revealing their functions are thus of crucial importance. Here we report that two molecules, N-myc and STAT interactor (NMI) and interferon-induced protein 35 (IFP35) act as DAMPs and are released by activated macrophages during lipopolysaccharide-induced septic shock or acetaminophen-induced liver injury. We show that extracellular NMI and IFP35 activate macrophages to release proinflammatory cytokines by activating nuclear factor-κB through the Toll-like receptor 4 pathway. In addition, the serum levels of NMI are increased in patients who succumbed to severe inflammation. NMI deficiency reduces inflammatory responses and mortality in mouse models of sepsis and liver injury. We therefore propose that extracellular NMI and IFP35 exacerbate inflammation as DAMPs, making them potential therapeutic targets for clinical intervention.Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP) are important mediators of innate immunity. Here the authors show that N-myc and STAT interactor (NMI) and interferon-induced protein 35 (IFP35) act as DAMPs to promote inflammation by activating macrophages via the Toll-like receptor 4 and NF-κB pathways.
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Vasilevska J, De Souza GA, Stensland M, Skrastina D, Zhulenvovs D, Paplausks R, Kurena B, Kozlovska T, Zajakina A. Comparative protein profiling of B16 mouse melanoma cells susceptible and non-susceptible to alphavirus infection: Effect of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 17:1035-1050. [PMID: 27636533 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1219813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphavirus vectors are promising tools for cancer treatment. However, relevant entry mechanisms and interactions with host cells are still not clearly understood. The first step toward a more effective therapy is the identification of novel intracellular alterations that could be associated with cancer aggressiveness and could affect the therapeutic potential of these vectors. In this study, we observed that alphaviruses efficiently infected B16 mouse melanoma tumors/tumor cells in vivo, whereas their transduction efficiency in B16 cells under in vitro conditions was blocked. Therefore, we further aimed to understand the mechanisms pertaining to the differential transduction efficacy of alphaviruses in B16 tumor cells under varying growth conditions. We hypothesized that the tumor microenvironment might alter gene expression in B16 cells, leading to an up-regulation of the expression of virus-binding receptors or factors associated with virus entry and replication. To test our hypothesis, we performed a proteomics analysis of B16 cells cultured in vitro and of B16 cells isolated from tumors, and we identified 277 differentially regulated proteins. A further in-depth analysis to identify the biological and molecular functions of the detected proteins revealed a set of candidate genes that could affect virus infectivity. Importantly, we observed a decrease in the expression of interferon α (IFN-α) in tumor-isolated cells that resulted in the suppression of several IFN-regulated genes, thereby abrogating host cell antiviral defense. Additionally, differences in the expression of genes that regulate cytoskeletal organization caused significant alterations in cell membrane elasticity. Taken together, our findings demonstrated favorable intracellular conditions for alphavirus transduction/replication that occurred during tumor transformation. These results pave the way for optimizing the development of strategies for the application of alphaviral vectors as a potent cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Vasilevska
- a Department of Protein Engineering , Biomedical Research and Study Center , Riga , Latvia
| | | | - Maria Stensland
- b Department of Immunology , Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Dace Skrastina
- a Department of Protein Engineering , Biomedical Research and Study Center , Riga , Latvia
| | - Dmitry Zhulenvovs
- a Department of Protein Engineering , Biomedical Research and Study Center , Riga , Latvia
| | | | - Baiba Kurena
- a Department of Protein Engineering , Biomedical Research and Study Center , Riga , Latvia
| | - Tatjana Kozlovska
- a Department of Protein Engineering , Biomedical Research and Study Center , Riga , Latvia
| | - Anna Zajakina
- a Department of Protein Engineering , Biomedical Research and Study Center , Riga , Latvia
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Perera NCN, Godahewa GI, Nam BH, Lee J. Molecular structure and immune-stimulated transcriptional modulation of the first teleostean IFP35 counterpart from rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 56:496-505. [PMID: 27514784 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) and IFN-inducible proteins play numerous physiological roles, particularly in antiviral defense mechanisms of the innate immune response with the presence of pathogens. IFN-induced protein-35 kDa (IFP35) is induced by Type II IFN (IFN-γ); it is a cytoplasmic protein that can be translocated to the nucleus via the stimulation of IFN. In this study, we report the complete molecular characterization of the IFP35 cDNA sequence from the black rockfish in an effort to understand its role in the immune response. The coding sequence of RfIFP35 encoded a putative peptide of 371 amino acids containing two characteristic Nmi/IFP 35 domains (NIDs), which are highly conserved among its counterparts. The protein showed a molecular mass of 42.2 kDa with a theoretical pI of 5.05 and was predicted to be unstable because of its high instability index (49.37). Therefore, the protein-protein interaction is essential for its stability, which may be facilitated by the intrinsically disordered regions in this protein. According to cellular location prediction, the RfIFP35 protein is cytosolic. Phylogenetic analysis showed that RfIFP35 was cladded within the fish counterparts. Tissue distribution profiling revealed a ubiquitous presence of the protein in all examined tissues, with highest expression in the blood followed by the spleen tissues. The expression of RfIFP35 during immune challenge with poly I:C and lipopolysaccharide treatments affirms its putative importance in the first-line host defense system. RfIFN-γ mRNA was significantly expressed at 6 h p.i. in blood and 3 h p.i. in the spleen following treatment with different immune stimulants, and its expression was higher compared to that of RfIFP35 mRNA. Therefore, the modulation patterns of both RfIFP35 and RfIFN-γ suggest that RfIFP35 may be induced by RfIFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C N Perera
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - G I Godahewa
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Nam
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Rua R, Gessain A. Origin, evolution and innate immune control of simian foamy viruses in humans. Curr Opin Virol 2015; 10:47-55. [PMID: 25698621 PMCID: PMC7185842 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Simian foamy viruses (SFV) are transmitted to humans after contact, mainly bites, with infected monkeys and apes. Contexts of transmission include mainly hunting activities and monkeys’ sympatry. In humans, active immune response probably explains SFV latency in blood and saliva. It is a model of restriction of retroviral emergence after cross-species transmission.
Most viral pathogens that have emerged in humans have originated from various animal species. Emergence is a multistep process involving an initial spill-over of the infectious agent into single individuals and its subsequent dissemination into the human population. Similar to simian immunodeficiency viruses and simian T lymphotropic viruses, simian foamy viruses (SFV) are retroviruses that are widespread among non-human primates and can be transmitted to humans, giving rise to a persistent infection, which seems to be controlled in the case of SFV. In this review, we present current data on the discovery, cross-species transmission, and molecular evolution of SFV in human populations initially infected and thus at risk for zoonotic emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rejane Rua
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France; CNRS, UMR369, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Cellule Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France; CNRS, UMR369, 28 Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
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Zheng W, Li X, Wang J, Li X, Cao H, Wang Y, Zeng Q, Zheng SJ. A critical role of interferon-induced protein IFP35 in the type I interferon response in cells induced by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) protein 2C. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2925-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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N-Myc interactor inhibits prototype foamy virus by sequestering viral Tas protein in the cytoplasm. J Virol 2014; 88:7036-44. [PMID: 24719420 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00799-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Foamy viruses (FVs) are complex retroviruses that establish lifelong persistent infection without evident pathology. However, the roles of cellular factors in FV latency are poorly understood. This study revealed that N-Myc interactor (Nmi) could inhibit the replication of prototype foamy virus (PFV). Overexpression of Nmi reduced PFV replication, whereas its depletion by small interfering RNA increased PFV replication. The Nmi-mediated impairment of PFV replication resulted from the diminished transactivation by PFV Tas of the viral long terminal repeat (LTR) and an internal promoter (IP). Nmi was determined to interact with Tas and abrogate its function by sequestration in the cytoplasm. In addition, human and bovine Nmi proteins were found to inhibit the replication of bovine foamy virus (BFV) and PFV. Together, these results indicate that Nmi inhibits both human and bovine FVs by interfering with the transactivation function of Tas and may have a role in the host defense against FV infection. IMPORTANCE From this study, we report that the N-Myc interactor (Nmi), an interferon-induced protein, can interact with the regulatory protein Tas of the prototype foamy virus and sequester it in the cytoplasm. The results of this study suggest that Nmi plays an important role in maintaining foamy virus latency and may reveal a new pathway in the interferon-mediated antiviral barrier against viruses. These findings are important for understanding virus-host relationships not only with FVs but potentially for other retroviruses as well.
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Bing T, Wu K, Cui X, Shao P, Zhang Q, Bai X, Tan J, Qiao W. Identification and functional characterization of Bet protein as a negative regulator of BFV3026 replication. Virus Genes 2014; 48:464-73. [PMID: 24615636 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Foamy virus (FV) establishes persistent infection in the host without causing apparent disease. Besides the transactivator Tas protein, another auxiliary protein--Bet--has been reported in prototype foamy virus, equine foamy virus, and feline foamy virus. Here, we found the putative bbet gene in clone C74 from a cDNA library of bovine foamy virus strain 3026 (BFV3026) by comparison of gene localization, composition, and splicing features with other known bet genes. Subsequently, BBet protein was detected in BFV3026-infected cells by Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses. Analysis of the BBet mutant infectious clone (pBS-BFVdelBBet) revealed that BBet could inhibit BFV3026 replication. Consistent with this result, overexpression of BBet in Cf2Th cells reduced BFV replication by approximately threefold. Furthermore, virus replication levels similarly were reduced by approximately threefold in pBS-BFV-transfected and BFV3026-infected Cf2Th cells stably expressing BBet compared with control cells. After three passages, BFV3026 replicated more slowly in BBet-expressing cells. This study implicates BBet as a negative regulator of BFV replication and provides a resource for future studies on the function of this protein in the virus lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiejun Bing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Das A, Dinh PX, Panda D, Pattnaik AK. Interferon-inducible protein IFI35 negatively regulates RIG-I antiviral signaling and supports vesicular stomatitis virus replication. J Virol 2014; 88:3103-13. [PMID: 24371060 PMCID: PMC3957919 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03202-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In a genome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen, we recently identified the interferon (IFN)-inducible protein 35 (IFI35; also known as IFP35) as a factor required for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. Studies reported here were conducted to further understand the role and requirement of IFI35 in VSV infection. Consistent with the siRNA screening data, we found that depletion of IFI35 led to reduced VSV replication at the level of viral gene expression. Although no direct interaction of IFI35 with the viral replication machinery was observed, we found that IFI35 negatively regulated the host innate immune response and rescued poly(I·C)-induced inhibition of VSV replication. Promoter-driven reporter gene assays demonstrated that IFI35 overexpression suppressed the activation of IFN-β and ISG56 promoters, whereas its depletion had the opposite effect. Further investigation revealed that IFI35 specifically interacted with retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and negatively regulated its activation through mechanisms that included (i) suppression of dephosphorylation (activation) of RIG-I and (ii) proteasome-mediated degradation of RIG-I via K48-linked ubiquitination. Overall, the results presented here suggest a novel role for IFI35 in negative regulation of RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling, which will have implications for diseases associated with excessive immune signaling. IMPORTANCE Mammalian cells employ a variety of mechanisms, including production of interferons (IFNs), to counteract invading pathogens. In this study, we identified a novel role for a cellular protein, IFN-inducible protein 35 (IFP35/IFI35), in negatively regulating the host IFN response during vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection. Specifically, we found that IFI35 inhibited activation of the RNA sensor, the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), leading to inhibition of IFN production and thus resulting in better replication of VSV. The identification of a cellular factor that attenuates the IFN response will have implications toward understanding inflammatory diseases in humans that have been found to be associated with defects in the regulation of host IFN production, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Das
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Phat X. Dinh
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Debasis Panda
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Asit K. Pattnaik
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Small activating RNA restores the activity of the tumor suppressor HIC-1 on breast cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86486. [PMID: 24489730 PMCID: PMC3904905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIC-1 is a gene that is hypermethylated in cancer, and commonly downregulated in human breast cancer. However, the precise mechanisms and molecular pathways regulated by HIC-1 remain unclear. We assessed HIC-1 expression on a tissue microarray containing 80 cases of breast cancer. We also analyzed its biological function by restoring HIC-1 expression using 5-aza-2′ deoxycytidine (5-CdR) and small-activating RNAs for the reversal of HIC-1 tumor suppressive effects on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. An Agilent Q44h global expressing microarray was probed after restoring the expression of HIC-1. Data demonstrated that HIC-1 expression was reduced significantly in breast cancer tissues. HIC-1 immunohistochemistry resulted in mean staining scores in cancer tissue and normal ductal epithelia of 3.54 and 8.2, respectively (p<0.01). 5-CdR partially reversed HIC-1 expression, and modulated cell growth and apoptosis. dsHIC1-2998, an saRNA, showed activating efficacy in breast cancer cells. A group of differentially expressed genes were characterized by cDNA microarray. Upon saRNA treatment, genes upregulated included those involved in immune activation, cell cycle interference, the induction of apoptosis, anti-metastasis, and cell differentiation. Downregulated genes included oncogenes and those that play roles in cell invasion, cell growth, and cell division. Our findings may provide valuable resources not only for gene functional studies, but also for potential clinical applications to develop novel drug targets.
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Dynamic changes in mucus thickness and ion secretion during Citrobacter rodentium infection and clearance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84430. [PMID: 24386378 PMCID: PMC3875541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is an attaching and effacing pathogen used as a murine model for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. The mucus layers are a complex matrix of molecules, and mucus swelling, hydration and permeability are affected by many factors, including ion composition. Here, we used the C. rodentium model to investigate mucus dynamics during infection. By measuring the mucus layer thickness in tissue explants during infection, we demonstrated that the thickness changes dynamically during the course of infection and that its thickest stage coincides with the start of a decrease of bacterial density at day 14 after infection. Although quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated that mucin mRNA increases during early infection, the increased mucus layer thickness late in infection was not explained by increased mRNA levels. Proteomic analysis of mucus did not demonstrate the appearance of additional mucins, but revealed an increased number of proteins involved in defense responses. Ussing chamber-based electrical measurements demonstrated that ion secretion was dynamically altered during the infection phases. Furthermore, the bicarbonate ion channel Bestrophin-2 mRNA nominally increased, whereas the Cftr mRNA decreased during the late infection clearance phase. Microscopy of Muc2 immunostained tissues suggested that the inner striated mucus layer present in the healthy colon was scarce during the time point of most severe infection (10 days post infection), but then expanded, albeit with a less structured appearance, during the expulsion phase. Together with previously published literature, the data implies a model for clearance where a change in secretion allows reformation of the mucus layer, displacing the pathogen to the outer mucus layer, where it is then outcompeted by the returning commensal flora. In conclusion, mucus and ion secretion are dynamically altered during the C. rodentium infection cycle.
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Wu X, Wang S, Yu Y, Zhang J, Sun Z, Yan Y, Zhou J. Subcellular proteomic analysis of human host cells infected with H3N2 swine influenza virus. Proteomics 2013; 13:3309-26. [PMID: 24115376 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cross-species transmissions of swine influenza viruses (SIVs) raise great public health concerns. In this study, subcellular proteomic profiles of human A549 cells inoculated with H3N2 subtype SIV were used to characterize dynamic cellular responses to infection. By 2DE and MS, 27 differentially expressed (13 upregulated, 14 downregulated) cytoplasmic proteins and 20 differentially expressed (13 upregulated, 7 downregulated) nuclear proteins were identified. Gene ontology analysis suggested that these differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved in cell death, stress response, lipid metabolism, cell signaling, and RNA PTMs. Moreover, 25 corresponding genes of the differentially expressed proteins were quantitated by real time RT-PCR to examine the transcriptional profiles between mock- and virus-infected A549 cells. Western blot analysis confirmed that changes in abundance of identified cellular proteins heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) U, hnRNP C, ALDH1A1, tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, IFI35, and HSPB1 in H3N2 SIV-infected cells were consistent with results of 2DE analysis. By confocal microscopy, nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation of hnRNP C and colocalization between the viral nonstructural protein 1 and hnRNP C as well as N-myc (and STAT) interactor were observed upon infection. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis revealed that cellular proteins altered during infection were grouped mainly into NFκB and interferon signaling networks. Collectively, these identified subcellular constituents provide an important framework for understanding host/SIV interactions and underlying mechanisms of SIV cross-species infection and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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IFNβ-dependent increases in STAT1, STAT2, and IRF9 mediate resistance to viruses and DNA damage. EMBO J 2013; 32:2751-63. [PMID: 24065129 PMCID: PMC3801437 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A single high dose of interferon-β (IFNβ) activates powerful cellular responses, in which many anti-viral, pro-apoptotic, and anti-proliferative proteins are highly expressed. Since some of these proteins are deleterious, cells downregulate this initial response rapidly. However, the expression of many anti-viral proteins that do no harm is sustained, prolonging a substantial part of the initial anti-viral response for days and also providing resistance to DNA damage. While the transcription factor ISGF3 (IRF9 and tyrosine-phosphorylated STATs 1 and 2) drives the first rapid response phase, the related factor un-phosphorylated ISGF3 (U-ISGF3), formed by IFNβ-induced high levels of IRF9 and STATs 1 and 2 without tyrosine phosphorylation, drives the second prolonged response. The U-ISGF3-induced anti-viral genes that show prolonged expression are driven by distinct IFN stimulated response elements (ISREs). Continuous exposure of cells to a low level of IFNβ, often seen in cancers, leads to steady-state increased expression of only the U-ISGF3-dependent proteins, with no sustained increase in other IFNβ-induced proteins, and to constitutive resistance to DNA damage. IFNβ induces the formation of a novel transcriptional complex, U-ISGF3, which contains un-phosphorylated STATs. U-ISGF3 regulates the expression of a subset of IFNβ-stimulated genes to promote resistance to virus infection and DNA damage.
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Wang J, Yang B, Hu Y, Zheng Y, Zhou H, Wang Y, Ma Y, Mao K, Yang L, Lin G, Ji Y, Wu X, Sun B. Negative regulation of Nmi on virus-triggered type I IFN production by targeting IRF7. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3393-9. [PMID: 23956435 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection causes host cells to produce type I IFNs, which play a critical role in viral clearance. IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 7 is the master regulator of type I IFN-dependent immune responses. In this article, we report that N-Myc and STATs interactor (Nmi), a Sendai virus-inducible protein, interacted with IRF7 and inhibited virus-triggered type I IFN production. The overexpression of Nmi inhibited the Sendai virus-triggered induction of type I IFNs, whereas the knockdown of Nmi promoted IFN production. Furthermore, the enhanced production of IFNs resulting from Nmi knockdown was sufficient to protect cells from infection by vesicular stomatitis virus. In addition, Nmi was found to promote the K48-linked ubiquitination of IRF7 and the proteasome-dependent degradation of this protein. Finally, an impairment of antiviral responses is also detectable in Nmi-transgenic mice. These findings suggest that Nmi is a negative regulator of the virus-triggered induction of type I IFNs that targets IRF7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
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Lee MS, Kim B, Lee SM, Cho WC, Lee WB, Kang JS, Choi UY, Lyu J, Kim YJ. Genome-wide profiling of in vivo LPS-responsive genes in splenic myeloid cells. Mol Cells 2013; 35:498-513. [PMID: 23666259 PMCID: PMC3887871 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-2349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major causative agent of bacterial sepsis, has been used by many laboratories in genome-wide expression profiling of the LPS response. However, these studies have predominantly used in vitro cultured macrophages (Macs), which may not accurately reflect the LPS response of these innate immune cells in vivo. To overcome this limitation and to identify inflammatory genes in vivo, we have profiled genome-wide expression patterns in non-lymphoid, splenic myeloid cells extracted directly from LPS-treated mice. Genes encoding factors known to be involved in mediating or regulating inflammatory processes, such as cytokines and chemokines, as well as many genes whose immunological functions are not well known, were strongly induced by LPS after 3 h or 8 h of treatment. Most of the highly LPS-responsive genes that we randomly selected from the microarray data were independently confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR, implying that our microarray data are quite reliable. When our in vivo data were compared to previously reported microarray data for in vitro LPS-treated Macs, a significant proportion (∼20%) of the in vivo LPS-responsive genes defined in this study were specific to cells exposed to LPS in vivo, but a larger proportion of them (∼60%) were influenced by LPS in both in vitro and in vivo settings. This result indicates that our in vivo LPS-responsive gene set includes not only previously identified in vitro LPS-responsive genes but also novel LPS-responsive genes. Both types of genes would be a valuable resource in the future for understanding inflammatory responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Sup Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Byungil Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Sun-Min Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Woo-Cheul Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Wook-Bin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Un Yung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Jaemyun Lyu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, World Class University, Yonsei University, Seoul 120–749,
Korea
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HIV-1 Vpr activates both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathway by enhancing the phosphorylation of IKKα/β. Virology 2013; 439:47-56. [PMID: 23453579 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) Vpr plays an essential role in viral replication. A number of studies have reported that Vpr modulates the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. Yet, the reported effects of Vpr on NF-κB signaling are controversial. In this study, we investigate the interplay between Vpr and NF-κB pathway. We discover that HIV-1 infection elevates the phosphorylation of IκBα and p100, and that this increase is greatly reduced when a Vpr-negative HIV-1 is used for infection. Our data further show that Vpr regulates the activity of IKKα/β through interactions. In addition, Vpr modulates the phosphorylation of p65 and p100, suggesting that Vpr activates both canonical and noncanonical NF-κB pathway. Knock down of endogenous IKKα/β result in a decrease in Vpr-mediated NF-κB and HIV-1 LTR activation. Given that Vpr is present in HIV-1 particles, our data suggest that Vpr activates the NF-κB pathway immediately after HIV-1 entry.
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Interferon-γ upregulates expression of IFP35 gene in HeLa cells via interferon regulatory factor-1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50932. [PMID: 23226549 PMCID: PMC3514179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interferon-induced 35-kDa protein (IFP35) plays important roles in antiviral defense and the progression of some skin cancer diseases. It can be induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in multiple human cells. However, the mechanisms by which IFN-γ contributes to IFP35 induction remain to be elucidated. Methods/Principal Findings We identified the transcription start sites of IFP35 by 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and cloned the promoter of IFP35. Sequence analysis and luciferase assays revealed two GC boxes and an IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) in the 5′ upstream region of the transcription start sites, which were important for the basal transcription of IFP35 gene. Furthermore, we found that interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and IRF-2 could bind to IFP35 promoter and upregulate endogenous IFP35 protein level. Depletion of endogenous IRF-1 by interfering RNA reduced the constitutive and IFN-γ-dependent expression of IFP35, whereas depletion of IRF-2 had little effect on IFN-γ-inducible IFP35 expression. Moreover, IRF-1 was recruited to the ISRE site in IFP35 promoter in IFN-γ treated HeLa cells, as demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Conclusions/Significance These findings provide the first evidence that IRF-1 and IRF-2 are involved in constitutive IFP35 expression in HeLa cells, while IRF-1 also activates IFP35 expression in an IFN-γ-inducible manner. Our data therefore identified a new IRF-1 and IRF-2 target gene, which may expand our current understanding of the versatile functions of IRF-1 and IRF-2.
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Abstract
Foamy viruses (FV) are nonpathogenic retroviruses that have cospeciated with primates for millions of years. FV can be transmitted through severe bites from monkeys to humans. Viral loads remain generally low in infected humans, and no secondary transmission has been reported. Very little is known about the ability of FV to trigger an innate immune response in human cells. A few previous reports suggested that FV do not induce type I interferon (IFN) in nonhematopoietic cells. Here, we examined how human hematopoietic cells sense FV particles and FV-infected cells. We show that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), and the pDC-like cell line Gen2.2 detect FV, produce high levels of type I IFN, and express the IFN-stimulated gene MxA. Fewer than 20 FV-infected cells are sufficient to trigger an IFN response. Both prototypic and primary viruses stimulated IFN release. Donor cells expressing a replication-defective virus, carrying a mutated reverse transcriptase, induced IFN production by target cells as potently as wild-type virus. In contrast, an FV strain with env deleted, which does not produce viral particles, was inactive. IFN production was blocked by an inhibitor of endosomal acidification (bafilomycin A1) and by an endosomal Toll-like receptor (TLR) antagonist (A151). Silencing experiments in Gen2.2 further demonstrated that TLR7 is involved in FV recognition. Therefore, FV are potent inducers of type I IFN by pDCs and by PBMCs. This previously underestimated activation of the innate immune response may be involved in the control of viral replication in humans.
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Huang Y, Huang X, Yan Y, Cai J, Ouyang Z, Cui H, Wang P, Qin Q. Transcriptome analysis of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) spleen in response to Singapore grouper iridovirus. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:556. [PMID: 22078027 PMCID: PMC3226587 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) is an economically important marine fish cultured in China and Southeast Asian countries. The emergence of infectious viral diseases, including iridovirus and betanodavirus, have severely affected food products based on this species, causing heavy economic losses. Limited available information on the genomics of E. coioides has hampered the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie host-virus interactions. In this study, we used a 454 pyrosequencing method to investigate differentially-expressed genes in the spleen of the E. coioides infected with Singapore grouper iridovirus (SGIV). Results Using 454 pyrosequencing, we obtained abundant high-quality ESTs from two spleen-complementary DNA libraries which were constructed from SGIV-infected (V) and PBS-injected fish (used as a control: C). A total of 407,027 and 421,141 ESTs were produced in control and SGIV infected libraries, respectively. Among the assembled ESTs, 9,616 (C) and 10,426 (V) ESTs were successfully matched against known genes in the NCBI non-redundant (nr) database with a cut-off E-value above 10-5. Gene ontology (GO) analysis indicated that "cell part", "cellular process" and "binding" represented the largest category. Among the 25 clusters of orthologous group (COG) categories, the cluster for "translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis" represented the largest group in the control (185 ESTs) and infected (172 ESTs) libraries. Further KEGG analysis revealed that pathways, including cellular metabolism and intracellular immune signaling, existed in the control and infected libraries. Comparative expression analysis indicated that certain genes associated with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), chemokine, toll-like receptor and RIG-I signaling pathway were alternated in response to SGIV infection. Moreover, changes in the pattern of gene expression were validated by qRT-PCR, including cytokines, cytokine receptors, and transcription factors, apoptosis-associated genes, and interferon related genes. Conclusion This study provided abundant ESTs that could contribute greatly to disclosing novel genes in marine fish. Furthermore, the alterations of predicted gene expression patterns reflected possible responses of these fish to the virus infection. Taken together, our data not only provided new information for identification of novel genes from marine vertebrates, but also shed new light on the understanding of defense mechanisms of marine fish to viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhua Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou, PR China
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Guo HY, Liang ZB, Li Y, Tan J, Chen QM, Qiao WT. A new indicator cell line established to monitor bovine foamy virus infection. Virol Sin 2011; 26:315-23. [PMID: 21979571 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-011-3204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to improve the accuracy for quantitating the bovine foamy virus (BFV) in vitro, we developed a baby hamster kidney cell (BHK)-21-derived indicator cell line containing a plasmid that encodes the firefly luciferase driven by the BFV long terminal repeat promoter (LTR, from -7 to 1012). The BFV titer could be determined by detecting the luciferase expression since the viral trans-activator BTas protein activates the promoter activity of the LTR. One clone, designated BFVL, was selected from ten neomycin-resistant clones. BFVL showed a specific and inducible dose- and time-dependent luciferase activity in response to BFV infection. Although the changes in luciferase activity of BFVL peaked at 84 h post infection, it was possible to differentiate infected and uninfected cells at 48 h post infection. A linear relationship was established between the multiplicity of infection (MOI) of BFV and the activated ratio of luciferase expression in BFVL. Moreover, the sensitivity of the BFVL-based assay for detecting infectious BFV was 10,000 times higher than the conventional CPE-based assay at 48 h post infection. These findings suggest that the BFVL-based assay is rapid, easy, sensitive, quantitative and specific for detection of BFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics of Tianjin, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, China
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Radovanovic I, Mullick A, Gros P. Genetic control of susceptibility to infection with Candida albicans in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18957. [PMID: 21533108 PMCID: PMC3080400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that causes acute disseminated infections in immunocompromised hosts, representing an important cause of morbidity and mortality in these patients. To study the genetic control of susceptibility to disseminated C. albicans in mice, we phenotyped a group of 23 phylogenetically distant inbred strains for susceptibility to infection as measured by extent of fungal replication in the kidney 48 hours following infection. Susceptibility was strongly associated with the loss-of-function mutant complement component 5 (C5/Hc) allele, which is known to be inherited by approximately 40% of inbred strains. Our survey identified 2 discordant strains, AKR/J (C5-deficient, resistant) and SM/J (C5-sufficient, susceptible), suggesting that additional genetic effects may control response to systemic candidiasis in these strains. Haplotype association mapping in the 23 strains using high density SNP maps revealed several putative loci regulating the extent of C. albicans replication, amongst which the most significant were C5 (P value = 2.43×10(-11)) and a novel effect on distal chromosome 11 (P value = 7.63×10(-9)). Compared to other C5-deficient strains, infected AKR/J strain displays a reduced fungal burden in the brain, heart and kidney, and increased survival, concomitant with uniquely high levels of serum IFNγ. C5-independent genetic effects were further investigated by linkage analysis in an [A/JxAKR/J]F2 cross (n = 158) where the mutant Hc allele is fixed. These studies identified a chromosome 11 locus (Carg4, Candida albicans resistance gene 4; LOD = 4.59), and a chromosome 8 locus (Carg3; LOD = 3.95), both initially detected by haplotype association mapping. Alleles at both loci were inherited in a co-dominant manner. Our results verify the important effect of C5-deficiency in inbred mouse strains, and further identify two novel loci, Carg3 and Carg4, which regulate resistance to C. albicans infection in a C5-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Radovanovic
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alaka Mullick
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Biochemistry Department, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Schmeisser H, Mejido J, Balinsky CA, Morrow AN, Clark CR, Zhao T, Zoon KC. Identification of alpha interferon-induced genes associated with antiviral activity in Daudi cells and characterization of IFIT3 as a novel antiviral gene. J Virol 2010; 84:10671-80. [PMID: 20686046 PMCID: PMC2950578 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00818-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel assay was developed for Daudi cells in which the antiviral (AV) and antiproliferative (AP) activities of interferon (IFN) can be measured simultaneously. Using this novel assay, conditions allowing IFN AV protection but no growth inhibition were identified and selected. Daudi cells were treated under these conditions, and gene expression microarray analyses were performed. The results of the analysis identified 25 genes associated with IFN-α AV activity. Upregulation of 23 IFN-induced genes was confirmed by using reverse transcription-PCR. Of 25 gene products, 17 were detected by Western blotting at 24 h. Of the 25 genes, 10 have not been previously linked to AV activity of IFN-α. The most upregulated gene was IFIT3 (for IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3). The results from antibody neutralizing experiments suggested an association of the identified genes with IFN-α AV activity. This association was strengthened by results from IFIT3-small interfering RNA transfection experiments showing decreased expression of IFIT3 and a reduction in the AV activity induced by IFN-α. Overexpression of IFIT3 resulted in a decrease of virus titer. Transcription of AV genes after the treatment of cells with higher concentrations of IFN having an AP effect on Daudi cells suggested pleiotropic functions of identified gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Schmeisser
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - J. Mejido
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - C. A. Balinsky
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - A. N. Morrow
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - C. R. Clark
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - T. Zhao
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - K. C. Zoon
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Bovine foamy virus transactivator BTas interacts with cellular RelB to enhance viral transcription. J Virol 2010; 84:11888-97. [PMID: 20844054 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01036-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on cellular machinery for their efficient transcription and replication. In a previous study we reported that bovine foamy virus (BFV) is able to activate the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway through the action of its transactivator BTas to enhance viral transcription. However, the mechanism used by NF-κB to enhance BFV transcription remains elusive. To address this question, we employed a yeast two-hybrid assay to screen for BTas-interacting proteins. We found that RelB, a member of NF-κB protein family, interacts with BTas. We confirmed the putative RelB-BTas interaction in vitro and in vivo and identified the protein regions responsible for the RelB-BTas interaction. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we next showed that RelB enhances BFV transcription (BTas-induced long terminal repeat [LTR] transactivation) and that this process requires both the localization of the RelB-BTas interaction in the nucleus and the Rel homology domain of RelB. The knockdown of the cellular endogenous RelB protein using small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly attenuated BTas-induced LTR transcription. The results of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis showed that endogenous RelB binds to the viral LTR in BFV-infected cells. Together, these results suggest that BFV engages the RelB protein as a cotransactivator of BTas to enhance viral transcription. In addition, our findings indicate that BFV infection upregulates cellular RelB expression through BTas-induced NF-κB activation. Thus, this study demonstrates the existence of a positive-feedback circuit in which BFV utilizes the host's NF-κB pathway through the RelB protein for efficient viral transcription.
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