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Chen T, Jia Y, Chen J, Qi G. Comparative transcriptome analysis of whiteflies raised on cotton leaf curl Multan virus-infected cotton plants. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1417590. [PMID: 39263677 PMCID: PMC11389618 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1417590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV), a serious viral disease causative agent in cotton plants in South Asia, is transmitted by the Bemisia tabaci cryptic species complex in a persistent circulative manner. A previous study indicated that Asia II-7 whiteflies could transmit CLCuMuV, while Mediterranean (MED) whiteflies failed to transmit CLCuMuV. However, little is known about the genes involved in this process. In this study, Asia II-7 and MED B. tabaci were utilized to determine transcriptomic responses after 48 h of acquisition access periods (AAPs). Result of Illumina sequencing revealed that, 14,213 and 8,986 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Furthermore, DEGs related to the immune system and metabolism of Asia II-7 and MED in response to CLCuMuV-infected plants were identified and analyzed using Gene Ontologies (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and the number of related DEGs in MED was lower than that of Asia II-7. The most abundant groups of DEGs between both viruliferous and aviruliferous whitefly species were the zf-C2H2 family of transcription factors (TFs). Notably, in comparison to viruliferous MED, Asia II-7 exhibited more DEGs related to cathepsin biosynthesis. Overall, this study provides the basic information for investigating the molecular mechanism of how begomoviruses affect B. tabaci metabolism and immune response either as vector cryptic species or non-vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection /Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection /Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection /Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guojun Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection /Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Han J, Cui M, Withycombe J, Schmidtbauer M, Chiginsky J, Neher OT, Strausbaugh CA, Majumdar R, Nalam VJ, Nachappa P. Beet curly top virus affects vector biology: the first transcriptome analysis of the beet leafhopper. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 39073409 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Curly top disease, caused by beet curly top virus (BCTV), is among the most serious viral diseases affecting sugar beets in western USA. The virus is exclusively transmitted by the beet leafhopper (BLH, Circulifer tenellus) in a circulative and non-propagative manner. Despite the growing knowledge on virus-vector interactions, our understanding of the molecular interactions between BCTV and BLH is hampered by limited information regarding the virus impact on the vector and the lack of genomic and transcriptomic resources for BLH. This study unveils the significant impact of BCTV on both the performance and transcriptome response of BLHs. Viruliferous BLHs had higher fecundity than non-viruliferous counterparts, which was evident by upregulation of differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) associated with development, viability and fertility of germline and embryos in viruliferous insects. Conversely, most DETs associated with muscle movement and locomotor activities were downregulated in viruliferous insects, implying potential behavioural modifications by BCTV. Additionally, a great proportion of DETs related to innate immunity and detoxification were upregulated in viruliferous insects. Viral infection also induced notable alterations in primary metabolisms, including energy metabolism, namely glucosidases, lipid digestion and transport, and protein degradation, along with other cellular functions, particularly in chromatin remodelling and DNA repair. This study represents the first comprehensive transcriptome analysis for BLH. The presented findings provide new insights into the multifaceted effects of viral infection on various biological processes in BLH, offering a foundation for future investigations into the complex virus-vector relationship and potential management strategies for curly top disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Han
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Meihua Cui
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Jordan Withycombe
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Max Schmidtbauer
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Judith Chiginsky
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | - Vamsi J Nalam
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Punya Nachappa
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Chen Y, Guo S, Jiang L, Yan F, Hao K, Wang Z, An M, Xia Z, Li F, Zhou X, Wu Y. Molecular characterization and pathogenicity of a novel monopartite geminivirus infecting tobacco in China. Virology 2024; 594:110061. [PMID: 38518441 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of geminiviruses causes significant economic losses in many economically important crops. In this study, a novel geminivirus isolated from tobacco in Sichuan province of China, named tomato leaf curl Chuxiong virus (TLCCxV), was characterized by small RNA-based deep sequencing. The full-length of TLCCxV genome was determined to be 2744 nucleotides (nt) encoding six open reading frames. Phylogenetic and genome-wide pairwise identity analysis revealed that TLCCxV shared less than 91% identities with reported geminiviruses. A TLCCxV infectious clone was constructed and successfully infected Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum, N. glutinosa, Solanum lycopersicum and Petunia hybrida plants. Furthermore, expression of the V2, C1 and C4 proteins through a potato virus X vector caused severe chlorosis or necrosis symptom in N. benthamiana. Taken together, we identified a new geminivirus in tobacco plants, and found that V2, C1 and C4 contribute to symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Shiping Guo
- Sichuan Tobacco Company, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610000, China
| | - Lianqiang Jiang
- Liangshan Branch of Sichuan Tobacco Company, Xichang, Sichuan, 615000, China
| | - Fangfang Yan
- Panzhihua Branch of Sichuan Tobacco Company, Panzhihua, Sichuan, 617000, China
| | - Kaiqiang Hao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Mengnan An
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, China.
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Abou Jawdah Y, Ezzeddine N, Fardoun A, Kharroubi S, Sobh H, Atamian HS, Skinner M, Parker B. Biological Control of Three Major Cucumber and Pepper Pests: Whiteflies, Thrips, and Spider Mites, in High Plastic Tunnels Using Two Local Phytoseiid Mites. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:889. [PMID: 38592899 PMCID: PMC10976136 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
To enhance food security, food safety, and environmental health, a bio-based integrated pest management (BIPM) strategy was evaluated at two coastal locations in Lebanon as an alternative to toxic pesticide sprays in commercial high-arched plastic tunnels common in many countries. The evaluation occurred during two cucumber and pepper cropping seasons: spring and fall. At each site, two commercial tunnels were used; farmers' conventional practices were applied in one tunnel, while the BIPM approach was followed in the second tunnel. In the farmers' practices, a total of 14 sprays of insecticide/acaricide mixtures were applied during the spring growing season, and 6 sprays were applied during the fall. In the BIPM tunnels, hotspot releases of local strains of Amblyseius swirskii and Phytoseiulus persimilis were applied. By the end of the spring season, the number of whitefly nymphs (WFNs)/leaf and thrips/leaf in the pesticide treatment were 4.8 and 0.06, respectively, compared to 0.1 and 0.33, respectively, in the BIPM treatment. Similarly, at the end of the fall season, the WFNs reached 19.7/leaf in the pesticide control as compared to 1.2/leaf in the BIPM treatment, proving the efficacy of A. swirskii. Farmers using conventional acaricides during both cropping seasons failed to control Tetranychus urticae, the two-spotted spider mite (TSSM). However, hotspot releases of P. persimilis were successful in controlling TSSM. By the end of June, the number of TSSMs reached 7.8/leaf in the BIPM treatment compared to 53/leaf in the pesticide treatment. Likewise, in December, TSSM numbers reached 9/leaf in the BIPM treatment compared to 40/leaf in the pesticide treatment. Preliminary observations of pepper showed that both predatory mites (A. swirskii and P. persimilis) gave similar or better efficacy against the three pests. The two local predatory phytoseiid mites seem to be effective in controlling these three major pests and to be adapted to local environmental conditions. A rate of increase of 0.86 was observed for P. persimilis and 0.22 for A. swirskii, in June, when maximum temperatures were close to 40 °C. This also shows a compatibility between the two predators. In conclusion, our BIPM approach was efficient under a Mediterranean climate in arched plastic tunnels with relatively poor aeration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Abou Jawdah
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (N.E.); (A.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Nour Ezzeddine
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (N.E.); (A.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Aya Fardoun
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (N.E.); (A.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Samer Kharroubi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon;
| | - Hana Sobh
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon; (N.E.); (A.F.); (H.S.)
| | - Hagop S. Atamian
- Biological Sciences Program, Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA;
| | - Margaret Skinner
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (M.S.); (B.P.)
| | - Bruce Parker
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; (M.S.); (B.P.)
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Lin M, Qian Y, Chen E, Wang M, Ouyang G, Xu Y, Zhao G, Qian H. The Bmtret1 Gene Family and Its Potential Role in Response to BmNPV Stress in Bombyx mori. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:402. [PMID: 38203572 PMCID: PMC10779185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Trehalose is a non-reducing disaccharide and participates in physiological activities such as organ formation, energy metabolism, and stress resistance in insects. The Bmtret1 gene family is mainly involved in in the sugar metabolism of silkworm. In the present study, phylogenetic analysis divided 21 Bmtret1 orthologs into three clades. These genes are equally distributed on the nine chromosomes. The cis-elements in the promoter regions of Bmtret1s indicated the possible function of Bmtret1s in response to hormones and environmental stimulus. The qPCR analysis showed the significantly different expression levels of Bmtret1s in different tissues and organs, indicating possible functional divergence. In addition, most Bmtret1s showed disturbed expression levels in response to silkworm nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) stresses. Our results provide a clue for further functional dissection of the Tret1s in Bombyx mori and implicate them as potential regulators of antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yixuan Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Enxi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Mengjiao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Gui Ouyang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Guodong Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Heying Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (M.L.); (Y.Q.); (E.C.); (M.W.); (Y.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, The Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212100, China
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Ghosh S, Srinivasan R, Ghanim M. A C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci interacts with the capsid proteins of begomoviruses and inhibits virus retention. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 32:240-250. [PMID: 36571165 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses are a group of ssDNA viruses exclusively transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and constrain vegetable production in the old and new worlds. Although multiple molecular determinants governing the transmission of begomoviruses by whiteflies have been unravelled, factors critical for transmission majorly remain unknown. In this study, a whitefly C2H2 zinc finger (ZF) protein, 100% identical to the vascular endothelial ZF-like gene (vezf) protein was confirmed to interact with the CP of both old- and new-world begomoviruses. This was achieved by a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system screening of a whitefly cDNA library using capsid protein (CP) of TYLCV as a bait. In silico annotation of vezf protein revealed that it contains a N-terminal ZF-associated domain (ZAD) alongside multiple C2H2 ZF domains on the C-terminal end. ZAD-ZF proteins form the most abundant class of transcription factors within insects. Herein, we validated the interaction of vezf with four diverse begomoviruses and its functional role in begomovirus transmission. Silencing of the vezf gene of B. tabaci led to increased retention of three diverse begomoviruses tested. Vezf is the first insect transcription factor identified to interact with plant viruses and can be crucial to understand the possible mechanisms by which plant viruses modulate transcription of their insect vectors during transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Ghosh
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Rishon Lezion, Israel
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Fiallo-Olivé E, Navas-Castillo J. Begomoviruses: what is the secret(s) of their success? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:715-727. [PMID: 36805143 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses constitute an extremely successful group of emerging plant viruses transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci complex. Hosts include important vegetable, root, and fiber crops grown in the tropics and subtropics. Factors contributing to the ever-increasing diversity and success of begomoviruses include their predisposition to recombine their genomes, interaction with DNA satellites recruited throughout their evolution, presence of wild plants as a virus reservoir and a source of speciation, and extreme polyphagia and continuous movement of the insect vectors to temperate regions. These features as well as some controversial issues (replication in the insect vector, putative seed transmission, transmission by insects other than B. tabaci, and expansion of the host range to monocotyledonous plants) will be analyzed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea 'La Mayora' (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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Oh J, Tamborindeguy C. Treatment of Rapamycin and Evaluation of an Autophagic Response in the Gut of Bactericera cockerelli (Sulč). INSECTS 2023; 14:142. [PMID: 36835711 PMCID: PMC9958837 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that results in the autophagosomic-lysosomal degradation of bulk cytoplasmic content, abnormal protein aggregates, and excess of/or damaged organelles to promote cell survival. Autophagy is also a component of innate immunity in insects and is involved in the clearance of pathogens, including bacteria. The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, transmits the plant bacterial pathogen 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso) in the Americas and causes serious damage to solanaceous crops. Our previous studies showed that autophagy could be involved in the psyllid response to Lso and could affect pathogen acquisition. However, the tools to evaluate this response have not been validated in psyllids. To this end, the effect of rapamycin, a commonly used autophagy inducer, on potato psyllid survival and the expression of autophagy-related genes was evaluated. Further, the autophagic activity was assessed via microscopy and by measuring the autophagic flux. Artificial diet-feeding assays using rapamycin resulted in significant psyllid mortality, an increase in the autophagic flux, as well as an increase in the amount of autolysosomes. This study represents a stepping stone in determining the role of autophagy in psyllid immunity.
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Wang H, Liu Y, Liu W, Wu K, Wang X. F-actin dynamics in midgut cells enables virus persistence in vector insects. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1671-1685. [PMID: 36073369 PMCID: PMC9562576 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hemipteran insects that transmit plant viruses in a persistent circulative manner acquire, retain and transmit viruses for their entire life. The mechanism enabling this persistence has remained unclear for many years. Here, we determined how wheat dwarf virus (WDV) persists in its leafhopper vector Psammotettix alienus. We found that WDV caused the up-regulation of actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) at the mRNA and protein levels in the midgut cells of leafhoppers after experiencing a WDV acquisition access period (AAP) of 6, 12 or 24 h. Experimental inhibition of F-actin depolymerization by jasplakinolide and dsRNA injection led to lower virus accumulation levels and transmission efficiencies, suggesting that depolymerization of F-actin regulated by ADF is essential for WDV invasion of midgut cells. Exogenous viral capsid protein (CP) inhibited ADF depolymerization of actin filaments in vitro and in Spodoptera frugiperda 9 (Sf9) cells because the CP competed with actin to bind ADF and then blocked actin filament disassembly. Interestingly, virions colocalized with ADF after a 24-h AAP, just as actin polymerization occurred, indicating that the binding of CP with ADF affects the ability of ADF to depolymerize F-actin, inhibiting WDV entry. Similarly, the luteovirus barley yellow dwarf virus also induced F-actin depolymerization and then polymerization in the gut cells of its vector Schizaphis graminum. Thus, F-actin dynamics are altered by nonpropagative viruses in midgut cells to enable virus persistence in vector insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan CropsFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect PestsInstitute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijingChina
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Identification of Key Genes Involved in Resistance to Early Stage of BmNPV Infection in Silkworms. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112405. [PMID: 36366503 PMCID: PMC9694779 DOI: 10.3390/v14112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is one of the most serious pathogens restricting the sustainable development of the sericulture industry. Currently, there is no effective treatment for BmNPV infection in silkworms, and the mechanism underlying BmNPV resistance in silkworms is also not clear. In this study, comparative transcriptome analyses were carried out in midguts of two silkworm varieties, namely BaiyuN, which is a resistance variety, and Baiyu, which is a susceptible variety, at five different time points (i.e., 0, 1, 3, 6, and 9 h) post-BmNPV infection to detect the early-stage transcriptional changes in these silkworms. In total, 1911 and 1577 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the Baiyu and BaiyuN varieties, respectively, involving a total of 48 metabolic pathways. Of these pathways, eight were shared by the Baiyu and BaiyuN varieties in response to BmNPV infection. Notably, four genes (i.e., BGIBMGA08815, BGIBMGA003935, BGIBMGA003571, BGIBMGA010059) were upregulated in the Baiyu variety while downregulated in the BaiyuN variety. The inhibited expression of these four genes in the resistant variety highlighted their potential roles in the resistance of early-stage viral replication. Thus, our study provided a new avenue for the further study of the mechanism underlying BmNPV infection in silkworms and the potential treatment of BmNPV infection.
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11
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A balance between vector survival and virus transmission is achieved through JAK/STAT signaling inhibition by a plant virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122099119. [PMID: 36191206 PMCID: PMC9564230 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122099119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses pose a great threat to animal and plant health worldwide, with many being dependent on insect vectors for transmission between hosts. While the virus-host arms race has been well established, how viruses and insect vectors adapt to each other remains poorly understood. Begomoviruses comprise the largest genus of plant-infecting DNA viruses and are exclusively transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Here, we show that the vector Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway plays an important role in mediating the adaptation between the begomovirus tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and whiteflies. We found that the JAK/STAT pathway in B. tabaci functions as an antiviral mechanism against TYLCV infection in whiteflies as evidenced by the increase in viral DNA and coat protein (CP) levels after inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling. Two STAT-activated effector genes, BtCD109-2 and BtCD109-3, mediate this anti-TYLCV activity. To counteract this vector immunity, TYLCV has evolved strategies that impair the whitefly JAK/STAT pathway. Infection of TYLCV is associated with a reduction of JAK/STAT pathway activity in whiteflies. Moreover, TYLCV CP binds to STAT and blocks its nuclear translocation, thus, abrogating the STAT-dependent transactivation of target genes. We further show that inhibition of the whitefly JAK/STAT pathway facilitates TYLCV transmission but reduces whitefly survival and fecundity, indicating that this JAK/STAT-dependent TYLCV-whitefly interaction plays an important role in keeping a balance between whitefly fitness and TYLCV transmission. This study reveals a mechanism of plant virus-insect vector coadaptation in relation to vector survival and virus transmission.
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12
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Farooq T, Lin Q, She X, Chen T, Tang Y, He Z. Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals a network of differentially expressed genes in Asia II 7 and MEAM1 whitefly cryptic species in response to early infection of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1004513. [PMID: 36267190 PMCID: PMC9577181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1004513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) is a whitefly-vectored begomovirus that poses ramping threat to several economically important crops worldwide. The differential transmission of CLCuMuV by its vector Bemisia tabaci mainly relies on the type of whitefly cryptic species. However, the molecular responses among different whitefly cryptic species in response to early CLCuMuV infection remain elusive. Here, we compared early-stage transcriptomic profiles of Asia II 7 and MEAM1 cryptic species infected by CLCuMuV. Results of Illumina sequencing revealed that after 6 and 12 h of CLCuMuV acquisition, 153 and 141 genes among viruliferous (VF) Asia II 7, while 445 and 347 genes among VF MEAM 1 whiteflies were differentially expressed compared with aviruliferous (AVF) whiteflies. The most abundant groups of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among Asia II 7 and MEAM1 were associated with HTH-1 and zf-C2H2 classes of transcription factors (TFs), respectively. Notably, in contrast to Asia II 7, MEAM1 cryptic species displayed higher transcriptional variations with elevated immune-related responses following CLCuMuV infection. Among both cryptic species, we identified several highly responsive candidate DEGs associated with antiviral innate immunity (alpha glucosidase, LSM14-like protein B and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), lysosome (GPI-anchored protein 58) and autophagy/phagosome pathways (sequestosome-1, cathepsin F-like protease), spliceosome (heat shock protein 70), detoxification (cytochrome P450 4C1), cGMP-PKG signaling pathway (myosin heavy chain), carbohydrate metabolism (alpha-glucosidase), biological transport (mitochondrial phosphate carrier) and protein absorption and digestion (cuticle protein 8). Further validation of RNA-seq results showed that 23 of 28 selected genes exhibited concordant expression both in RT-qPCR and RNA-seq. Our findings provide vital mechanistic insights into begomovirus-whitefly interactions to understand the dynamics of differential begomovirus transmission by different whitefly cryptic species and reveal novel molecular targets for sustainable management of insect-transmitted plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yafei Tang
- Plant Protection Research Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifu He
- Plant Protection Research Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Mugerwa H, Gautam S, Catto MA, Dutta B, Brown JK, Adkins S, Srinivasan R. Differential Transcriptional Responses in Two Old World Bemisia tabaci Cryptic Species Post Acquisition of Old and New World Begomoviruses. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132060. [PMID: 35805143 PMCID: PMC9265393 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses are transmitted by several cryptic species of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), in a persistent and circulative manner. Upon virus acquisition and circulative translocation within the whitefly, a multitude of molecular interactions occur. This study investigated the differentially expressed transcript profiles associated with the acquisition of the Old World monopartite begomovirus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), and two New World bipartite begomoviruses, sida golden mosaic virus (SiGMV) and cucurbit leaf crumple virus (CuLCrV), in two invasive B. tabaci cryptic species, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED). A total of 881 and 559 genes were differentially expressed in viruliferous MEAM1 and MED whiteflies, respectively, compared with their non-viruliferous counterparts, of which 146 genes were common between the two cryptic species. For both cryptic species, the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with TYLCV and SiGMV acquisition were higher compared with DEGs associated with CuLCrV acquisition. Pathway analysis indicated that the acquisition of begomoviruses induced differential changes in pathways associated with metabolism and organismal systems. Contrasting expression patterns of major genes associated with virus infection and immune systems were observed. These genes were generally overexpressed and underexpressed in B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED adults, respectively. Further, no specific expression pattern was observed among genes associated with fitness (egg production, spermatogenesis, and aging) in viruliferous whiteflies. The weighted gene correlation network analysis of viruliferous B. tabaci MEAM1 and MED adults identified different hub genes potentially implicated in the vector competence and circulative tropism of viruses. Taken together, the results indicate that both vector cryptic species and the acquired virus species could differentially affect gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibu Mugerwa
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (H.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Saurabh Gautam
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (H.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Michael A. Catto
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (H.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Bhabesh Dutta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 3250 Rainwater Road, Tifton, GA 31793, USA;
| | - Judith K. Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Scott Adkins
- USDA-ARS, U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA;
| | - Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; (H.M.); (S.G.); (M.A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-770-229-3099
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14
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Nekkanti A, Chakraborty P, Ghosh A, Iquebal MA, Jaiswal S, Baranwal VK. Transcriptomic Changes of Bemisia tabaci Asia II 1 Induced by Chilli Leaf Curl Virus Trigger Infection and Circulation in Its Vector. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:890807. [PMID: 35572639 PMCID: PMC9096263 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.890807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is a highly efficient vector in the spread of chilli leaf curl virus (ChiLCV, Begomovirus) which is a major constraint in the production of chilli in South Asia. Transcriptome analysis of B. tabaci post-6 h acquisition of ChiLCV showed differential expression of 80 (29 upregulated and 51 downregulated) genes. The maximum number of DEGs are categorized under the biological processes category followed by cellular components and molecular functions. KEGG analysis of DEGs showed that the genes are involved in the functions like metabolism, signaling pathways, cellular processes, and organismal systems. The expression of highly expressed 20 genes post-ChiLCV acquisition was validated in RT-qPCR. DEGs such as cytosolic carboxypeptidase 3, dual-specificity protein phosphatase 10, 15, dynein axonemal heavy chain 17, fasciclin 2, inhibin beta chain, replication factor A protein 1, and Tob1 were found enriched and favored the virus infection and circulation in B. tabaci. The present study provides an improved understanding of the networks of molecular interactions between B. tabaci and ChiLCV. The candidate genes of B. tabaci involved in ChiLCV transmission would be novel targets for the management of the B. tabaci-begomovirus complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Nekkanti
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.,Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Prosenjit Chakraborty
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Amalendu Ghosh
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mir Asif Iquebal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarika Jaiswal
- Centre for Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Virendra Kumar Baranwal
- Advanced Centre for Plant Virology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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15
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Ray S, Casteel CL. Effector-mediated plant-virus-vector interactions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1514-1531. [PMID: 35277714 PMCID: PMC9048964 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hemipterans (such as aphids, whiteflies, and leafhoppers) are some of the most devastating insect pests due to the numerous plant pathogens they transmit as vectors, which are primarily viral. Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in broadening our understanding of plant-virus-vector interactions, yet on the molecular level, viruses and vectors have typically been studied in isolation of each other until recently. From that work, it is clear that both hemipteran vectors and viruses use effectors to manipulate host physiology and successfully colonize a plant and that co-evolutionary dynamics have resulted in effective host immune responses, as well as diverse mechanisms of counterattack by both challengers. In this review, we focus on advances in effector-mediated plant-virus-vector interactions and the underlying mechanisms. We propose that molecular synergisms in vector-virus interactions occur in cases where both the virus and vector benefit from the interaction (mutualism). To support this view, we show that mutualisms are common in virus-vector interactions and that virus and vector effectors target conserved mechanisms of plant immunity, including plant transcription factors, and plant protein degradation pathways. Finally, we outline ways to identify true effector synergisms in the future and propose future research directions concerning the roles effectors play in plant-virus-vector interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayamjit Ray
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
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16
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Yang M, Liu Y. Autophagy in plant viral infection. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:2152-2162. [PMID: 35404481 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway that delivers dysfunctional cellular organelles or other cytosol components to degradative vesicular structures (vacuoles in plants and yeasts, lysosomes in mammals) for degradation and recycling. Viruses are intracellular parasites that hijack their host to live. Research on regulation of the trade-off between plant cells and viruses has indicated that autophagy is an integral part of the host responses to virus infection. Meanwhile, plants have evolved a diverse array of defense responses to counter pathogenic viruses. In this review, we focus on the roles of autophagy in plant virus infection and offer a glimpse of recent advances about how plant viruses evade autophagy or manipulate host autophagy pathways to complete their replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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A Review on Transcriptional Responses of Interactions between Insect Vectors and Plant Viruses. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040693. [PMID: 35203347 PMCID: PMC8870222 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a synopsis of transcriptional responses pertaining to interactions between plant viruses and the insect vectors that transmit them in diverse modes. In the process, it attempts to catalog differential gene expression pertinent to virus–vector interactions in vectors such as virus reception, virus cell entry, virus tissue tropism, virus multiplication, and vector immune responses. Whiteflies, leafhoppers, planthoppers, and thrips are the main insect groups reviewed, along with aphids and leaf beetles. Much of the focus on gene expression pertinent to vector–virus interactions has centered around whole-body RNA extraction, whereas data on virus-induced tissue-specific gene expression in vectors is limited. This review compares transcriptional responses in different insect groups following the acquisition of non-persistent, semi-persistent, and persistent (non-propagative and propagative) plant viruses and identifies parallels and divergences in gene expression patterns. Understanding virus-induced changes in vectors at a transcriptional level can aid in the identification of candidate genes for targeting with RNAi and/or CRISPR editing in insect vectors for management approaches.
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18
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Comparison of Transcriptome Responses between Sogatella furcifera Females That Acquired Southern Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus and Not. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020182. [PMID: 35206753 PMCID: PMC8877124 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is transmitted horizontally by the planthopper, Sogatella furcifera. During feeding on virus-infected plants, S. furcifera may acquire or fail to acquire SRBSDV. In this study, the responses were compared among the S. furcifera successfully acquiring the virus, those failing to acquire the virus, and those not exposed to SRBSDV (the control). A total of 1043 and 2932 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained in S. furcifera females that acquired SRBSDV and that failed to, in comparison with the control, respectively. Functionally, these DEGs are primarily involved in diverse signaling pathways related to primary metabolism and innate immunity, such as apoptosis. Additional bioassays confirmed the activation of apoptosis in S. furcifera by SRBSDV exposure. Interestingly, we also found that six female-specific genes were also upregulated in S. furcifera females exposed to SRBSDV. Our results further the understanding of the interactions between the vector S. furcifera females and SRBSDV at the molecular level. Abstract The southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) is transmitted horizontally by Sogatella furcifera in a persistent, propagative manner. Exposure of S. furcifera females to SRBSDV-infected rice plants may trigger transcriptomic changes in the insects, the transcriptomes of females that acquired SRBSDV and those that failed to, as well as females fed on healthy rice plants as control, were sequenced and compared. Nine transcriptomic libraries were constructed, from which a total of 53,084 genes were assembled. Among the genes, 1043 and 2932 were differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in S. furcifera females that acquired SRBSDV and that failed to, in comparison with the control, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis showed that DEGs identified in S. furcifera females exposed to SRBSDV are primarily involved in diverse signaling pathways related to primary metabolism and innate immunity. The DEGs in the S. furcifera females that failed to acquire the virus significantly outnumbered that in the insects that acquired the virus, and the virus exposure activated the humoral and cellular immune responses of the vectors, especially the apoptosis. The key gene in apoptosis encoding caspase 1 was upregulated by SRBSDV exposure, especially in S. furcifera females that failed to acquire the virus. Analysis of caspase 1 activity validated that SRBSDV exposure induced caspase 1 accumulation. Surprisingly, the expression of six female-specific genes was also upregulated by SRBSDV exposure, which was confirmed by RT-qPCR analysis. This study provides evidence to explain the differential virus acquisition at the transcriptome level.
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19
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Factors Determining Transmission of Persistent Viruses by Bemisia tabaci and Emergence of New Virus-Vector Relationships. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091808. [PMID: 34578388 PMCID: PMC8472762 DOI: 10.3390/v13091808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plant viruses depend on insect vectors for their transmission and dissemination. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important virus vectors, transmitting more than four hundred virus species, the majority belonging to begomoviruses (Geminiviridae), with their ssDNA genomes. Begomoviruses are transmitted by B. tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner, during which the virus breaches barriers in the digestive, hemolymph, and salivary systems, and interacts with insect proteins along the transmission pathway. These interactions and the tissue tropism in the vector body determine the efficiency and specificity of the transmission. This review describes the mechanisms involved in circulative begomovirus transmission by B. tabaci, focusing on the most studied virus in this regard, namely the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and its closely related isolates. Additionally, the review aims at drawing attention to the recent knowhow of unorthodox virus—B. tabaci interactions. The recent knowledge of whitefly-mediated transmission of two recombinant poleroviruses (Luteoviridae), a virus group with an ssRNA genome and known to be strictly transmitted with aphids, is discussed with its broader context in the emergence of new whitefly-driven virus diseases.
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20
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Gupta N, Reddy K, Bhattacharyya D, Chakraborty✉ S. Plant responses to geminivirus infection: guardians of the plant immunity. Virol J 2021; 18:143. [PMID: 34243802 PMCID: PMC8268416 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Geminiviruses are circular, single-stranded viruses responsible for enormous crop loss worldwide. Rapid expansion of geminivirus diversity outweighs the continuous effort to control its spread. Geminiviruses channelize the host cell machinery in their favour by manipulating the gene expression, cell signalling, protein turnover, and metabolic reprogramming of plants. As a response to viral infection, plants have evolved to deploy various strategies to subvert the virus invasion and reinstate cellular homeostasis. MAIN BODY Numerous reports exploring various aspects of plant-geminivirus interaction portray the subtlety and flexibility of the host-pathogen dynamics. To leverage this pool of knowledge towards raising antiviral resistance in host plants, a comprehensive account of plant's defence response against geminiviruses is required. This review discusses the current knowledge of plant's antiviral responses exerted to geminivirus in the light of resistance mechanisms and the innate genetic factors contributing to the defence. We have revisited the defence pathways involving transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing, ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation pathway, protein kinase signalling cascades, autophagy, and hypersensitive responses. In addition, geminivirus-induced phytohormonal fluctuations, the subsequent alterations in primary and secondary metabolites, and their impact on pathogenesis along with the recent advancements of CRISPR-Cas9 technique in generating the geminivirus resistance in plants have been discussed. CONCLUSIONS Considering the rapid development in the field of plant-virus interaction, this review provides a timely and comprehensive account of molecular nuances that define the course of geminivirus infection and can be exploited in generating virus-resistant plants to control global agricultural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gupta
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Kishorekumar Reddy
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Dhriti Bhattacharyya
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty✉
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
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21
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Fan YY, Zhong YW, Zhao J, Chi Y, Bouvaine S, Liu SS, Seal SE, Wang XW. Bemisia tabaci Vesicle-Associated Membrane Protein 2 Interacts with Begomoviruses and Plays a Role in Virus Acquisition. Cells 2021; 10:1700. [PMID: 34359870 PMCID: PMC8306474 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses cause substantial losses to agricultural production, especially in tropical and subtropical regions, and are exclusively transmitted by members of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci species complex. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the transmission of begomoviruses by their whitefly vector are not clear. In this study, we found that B. tabaci vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 (BtVAMP2) interacts with the coat protein (CP) of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), an emergent begomovirus that seriously impacts tomato production globally. After infection with TYLCV, the transcription of BtVAMP2 was increased. When the BtVAMP2 protein was blocked by feeding with a specific BtVAMP2 antibody, the quantity of TYLCV in B. tabaci whole body was significantly reduced. BtVAMP2 was found to be conserved among the B. tabaci species complex and also interacts with the CP of Sri Lankan cassava mosaic virus (SLCMV). When feeding with BtVAMP2 antibody, the acquisition quantity of SLCMV in whitefly whole body was also decreased significantly. Overall, our results demonstrate that BtVAMP2 interacts with the CP of begomoviruses and promotes their acquisition by whitefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Fan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.F.); (Y.-W.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.-S.L.)
| | - Yu-Wei Zhong
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.F.); (Y.-W.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.-S.L.)
| | - Jing Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.F.); (Y.-W.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.-S.L.)
| | - Yao Chi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.F.); (Y.-W.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.-S.L.)
| | - Sophie Bouvaine
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK;
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.F.); (Y.-W.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.-S.L.)
| | - Susan E. Seal
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK;
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-Y.F.); (Y.-W.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (S.-S.L.)
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22
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Rajarapu SP, Ullman DE, Uzest M, Rotenberg D, Ordaz NA, Whitfield AE. Plant–Virus–Vector Interactions. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Lei T, Zhao J, Wang HL, Liu YQ, Liu SS. Impact of a novel Rickettsia symbiont on the life history and virus transmission capacity of its host whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:377-391. [PMID: 32365268 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rickettsia consists of some of the most prevalent symbionts of insects and often plays a significant role in the biology of its hosts. Recently, a maternally inherited Torix group Rickettsia, provisionally named as RiTBt, was recorded in a species of notorious pest whitefly, tentatively named as Asia II 1, from the Bemisia tabaci complex. The role of this Rickettsia in the biology of its host is unknown. Here we investigated the impact of RiTBt on the performance and virus transmission capacity of Asia II 1. RiTBt did not significantly affect the life history parameters of the whitefly when the host insect was reared on tobacco, tomato, and cotton, three host plants with relatively low, medium and high suitability to the whitefly. Intriguingly, RiTBt slightly enhanced whitefly transmission of cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV), a virus that is transmitted by the whitefly in the field and has caused extensive damage to cotton production. Specifically, compared with whiteflies without RiTBt, following a 48 h virus acquisition whiteflies with RiTBt had higher titer of virus and showed higher efficiency of virus transmission. A rickettsial secretory protein BtR242 was identified as a putative virus-binding protein, and was observed to interact with the coat protein of CLCuMuV in vitro. Viral infection of the whitefly downregulated gene transcript levels of the BtR242 gene. These observations indicate that RiTBt has limited impact on the biology of the Asia II 1 whitefly, and whether this symbiont has functions in the biology of other host whiteflies warrants future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Lei
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Ling Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Quan Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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24
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Huang HJ, Yan XT, Wang X, Qi YH, Lu G, Chen JP, Zhang CX, Li JM. Proteomic analysis of Laodelphax striatellus in response to Rice stripe virus infection reveal a potential role of ZFP36L1 in restriction of viral proliferation. J Proteomics 2021; 239:104184. [PMID: 33711487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Persistent plant viruses multiply and circulate inside insect vectors following the route of midgut-hemolymph-salivary gland. Currently, how viruses interact with insect vectors after they are released into hemolymph is not entirely clear. In this study, we found that the hemolymph and fat body (HF) contained the highest Rice stripe virus (RSV) levels. Proteomic analysis on RSV-free and RSV-infected HF identified 156 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), with the majority of them participating in metabolism, transportation, and detoxification. The RNA binding protein esf2 was the most downregulated protein. Knocking down the expression of esf2 did not influence the RSV burden, but caused the lethal effect to L. striatellus. In contrast, the mRNA decay protein ZFP36L1 was 69% more abundant upon RSV infection, and suppression of ZFP36L1 significantly increased the RSV burden. Our results reveal the potential role of ZFP36L1 in restricting the viral proliferation, and provide valuable clues for unravelling the interaction between RSV and L. striatellus in HF. SIGNIFICANCE: More than 76% of plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors. For persistent propagative transmission, plant viruses multiply and circulate inside insects following the route of midgut-hemolymph-salivary gland. However, how viruses interact with vector insects after they are released into hemolymph is not entirely clear. Our study investigated the influence of rice stripe virus (RSV) on insect hemolymph and fat body by iTRAQ labeling method. Among the 156 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) identified, two proteins associated with mRNA metabolism were selected for function analysis. We found that the mRNA decay activator protein ZFP36L1 influenced the RSV proliferation, and RNA binding protein esf2 caused the lethal effect to L. striatellus. Our results provide valuable clues for unveiling the interaction between RSV and L. striatellus, and might be useful in pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xiao-Tian Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yu-Hua Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Gang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jian-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology in Plant Protection of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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Bemisia tabaci on Vegetables in the Southern United States: Incidence, Impact, and Management. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12030198. [PMID: 33652635 PMCID: PMC7996905 DOI: 10.3390/insects12030198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, was initially discovered in the United States in 1894 but was not considered an economic insect pest on various agricultural crops across the southern and western states. After the introduction of B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) into the United States around 1985, the insect rapidly spread throughout the Southern United States to Texas, Arizona, and California. Extreme field outbreaks occurred on vegetable and other crops in those areas. The sweetpotato whitefly is now regarded as one of the most destructive insect pests in vegetable production systems in the Southern United States. The direct and indirect plant damage caused by B. tabaci has led to substantial economic losses in vegetable crops. Bemisia tabaci outbreaks on vegetables in Georgia resulted in significant economic losses of 132.3 and 161.2 million US dollars (USD) in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Therefore, integrated pest management (IPM) tactics are warranted, including cultural control by manipulation of production practices, resistant vegetable varieties, biological control using various natural enemies, and the judicious use of insecticides. Abstract Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is among the most economically important insect pests of various vegetable crops in the Southern United States. This insect is considered a complex of at least 40 morphologically indistinguishable cryptic species. Bemisia tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) was initially introduced in the United States around 1985 and has since rapidly spread across the Southern United States to Texas, Arizona, and California, where extreme field outbreaks have occurred on vegetable and other crops. This pest creates extensive plant damage through direct feeding on vegetables, secreting honeydew, causing plant physiological disorders, and vectoring plant viruses. The direct and indirect plant damage in vegetable crops has resulted in enormous economic losses in the Southern United States, especially in Florida, Georgia, and Texas. Effective management of B. tabaci on vegetables relies mainly on the utilization of chemical insecticides, particularly neonicotinoids. However, B. tabaci has developed considerable resistance to most insecticides. Therefore, alternative integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are required, such as cultural control by manipulation of production practices, resistant vegetable varieties, and biological control using a suite of natural enemies for the management of the pest.
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Abstract
Of the approximately 1,200 plant virus species that have been described to date, nearly one-third are single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses, and all are transmitted by insect vectors. However, most studies of vector transmission of plant viruses have focused on RNA viruses. All known plant ssDNA viruses belong to two economically important families, Geminiviridae and Nanoviridae, and in recent years, there have been increased efforts to understand whether they have evolved similar relationships with their respective insect vectors. This review describes the current understanding of ssDNA virus-vector interactions, including how these viruses cross insect vector cellular barriers, the responses of vectors to virus circulation, the possible existence of viral replication within insect vectors, and the three-way virus-vector-plant interactions. Despite recent breakthroughs in our understanding of these viruses, many aspects of plant ssDNA virus transmission remain elusive. More effort is needed to identify insect proteins that mediate the transmission of plant ssDNA viruses and to understand the complex virus-insect-plant three-way interactions in the field during natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Plant Health Institute of Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France;
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Vinoth Kumar R, Shivaprasad PV. Plant-virus-insect tritrophic interactions: insights into the functions of geminivirus virion-sense strand genes. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201846. [PMID: 33049166 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of the plant-infecting viruses in the family Geminiviridae is composed of one or two circular single stranded DNA of approximately 2.7-5.2 kb in length. These viruses have emerged as the most devastating pathogen infecting a large number of crops and weeds across the continents. They code for fewer open reading frames (ORFs) through the generation of overlapping transcripts derived from the bidirectional viral promoters. Members of geminiviruses code for up to four ORFs in the virion-sense strand, and their gene expression is regulated by various cis-elements located at their promoters in the intergenic region. These viral proteins perform multiple functions at every stage of the viral life cycle such as virus transport, insect-mediated virus transmission and suppression of host defence. They impede the host's multi-layered antiviral mechanisms including gene silencing (at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels) and hypersensitive response. This review summarizes the essential role of virion-sense strand encoded proteins in transport of viral genomes within and between plant cells, countering defence in hosts (both plants and the insects), and also in the ubiquitous role in vector-mediated transmission. We highlight the significance of their pro-viral activities in manipulating host-derived innate immune responses and the interaction with whitefly-derived proteins. We also discuss the current knowledge on virus replication and transcription within the insect body.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vinoth Kumar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), GKVK campus, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - P V Shivaprasad
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), GKVK campus, Bengaluru 560065, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
Of the approximately 1,100 known plant viruses, about one-third are DNA viruses that are vectored by insects. Plant virus infections often induce cellular and molecular responses in their insect vectors, which can, in many cases, affect the spread of viruses. However, the mechanisms underlying vector responses that affect virus accumulation and transmission are poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of virus-induced apoptosis in the transmission of begomoviruses, a group of single-stranded plant DNA viruses that are transmitted by whiteflies and cause extensive damage to many crops worldwide. We demonstrated that virus infection can induce apoptosis in the insect vector conferring protection to the virions from degradation, leading to enhanced viral accumulation and transmission to host plants. Our findings provide valuable clues for designing new strategies to block the transmission of insect-vectored plant viruses, particularly plant DNA viruses. Apoptosis is generally considered the first line of defense against viral infection. However, the role of apoptosis in the interactions between plant viruses and their insect vectors has rarely been investigated. By studying plant DNA viruses of the genus Begomovirus within the family Geminiviridae, which are transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci species complex in a persistent manner, we revealed that virus-induced apoptosis in insect vectors can facilitate viral accumulation and transmission. We found that infection with tomato yellow leaf curl virus activated the apoptosis pathway in B. tabaci. Suppressing apoptosis by inhibitors or silencing caspase-3 significantly reduced viral accumulation, while the activation of apoptosis increased viral accumulation in vivo. Moreover, the positive effect of whitefly apoptosis on virus accumulation and transmission was not due to its cross talk with the autophagy pathway that suppresses begomovirus infection in whiteflies. We further showed that viral replication, rather than the viral coat protein, is likely the critical factor in the activation of apoptosis by the virus. These novel findings indicate that similarly to many animal and a few plant RNA viruses, plant DNA viruses may activate apoptosis in their insect vectors leading to enhanced viral accumulation and transmission. IMPORTANCE Of the approximately 1,100 known plant viruses, about one-third are DNA viruses that are vectored by insects. Plant virus infections often induce cellular and molecular responses in their insect vectors, which can, in many cases, affect the spread of viruses. However, the mechanisms underlying vector responses that affect virus accumulation and transmission are poorly understood. Here, we examined the role of virus-induced apoptosis in the transmission of begomoviruses, a group of single-stranded plant DNA viruses that are transmitted by whiteflies and cause extensive damage to many crops worldwide. We demonstrated that virus infection can induce apoptosis in the insect vector conferring protection to the virions from degradation, leading to enhanced viral accumulation and transmission to host plants. Our findings provide valuable clues for designing new strategies to block the transmission of insect-vectored plant viruses, particularly plant DNA viruses.
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Deep Sequencing of Small RNAs in the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci Reveals Novel MicroRNAs Potentially Associated with Begomovirus Acquisition and Transmission. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11090562. [PMID: 32842525 PMCID: PMC7564577 DOI: 10.3390/insects11090562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Summary The whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), a notorious insect vector, transmits hundreds of viruses causing serious yield losses in a diverse food and fiber crops including beans, cassava, cotton, cucurbits, pepper, sweet potato and tomato, and results in billions of U.S. dollars of economic losses annually worldwide. To investigate the molecular mechanisms regulating gene expression in whitefly that is associated with begomovirus transmission, we conducted small RNA sequencing and compared the microRNA (miRNA) profiles between viruliferous whiteflies feeding on tomato plants infected with a begomovirus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), and those whiteflies feeding on uninfected plants. We uncovered a comprehensive microRNA genetic regulatory system in whiteflies that may be involved in virus acquisition and transmission. Interestingly, correlating the expression profile of miRNAs and their target transcript expression in our earlier transcriptome study, we found miRNA expression was inversely correlated with predicted target gene expression in over 50% of all cases. This fundamental understanding will help identify new target sequences that could be used to improve RNA interference technology for whitefly control. These analyses could also serve as a model to study gene regulation in other systems involving arthropod transmission of viruses to plants and animals. Abstract The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a notorious insect vector that transmits hundreds of plant viruses, affecting food and fiber crops worldwide, and results in the equivalent of billions of U.S. dollars in crop loss annually. To gain a better understanding of the mechanism in virus transmission, we conducted deep sequencing of small RNAs on the whitefly B. tabaci MEAM1 (Middle East-Asia Minor 1) that fed on tomato plants infected with tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Overall, 160 miRNAs were identified, 66 of which were conserved and 94 were B. tabaci-specific. Among the B. tabaci-specific miRNAs, 67 were newly described in the present study. Two miRNAs, with predicted targets encoding a nuclear receptor (Bta05482) and a very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase 2 (Bta10702), respectively, were differentially expressed in whiteflies that fed on TYLCV-infected versus uninfected plants. To better understand the regulatory effects of identified miRNAs and their target genes, we correlated expression profiles of miRNAs and their target transcripts and found that, interestingly, miRNA expression was inversely correlated with the expression of ~50% of the predicted target genes. These analyses could serve as a model to study gene regulation in other systems involving arthropod transmission of viruses to plants and animals.
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Zhao J, Guo T, Lei T, Zhu JC, Wang F, Wang XW, Liu SS. Proteomic Analyses of Whitefly-Begomovirus Interactions Reveal the Inhibitory Role of Tumorous Imaginal Discs in Viral Retention. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1596. [PMID: 32849541 PMCID: PMC7417349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, plant viruses are mostly transmitted by hemipteran insects, such as aphids, leafhoppers, and whiteflies. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the interactions between virus and insect vector are poorly known. Here, we investigate the proteomic interactions between tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae), a plant virus, and its vector whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) species complex. First, using a yeast two-hybrid system, we identified 15 candidate whitefly proteins interacting with the coat protein of TYLCV. GO and KEGG pathway analysis implicated that these 15 whitefly proteins are of different biological functions/processes mainly including metabolic process, cell motility, signal transduction, and response to stimulus. We then found that the whitefly protein tumorous imaginal discs (Tid), one of the 15 whitefly proteins identified, had a stable interaction with TYLCV CP in vitro, and the DnaJ_C domain of Tid301−499aa may be the viral binding site. During viral retention, the expression of whitefly protein Tid was observed to increase at the protein level, and feeding whiteflies with dsRNA or antibody against Tid resulted in a higher quantity of TYLCV in the whitefly body, suggesting the role of Tid in antiviral infection. Our data indicate that the induction of Tid following viral acquisition is likely a whitefly immune response to TYLCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Teng Lei
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Chen Zhu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Li M, Zhao J, Su YL. Transcriptome Analysis of Gene Expression Profiles of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus-Infected Whiteflies over Different Viral Acquisition Access Periods. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11050297. [PMID: 32403443 PMCID: PMC7290374 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), which is transmitted by Bemisia tabaci in a persistent-circulative manner, threatens tomato production worldwide. Little is known about the complicated interaction during this process at the molecular level. In this study, viral AAPs at 0 h, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h and 48 h were investigated using a comparative transcriptome analysis to uncover the transcriptional responses of whiteflies to virus infection. Our results have shown that 755, 587, 1140 and 1347 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the comparisons of the data of 0 h vs. 2 h, 0 h vs. 6 h, 0 h vs. 12 h and 0 h vs. 48 h, respectively. KEGG analysis showed that DEGs associated with metabolisms and signal transduction were down-regulated in virus-infected whiteflies. Additionally, 16 up-regulated putative transporter genes and 10 down-regulated genes associated with IL-17 signaling pathway were identified by time-associated gene cluster analysis. These data boost our comprehensions on whitefly-TYLCV interactions associated with different viral AAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0371-86608672
| | - Jing Zhao
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yun-Lin Su
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510650, China;
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Kaur R, Gupta M, Singh S, Joshi N, Sharma A. Enhancing RNAi Efficiency to Decipher the Functional Response of Potential Genes in Bemisia tabaci AsiaII-1 (Gennadius) Through dsRNA Feeding Assays. Front Physiol 2020; 11:123. [PMID: 32194431 PMCID: PMC7061899 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a global invasive pest that causes substantial losses to agricultural crops worldwide either by direct feeding or vectoring numerous plant viruses. Management with insecticides remains a big challenge due to its rapid resistance development potential as well as the impact of these chemicals on non-target organisms. Thus, in search of alternate and novel pest management strategies RNA interference (RNAi) has come up as potential future tool in this direction. The present study targets nine potential genes (Aquaporin (AQP), Calcitonin (CAL), CyclophilinB (CYCP), Knottin-1 (k-1), Heat shock proteins (Hsp20, Hsp40 and Hsp70), SWItch/Sucrose Non-fermentable (SNF7) and inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) of whitefly that have been implicated to play a role in various vital physiological functions and virus transmission. The RNAi mediated knockdown efficiency of these genes has been improved through the conjugation of respective target gene dsRNA with CQD (carbon quantum dots) nanoparticles or simultaneous knockdown of dsRNA specific gut nucleases. The studies revealed that feeding of dsRNA (40 μg/ml sucrose diet) of the target gene(s) either conjugated with CQD or along with dsRNA against dsRNase (dsdsRNase) (40 μg/ml sucrose diet) enhanced the RNAi efficiency by 24-89% compared to whiteflies fed with naked dsRNA of the same target gene. The studies provide insights about the functional role of various genes in whitefly, which can possibly be exploited for the management of this pest in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Mridula Gupta
- Regional Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Faridkot, India
| | - Satnam Singh
- Regional Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Faridkot, India
| | - Neelam Joshi
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Abhishek Sharma
- Department of Vegetable Sciences, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
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Xu M, Chen J, Huang Y, Shen D, Sun P, Xu Y, Tao X. Dynamic Transcriptional Profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana Infected by Tomato spotted wilt virus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:153-163. [PMID: 31544594 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-19-0199-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a negative-stranded RNA virus that infects hundreds of plant species, causing great economic loss. Infected Arabidopsis thaliana plants develop symptoms including chlorosis and wilt, which can lead to cell death. From 9 to 15 days after TSWV infection, symptoms progress through a three-stage process of appearance, severity, and death. In this study, deep sequencing technology was first used to explore gene expression in response to TSWV infection in model plant A. thaliana at different symptom development stages. We found that plant immune defense and protein degradation are induced by TSWV infection and that both inductions became stronger over time. The photosynthesis pathway was attenuated with TSWV infection. Cell wall metabolism had a large extent of downregulation while some genes were upregulated. These results illustrate the dynamic nature of TSWV infection in A. thaliana at the whole-transcriptome level. The link between biological processes and subpathway metabolism was further analyzed. Our study provides new insight into host regulatory networks and dynamic processes in response to TSWV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
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Kaur N, Chen W, Fei Z, Wintermantel WM. Differences in gene expression in whitefly associated with CYSDV-infected and virus-free melon, and comparison with expression in whiteflies fed on ToCV- and TYLCV-infected tomato. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:654. [PMID: 31416422 PMCID: PMC6694564 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5999-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV; genus Crinivirus, Closteroviridae) is transmitted in a semipersistent manner by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and is efficiently transmitted by the widely prevalent B. tabaci cryptic species, MEAM1. In this study, we compared transcriptome profiles of B. tabaci MEAM1, after 24 h, 72 h and 7 days of acquisition feeding on melon plants infected with CYSDV (CYSDV-whiteflies) with those fed on virus-free melon, using RNA-Seq technology. We also compared transcriptome profiles with whiteflies fed on tomato plants separately infected with Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), a crinivirus closely related to CYSDV, and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a member of the genus Begomovirus, which has a distinctly different mode of transmission and their respective virus-free controls, to find common gene expression changes among viruliferous whiteflies feeding on different host plants infected with distinct (TYLCV) and related (CYSDV and ToCV) viruses. Results A total of 275 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in CYSDV-whiteflies, with 3 DEGs at 24 h, 221 DEGs at 72 h, and 51 DEGs at 7 days of virus acquisition. Changes in genes encoding orphan genes (54 genes), phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBP) (20 genes), and AAA-ATPase domain containing proteins (10 genes) were associated with the 72 h time point. Several more orphan genes (20 genes) were differentially expressed at 7 days. A total of 59 common DEGs were found between CYSDV-whiteflies and ToCV-whiteflies, which included 20 orphan genes and 6 lysosomal genes. A comparison of DEGs across the three different virus-host systems revealed 14 common DEGs, among which, eight showed similar and significant up-regulation in CYSDV-whiteflies at 72 h and TYLCV-whiteflies at 24 h, while down-regulation of the same genes was observed in ToCV-whiteflies at 72 h. Conclusions Dynamic gene expression changes occurred in CYSDV-whiteflies after 72 h feeding, with decreased gene expression changes associated with 7 days of CYSDV acquisition. Similarities in gene expression changes among CYSDV-whiteflies, ToCV-whiteflies and TYLCV-whiteflies suggest the possible involvement of common genes or pathways for virus acquisition and transmission by whiteflies, even for viruses with distinctly different modes of transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5999-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research, 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA.,Present Address: Driscoll's Inc., 151 Silliman Rd., Watsonville, CA, 95076, USA
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853-1801, USA
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853-1801, USA.,USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, 538 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York, 14853-2901, USA
| | - William M Wintermantel
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research, 1636 East Alisal Street, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA.
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Rana VS, Popli S, Saurav GK, Raina HS, Jamwal R, Chaubey R, Ramamurthy VV, Natarajan K, Rajagopal R. Implication of the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, Collagen Protein in Begomoviruses Acquisition and Transmission. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1481-1493. [PMID: 31017531 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-18-0082-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses are the largest group of plant viruses transmitted exclusively by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), in a persistent, circulative, and nonpropagative manner. Begomoviruses in association with B. tabaci cause enormous loss to world agricultural crops. Transmission, retention, and circulation of begomovirus in B. tabaci are facilitated by its interaction with several proteins of the insect and its endosymbionts. However, very few such proteins have been identified from B. tabaci that are involved in this specific interaction. Here, we have performed yeast two-hybrid assay between B. tabaci complementary DNA expression library and the coat protein (CP) of tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) and cotton leaf curl Rajasthan virus (CLCuV). Collagen was the common protein found to be interacting with both of the viruses. The collagen protein was found to be localized in gut layers of B. tabaci. Additionally, pull-down and dot-blot assays confirmed the association of endogenous collagen with ToLCNDV CP. Immunolocalization analysis also showed colocalization of ToLCNDV particles and collagen within insect gut. Finally, B. tabaci fed on anticollagen antibody and exhibited ∼46% reduction in ToLCNDV transmission, suggesting a supportive role for collagen in virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Singh Rana
- 1Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
- 2Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, U.S.A
| | - Sonam Popli
- 1Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
- 3Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, U.S.A
| | - Gunjan Kumar Saurav
- 1Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
| | - Harpreet Singh Raina
- 1Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
- 4Department of Zoology, Shri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
| | - Rohit Jamwal
- 1Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
| | - Rahul Chaubey
- 5Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India 110012
| | - V V Ramamurthy
- 5Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India 110012
| | - K Natarajan
- 6Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
| | - Raman Rajagopal
- 1Gut Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110007
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Hussain S, Farooq M, Malik HJ, Amin I, Scheffler BE, Scheffler JA, Liu SS, Mansoor S. Whole genome sequencing of Asia II 1 species of whitefly reveals that genes involved in virus transmission and insecticide resistance have genetic variances between Asia II 1 and MEAM1 species. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:507. [PMID: 31215403 PMCID: PMC6582559 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) are phloem sap-sucking pests that because of their broad host range and ability to transmit viruses damage crop plants worldwide. B. tabaci are now known to be a complex of cryptic species that differ from each other in many characteristics such as mode of interaction with viruses, invasiveness, and resistance to insecticides. Asia II 1 is an indigenous species found on the Indian sub-continent and south-east Asia while the species named as Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), likely originated from the Middle-East and has spread worldwide in recent decades. The purpose of this study is to find genomic differences between these two species. Results Sequencing of the nuclear genome of Asia II 1 with Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq generated 198.90 million reads that covers 88% of the reference genome. The sequence comparison with MEAM1 identified 2,327,972 SNPs and 202,479 INDELs. In Total, 1294 genes were detected with high impact variants. The functional analysis revealed that some of the genes are involved in virus transmission including 4 genes in Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) transmission, 96 in Tomato crinivirus (ToCV) transmission, and 14 genes in insecticide resistance. Conclusions These genetic differences between Asia II 1 and MEAM1 may underlie the major biological differences between the two species such as virus transmission, insecticide resistance, and range of host plants. The present study provides new genomic data and information resources for Asia II 1 that will not only contribute to the species delimitation of whitefly, but also help in conceiving future research studies to develop more targeted management strategies against whitefly. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5877-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Hussain
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Department of Biotechnology, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Farooq
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hassan Jamil Malik
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan.,Department of Biotechnology, Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Brian E Scheffler
- USDA-ARS, Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Rd., Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Jodi A Scheffler
- USDA-ARS, Crop Genetics Research Unit, 141 Experiment Station Rd, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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Yang X, Guo W, Li F, Sunter G, Zhou X. Geminivirus-Associated Betasatellites: Exploiting Chinks in the Antiviral Arsenal of Plants. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:519-529. [PMID: 31003895 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Betasatellites are a diverse group of circular single-stranded DNA satellites frequently associated with begomoviruses belonging to the family Geminiviridae. Challenged with a geminivirus-betasatellite infection, plants have employed sophisticated defense mechanisms to protect themselves. Betasatellites, in turn, employ mechanisms to antagonize these plant antiviral pathways. In this review, we focus on the anti-geminiviral immune pathways present both in plants and whiteflies. We also outline the counter-defensive strategies deployed by betasatellites to overcome the host defenses and initiate a successful infection. Finally, we discuss the outcomes of the opposing forces of plant immunity and betasatellite-mediated antagonism in the context of an evolutionary arms race. Understanding of the molecular dialog between plants and betasatellites will likely allow for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Garry Sunter
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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38
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Gupta AK, Scully ED, Palmer NA, Geib SM, Sarath G, Hein GL, Tatineni S. Wheat streak mosaic virus alters the transcriptome of its vector, wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella Keifer), to enhance mite development and population expansion. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:889-910. [PMID: 31017568 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV; genus Tritimovirus; family Potyviridae) is an economically important wheat virus that is transmitted by the wheat curl mite (WCM; Aceria tosichella Keifer) in a persistent manner. Virus-vector coevolution may potentially influence vector gene expression to prolong viral association and thus increase virus transmission efficiency and spread. To understand the transcriptomic responses of WCM to WSMV, RNA sequencing was performed to assemble and analyse transcriptomes of WSMV viruliferous and aviruliferous mites. Among 7291 de novo-assembled unigenes, 1020 were differentially expressed between viruliferous and aviruliferous WCMs using edgeR at a false discovery rate ≤0.05. Differentially expressed unigenes were enriched for 108 gene ontology terms, with the majority of the unigenes showing downregulation in viruliferous mites in comparison to only a few unigenes that were upregulated. Protein family and metabolic pathway enrichment analyses revealed that most downregulated unigenes encoded enzymes and proteins linked to stress response, immunity and development. Mechanistically, these predicted changes in mite physiology induced by viral association could be suggestive of pathways needed for promoting virus-vector interactions. Overall, our data suggest that transcriptional changes in viruliferous mites facilitate prolonged viral association and alter WCM development to expedite population expansion, both of which could enhance viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adarsh K Gupta
- 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Erin D Scully
- 2Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Stored Product Insect and Entomology Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services (USDA-ARS), Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Nathan A Palmer
- 3Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Scott M Geib
- 4Daniel K. Inouye US Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Gautam Sarath
- 3Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.,5Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Gary L Hein
- 6Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Tatineni
- 1Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.,3Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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Ding TB, Li J, Chen EH, Niu JZ, Chu D. Transcriptome Profiling of the Whitefly Bemisia tabaci MED in Response to Single Infection of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, Tomato chlorosis virus, and Their Co-infection. Front Physiol 2019; 10:302. [PMID: 31001125 PMCID: PMC6457337 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) are two of the most devastating cultivated tomato viruses, causing significant crop losses worldwide. As the vector of both TYLCV and ToCV, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) is mainly responsible for the rapid spread and mixed infection of TYLCV and ToCV in China. However, little is known concerning B. tabaci MED's molecular response to TYLCV and ToCV infection or their co-infection. We determined the transcriptional responses of the whitefly MED to TYLCV infection, ToCV infection, and TYLCV&ToCV co-infection using Illumina sequencing. In all, 78, 221, and 60 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in TYLCV-infected, ToCV-infected, and TYLCV&ToCV co-infected whiteflies, respectively, compared with non-viruliferous whiteflies. Differentially regulated genes were sorted according to their roles in detoxification, stress response, immune response, transport, primary metabolism, cell function, and total fitness in whiteflies after feeding on virus-infected tomato plants. Alterations in the transcription profiles of genes involved in transport and energy metabolism occurred between TYLCV&ToCV co-infection and single infection with TYLCV or ToCV; this may be associated with the adaptation of the insect vector upon co-infection of the two viruses. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses demonstrated that the single infection with TYLCV or ToCV and the TYLCV&ToCV co-infection could perturb metabolic processes and metabolic pathways. Taken together, our results provide basis for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms of the response to TYLCV, ToCV single infection, and TYLCV&ToCV co-infection in B. tabaci MED, which will add to our knowledge of the interactions between plant viruses and insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Bo Ding
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Er-Hu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Zhi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Chu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Crop Pest Management of Shandong Province, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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40
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Comparative proteomic analysis provides new insight into differential transmission of two begomoviruses by a whitefly. Virol J 2019; 16:32. [PMID: 30857562 PMCID: PMC6413443 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Viruses in the genus Begomovirus (Family Geminiviridae) include many important economic plant viruses transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci species complex. In general, different begomoviruses may be acquired and transmitted by the same whitefly species with different efficiencies. For example, the species Mediterranean (MED) in this whitefly species complex transmits tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) at a higher efficiency than papaya leaf curl China virus (PaLCuCNV). However, the proteomic responses of whitefly to the infection of different begomoviruses remain largely unknown. Methods We used iTRAQ-based proteomics coupled with RT-qPCR to investigate and compare responses of the MED whitefly to the infection of TYLCV and PaLCuCNV. Results Totally, 259, 395 and 74 differently expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in the comparisons of TYLCV-infected vs. un-infected, PaLCuCNV-infected vs. un-infected, and TYLCV-infected vs. PaLCuCNV-infected whiteflies, respectively. These proteins appear associated with catabolic process, metabolic process, transport, defense response, cell cycle, and receptor. The comparisons of TYLCV-infected vs. un-infected and PaLCuCNV-infected vs. un-infected shared some similar DEPs, indicating possible involvement of laminin subunit alpha, dystroglycan, integrin alpha-PS2 and cuticle proteins in viral transport as well as the role of putative defense proteins 3 and PITH in anti-viral response. However, 20S proteasome subunits associated with regulation of virus degradation and accumulation were up-regulated in PaLCuCNV-infected but not in TYLCV-infected whiteflies, which may be related to the constraints of PaLCuCNV accumulation in MED. Conclusions These findings provide valuable clues for unravelling the roles of some whitefly proteins in begomovirus transmission. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1138-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wang N, Zhao P, Ma Y, Yao X, Sun Y, Huang X, Jin J, Zhang Y, Zhu C, Fang R, Ye J. A whitefly effector Bsp9 targets host immunity regulator WRKY33 to promote performance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 374:20180313. [PMID: 30967015 PMCID: PMC6367160 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera), are pests causing economic damage to many crops, capable of transmitting hundreds of plant vector-borne viruses. They are believed to secrete salivary protein effectors that can improve vector colonization and reproductive fitness in host plants. However, little is known about effector biology and the precise mechanism of action of whitefly effectors. Here, we report a functional screening of B. tabaci salivary effector proteins (Bsp) capable of modulating plant innate immunity triggered by plant endogenous pattern peptide Pep1. Four immunity suppressors and two elicitors were identified. Bsp9, the most effective immunity suppressor, was further identified to directly interact with an immunity regulator WRKY33. We provide evidence that Bsp9 may suppress plant immune signalling by interfering with the interaction between WRKY33 and a central regulator in the MAPK cascade. The interference by Bsp9 therefore reduces plant resistance to whitefly by inhibiting activation of WRKY33-regulated immunity-related genes. Further detailed analysis based on transgenic plants found that whitefly effector Bsp9 could promote whitefly preference and performance, increasing virus transmission. This study enriches our knowledge on insect effector biology. This article is part of the theme issue 'Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangmei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiande Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Jin
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable and Flower, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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42
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Grover S, Jindal V, Banta G, Taning CNT, Smagghe G, Christiaens O. Potential of RNA interference in the study and management of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 100:e21522. [PMID: 30484903 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Whiteflies cause considerable losses to crops, directly by feeding, and indirectly by transmission of viruses. The current control methods consist of a combination of different control tactics, mainly still relying on unsafe and non-ecofriendly chemical control. RNA interference (RNAi) is a post-transcriptional gene-silencing strategy in which double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), corresponding specifically to a target gene, is introduced in a target organism. Research on RNAi in the previous decade has shown its success as a potential insect control strategy, which can be highly species-specific and environment friendly. In whiteflies, the success of dsRNA delivery through the oral route opened possibilities for its management through plant-mediated RNAi. To date, several genes have been targeted in whiteflies through RNAi and these assays demonstrated its potential to manage whiteflies at lab level. However, further research and investments are needed to move toward an application at field level. In this review, for the first time, we collected the literature on genes targeted for silencing via RNAi in whiteflies and discuss the potential of RNAi in whitefly pest control. We also discuss likely delivery methods, including transgenic in planta delivery and symbiont-mediated delivery, and its potential for studying and interfering with insecticide resistance mechanisms and virus transmission by whiteflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjan Grover
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska
| | - Vikas Jindal
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Geetika Banta
- Department of Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
| | - Clauvis Nji Tizi Taning
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Christiaens
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
Viruses are an important but sequence-diverse and often understudied component of the phytobiome. We succinctly review current information on how plant viruses directly affect plant health and physiology and consequently have the capacity to modulate plant interactions with their biotic and abiotic environments. Virus interactions with other biota in the phytobiome, including arthropods, fungi, and nematodes, may also impact plant health. For example, viruses interact with and modulate the interface between plants and insects. This has been extensively studied for insect-vectored plant viruses, some of which also infect their vectors. Other viruses have been shown to alter the impacts of plant-interacting phytopathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi and bacteria. Viruses that infect nematodes have also recently been discovered, but the impact of these and phage infecting soil bacteria on plant health remain largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Schoelz
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Lucy R Stewart
- Corn, Soybean and Wheat Quality Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA;
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Mauck KE, Chesnais Q, Shapiro LR. Evolutionary Determinants of Host and Vector Manipulation by Plant Viruses. Adv Virus Res 2018; 101:189-250. [PMID: 29908590 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses possess adaptations for facilitating acquisition, retention, and inoculation by vectors. Until recently, it was hypothesized that these adaptations are limited to virus proteins that enable virions to bind to vector mouthparts or invade their internal tissues. However, increasing evidence suggests that viruses can also manipulate host plant phenotypes and vector behaviors in ways that enhance their own transmission. Manipulation of vector-host interactions occurs through virus effects on host cues that mediate vector orientation, feeding, and dispersal behaviors, and thereby, the probability of virus transmission. Effects on host phenotypes vary by pathosystem but show a remarkable degree of convergence among unrelated viruses whose transmission is favored by the same vector behaviors. Convergence based on transmission mechanism, rather than phylogeny, supports the hypothesis that virus effects are adaptive and not just by-products of infection. Based on this, it has been proposed that viruses manipulate hosts through multifunctional proteins that facilitate exploitation of host resources and elicitation of specific changes in host phenotypes. But this proposition is rarely discussed in the context of the numerous constraints on virus evolution imposed by molecular and environmental factors, which figure prominently in research on virus-host interactions not dealing with host manipulation. To explore the implications of this oversight, we synthesized available literature to identify patterns in virus effects among pathogens with shared transmission mechanisms and discussed the results of this synthesis in the context of molecular and environmental constraints on virus evolution, limitations of existing studies, and prospects for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry E Mauck
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.
| | - Quentin Chesnais
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Lori R Shapiro
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Wang ZZ, Zhan LQ, Chen XX. Two types of lysozymes from the whitefly Bemisia tabaci: Molecular characterization and functional diversification. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:252-261. [PMID: 29247722 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme is well-known as an immune effector in the immune system. Here we identified three genes including one c-type lysozyme, Btlysc, and two i-type lysozymes, Btlysi1 and Btlysi2, from the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. All three lysozymes were constitutively expressed in different tissues and developmental stages, but the two types of lysozymes showed different expression patterns. The expression levels of Btlysi1 and Btlysi2 were dramatically induced after the whitefly fed with different host plants while the expression level of Btlysc kept unchanged. After fungal infection and begomovirus acquisition, Btlysc expression was significantly upregulated while Btlysi1 and Btlysi2 expression were basically not induced. Furthermore, we found that Btlysc showed muramidase and antibacterial activities. Altogether, our results suggest that the two types of lysozymes act in two different ways in B. tabaci, that is, Btlysc is involved in the whitefly immune system while Btlysi1 and Btlysi2 may play a role in digestion or nutrition absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhi Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Le-Qing Zhan
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Transcriptome profiling of whitefly guts in response to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus infection. Virol J 2018; 15:14. [PMID: 29338737 PMCID: PMC5771010 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant viruses in agricultural crops are of great concern worldwide, and over 75% of them are transmitted from infected to healthy plants by insect vectors. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is a begomovirus, which is the largest and most economically important group of plant viruses, transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The circulation of TYLCV in the insect involves complex insect-virus interactions, whereas the molecular mechanisms of these interactions remain ambiguous. The insect gut as a barrier for viral entry and dissemination is thought to regulate the vector specificity. However, due to its tiny size, information for the responses of whitefly gut to virus infection is limited. METHODS We investigated the transcriptional response of the gut of B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 species to TYLCV infection using Illumina sequencing. RESULTS A total of 5207 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between viruliferous and non-viruliferous whitefly guts were identified. Enrichment analyses showed that cargo receptor and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters were enriched in DEGs, and might help the virus to cross gut barrier. TYLCV could perturb cell cycle and DNA repair as a possible result of its replication in the whitefly. Our data also demonstrated that TYLCV can activate whitefly defense responses, such as antimicrobial peptides. Meanwhile, a number of genes involved in intracellular signaling were activated by TYLCV infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal the complex insect-virus relationship in whitefly gut and provide substantial molecular information for the role of insect midguts in virus transmission.
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Ghosh S, Bouvaine S, Richardson SCW, Ghanim M, Maruthi MN. Fitness costs associated with infections of secondary endosymbionts in the cassava whitefly species Bemisia tabaci. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2018; 91:17-28. [PMID: 29367840 PMCID: PMC5750334 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-017-0910-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the dual effects of bacterial infections and diseased cassava plants on the fitness and biology of the Bemisia tabaci infesting cassava in Africa. Isofemale B. tabaci colonies of sub-Saharan Africa 1-subgroup 3 (SSA1-SG3), infected with two secondary endosymbiotic bacteria Arsenophonus and Rickettsia (AR+) and those free of AR infections (AR-), were compared for fitness parameters on healthy and East African cassava mosaic virus-Uganda variant (EACMV-UG)-infected cassava plants. The whitefly fecundity and nymph development was not affected by bacterial infections or the infection of cassava by the virus. However, emergence of adults from nymphs was 50 and 17% higher by AR- on healthy and virus-infected plants, respectively, than AR+ flies. Development time of adults also was 10 days longer in AR+ than AR-. The whiteflies were further compared for acquisition and retention of EACMV-UG. Higher proportion of AR- acquired (91.8%) and retained (87.6%) the virus than AR+ (71.8, 61.2%, respectively). Similarly, the AR- flies retained higher quantities of virus (~ninefold more) than AR+. These results indicated that bacteria-free whiteflies were superior and better transmitters of EACMV-UG, as they had higher adult emergence, quicker life cycle and better virus retention abilities than those infected with bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptarshi Ghosh
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
| | - Sophie Bouvaine
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
| | - Simon C. W. Richardson
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road 68, PO Box 15159, 7528809 Rishon Le Tsiyon, Israel
| | - M. N. Maruthi
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB UK
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Smee MR, Baltrus DA, Hendry TA. Entomopathogenicity to Two Hemipteran Insects Is Common but Variable across Epiphytic Pseudomonas syringae Strains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2149. [PMID: 29312398 PMCID: PMC5742162 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Strains of the well-studied plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae show large differences in their ability to colonize plants epiphytically and to inflict damage to hosts. Additionally, P. syringae can infect some sap-sucking insects and at least one P. syringae strain is highly virulent to insects, causing death to most individuals within as few as 4 days and growing to high population densities within insect hosts. The likelihood of agricultural pest insects coming into contact with transient populations of P. syringae while feeding on plants is high, yet the ecological implications of these interactions are currently not well understood as virulence has not been tested across a wide range of strains. To investigate virulence differences across strains we exposed the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, both of which are cosmopolitan agricultural pests, to 12 P. syringae strains. We used oral inoculations with bacteria suspended in artificial diet in order to assay virulence while controlling for other variables such as differences in epiphytic growth ability. Generally, patterns of pathogenicity remain consistent across the two species of hemipteran insects, with bacterial strains from phylogroup II, or genomospecies 1, causing the highest rate of mortality with up to 86% of individuals dead after 72 h post infection. The rate of mortality is highly variable across strains, some significantly different from negative control treatments and others showing no discernable difference. Interestingly, one of the most pathogenic strains to both aphids and whiteflies (Cit7) is thought to be non-pathogenic on plants. We also found Cit7 to establish the highest epiphytic population after 48 h on fava beans. Between the nine P. syringae strains tested for epiphytic ability there is also much variation, but epiphytic ability was positively correlated with pathogenicity to insects, suggesting that the two traits may be linked and that strains likely to be found on plants may often be entomopathogenic. Our study highlights that there may be a use for epiphytic bacteria in the biological control of insect crop pests. It also suggests that interactions with epiphytic bacteria could be evolutionary and ecological drivers for hemipteran insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R. Smee
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - David A. Baltrus
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Tory A. Hendry
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Hong Y, Yi T, Tan X, Su J, Ge F. Microbes affected the TYLCCNV transmission rate by the Q biotype whitefly under high O 3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14412. [PMID: 29089507 PMCID: PMC5663716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a major air pollutant that has a profound effect on whole ecosystems. In this study we studied how hO3 affected the transmission of the Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), a begomovirus, by the Q biotype Bemisia tabaci in a persistent, circulative manner. We found hO3 affected the transmission of TYLCCNV via the effect of it on the microbial community of the transmitting insect, such as Candidatus Hamiltonella, Ralstonia, Diaphorobacter, Caldilineaceae, Deinococcus, Rickettsia, Thysanophora penicillioides and Wallemia ichthyophaga. We concluded that hO3 decreased the resistance of acquiring virus tomatoes, and decreased the immune response and increased the endurance to extreme environments of viruliferous whiteflies by altering the composition and abundance of the microbial environments inside the body and on the surface of whitefly, as a result, it enhanced the TYLCV transmission rate by the Q biotype whitefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Hong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tuyong Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoling Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Hasegawa DK, Chen W, Zheng Y, Kaur N, Wintermantel WM, Simmons AM, Fei Z, Ling KS. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals networks of genes activated in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci when fed on tomato plants infected with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Virology 2017; 513:52-64. [PMID: 29035786 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci can transmit hundreds of viruses to numerous agricultural crops in the world. Five genera of viruses, including Begomovirus and Crinivirus, are transmitted by B. tabaci. There is little knowledge about the genes involved in virus acquisition and transmission by whiteflies. Using a comparative transcriptomics approach, we evaluated the gene expression profiles of whiteflies (B. tabaci MEAM1) after feeding on tomato infected by a begomovirus, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), in comparison to a recent study, in which whiteflies were fed on tomato infected by the crinivirus, Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV). The data revealed similar temporal trends in gene expression, but large differences in the number of whitefly genes when fed on TYLCV or ToCV-infected tomato. Transcription factors, cathepsins, receptors, and a hemocyanin gene, which is implicated in mediating antiviral immune responses in other insects and possibly virus transmission, were some of the genes identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Hasegawa
- USDA-ARS, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Yi Zheng
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Navneet Kaur
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research, Salinas, California, USA.
| | | | - Alvin M Simmons
- USDA-ARS, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
| | - Zhangjun Fei
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, USA; USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA.
| | - Kai-Shu Ling
- USDA-ARS, US Vegetable Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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