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Hsiung GD. Mysteries and miracles: personal recollections in clinical and diagnostic virology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 3:1-81. [PMID: 15566822 PMCID: PMC7135423 DOI: 10.1016/0928-0197(95)80003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Roizmann B, Desrosiers RC, Fleckenstein B, Lopez C, Minson AC, Studdert MJ. The family Herpesviridae: an update. The Herpesvirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Arch Virol 1992; 123:425-49. [PMID: 1562239 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Roizmann
- Majorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
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Fong CK, Landry ML. An adventitious viral contaminant in commercially supplied A549 cells: identification of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus and its impact on diagnosis of infection in clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30:1611-3. [PMID: 1320632 PMCID: PMC265345 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.30.6.1611-1613.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation and identification of an adventitious viral agent, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, in one lot of A549 cells from a commercial supplier is described in this report. The presence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in A549 cells was unexpected and has caused problems in the diagnosis of infections in clinical specimens in three laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Fong
- Virology Reference Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut 06516
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Abstract
The family herpesviridae contains over 100 viruses endogenous to humans and to a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms. Inclusion in the family is based on architecture of the virion. The viruses differ significantly with respect to base composition and sequence arrangements of their DNAs, but share many biologic properties including the ability to remain latent in their hosts. On the basis of their biologic properties the herpesviruses have been classified into three subfamilies, i.e. alphaherpesvirinae, betaherpesvirinae and gammaherpesvirinae. The members of each subfamily share many properties including greater conservation and colinear arrangements of their genes. As a rule, more than one herpesvirus has been isolated from animals of economic importance and both humans have yielded viruses belong to all three subfamilies of the herpesviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Roizman
- Majorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses are agents that infect a variety of animals. Human cytomegalovirus is associated with infections that may be inapparent or may result in severe body malformation. More recently, human cytomegalovirus infections have been recognized as causing severe complications in immunosuppressed individuals. In other animals, cytomegaloviruses are often associated with infections having relatively mild sequelae. Many of these sequelae parallel symptoms associated with human cytomegalovirus infections. Recent advances in biotechnology have permitted the study of many of the animal cytomegaloviruses in vitro. Consequently, animal cytomegaloviruses can be used as model systems for studying the pathogenesis, immunobiology, and molecular biology of cytomegalovirus-host and cytomegalovirus-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Staczek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine-Shreveport, Shreveport 71130
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Hu JM, Hsiung GD. Activities of two new antiviral agents against guinea pig lymphotropic herpesvirus infection in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33:1600-5. [PMID: 2817855 PMCID: PMC172709 DOI: 10.1128/aac.33.9.1600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new antiviral agents, compound 164, also known as 2'-nor-cGMP (9-[(2-hydroxy-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)oxymethyl]-guani ne P-oxide), and compound 102 [4-amino-5-bromo-7-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)-pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine], together with acyclovir for comparison, were evaluated for activities against the guinea pig lymphotropic herpesvirus infection in vitro by plaque reduction and virus yield reduction assays in guinea pig embryo cells. The two new compounds were demonstrated to be more potent against guinea pig lymphotropic herpesvirus infections than acyclovir. Compound 164 was the most potent of the three; drug concentrations required to reduce the number of plaques by 50% were 2, 35.5, and 144.5 microM for compounds 164, 102, and acyclovir, respectively. The two new compounds were cytostatic but not cytotoxic to guinea pig embryo cells in cultures. Attempts were made to investigate the inhibition of viral replication by these compounds, and the influence of test conditions on antiviral evaluations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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McCormick S, Dowler K, Armstrong JA, Hsiung GD. Cyclophosphamide immunosuppression during lymphotropic herpesvirus infection in the guinea pig model. A histopathologic and virologic study. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1987; 127:538-48. [PMID: 3035931 PMCID: PMC1899757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Guinea pigs infected with lymphotropic herpesvirus (GPHLV) were given the immunosuppressive agent cyclophosphamide (Cy). All Cy-treated animals revealed the expected lymphoid depletion of spleen and lymph node B zones. Acute GPHLV infection of Cy-treated animals resulted in increased blood and spleen leukocyte viral infectivity titers and lymphoid tissue lesions containing cells positive for GPHLV antigen and intranuclear inclusions. During latent GPHLV infection, Cy treatment resulted in declining leukocyte viral infectivity titers without pathologic lesions. Morphologic data suggest that tissue histiocytic cells may be involved in the productive viral infection observed in Cy-immunosuppressed animals during acute GPHLV infection. During latency, however, infectious virus appears restricted to a Cy-sensitive, probably lymphoid, cell. This animal model appears useful for the study of lymphotropic viral infection during immunosuppression.
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Bia FJ, Summers WC, Fong CK, Hsiung GD. New endogenous herpesvirus of guinea pigs: biological and molecular characterization. J Virol 1980; 36:245-53. [PMID: 6255209 PMCID: PMC353635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.36.1.245-253.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Two known guinea pig herpesviruses, guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) and guinea pig herpes-like virus (GPHLV), and well characterized. A third herpesvirus (GPXV) was originally isolated from leukocytes of healthy strain 2 guinea pigs. Growth of GPXV in guinea pig embryo fibroblastic cells produced a characteristic cytopathic effect. Electron microscopy of guinea pig cells infected with GPXV revealed the morphological development of a herpesvirus. Cross-neutralization tests and immunoferritin electron microscopy demonstrated that GPXV, GPCMV, and GPHLV were serologically distinct herpeviruses of guinea pigs. To confirm the distinction between these three herpesviruses, DNA genomes were compared by CsCl equilibrium buoyant density measurements and restriction endonuclease cleavage analysis. 32P-labeled viral DNA ws obtained from nucleocapsids isolated from virus-infected cells, and the buoyant density of GPXV DNA differed from that of GPCMV and GPHLV. Cleavage of viral DNAs with restriction endonucleases followed by gel electrophoresis revealed distinct patterns for each virus.
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Kaplow LS, Nadel E. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Animal model: transplantable guinea pig L2C leukemia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1979; 95:273-6. [PMID: 285624 PMCID: PMC2042282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Gonzalez-Serva A, Hsiung GD. Expression of herpesvirus in adherent cells derived from bone marrow of latently infected guinea pigs. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1978; 91:483-96. [PMID: 207189 PMCID: PMC2018305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of bone marrow adherent cells in the latency of guinea pig herpes-like virus (GPHLV) was explored. Cultures of macrophage-enriched adherent cells derived from infected guinea pigs were examined for evidence of latent GPHLV infection. Expression of the virus was detected in these cultures 9 to 10 days after in vitro cultivation. Increasing virus infectivity titers as well as light and electron microscopic evidence of virion assembly in macrophages and fibroblasts were demonstrated. Infections virus was detected in the bone marrow adherent cells that had attached for 30 or 120 minutes but only following reverse cocultivation. The data showed not only that the bone marrow adherent cells were susceptible to GPHLV in vitro but also that GPHLV was harbored by the macrophage-enriched bone marrow population in vivo in latently infected guinea pigs.
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12
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Rhim JS. Malignant transformation of rat embryo cells by a herpesvirus isolated from L2C guinea pig leukemia. Virology 1977; 82:100-10. [PMID: 898672 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(77)90036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Merck W, Kistler GS, Riede UN, Löhle E, Sandritter W. [Oncorna-like virus particles in the cochlear spiral ganglion of guinea pigs (author's transl)]. BEITRAGE ZUR PATHOLOGIE 1977; 161:142-9. [PMID: 597101 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-8165(77)80093-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Virus particles in spiral ganglion cells of the guinea pig have been grouped with herpes viruses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this classification of the viruses and their influence on cell morphology. MATERIAL AND METHODS 20 healthy, adult guinea pigs from different breeds were studied. The spiral ganglion was serially sectioned and examined electron micoscopically. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION All examined spiral ganglions of several guinea pig populations from different breeds showed intracytoplasmic viruses in some granular spiral ganglion cells. According to their localization and morphology we classify these viruses with the oncorna virus group. This is not in agreement with the classification of other authors. Apparently there is a world-wide latent viral infection in guinea pigs. The accumulation of lysosomal-like vacuoles in vicinity to the viruses indicates an increased local lysosomal activity of the infected ganglion cells. Considering the otherwise normal ultrastructure of the infected cells an additional influence of these viruses on the intracellular metabolism can neither be demonstrated nor denied.
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Hsiung GD, Tenser RB, Fong CK. Comparison of guinea pig cytomegalovirus and guinea pig herpes-like virus: growth characteristics and antigentic relationship. Infect Immun 1976; 13:926-33. [PMID: 178598 PMCID: PMC420696 DOI: 10.1128/iai.13.3.926-933.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth characteristics of guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) and guinea pig herpes-like virus (GPHLV) in cell cultures were compared. Guinea pig fibroblast cells were highly susceptible to infection with both viruses, whereas guinea pig kidney cells were sensitive only to GPHLV. No cytopathic effect was observed in the latter cell system after infection with GPCMV,nor was there an increase in virus titer, although the cirus persisted in the kidney cells for 2 to 3 weeks postinfection. Electron microscope studies showed nonvirion tubular structures in GPCMV -infected fibroblast cells, but not in GPHLV- infected cells. Large packages of enveloped nuclear virus particles were commonly seen in GPHLV -infected cells, especially kidney epithelial cells, but none were found in the GPCMV -infected fibroblasts. Complete enveloped extracellular virus particles were present in both virus-cell systems. Both viruses showed narrow host spectra and replicated well only in guinea pig cells although GPHLV multiplied to some degree in rabbit cells. No antigenic relationship could be demonstrated between the two viruses using antisera specific for each virus that was produced in rabbits and guinea pigs. Rabbits produced high neutralizing antibody titers to GPHLV, whereas guinea pigs were the animals of choice for GPCMV antiserum production.
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Tenser RB, Hsiung GD. Comparison of guinea pig cytomegalovirus and guinea pig herpes-like virus: pathogenesis and persistence in experimentally infected animals. Infect Immun 1976; 13:934-40. [PMID: 178599 PMCID: PMC420697 DOI: 10.1128/iai.13.3.934-940.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) and guinea pig herpes-like virus (GPHLV) in guinea pigs was compared. Animals were inoculated with the two viruses by different routes and sacrificed after varying periods of time. GPCMV was consistently isolated from salivary gland 2 weeks postinoculation and thereafter following intraperitoneal or subcutaneous incoulaton. Virus was less frequently found in other tissues including blood, spleen, and kidney. Intranuclear inclusions were seen in tissue sections of salivary gland after inoculation with GPCMV- infected tissue suspension, but were only rarely found after inoculation with tissue culture virus. In GPHLV-infected guinea pigs, consistent latent infection of leukocytes and other tissues was detected by cocultivation techniques. Intranuclear inclusions were not found in the spleen, salivary gland, or other infected tissues after GPHLV infection with either tissue culture virus or infected tissue suspension. Guinea pigs inoculated with GPCMV produced high titers of specific neutralizing antibody to the homologous virus; those inoculated with GPHLV developed long-term viremia accompanied by minimal neutralizing antibody levels to the virus.
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Pierce GB. Neoplasms, differentiations and mutations. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1974; 77:103-118. [PMID: 4447121 PMCID: PMC1910714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has been presented to support the concept that malignant tumors are postembryonic differentiations superimposed upon the process of tissue maintenance and renewal. Malignant stem cells are derived from normal stem cells. They have a capacity for proliferation and differentiation that operates at a different level of control than the normal. Even so, malignant stem cells are responsive to enviornmental control, suggesting that it may be possible to direct their differentiation or at least to control their ability to replicate. A tumor is a caricature of normal tissue and appears undifferentiated because of the preponderance of undifferentiated proliferating stem cells in relationship to the number of cells that have differentiated and become benign.
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Rapp F, Buss ER. Are viruses important in carcinogenesis? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1974; 77:85-102. [PMID: 4374889 PMCID: PMC1910716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of viruses in the etiology of animal cancers is fairly certain. Information derived under both natural and experimental conditions supports the concept that either DNA- or RNA-containing viruses can fulfill this function. The DNA-containing herpesviruses, especially the Epstein-Barr virus, are currently the primary objects of intense investigation concerning their role in human cancer. This article will focus on the properties of counterpart herpesviruses in lower animals as well as the human virus candidates with an assessment of the observations concerning their oncogenic potential.
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Nadel E, Liu P, Burstein S. Experimental perinatal leukemia in guinea pigs. BEITRAGE ZUR PATHOLOGIE 1974; 151:268-80. [PMID: 4857843 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-8165(74)80004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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The Presence of Viruses in Uninoculated Tissue Cultures: Sources and Methods of Detection. CONTAMINATION IN TISSUE CULTURE 1973. [PMCID: PMC7155471 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-261850-5.50016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Herpesvirus (GPHV) antigen is either present in very small amounts, or absent in leukemic lymphoblasts taken directly from strain 2 guinea pigs. However, after maintenance in tissue culture for 72 hr, almost 100% of these lymphoblasts contained GPHV antigen. The expression of GPHV antigen could be demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescent technique as well as by the direct (125)I labeled antibody technique. However, infectious virus or virus capsids could not be detected in these cells either by infectivity tests or electron microscopy.
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Biggs PM. Oncogenic herpesvirus infections of animals. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT (ROYAL COLLEGE OF PATHOLOGISTS) 1972; 6:65-72. [PMID: 4376157 PMCID: PMC1347253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abstract
A guinea pig herpesvirus (GPHV) has consistently been isolated from leukemic lymphoblasts of strain-2 guinea pigs. GPHV is serologically related to the guinea pig herpes-like virus isolated by Hsiung and Kaplow. The virions of GPHV consist of an icosahedral capsid containing a dense nucleoprotein core enclosed in a double-layered membrane. The average diameters of GPHV virion and capsid were 166 and 101 nm, respectively. Studies on the morphogenesis of GPHV revealed that, as in other herpesvirus infections, only the naked capsids with or without the nucleoprotein core were found in the infected cell nuclei; it was also learned that the virion acquired its envelope by budding from the nuclear membrane of the infected cells. However, GPHV-infected cell nuclei also contained dense fibrous rods, resembling nucleo-protein core outside the capsids, and tubules resembling viral core protein. The capsids were often embedded in dense granular antigen. GPHV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has a density of 1.716 g/ml in cesium chloride compared to herpes simplex virus DNA (rho = 1.728 g/ml) and cellular DNA (rho = 1.700 g/ml).
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Keller JM, Spear PG, Roizman B. Proteins specified by herpes simplex virus. 3. Viruses differing in their effects on the social behavior of infected cells specify different membrane glycoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 65:865-71. [PMID: 4314902 PMCID: PMC282996 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.65.4.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the electrophoretic properties of the proteins and glycoproteins in the smooth membranes and virions purified from cells infected with herpes simplex virus strains differing with respect to their effects on the interaction of cells among themselves. The data show the following: (1) The glycoproteins in virions and binding to membranes share common features but vary quantitatively and qualitatively depending on the virus strain. (2) The binding to smooth membranes is ordered and not random. (3) Differences in the glycosylation of membrane proteins in African green monkey (VERO) and human (HEp-2) cells indicate that glycosylation is at least in part determined by the host.
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Lee LF, Roizman B, Spear PG, Kieff ED, Burmester BR, Nazerian K. Marek's disease herpes virus: a cytomegalovirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1969; 64:952-6. [PMID: 4313336 PMCID: PMC223327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.64.3.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA of herpes viruses associated with Marek's disease of fowl contains 56-57 moles of guanine and cytosine per 100. The composition of its DNA and lack of infectiousness of cell-free preparations suggest that the herpes virus associated with Marek's disease belongs to the herpes virus group B which contains predominantly cytomegaloviruses.
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