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Chawla YM, Bajpai P, Saini K, Reddy ES, Patel AK, Murali-Krishna K, Chandele A. Regional Variation of the CD4 and CD8 T Cell Epitopes Conserved in Circulating Dengue Viruses and Shared with Potential Vaccine Candidates. Viruses 2024; 16:730. [PMID: 38793612 PMCID: PMC11126086 DOI: 10.3390/v16050730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
As dengue expands globally and many vaccines are under trials, there is a growing recognition of the need for assessing T cell immunity in addition to assessing the functions of neutralizing antibodies during these endeavors. While several dengue-specific experimentally validated T cell epitopes are known, less is understood about which of these epitopes are conserved among circulating dengue viruses and also shared by potential vaccine candidates. As India emerges as the epicenter of the dengue disease burden and vaccine trials commence in this region, we have here aligned known dengue specific T cell epitopes, reported from other parts of the world with published polyprotein sequences of 107 dengue virus isolates available from India. Of the 1305 CD4 and 584 CD8 epitopes, we found that 24% and 41%, respectively, were conserved universally, whereas 27% and 13% were absent in any viral isolates. With these data, we catalogued epitopes conserved in circulating dengue viruses from India and matched them with each of the six vaccine candidates under consideration (TV003, TDEN, DPIV, CYD-TDV, DENVax and TVDV). Similar analyses with viruses from Thailand, Brazil and Mexico revealed regional overlaps and variations in these patterns. Thus, our study provides detailed and nuanced insights into regional variation that should be considered for itemization of T cell responses during dengue natural infection and vaccine design, testing and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadya M. Chawla
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (Y.M.C.); (P.B.); (K.S.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Prashant Bajpai
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (Y.M.C.); (P.B.); (K.S.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Keshav Saini
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (Y.M.C.); (P.B.); (K.S.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Elluri Seetharami Reddy
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (Y.M.C.); (P.B.); (K.S.); (E.S.R.)
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Ashok Kumar Patel
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India;
| | - Kaja Murali-Krishna
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (Y.M.C.); (P.B.); (K.S.); (E.S.R.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA
| | - Anmol Chandele
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (Y.M.C.); (P.B.); (K.S.); (E.S.R.)
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Laphanuwat P, Gomes DCO, Akbar AN. Senescent T cells: Beneficial and detrimental roles. Immunol Rev 2023; 316:160-175. [PMID: 37098109 PMCID: PMC10952287 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
As the thymus involutes during aging, the T-cell pool has to be maintained by the periodic expansion of preexisting T cells during adulthood. A conundrum is that repeated episodes of activation and proliferation drive the differentiation of T cells toward replicative senescence, due to telomere erosion. This review discusses mechanisms that regulate the end-stage differentiation (senescence) of T cells. Although these cells, within both CD4 and CD8 compartments, lose proliferative activity after antigen-specific challenge, they acquire innate-like immune function. While this may confer broad immune protection during aging, these senescent T cells may also cause immunopathology, especially in the context of excessive inflammation in tissue microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatthamon Laphanuwat
- Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen UniversityKhon KaenThailand
| | - Daniel Claudio Oliveira Gomes
- Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Núcleo de Doenças InfecciosasUniversidade Federal do Espírito SantoVitoriaBrazil
- Núcleo de BiotecnologiaUniversidade Federal do Espírito SantoVitoriaBrazil
| | - Arne N. Akbar
- Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonLondonUK
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Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine Generates Cross-Reactive Memory T Cell Responses to Zika Virus in Humans. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:8379286. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8379286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Zika virus (ZIKV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) are mosquito-borne flaviviruses with sequence homology. ZIKV circulates in some regions where JEV also circulates, or where JE vaccination is used. Cross-immunity between flaviviruses exists, but the precise mechanisms remain unclear. We previously demonstrated that T cell immunity induced by the live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis (JE) SA14-14-2 vaccine conferred protective immunity against ZIKV infection in mice, which could even bypass antibody-dependent enhancement. However, the role of T cell immune, especially memory T cell subsets, in cross-reactive immune responses between JE vaccine and ZIKV in humans has not been reported. Methods. We examined central and effector memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell (TCM and TEM) responses (including degranulation, cytokines, and chemokines) in the presence of JEV and ZIKV, respectively, by using qualified peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from 18 children who had recently received a two-dose course of JE vaccine SA14-14-2 as well as seven children without JE vaccination. Results. Cross-reactive CD8+ TCM in response to ZIKV was characterized by secretion of IFN-γ, whereas CD8+ TEM did not show significant upregulation of functional factors. In the presence of ZIKV, IFN-γ and TNF-α expression was upregulated by CD4+ TEM, and the expression signature of CD4+ TCM is more cytotoxic potential. Conclusions. We profiled the cross-reactive memory T cell responses to ZIKV in JE vaccine recipients. These data will provide evidence for the mechanism of cross-reactive memory T cell immune responses between JEV and ZIKV and a more refined view of bivalent vaccine design strategy.
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Sun J, Zheng Z, Li M, Liu Z, Su X, Jin X. Development of a novel ZIKV vaccine comprised of immunodominant CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes identified through comprehensive epitope mapping in Zika virus infected mice. Vaccine 2021; 39:5173-5186. [PMID: 34353682 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) caused over two million human infections in more than 80 countries around 2015-2016. Current vaccines under development are mostly focused on inducing antibodies that despite capable of inhibiting the virus, may have the potential to trigger antibody dependent enhancement (ADE). T cell vaccines that do not induce antibodies targeting viral surface will unlikely cause ADE, but be capable of potentiating the effectiveness of an antibody-inducing vaccine. To develop such a protective T cell vaccine, we first examined the repertoire of antigen-specific T cells in immunocompetent mice that have been transiently infected by ZIKV. Through epitope mapping using 427 overlapping peptides spanning the entire length of ZIKV polyprotein, we discovered 27 immunodominant epitopes scattered throughout the virus on C, E, NS1-NS5 proteins. Among them, 8 were confirmed as CD4+ T cell epitopes, and 16 as CD8+ T cell epitopes, while 3 for both T cell subsets. From these 27 newly identified epitopes, the top 10 epitopes were selected to formulate three T cell vaccines comprised of either CD4+ T cell epitopes, or CD8+ T cell epitopes, or a mixture of both. Immunization with these T cell epitopes induced T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine production, and conferred varying degrees of protection against ZIKV challenge. Moreover, these new T cell vaccines also improved the protective efficacy of a neutralizing antibody-inducing recombinant E80 protein vaccine. Together, our results provided additional evidence in support of the protective role of ZIKV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and laid foundation for future development of T cell vaccines for ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sun
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhihang Zheng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201058, China
| | - Min Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201058, China
| | - Zhihua Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201058, China
| | - Xiao Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xia Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201058, China.
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Niranjan R, Kishor S, Kumar A. Matrix metalloproteinases in the pathogenesis of dengue viral disease: Involvement of immune system and newer therapeutic strategies. J Med Virol 2021; 93:4629-4637. [PMID: 33634515 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Globally, the burden due to dengue infection is increasing with a recent estimate of 96 million progressing to the disease every year. Dengue pathogenesis and the factors influencing it are not completely known. It is now widely speculated that there is an important role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the initiation and progression of dengue pathogenesis; however, their exact roles are not fully understood. Overactivation of matrix metalloproteinases may contribute to the severity of dengue pathogenesis. Cytokines and various other mediators of inflammation interact with the vascular endothelium and matrix metalloproteinases may be one of the components among them. Extensive plasma leakage into tissue spaces may result in a shock. It is evident in the literature that MMP2 and MMP9 increase in dengue patients is correlated with the severity of the disease; however, the underlying mechanism is still unknown. Activation of innate cells and adaptive immune cells which include, B and T cells, macrophages or monocytes and dendritic cells also contribute to the dengue pathology. Newer therapeutic strategies include microRNAs, such as miR-134 (targets MMP3 and MMP1) and MicroRNA-320d, (targets MMP/TIMP proteolytic system). The use of antibodies-based therapeutics like (Andecaliximab; anti-matrix metalloproteinase-9 antibody) is also suggested against MMPs in dengue. In this review, we summarize some recent developments associated with the involvement of immune cells and their mediators associated with the matrix metalloproteinases mediated dengue pathogenesis. We highlight that, there is still very little knowledge about the MMPs in dengue pathogenesis which needs attention and extensive investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rituraj Niranjan
- Immunology Laboratory, ICMR-Vector Control Research Center, Puducherry, India
| | - Sumitha Kishor
- Immunology Laboratory, ICMR-Vector Control Research Center, Puducherry, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Immunology Laboratory, ICMR-Vector Control Research Center, Puducherry, India
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Pollett S, Gathii K, Figueroa K, Rutvisuttinunt W, Srikanth A, Nyataya J, Mutai BK, Awinda G, Jarman RG, Berry IM, Waitumbi JN. The evolution of dengue-2 viruses in Malindi, Kenya and greater East Africa: Epidemiological and immunological implications. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 90:104617. [PMID: 33161179 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Kenya experiences a substantial burden of dengue, yet there are very few DENV-2 sequence data available from this country and indeed the entire continent of Africa. We therefore undertook whole genome sequencing and evolutionary analysis of fourteen dengue virus (DENV)-2 strains sampled from Malindi sub-County Hospital during the 2017 DENV-2 outbreak in the Kenyan coast. We further performed an extended East African phylogenetic analysis, which leveraged 26 complete African env genes. Maximum likelihood analysis showed that the 2017 outbreak was due to the Cosmopolitan genotype, indicating that this has been the only confirmed human DENV-2 genotype circulating in Africa to date. Phylogeographic analyses indicated transmission of DENV-2 viruses between East Africa and South/South-West Asia. Time-scaled genealogies show that DENV-2 viruses shows spatial structure at the country level in Kenya, with a time-to-most-common-recent ancestor analysis indicating that these DENV-2 strains were circulating for up to 5.38 years in Kenya before detection in the 2017 Malindi outbreak. Selection pressure analyses indicated sampled Kenyan DENV strains uniquely being under positive selection at 6 sites, predominantly across the non-structural genes, and epitope prediction analyses showed that one of these sites corresponds to a putative predicted MHC-I CD8+ DENV-2 Cosmopolitan virus epitope only evident in a sampled Kenyan virus. Taken together, our findings indicate that the 2017 Malindi DENV-2 outbreak arose from a strain which had circulated for several years in Kenya before recent detection, has experienced diversifying selection pressure, and may contain new putative immunogens relevant to vaccine design. These findings prompt further genomic epidemiology studies in this and other Kenyan locations to further elucidate the transmission dynamics of DENV in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pollett
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Kimita Gathii
- Basic Science Laboratory, US Army Medical Research Directorate - Africa (USAMRD-A), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Katherine Figueroa
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Wiriya Rutvisuttinunt
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Abhi Srikanth
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Josphat Nyataya
- Basic Science Laboratory, US Army Medical Research Directorate - Africa (USAMRD-A), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Beth K Mutai
- Basic Science Laboratory, US Army Medical Research Directorate - Africa (USAMRD-A), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - George Awinda
- Basic Science Laboratory, US Army Medical Research Directorate - Africa (USAMRD-A), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Richard G Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
| | - Irina Maljkovic Berry
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America.
| | - J N Waitumbi
- Basic Science Laboratory, US Army Medical Research Directorate - Africa (USAMRD-A), Kisumu, Kenya
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Wilken L, Rimmelzwaan GF. Adaptive Immunity to Dengue Virus: Slippery Slope or Solid Ground for Rational Vaccine Design? Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060470. [PMID: 32549226 PMCID: PMC7350362 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The four serotypes of dengue virus are the most widespread causes of arboviral disease, currently placing half of the human population at risk of infection. Pre-existing immunity to one dengue virus serotype can predispose to severe disease following secondary infection with a different serotype. The phenomenon of immune enhancement has complicated vaccine development and likely explains the poor long-term safety profile of a recently licenced dengue vaccine. Therefore, alternative vaccine strategies should be considered. This review summarises studies dissecting the adaptive immune responses to dengue virus infection and (experimental) vaccination. In particular, we discuss the roles of (i) neutralising antibodies, (ii) antibodies to non-structural protein 1, and (iii) T cells in protection and pathogenesis. We also address how these findings could translate into next-generation vaccine approaches that mitigate the risk of enhanced dengue disease. Finally, we argue that the development of a safe and efficacious dengue vaccine is an attainable goal.
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Batista ICA, Quinan BR, Rocha Alves ÉA, Jangola STG, Oliveira ES, Colombarolli SG, Ferreira JGG, Rocha ESDO, Kroon EG, de Assis RR, de Oliveira JG, Fiuza JA, Calzavara-Silva CE. Design and production of dengue virus chimeric proteins useful for developing tetravalent vaccines. Vaccine 2020; 38:2005-2015. [PMID: 31982262 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a Flavivirus estimated to cause 390 million infections/year. Currently, there is no anti-viral specific treatment for dengue, and efficient DENV vector control is still unfeasible. Here, we designed and produced chimeric proteins containing potential immunogenic epitopes from the four DENV serotypes in an attempt to further compose safer, balanced tetravalent dengue vaccines. For this, South American DENV isolate sequences were downloaded from the NCBI/Virus Variation/Dengue virus databases and intraserotype-aligned to generate four consensuses. Four homologous DENV sequences were retrieved using BLAST and then interserotype-aligned. In parallel, sequences were subjected to linear B epitope prediction analysis. Regions of the envelope and NS1 proteins that are highly homologous among the four DENV serotypes, non-conserved antigenic regions and the most antigenic epitopes found in the C, prM, E and NS1 DENV proteins were used to construct 11 chimeric peptides. Genes encoding the chimeric proteins were commercially synthesized, and proteins were expressed, purified by affinity chromatography and further subjected to ELISA assays using sera from individuals infected with DENVs 1, 2, 3 or 4. As a proof-of-concept, the chimeric EnvEpII protein was selected to immunize BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice strains. The immunization with EnvEpII protein associated with aluminum induced an increased number of T CD4+ and CD8+ cells, high production of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies, and increased levels of IL-2 and IL-17 cytokines, in both mouse strains. Because the EnvEpII protein associated with aluminum induced an efficient cellular response by stimulating the production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-17 and induced a robust humoral response in mice, we conclude that it resembles an efficient specific response against DENV infection. Although further experiments are required, our results indicate that epitope selection by bioinformatic tools is efficient to create recombinant proteins that can be used as candidates for the development of vaccines against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Cristina Andrade Batista
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Bárbara Resende Quinan
- Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Prof. Alfredo Balena, 110 Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG 30130-100, Brazil.
| | - Érica Alessandra Rocha Alves
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Soraya Torres Gaze Jangola
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Eneida Santos Oliveira
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Stella Garcia Colombarolli
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Gomes Goulart Ferreira
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, ICB, Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627 Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Ramiro de Assis
- Vaccine Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology, University of California Irvine, USA.
| | - Jaquelline Germano de Oliveira
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Jacqueline Araújo Fiuza
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo Calzavara-Silva
- Grupo de Imunologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, IRR, Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715 Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Chong LC, Khan AM. Identification of highly conserved, serotype-specific dengue virus sequences: implications for vaccine design. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:921. [PMID: 31874646 PMCID: PMC6929274 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sequence diversity of dengue virus (DENV) is one of the challenges in developing an effective vaccine against the virus. Highly conserved, serotype-specific (HCSS), immune-relevant DENV sequences are attractive candidates for vaccine design, and represent an alternative to the approach of selecting pan-DENV conserved sequences. The former aims to limit the number of possible cross-reactive epitope variants in the population, while the latter aims to limit the cross-reactivity between the serotypes to favour a serotype-specific response. Herein, we performed a large-scale systematic study to map and characterise HCSS sequences in the DENV proteome. Methods All reported DENV protein sequence data for each serotype was retrieved from the NCBI Entrez Protein (nr) Database (txid: 12637). The downloaded sequences were then separated according to the individual serotype proteins by use of BLASTp search, and subsequently removed for duplicates and co-aligned across the serotypes. Shannon’s entropy and mutual information (MI) analyses, by use of AVANA, were performed to measure the diversity within and between the serotype proteins to identify HCSS nonamers. The sequences were evaluated for the presence of promiscuous T-cell epitopes by use of NetCTLpan 1.1 and NetMHCIIpan 3.2 server for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II supertypes, respectively. The predicted epitopes were matched to reported epitopes in the Immune Epitope Database. Results A total of 2321 nonamers met the HCSS selection criteria of entropy < 0.25 and MI > 0.8. Concatenating these resulted in a total of 337 HCSS sequences. DENV4 had the most number of HCSS nonamers; NS5, NS3 and E proteins had among the highest, with none in the C and only one in prM. The HCSS sequences were immune-relevant; 87 HCSS sequences were both reported T-cell epitopes/ligands in human and predicted epitopes, supporting the accuracy of the predictions. A number of the HCSS clustered as immunological hotspots and exhibited putative promiscuity beyond a single HLA supertype. The HCSS sequences represented, on average, ~ 40% of the proteome length for each serotype; more than double of pan-DENV sequences (conserved across the four serotypes), and thus offer a larger choice of sequences for vaccine target selection. HCSS sequences of a given serotype showed significant amino acid difference to all the variants of the other serotypes, supporting the notion of serotype-specificity. Conclusion This work provides a catalogue of HCSS sequences in the DENV proteome, as candidates for vaccine target selection. The methodology described herein provides a framework for similar application to other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chuin Chong
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Data Sciences, Perdana University, Jalan MAEPS Perdana, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Asif M Khan
- Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Data Sciences, Perdana University, Jalan MAEPS Perdana, 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Faheem M, Barbosa Lima JC, Jamal SB, Silva PA, Barbosa JARG. An insight into dengue virus proteins as potential drug/vaccine targets. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2019-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is an arbovirus that belongs to family flaviviridae. Its genome is composed of a single stranded RNA molecule that encodes a single polyprotein. The polyprotein is processed by viral and cellular proteases to generate ten viral proteins. There are four antigenically distinct serotypes of DENV (DENV1, DENV2, DENV3 and DENV4), which are genetically related. Although protein variability is a major problem in dengue treatment, the functional and structural studies of individual proteins are equally important in treatment development. The data accumulated on dengue proteins are significant to provide detailed understanding of viral infection, replication, host-immune evasion and pathogenesis. In this review, we summarized the detailed current knowledge about DENV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Faheem
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil
- Post-graduate program of Genomics Sciences & Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF 70790-160, Brazil
| | - Jônatas Cunha Barbosa Lima
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Syed Babar Jamal
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, The Mall road, Rawalpindi, Punjab 46000, Pakistan
| | - Paula Andreia Silva
- Post-graduate program of Genomics Sciences & Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF 70790-160, Brazil
| | - João Alexandre Ribeiro Gonçalves Barbosa
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Department of Cellular Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF 70910-900, Brazil
- Post-graduate program of Genomics Sciences & Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília-DF 70790-160, Brazil
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11
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Haltaufderhyde K, Srikiatkhachorn A, Green S, Macareo L, Park S, Kalayanarooj S, Rothman AL, Mathew A. Activation of Peripheral T Follicular Helper Cells During Acute Dengue Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 218:1675-1685. [PMID: 29917084 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Follicular helper T cells (TFH) are specialized CD4 T cells required for B-cell help and antibody production. Methods Given the postulated role of immune activation in dengue disease, we measured the expansion and activation of TFH in the circulation (peripheral TFH [pTFH]) collected from Thai children with laboratory-confirmed acute dengue virus (DENV) infection. Results We found significant expansion and activation of pTFH subsets during acute infection with the highest frequencies of activated pTFH (PD1hi pTFH and PD1+CD38+ pTFH) detected during the critical phase of illness. Numbers of activated pTFH were higher in patients with secondary compared with primary infections and in patients with more severe disease. We also found a positive correlation between the frequencies of activated pTFH and the frequencies of plasmablasts. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first ex vivo analysis of pTFH activation during acute DENV infection. Overall, our study supports the model that pTFH contribute to disease evolution during the critical stage of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Haltaufderhyde
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence
| | - Anon Srikiatkhachorn
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence
| | - Sharone Green
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester
| | - Louis Macareo
- Department of Virology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sangshin Park
- Center for International Health Research, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence.,Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | | | - Alan L Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence
| | - Anuja Mathew
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence
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Tian Y, Grifoni A, Sette A, Weiskopf D. Human T Cell Response to Dengue Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2125. [PMID: 31552052 PMCID: PMC6737489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DENV is a major public health problem worldwide, thus underlining the overall significance of the proposed Program. The four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (1-4) cause the most common mosquito-borne viral disease of humans, with 3 billion people at risk for infection and up to 100 million cases each year, most often affecting children. The protective role of T cells during viral infection is well-established. Generally, CD8 T cells can control viral infection through several mechanisms, including direct cytotoxicity, and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α. Similarly, CD4 T cells are thought to control viral infection through multiple mechanisms, including enhancement of B and CD8 T cell responses, production of inflammatory and anti-viral cytokines, cytotoxicity, and promotion of memory responses. To probe the phenotype of virus-specific T cells, epitopes derived from viral sequences need to be known. Here we discuss the identification of CD4 and CD8 T cell epitopes derived from DENV and how these epitopes have been used by researchers to interrogate the phenotype and function of DENV-specific T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Shi X, Hu J, Guo J, Wu C, Xiong S, Dong C. A Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Based Vaccine Carrying Zika Virus Capsid Protein Protects Mice from Viral Infection. Virol Sin 2019; 34:106-110. [PMID: 30820837 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jingping Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chuanjian Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Sidong Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Chunsheng Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, The Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Lazo L, Valdes I, Guillén G, Hermida L, Gil L. Aiming at the heart: the capsid protein of dengue virus as a vaccine candidate. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:161-173. [PMID: 30677305 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1574575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dengue fever remains as a health problem worldwide. Although Dengvaxia®, was registered in several countries, the results after the immunization of people suggest an increase of risk in non-immune persons and children younger than 9 years old. No other vaccine is registered so far, thus the development of a safe and effective vaccine continues to be a priority for the WHO and the scientific community. AREAS COVERED This work reviews the structural and antigenic properties of the capsid protein of Dengue virus, along with results of studies performed to assess the immunogenicity and protective capacity in animals of vaccine candidates based on this protein. EXPERT OPINION The generation of a memory cellular immune response alone, after vaccination against Dengue virus, could be advantageous, as there would not be risk of increasing viral infectivity through sub-neutralizing antibodies. However, it is improbable to achieving sterilizing immunity. In this scenario, an infection could stablished but without the appearance of the severe disease. The cell-mediated immunity should keep the virus at bay. The capsid protein induces a protective immune response in animals without the induction of virus-binding antibodies. Vaccine candidates based on this protein could be an attractive strategy to induce protection against the severe Dengue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lazo
- a Vaccine Department , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Havana , Cuba
| | - Iris Valdes
- a Vaccine Department , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Havana , Cuba
| | - Gerardo Guillén
- a Vaccine Department , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Havana , Cuba
| | - Lisset Hermida
- a Vaccine Department , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Havana , Cuba
| | - Lázaro Gil
- a Vaccine Department , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Havana , Cuba
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15
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Adam A, Woda M, Kounlavouth S, Rothman AL, Jarman RG, Cox JH, Ledgerwood JE, Gromowski GD, Currier JR, Friberg H, Mathew A. Multiplexed FluoroSpot for the Analysis of Dengue Virus- and Zika Virus-Specific and Cross-Reactive Memory B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:3804-3814. [PMID: 30413671 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are mosquito-borne pathogens that have a significant impact on human health. Immune sera, mAbs, and memory B cells (MBCs) isolated from patients infected with one DENV type can be cross-reactive with the other three DENV serotypes and even more distantly related flaviviruses such as ZIKV. Conventional ELISPOTs effectively measure Ab-secreting B cells but because they are limited to the assessment of a single Ag at a time, it is challenging to distinguish serotype-specific and cross-reactive MBCs in the same well. We developed a novel multifunction FluoroSpot assay using fluorescently labeled DENV and ZIKV (FLVs) that measures the cross-reactivity of Abs secreted by single B cells. Conjugation efficiency and recognition of FLVs by virus-specific Abs were confirmed by flow cytometry. Using a panel of DENV immune, ZIKV immune, and naive PBMC, FLVs were able to simultaneously detect DENV serotype-specific, ZIKV-specific, DENV serotype cross-reactive, and DENV/ZIKV cross-reactive Abs secreted by individual MBCs. Our findings indicate that the FLVs are sensitive and specific tools to detect specific and cross-reactive MBCs. These reagents will allow the assessment of the breadth as well as the durability of DENV/ZIKV B cell responses following vaccination or natural infection. This novel approach using FLVs in a FluoroSpot assay can be applied to other diseases such as influenza in which prior immunity with homosubtype- or heterosubtype-specific MBCs may influence subsequent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awadalkareem Adam
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Marcia Woda
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Sonia Kounlavouth
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Alan L Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02903
| | - Richard G Jarman
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910; and
| | - Josephine H Cox
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Gregory D Gromowski
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910; and
| | - Jeffrey R Currier
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910; and
| | - Heather Friberg
- Viral Diseases Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910; and
| | - Anuja Mathew
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, RI 02903;
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Oral Vaccination with a DNA Vaccine Encoding Capsid Protein of Duck Tembusu Virus Induces Protection Immunity. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040180. [PMID: 29642401 PMCID: PMC5923474 DOI: 10.3390/v10040180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of duck tembusu virus (DTMUV), a new member of the Flavivirus genus, has caused great economical loss in the poultry industry in China. Since the outbreak and spread of DTMUV is hard to control in a clinical setting, an efficient and low-cost oral delivery DNA vaccine SL7207 (pVAX1-C) based on the capsid protein of DTMUV was developed and evaluated in this study. The antigen capsid protein was expressed from the DNA vaccine SL7207 (pVAX1-C), both in vitro and in vivo. The humoral and cellular immune responses in vivo were observed after oral immunization with the SL7207 (pVAX1-C) DNA vaccine. High titers of the specific antibody against the capsid protein and the neutralizing antibody against the DTMUV virus were both detected after inoculation. The ducks were efficiently protected from lethal DTMUV exposure by the SL7207 (pVAX1-C) vaccine in this experiment. Taken together, we demonstrated that the capsid protein of DTMUV possesses a strong immunogenicity against the DTMUV infection. Moreover, an oral delivery of the DNA vaccine SL7207 (pVAX1-C) utilizing Salmonella SL7207 was an efficient way to protect the ducks against DTMUV infection and provides an economic and fast vaccine delivery strategy for a large scale clinical use.
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Reginald K, Chan Y, Plebanski M, Poh CL. Development of Peptide Vaccines in Dengue. Curr Pharm Des 2018; 24:1157-1173. [PMID: 28914200 PMCID: PMC6040172 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170913163904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is one of the most important arboviral infections worldwide, infecting up to 390 million people and causing 25,000 deaths annually. Although a licensed dengue vaccine is available, it is not efficacious against dengue serotypes that infect people living in South East Asia, where dengue is an endemic disease. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop an efficient dengue vaccine for this region. Data from different clinical trials indicate that a successful dengue vaccine must elicit both neutralizing antibodies and cell mediated immunity. This can be achieved by designing a multi-epitope peptide vaccine comprising B, CD8+ and CD4+ T cell epitopes. As recognition of T cell epitopes are restricted by human leukocyte antigens (HLA), T cell epitopes which are able to recognize several major HLAs will be preferentially included in the vaccine design. While peptide vaccines are safe, biocompatible and cost-effective, it is poorly immunogenic. Strategies to improve its immunogenicity by the use of long peptides, adjuvants and nanoparticle delivery mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chit Laa Poh
- Address correspondence to this author at the Research Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, 5 Jalan University, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Tel: +60-3-7491 8622 ext. 7338; E-mail:
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18
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Development of Virus-Like-Particle Vaccine and Reporter Assay for Zika Virus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00834-17. [PMID: 28794019 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00834-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent worldwide outbreaks of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection and the lack of an approved vaccine raise serious concerns regarding preparedness to combat this emerging virus. We used a virus-like particle (VLP)-based approach to develop a vaccine and a microneutralization assay for ZIKV. A synthetic capsid-premembrane-envelope (C-prM-E) gene construct of ZIKV was used to generate reporter virus particles (RVPs) that package a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter-expressing West Nile virus (WNV) replicon. The assay was adapted to a 96-well format, similar to the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), and showed high reproducibility with specific detection of ZIKV neutralizing antibodies. Furthermore, C-prM-E and prM-E VLPs were tested as vaccine candidates in mice and compared to DNA vaccination. While the ZIKV prM-E construct alone was sufficient for generating VLPs, efficient VLP production from the C-prM-E construct could be achieved in the presence of the WNV NS2B-3 protease, which cleaves C from prM, allowing virus release. Immunization studies in mice showed that VLPs generated higher neutralizing antibody titers than those with the DNA vaccines, with C-prM-E VLPs giving slightly higher titers than those with prM-E VLPs. The superiority of C-prM-E VLPs suggests that inclusion of capsid may have benefits for ZIKV and other flaviviral VLP vaccines. To facilitate the VLP platform, we generated a stable cell line expressing high levels of ZIKV prM-E proteins that constitutively produce VLPs as well as a cell line expressing ZIKV C-prM-E proteins for RVP production. While several vaccine platforms have been proposed for ZIKV, this study describes a safe, effective, and economical VLP-based vaccine against ZIKV.IMPORTANCE To address the growing Zika virus epidemic, we undertook this study with two objectives: first, to develop a safe, effective, and economical vaccine for ZIKV, and second, to develop a rapid and versatile assay to detect the anti-ZIKV immune response. We generated a cell line stably expressing ZIKV prM-E that produces large amounts of VLPs in the supernatant and a ZIKV C-prM-E cell line that produces reporter virus particles upon transfection with a GFP replicon plasmid. The prM-E VLPs induced a strong neutralizing antibody response in mice that was better when the capsid was included. VLP-based vaccines showed significantly better neutralizing antibody responses than those with their DNA counterparts. The RVP-based microneutralization assay worked similarly to the PRNT assay, with a rapid GFP readout in a 96-well format. Our VLP-based platform provides a source for a ZIKV vaccine and diagnosis that can rapidly be adapted to current outbreaks.
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19
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Huang X, Karabudak A, Comber JD, Philip M, Morcol T, Philip R. A novel immunization approach for dengue infection based on conserved T cell epitopes formulated in calcium phosphate nanoparticles. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2612-2625. [PMID: 28933657 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1369639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DV) is the etiologic agent of dengue fever, the most significant mosquito-borne viral disease in humans. Most DV vaccine approaches are focused on generating antibody mediated responses; one such DV vaccine is approved for use in humans but its efficacy is limited. While it is clear that T cell responses play important role in DV infection and subsequent disease manifestations, fewer studies are aimed at developing vaccines that induce robust T cells responses. Potent T cell based vaccines require 2 critical components: the identification of specific T cell stimulating MHC associated peptides, and an optimized vaccine delivery vehicle capable of simultaneously delivering the antigens and any required adjuvants. We have previously identified and characterized DV specific HLA-A2 and -A24 binding DV serotypes conserved epitopes, and the feasibility of an epitope based vaccine for DV infection. In this study, we build on those previous studies and describe an investigational DV vaccine using T cell epitopes incorporated into a calcium phosphate nanoparticle (CaPNP) delivery system. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of functional immunogenicity of DV CaPNP/multipeptide formulations in vitro and in vivo and demonstrates the CaPNP/multipeptide vaccine is capable of inducing T cell responses against all 4 serotypes of DV. This synthetic vaccine is also cost effective, straightforward to manufacture, and stable at room temperature in a lyophilized form. This formulation may serve as an effective candidate DV vaccine that protects against all 4 serotypes as either a prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tulin Morcol
- b Captivate Pharmaceuticals , Doylestown , PA , USA
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20
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Juno JA, van Bockel D, Kent SJ, Kelleher AD, Zaunders JJ, Munier CML. Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells-Friend or Foe during Viral Infection? Front Immunol 2017; 8:19. [PMID: 28167943 PMCID: PMC5253382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells with cytotoxic function were once thought to be an artifact due to long-term in vitro cultures but have in more recent years become accepted and reported in the literature in response to a number of viral infections. In this review, we focus on cytotoxic CD4 T cells in the context of human viral infections and in some infections that affect mice and non-human primates. We examine the effector mechanisms used by cytotoxic CD4 cells, the phenotypes that describe this population, and the transcription factors and pathways that lead to their induction following infection. We further consider the cells that are the predominant targets of this effector subset and describe the viral infections in which CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been shown to play a protective or pathologic role. Cytotoxic CD4 T cells are detected in the circulation at much higher levels than previously realized and are now recognized to have an important role in the immune response to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - David van Bockel
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John J Zaunders
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Mee Ling Munier
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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21
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Computational prediction and analysis of potential antigenic CTL epitopes in Zika virus: A first step towards vaccine development. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 45:187-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Hapuarachchi HC, Chua RCR, Shi Y, Thein TL, Lee LK, Lee KS, Lye DC, Ng LC, Leo YS. Clinical outcome and genetic differences within a monophyletic Dengue virus type 2 population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121696. [PMID: 25811657 PMCID: PMC4374945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact mechanisms of interplay between host and viral factors leading to severe dengue are yet to be fully understood. Even though previous studies have implicated specific genetic differences of Dengue virus (DENV) in clinical severity and virus attenuation, similar studies with large-scale, whole genome screening of monophyletic virus populations are limited. Therefore, in the present study, we compared 89 whole genomes of DENV-2 cosmopolitan clade III isolates obtained from patients diagnosed with dengue fever (DF, n = 58), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF, n = 30) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS, n = 1) in Singapore between July 2010 and January 2013, in order to determine the correlation of observed viral genetic differences with clinical outcomes. Our findings showed no significant difference between the number of primary and secondary infections that progressed to DHF and DSS (p>0.05) in our study cohort. Despite being highly homogenous, study isolates possessed 39 amino acid substitutions of which 10 substitutions were fixed in three main groups of virus isolates. None of those substitutions were specifically associated with DHF and DSS. Notably, two evolutionarily unique virus groups possessing C-P43T+NS1-S103T+NS2A-V83I+NS3-R337K+ NS3-I600T+ NS5-P136S and NS2A-T119N mutations were exclusively found in patients with DF, the benign form of DENV infections. Those mutants were significantly associated with mild disease outcome. These observations indicated that disease progression into DHF and DSS within our patient population was more likely to be due to host than virus factors. We hypothesize that selection for potentially less virulent groups of DENV-2 in our study cohort may be an evolutionary adaptation of viral strains to extend their survival in the human-mosquito transmission cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Choon Rong Chua
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667
| | - Yuan Shi
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667
| | - Tun Lin Thein
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433
| | - Linda Kay Lee
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433
| | - Kim Sung Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, 535 Clementi Road, Singapore 599489
| | - David Chien Lye
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433
| | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11 Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore 138667
- * E-mail:
| | - Yee Sin Leo
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433
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Mathew A, Townsley E, Ennis FA. Elucidating the role of T cells in protection against and pathogenesis of dengue virus infections. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:411-25. [PMID: 24762312 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue viruses (DENV) cause significantly more human disease than any other arbovirus, with hundreds of thousands of cases leading to severe disease in thousands annually. Antibodies and T cells induced by primary infection with DENV have the potential for both positive (protective) and negative (pathological) effects during subsequent DENV infections. In this review, we summarize studies that have examined T-cell responses in humans following natural infection and vaccination. We discuss studies that support a role for T cells in protection against and those that support a role for the involvement of T cells in the pathogenesis of severe disease. The mechanisms that lead to severe disease are complex, and T-cell responses are an important component that needs to be further evaluated for the development of safe and efficacious DENV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Mathew
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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Woda M, Mathew A. Fluorescently labeled dengue viruses as probes to identify antigen-specific memory B cells by multiparametric flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2014; 416:167-77. [PMID: 25497702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Low frequencies of memory B cells in the peripheral blood make it challenging to measure the functional and phenotypic characteristics of this antigen experienced subset of B cells without in vitro culture. To date, reagents are lacking to measure ex vivo frequencies of dengue virus (DENV)-specific memory B cells. We wanted to explore the possibility of using fluorescently labeled DENV as probes to detect antigen-specific memory B cells in the peripheral blood of DENV immune individuals. Alexa Fluor dye-labeled DENV yielded viable virus that could be stored at -80°C for long periods of time. Using a careful gating strategy and methods to decrease non-specific binding, we were able to identify a small frequency of B cells from dengue immune individuals that bound labeled DENV. Sorted DENV(+) B cells from immune, but not naïve donors secreted antibodies that bound DENV after in vitro stimulation. Overall, Alexa Fluor dye-labeled DENVs are useful reagents to enable the detection and characterization of memory B cells in DENV immune individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Woda
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Anuja Mathew
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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25
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Daep CA, Muñoz-Jordán JL, Eugenin EA. Flaviviruses, an expanding threat in public health: focus on dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis virus. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:539-60. [PMID: 25287260 PMCID: PMC4331079 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The flaviviruses dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis represent three major mosquito-borne viruses worldwide. These pathogens impact the lives of millions of individuals and potentially could affect non-endemic areas already colonized by mosquito vectors. Unintentional transport of infected vectors (Aedes and Culex spp.), traveling within endemic areas, rapid adaptation of the insects into new geographic locations, climate change, and lack of medical surveillance have greatly contributed to the increase in flaviviral infections worldwide. The mechanisms by which flaviviruses alter the immune and the central nervous system have only recently been examined despite the alarming number of infections, related deaths, and increasing global distribution. In this review, we will discuss the expansion of the geographic areas affected by flaviviruses, the potential threats to previously unaffected countries, the mechanisms of pathogenesis, and the potential therapeutic interventions to limit the devastating consequences of these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Amorin Daep
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordán
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Dengue Branch, 1324 Cañada Street, San Juan, PR 00971
| | - Eliseo Alberto Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute (PHRI), Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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Capsid protein: Evidences about the partial protective role of neutralizing antibody-independent immunity against dengue in monkeys. Virology 2014; 456-457:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cui L, Lee YH, Kumar Y, Xu F, Lu K, Ooi EE, Tannenbaum SR, Ong CN. Serum metabolome and lipidome changes in adult patients with primary dengue infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2373. [PMID: 23967362 PMCID: PMC3744433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus (DENV) is the most widespread arbovirus with an estimated 100 million infections occurring every year. Endemic in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world, dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever (DF/DHF) is emerging as a major public health concern. The complex array of concurrent host physiologic changes has hampered a complete understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms of dengue pathogenesis. Methodology/Principle Findings Systems level characterization of serum metabolome and lipidome of adult DF patients at early febrile, defervescence, and convalescent stages of DENV infection was performed using liquid chromatography- and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The tractability of following metabolite and lipid changes in a relatively large sample size (n = 44) across three prominent infection stages allowed the identification of critical physiologic changes that coincided with the different stages. Sixty differential metabolites were identified in our metabolomics analysis and the main metabolite classes were free fatty acids, acylcarnitines, phospholipids, and amino acids. Major perturbed metabolic pathways included fatty acid biosynthesis and β-oxidation, phospholipid catabolism, steroid hormone pathway, etc., suggesting the multifactorial nature of human host responses. Analysis of phospholipids and sphingolipids verified the temporal trends and revealed association with lymphocytes and platelets numbers. These metabolites were significantly perturbed during the early stages, and normalized to control levels at convalescent stage, suggesting their potential utility as prognostic markers. Conclusions/Significance DENV infection causes temporally distinct serum metabolome and lipidome changes, and many of the differential metabolites are involved in acute inflammatory responses. Our global analyses revealed early anti-inflammatory responses working in concert to modulate early pro-inflammatory processes, thus preventing the host from development of pathologies by excessive or prolonged inflammation. This study is the first example of how an omic- approach can divulge the extensive, concurrent, and dynamic host responses elicited by DENV and offers plausible physiological insights to why DF is self limiting. Dengue virus is the most widespread arbovirus and a major public health threat in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. As yet, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying infection, and there is no specific treatment or vaccine that is currently effective against the disease. Metabolomics and lipidomics provide global views of metabolome and lipidome landscapes and implicate metabolic to disease phenotype. We performed serum metabolic and lipidomic profiling on a cohort of dengue patients with three sampling time points at early febrile, defervescence, and convalescent stages via mass spectrometry-based analytical platforms. Compared with healthy subjects, approximately two hundred metabolites showed significant difference in dengue patients, and 60 were identified. This study revealed that in primary dengue infection, the host metabolome is tightly regulated, with active, early anti-inflammatory processes modulating the pro-inflammatory processes, suggesting the self-limiting phenotype of dengue fever. Major perturbed metabolic pathways included fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, phospholipid catabolism, steroid hormone pathway, etc. This represents a first report on the characterization of the serum metabolome and significantly advances our understanding on host and dengue virus interactions. These differential metabolites have the potential as biomarkers for disease monitoring and evaluation of therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cui
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART), Singapore
| | - Yie Hou Lee
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART), Singapore
| | - Yadunanda Kumar
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART), Singapore
| | - Fengguo Xu
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kun Lu
- Departments of Biological Engineering and Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART), Singapore
- DUKE-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Steven R. Tannenbaum
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART), Singapore
- Departments of Biological Engineering and Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SRT); (CNO)
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Environment Research Institute, Singapore
- * E-mail: (SRT); (CNO)
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Noda M, Masrinoul P, Punkum C, Pipattanaboon C, Ramasoota P, Setthapramote C, Sasaki T, Sasayama M, Yamashita A, Kurosu T, Ikuta K, Okabayashi T. Limited cross-reactivity of mouse monoclonal antibodies against Dengue virus capsid protein among four serotypes. Biologics 2012; 6:409-16. [PMID: 23209363 PMCID: PMC3512249 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s37792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Dengue illness is one of the important mosquito-borne viral diseases in tropical and subtropical regions. Four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4) are classified in the Flavivirus genus of the family Flaviviridae. We prepared monoclonal antibodies against DENV capsid protein from mice immunized with DENV-2 and determined the cross-reactivity with each serotype of DENV and Japanese encephalitis virus. Methods and results To clarify the relationship between the cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibodies and the diversity of these viruses, we examined the situations of flaviviruses by analyses of phylogenetic trees. Among a total of 60 prepared monoclonal antibodies specific for DENV, five monoclonal antibodies stained the nuclei of infected cells and were found to be specific to the capsid protein. Three were specific to DENV-2, while the other two were cross-reactive with DENV-2 and DENV-4. No monoclonal antibodies were cross-reactive with all four serotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of DENV amino acid sequences of the capsid protein revealed that DENV-2 and DENV-4 were clustered in the same branch, while DENV-1 and DENV-3 were clustered in the other branch. However, these classifications of the capsid protein were different from those of the envelope and nonstructural 1 proteins. Phylogenetic distances between the four serotypes of DENV were as different as those of other flaviviruses, such as Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus. Large variations in the DENV serotypes were comparable with the differences between species of flavivirus. Furthermore, the diversity of flavivirus capsid protein was much greater than that of envelope and nonstructural 1 proteins. Conclusion In this study, we produced specific monoclonal antibodies that can be used to detect DENV-2 capsid protein, but not a cross-reactive one with all serotypes of DENV capsid protein. The high diversity of the DENV capsid protein sequence by phylogenetic analysis supported the low cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibodies against DENV capsid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Noda
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Ratchathewi, Bangkok, Thailand
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Friberg H, Jaiswal S, West K, O'Ketch M, Rothman AL, Mathew A. Analysis of human monoclonal antibodies generated by dengue virus-specific memory B cells. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:348-59. [PMID: 22934599 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue, caused by the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV), represents an expanding global health challenge. The potential for serotype-cross-reactive antibodies to exacerbate disease during a secondary infection with a heterologous DENV serotype has driven efforts to study human DENV-specific antibodies. Most DENV-specific antibodies generated in humans are serotype-cross-reactive, weakly neutralizing, and directed against the immature pre-membrane (prM), envelope (E), and nonstructural 1 (NS1) proteins. To broaden the characterization of human DENV-specific antibodies, we assessed B-cell responses by ELISpot assays and isolated B cells from the peripheral blood of a human subject with previous DENV infection. Forty-eight human IgG monoclonal antibodies (hMAbs) were initially characterized by their potential to bind to an inactivated lysate of DENV-infected cells. Subsequently, most DENV-specific hMAbs were found to bind soluble, recombinant E protein (rE). Two hMAbs were unable to bind rE, despite strongly binding to the DENV-infected cell lysate. Further analyses showed that these two hMAbs bound conformation-dependent, reduction-sensitive epitopes on E protein. These data shed light on the breadth of DENV-specific hMAbs generated within a single immune donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Friberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Gil L, Bernardo L, Pavón A, Izquierdo A, Valdés I, Lazo L, Marcos E, Romero Y, Guzmán MG, Guillén G, Hermida L. Recombinant nucleocapsid-like particles from dengue-2 induce functional serotype-specific cell-mediated immunity in mice. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:1204-1214. [PMID: 22398317 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.037721-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay of different inflammatory cytokines induced during dengue virus infection plays a role in either protection or increased disease severity. In this sense, vaccine strategies incorporating whole virus are able to elicit both functional and pathological responses. Therefore, an ideal tetravalent vaccine candidate against dengue should be focused on serotype-specific sequences. In the present work, a new formulation of nucleocapsid-like particles (NLPs) obtained from the recombinant dengue-2 capsid protein was evaluated in mice to determine the level of protection against homologous and heterologous viral challenge and to measure the cytotoxicity and cytokine-secretion profiles induced upon heterologous viral stimulation. As a result, a significant protection rate was achieved after challenge with lethal dengue-2 virus, which was dependent on CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells. In turn, no protection was observed after heterologous challenge. In accordance, in vitro-stimulated spleen cells from mice immunized with NLPs from the four dengue serotypes showed a serotype-specific response of gamma interferon- and tumour necrosis factor alpha-secreting cells. A similar pattern was detected when spleen cells from dengue-immunized animals were stimulated with the capsid protein. Taking these data together, we can assert that NLPs constitute an attractive vaccine candidate against dengue. They induce a functional immune response mediated by CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells in mice, which is protective against viral challenge. In turn, they are potentially safe due to two important facts: induction of serotype specific cell-mediated immunity and lack of induction of antiviral antibodies. Further studies in non-human primates or humanized mice should be carried out to elucidate the usefulness of the NLPs as a potential vaccine candidate against dengue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lázaro Gil
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Playa, Havana 10 600, Cuba
| | - Lídice Bernardo
- Virology Department, Tropical Medicine Institute 'Pedro Kourí', PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and its Vector, Autopista Novia del Mediodía, km 6� PO Box Marianao 13, Havana 11 600, Cuba
| | - Alequis Pavón
- Virology Department, Tropical Medicine Institute 'Pedro Kourí', PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and its Vector, Autopista Novia del Mediodía, km 6� PO Box Marianao 13, Havana 11 600, Cuba
| | - Alienys Izquierdo
- Virology Department, Tropical Medicine Institute 'Pedro Kourí', PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and its Vector, Autopista Novia del Mediodía, km 6� PO Box Marianao 13, Havana 11 600, Cuba
| | - Iris Valdés
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Playa, Havana 10 600, Cuba
| | - Laura Lazo
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Playa, Havana 10 600, Cuba
| | - Ernesto Marcos
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Playa, Havana 10 600, Cuba
| | - Yaremis Romero
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Playa, Havana 10 600, Cuba
| | - María G Guzmán
- Virology Department, Tropical Medicine Institute 'Pedro Kourí', PAHO/WHO Collaborating Center for the Study of Dengue and its Vector, Autopista Novia del Mediodía, km 6� PO Box Marianao 13, Havana 11 600, Cuba
| | - Gerardo Guillén
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Playa, Havana 10 600, Cuba
| | - Lisset Hermida
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Avenue 31, PO Box 6162, Playa, Havana 10 600, Cuba
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Testa JS, Shetty V, Sinnathamby G, Nickens Z, Hafner J, Kamal S, Zhang X, Jett M, Philip R. Conserved MHC class I-presented dengue virus epitopes identified by immunoproteomics analysis are targets for cross-serotype reactive T-cell response. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:647-55. [PMID: 22246683 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever are significant global public health problems, and understanding the overall immune response to infection will contribute to appropriate management of the disease and its potentially severe complications. Live attenuated and subunit vaccine candidates, which are under clinical evaluation, induce primarily an antibody response to the virus and minimal cross-reactive T-cell responses. Currently, there are no available tools to assess protective T-cell responses during infection or after vaccination. In this study, we utilize an immunoproteomics process to uncover novel HLA-A2-specific epitopes derived from dengue virus (DV)-infected cells. These epitopes are conserved, and we report that epitope-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) are cross-reactive against all 4 DV serotypes. These epitopes have potential as new informational and diagnostic tools to characterize T-cell immunity in DV infection and may serve as part of a universal vaccine candidate complementary to current vaccines in trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Testa
- Immunotope Inc, Pennsylvania Biotechnology Center, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
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Kurane I, Matsutani T, Suzuki R, Takasaki T, Kalayanarooj S, Green S, Rothman AL, Ennis FA. T-cell responses to dengue virus in humans. Trop Med Health 2011; 39:45-51. [PMID: 22500136 PMCID: PMC3317604 DOI: 10.2149/tmh.2011-s09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in most tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Dengue virus infection induces specific CD4+CD8– and CD8+CD4– T cells in humans. In primary infection, T-cell responses to DENV are serotype cross-reactive, but the highest response is to the serotype that caused the infection. The epitopes recognized by DENV-specific T cells are located in most of the structural and non-structural proteins, but NS3 is the protein that is most dominantly recognized. In patients with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) caused by secondary DENV infection, T cells are highly activated in vivo. These highly activated T cells are DENV-specific and oligoclonal. Multiple kinds of lymphokines are produced by the activated T cells, and it has been hypothesized that these lymphokines are responsible for induction of plasma leakage, one of the most characteristic features of DHF. Thus, T-cells play important roles in the pathogenesis of DHF and in the recovery from DENV infection.
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Abstract
Family Flaviviridae genus flavivirus contains numerous pathogenic viruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, etc, which cause public health problems in the world. Since many mammals and birds can act as amplifying hosts and reservoir hosts in nature and those viruses are transmitted by haematophagous mosquitoes or ticks, those viruses could not be eradicated from the nature. In the recent few decades, the viral replication mechanism and the ultrastructure of viral proteins as well as the viral immune evasion mechanism have been elucidated extensively, leading to develop novel types of antivirals and vaccines. In this review, the flavivirus nature and epidemiology, replication mechanism, immune response and immune evasion, and antivirals and vaccines against flaviviruses were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine.
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Sun EC, Zhao J, Yang T, Liu NH, Geng HW, Qin YL, Wang LF, Bu ZG, Yang YH, Lunt RA, Wang LF, Wu DL. Identification of a conserved JEV serocomplex B-cell epitope by screening a phage-display peptide library with a mAb generated against West Nile virus capsid protein. Virol J 2011; 8:100. [PMID: 21375771 PMCID: PMC3060845 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The West Nile virus (WNV) capsid (C) protein is one of the three viral structural proteins, encapsidates the viral RNA to form the nucleocapsid, and is necessary for nuclear and nucleolar localization. The antigenic sites on C protein that are targeted by humoral immune responses have not been studied thoroughly, and well-defined B-cell epitopes on the WNV C protein have not been reported. Results In this study, we generated a WNV C protein-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) and defined the linear epitope recognized by the mAb by screening a 12-mer peptide library using phage-display technology. The mAb, designated as 6D3, recognized the phages displaying a consensus motif consisting of the amino acid sequence KKPGGPG, which is identical to an amino acid sequence present in WNV C protein. Further fine mapping was conducted using truncated peptides expressed as MBP-fusion proteins. We found that the KKPGGPG motif is the minimal determinant of the linear epitope recognized by the mAb 6D3. Western blot (WB) analysis demonstrated that the KKPGGPG epitope could be recognized by antibodies contained in WNV- and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-positive equine serum, but was not recognized by Dengue virus 1-4 (DENV1-4)-positive mice serum. Furthermore, we found that the epitope recognized by 6D3 is highly conserved among the JEV serocomplex of the Family Flaviviridae. Conclusion The KKPGGPG epitope is a JEV serocomplex-specific linear B-cell epitope recognized by the 6D3 mAb generated in this study. The 6D3 mAb may serve as a novel reagent in development of diagnostic tests for JEV serocomplex infection. Further, the identification of the B-cell epitope that is highly conserved among the JEV serocomplex may support the rationale design of vaccines against viruses of the JEV serocomplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Cheng Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
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Antibody recognition of the dengue virus proteome and implications for development of vaccines. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:523-32. [PMID: 21270280 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00016-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection caused by four distinct serotypes of dengue virus, each appearing cyclically in the tropics and subtropics along the equator. Although vaccines are currently under development, none are available to the general population. One of the main impediments to the successful advancement of these vaccines is the lack of well-defined immune correlates of protection. Here, we describe a protein microarray approach for measuring antibody responses to the complete viral proteome comprised of the structural (capsid, membrane, and envelope) and nonstructural (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5) components of all four dengue virus serotypes (1 to 4). We examined rhesus macaques vaccinated with tetravalent vaccines consisting of live-attenuated virus (LAV) or purified inactivated virus (PIV), followed by boosting with LAV and challenging with wild-type dengue virus. We detected temporal increases in antibodies against envelope proteins in response to either vaccine, while only the PIV/LAV vaccination strategy resulted in anticapsid antibodies. In contrast to results from vaccination, naïve macaques challenged with wild-type viruses of each serotype demonstrated a balanced response to nonstructural and structural components, including responses against the membrane protein. Our results demonstrate discriminating details concerning the nature of antibody responses to dengue virus at the proteomic level and suggest the usefulness of this information for vaccine development.
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Yauch LE, Prestwood TR, May MM, Morar MM, Zellweger RM, Peters B, Sette A, Shresta S. CD4+ T cells are not required for the induction of dengue virus-specific CD8+ T cell or antibody responses but contribute to protection after vaccination. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 185:5405-16. [PMID: 20870934 PMCID: PMC2962919 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of T cells to the host response to dengue virus (DENV) infection is not well understood. We previously demonstrated a protective role for CD8(+) T cells during primary DENV infection using a mouse-passaged DENV strain and IFN-α/βR(-/-) C57BL/6 mice, which are susceptible to DENV infection. In this study, we examine the role of CD4(+) T cells during primary DENV infection. Four I-A(b)-restricted epitopes derived from three of the nonstructural DENV proteins were identified. CD4(+) T cells expanded and were activated after DENV infection, with peak activation occurring on day 7. The DENV-specific CD4(+) T cells expressed intracellular IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, and CD40L, and killed peptide-pulsed target cells in vivo. Surprisingly, depletion of CD4(+) T cells before DENV infection had no effect on viral loads. Consistent with this observation, CD4(+) T cell depletion did not affect the DENV-specific IgG or IgM Ab titers or their neutralizing activity, or the DENV-specific CD8(+) T cell response. However, immunization with the CD4(+) T cell epitopes before infection resulted in significantly lower viral loads. Thus, we conclude that whereas CD4(+) T cells are not required for controlling primary DENV infection, their induction by immunization can contribute to viral clearance. These findings suggest inducing anti-DENV CD4(+) T cell responses by vaccination may be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Yauch
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Tyler R. Prestwood
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Monica M. May
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Malika M. Morar
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Raphaël M. Zellweger
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Immunogenicity of novel Dengue virus epitopes identified by bioinformatic analysis. Virus Res 2010; 153:113-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vaughan K, Greenbaum J, Blythe M, Peters B, Sette A. Meta-analysis of all immune epitope data in the Flavivirus genus: inventory of current immune epitope data status in the context of virus immunity and immunopathology. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:259-84. [PMID: 20565291 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A meta-analysis was performed in order to inventory the immune epitope data related to viruses in the genus Flavivirus. Nearly 2000 epitopes were captured from over 130 individual Flavivirus-related references identified from PubMed and reported as of September 2009. This report includes all epitope structures and associated immune reactivity from the past and current literature, including: the epitope distribution among pathogens and related strains, the epitope distribution among different pathogen antigens, the number of epitopes defined in human and animal models of disease, the relationship between epitopes identified in different disease states following natural (or experimental) infection, and data from studies focused on candidate vaccines. We found that the majority of epitopes were defined for dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV). The prominence of DENV and WNV data in the epitope literature is likely a reflection of their overall worldwide impact on human disease, and the lack of vaccines. Conversely, the relatively smaller number of epitopes defined for the other viruses within the genus (yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis virus) most likely reflects the presence of established prophylaxis and/or their more modest impact on morbidity and mortality globally. Through this work we hope to provide useful data to those working in the area of Flavivirus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie Vaughan
- La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Lazo L, Gil L, Lopez C, Valdes I, Marcos E, Alvarez M, Blanco A, Romero Y, Falcon V, Guzmán MG, Guillén G, Hermida L. Nucleocapsid-like particles of dengue-2 virus enhance the immune response against a recombinant protein of dengue-4 virus. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1587-95. [PMID: 20640909 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate in mice a novel formulation containing nucleocapsid-like particles of dengue-2 virus (recNLP) co-immunized with a chimeric protein composed of the dengue-4 envelope domain III fused twice within the meningococcal P64k protein of Neisseria meningitidis (PD24). The animals receiving the PD24-recNLP mixture showed the highest levels of antiviral antibodies. Similar results were obtained for IFNγ secretion levels, indicating a functional Th1 cellular response. Consistently, the percentage of mice surviving after viral challenge was significantly higher for those immunized with the mixture than for those inoculated with PD24 protein alone. In addition, in vivo depletion experiments demonstrated the decisive role of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells in the protection conferred by immunization with PD24-recNLP. In conclusion, this report demonstrates for the first time the adjuvant capacity of dengue-2 virus recNLP. Additionally, the evidence presented highlights the potential of these particles for enhancing the immune response against heterologous recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lazo
- Vaccine Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Havana 6, Cuba.
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Valdés I, Bernardo L, Gil L, Pavón A, Lazo L, López C, Romero Y, Menendez I, Falcón V, Betancourt L, Martín J, Chinea G, Silva R, Guzmán MG, Guillén G, Hermida L. A novel fusion protein domain III-capsid from dengue-2, in a highly aggregated form, induces a functional immune response and protection in mice. Virology 2009; 394:249-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gil L, López C, Lazo L, Valdés I, Marcos E, Alonso R, Gambe A, Martín J, Romero Y, Guzmán MG, Guillén G, Hermida L. Recombinant nucleocapsid-like particles from dengue-2 virus induce protective CD4+ and CD8+ cells against viral encephalitis in mice. Int Immunol 2009; 21:1175-83. [PMID: 19692540 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles are a highly effective type of subunit vaccine that mimics the overall structure of virus particles without containing infectious genetic material. In this work, a particulate form of the recombinant capsid protein from dengue-2 was evaluated in mice to determine the level of protection against viral challenge and to measure the antigen-induced cell-mediated immunity (CMI). The nucleocapsid-like particles (NLPs) adjuvanted with alum did not induce antiviral antibodies. However, splenocytes from the immunized animals secreted high levels of IFN-gamma upon virus stimulation, and a significant protection rate was achieved after challenge with lethal dengue-2 virus. Finally, both IFN-gamma secretion and protection against viral encephalitis were demonstrated to be dependent on CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells. This study provides new evidences regarding the protective role of the CMI in the mouse model without the induction of neutralizing antibodies. Further studies in non-human primates or humanized mice should be carried out to elucidate the usefulness of the NLPs as a potential vaccine candidate against dengue disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lázaro Gil
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Playa, Havana, Cuba.
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Quitral V, Schwartz M, Daccarett C, Callejas J. Desarrollo de pasta untable de aceituna variedad Sevillana. GRASAS Y ACEITES 2009. [DOI: 10.3989/gya.020609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Gil L, López C, Blanco A, Lazo L, Martín J, Valdés I, Romero Y, Figueroa Y, Guillén G, Hermida L. The Cellular Immune Response Plays an Important Role in Protecting Against Dengue Virus in the Mouse Encephalitis Model. Viral Immunol 2009; 22:23-30. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2008.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lázaro Gil
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Carlos López
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Aracelys Blanco
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Laura Lazo
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Jorge Martín
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Iris Valdés
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yaremis Romero
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yassel Figueroa
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gerardo Guillén
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Lisset Hermida
- Vaccines Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Playa, Havana, Cuba
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Khan AM, Miotto O, Nascimento EJM, Srinivasan KN, Heiny AT, Zhang GL, Marques ET, Tan TW, Brusic V, Salmon J, August JT. Conservation and variability of dengue virus proteins: implications for vaccine design. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e272. [PMID: 18698358 PMCID: PMC2491585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic variation and rapid evolution are hallmarks of RNA viruses, the result of high mutation rates in RNA replication and selection of mutants that enhance viral adaptation, including the escape from host immune responses. Variability is uneven across the genome because mutations resulting in a deleterious effect on viral fitness are restricted. RNA viruses are thus marked by protein sites permissive to multiple mutations and sites critical to viral structure-function that are evolutionarily robust and highly conserved. Identification and characterization of the historical dynamics of the conserved sites have relevance to multiple applications, including potential targets for diagnosis, and prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. Methodology/Principal Findings We describe a large-scale identification and analysis of evolutionarily highly conserved amino acid sequences of the entire dengue virus (DENV) proteome, with a focus on sequences of 9 amino acids or more, and thus immune-relevant as potential T-cell determinants. DENV protein sequence data were collected from the NCBI Entrez protein database in 2005 (9,512 sequences) and again in 2007 (12,404 sequences). Forty-four (44) sequences (pan-DENV sequences), mainly those of nonstructural proteins and representing ∼15% of the DENV polyprotein length, were identical in 80% or more of all recorded DENV sequences. Of these 44 sequences, 34 (∼77%) were present in ≥95% of sequences of each DENV type, and 27 (∼61%) were conserved in other Flaviviruses. The frequencies of variants of the pan-DENV sequences were low (0 to ∼5%), as compared to variant frequencies of ∼60 to ∼85% in the non pan-DENV sequence regions. We further showed that the majority of the conserved sequences were immunologically relevant: 34 contained numerous predicted human leukocyte antigen (HLA) supertype-restricted peptide sequences, and 26 contained T-cell determinants identified by studies with HLA-transgenic mice and/or reported to be immunogenic in humans. Conclusions/Significance Forty-four (44) pan-DENV sequences of at least 9 amino acids were highly conserved and identical in 80% or more of all recorded DENV sequences, and the majority were found to be immune-relevant by their correspondence to known or putative HLA-restricted T-cell determinants. The conservation of these sequences through the entire recorded DENV genetic history supports their possible value for diagnosis, prophylactic and/or therapeutic applications. The combination of bioinformatics and experimental approaches applied herein provides a framework for large-scale and systematic analysis of conserved and variable sequences of other pathogens, in particular, for rapidly mutating viruses, such as influenza A virus and HIV. Dengue viruses (DENVs) circulate in nature as a population of 4 distinct types, each with multiple genotypes and variants, and represent an increasing global public health issue with no prophylactic and therapeutic formulations currently available. Viral genomes contain sites that are evolutionarily stable and therefore highly conserved, presumably because changes in these sites have deleterious effects on viral fitness and survival. The identification and characterization of the historical dynamics of these sites in DENV have relevance to several applications such as diagnosis and drug and vaccine development. In this study, we have identified sequence fragments that were conserved across the majority of available DENV sequences, analyzed their historical dynamics, and evaluated their relevance as candidate vaccine targets, using various bioinformatics-based methods and immune assay in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) transgenic mice. This approach provides a framework for large-scale and systematic analysis of other human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif M. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olivo Miotto
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Systems Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eduardo J. M. Nascimento
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - K. N. Srinivasan
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Product Evaluation and Registration Division, Centre for Drug Administration, Health Sciences Authority, Singapore
| | - A. T. Heiny
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guang Lan Zhang
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - E. T. Marques
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tin Wee Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vladimir Brusic
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jerome Salmon
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - J. Thomas August
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Computational prediction and identification of dengue virus-specific CD4(+) T-cell epitopes. Virus Res 2007; 132:42-8. [PMID: 18061300 PMCID: PMC7114202 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2007] [Revised: 10/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tried to identify dengue virus-specific CD4(+) T-cell epitopes, which can induce PBMC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) isolated from DF convalescent patients (dengue virus type 1 infection) to secrete IFN-gamma. PBMC of DF convalescent patients were stimulated in vitro with dengue virus-derived peptides, which were prepared based on the prediction of dengue virus-specific CD4(+) T-cell epitopes by using RANKpep online software. Subsequently, the frequency of IFN-gamma producing T cells and percentage of IFN-gamma(+) CD4(+) T cells were measured by using ELISPOT assay and ICS assay (intracellular cytokine straining), respectively. The positive response of PBMC by ELISPOT showed that the numbers of SFC (spots forming cells) ranged from 50 to 310 SFC/1x10(6) PBMC. The positive response of PBMC by ICS assay showed that the percentage of IFN-gamma(+) CD4(+) T cells ranged from 0.03 to 0.27%. As a result, C(45-57) (KLVMAFIAFLRFL), E(396-408) (SSIGKMFEATARG), NS3(23-35) (YRILQRGLLGRSQ), and NS3(141-155) (NREGKIVGLYGNGVV) were identified as dengue virus-specific CD4(+) T-cell epitopes.
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Calvo-Calle JM, Strug I, Nastke MD, Baker SP, Stern LJ. Human CD4+ T cell epitopes from vaccinia virus induced by vaccination or infection. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3:1511-29. [PMID: 17937498 PMCID: PMC2014795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of vaccinia virus in basic and applied immunology, our knowledge of the human immune response directed against this virus is very limited. CD4+ T cell responses are an important component of immunity induced by current vaccinia-based vaccines, and likely will be required for new subunit vaccine approaches, but to date vaccinia-specific CD4+ T cell responses have been poorly characterized, and CD4+ T cell epitopes have been reported only recently. Classical approaches used to identify T cell epitopes are not practical for large genomes like vaccinia. We developed and validated a highly efficient computational approach that combines prediction of class II MHC-peptide binding activity with prediction of antigen processing and presentation. Using this approach and screening only 36 peptides, we identified 25 epitopes recognized by T cells from vaccinia-immune individuals. Although the predictions were made for HLA-DR1, eight of the peptides were recognized by donors of multiple haplotypes. T cell responses were observed in samples of peripheral blood obtained many years after primary vaccination, and were amplified after booster immunization. Peptides recognized by multiple donors are highly conserved across the poxvirus family, including variola, the causative agent of smallpox, and may be useful in development of a new generation of smallpox vaccines and in the analysis of the immune response elicited to vaccinia virus. Moreover, the epitope identification approach developed here should find application to other large-genome pathogens. Although the routine use of vaccinia virus for vaccination against smallpox was stopped after eradication of this disease, there is a possibility for an accidental or intentional release of this virus. In response to this challenge, vaccination of at least emergency personnel has been suggested. However, adverse reactions induced by the smallpox vaccine have had a negative impact in the success of this program. For these reasons development of new smallpox vaccines is a public health priority. Identification of strong helper T cell epitopes is central to these efforts. However, identification of T cell epitopes in large genomes like vaccinia is difficult using current screening methods. In this work, we develop a new computational approach for prediction of T cell epitopes, validate it using epitopes already identified by classical methods, and apply it to the prediction of vaccinia epitopes. Twenty-five of 36 peptides containing predicted sequences were recognized by T cells from individuals exposed to vaccinia virus. These peptides are highly conserved across the orthopox virus family and may be useful in development of a new generation of smallpox vaccines and in the analysis of the immune response against vaccinia virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Mauricio Calvo-Calle
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Iwona Strug
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Maria-Dorothea Nastke
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen P Baker
- Department of Information Services, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lawrence J Stern
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Koraka P, Benton S, van Amerongen G, Stittelaar KJ, Osterhaus ADME. Characterization of humoral and cellular immune responses in cynomolgus macaques upon primary and subsequent heterologous infections with dengue viruses. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:940-6. [PMID: 17544804 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Since studying the pathogenesis of dengue virus associated disease in humans has several limitations, an appropriate animal model is needed. Therefore, we investigated kinetics of viremia as well as humoral and cellular immune responses, after primary, secondary and tertiary heterologous dengue virus infections in cynomolgus macaques: these parameters were largely similar to those observed in natural human infection upon primary infection. Both antibody and T-cell responses measured were largely cross-reactive. Upon secondary infection with a heterologous virus serotype, T-cell responses specific for the primary infecting serotype were more pronounced, especially when the immune system was primed with dengue 1 virus. Measurement of transcription levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in white blood cells upon primary and secondary infection generally showed a balanced response. In addition, a region of the NS2A protein of dengue viruses was identified that induces T-cell responses in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelopie Koraka
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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50
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Lazo L, Hermida L, Zulueta A, Sánchez J, López C, Silva R, Guillén G, Guzmán MG. A recombinant capsid protein from Dengue-2 induces protection in mice against homologous virus. Vaccine 2007; 25:1064-70. [PMID: 17097199 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, we study the immunogenicity and protective capacity of a recombinant capsid protein from Dengue-2 virus. The capsid gene was cloned under the T5 phage promoter and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was obtained mainly associated to the soluble fraction upon cellular disruption and exhibited a pattern of high aggregation, determined by gel filtration chromatography. The semipurified preparation was inoculated in mice and after three doses, no antiviral antibodies were induced. On the other hand, mice intracranially challenged with homologous lethal virus, exhibited statistically significant protection with respect to the control group. These results describe, for the first time, the protective capacity of the capsid protein of Dengue virus indicating the existence of a protector mechanism, which is totally independent of the antibodies. This lack of induction of antiviral antibodies makes the capsid protein an attractive vaccine candidate against dengue since eliminates the potential risk of the induction of antibody dependent enhancement associated to the current vaccines under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lazo
- Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, Apdo 6162, Habana 10600, Cuba.
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