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Herrera C, Olejniczak N, Noël-Romas L, Plummer F, Burgener A. Pre-clinical evaluation of antiproteases as potential candidates for HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2022; 4:998913. [DOI: 10.3389/frph.2022.998913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on highly HIV-1-exposed, yet persistently seronegative women from the Punwami Sex Worker cohort in Kenya, have shed light on putative protective mechanisms, suggesting that mucosal immunological factors, such as antiproteases, could be mediating resistance to HIV-1 transmission in the female reproductive tract. Nine protease inhibitors were selected for this study: serpin B4, serpin A1, serpin A3, serpin C1, cystatin A, cystatin B, serpin B13, serpin B1 and α-2-macroglobulin-like-protein 1. We assessed in a pilot study, the activity of these antiproteases with cellular assays and an ex vivo HIV-1 challenge model of human ecto-cervical tissue explants. Preliminary findings with both models, cellular and tissue explants, established an order of inhibitory potency for the mucosal proteins as candidates for pre-exposure prophylaxis when mimicking pre-coital use. Combination of all antiproteases considered in this study was more active than any of the individual mucosal proteins. Furthermore, the migration of cells out of ecto-cervical explants was blocked indicating potential prevention of viral dissemination following amplification of the founder population. These findings constitute the base for further development of these mucosal protease inhibitors for prevention strategies.
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Herrera C, Cottrell ML, Prybylski J, Kashuba ADM, Veazey RS, García-Pérez J, Olejniczak N, McCoy CF, Ziprin P, Richardson-Harman N, Alcami J, Malcolm KR, Shattock RJ. The ex vivo pharmacology of HIV-1 antiretrovirals differs between macaques and humans. iScience 2022; 25:104409. [PMID: 35663021 PMCID: PMC9157191 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHP) are widely used for the pre-clinical assessment of antiretrovirals (ARVs) for HIV treatment and prevention. However, the utility of these models is questionable given the differences in ARV pharmacology between humans and macaques. Here, we report a model based on ex vivo ARV exposure and the challenge of mucosal tissue explants to define pharmacological differences between NHPs and humans. For colorectal and cervicovaginal explants in both species, high concentrations of tenofovir (TFV) and maraviroc were predictive of anti-viral efficacy. However, their combinations resulted in increased inhibitory potency in NHP when compared to human explants. In NHPs, higher TFV concentrations were measured in colorectal versus cervicovaginal explants (p = 0.042). In humans, this relationship was inverted with lower levels in colorectal tissue (p = 0.027). TFV-resistance caused greater loss of viral fitness for HIV-1 than SIV. This, tissue explants provide an important bridge to refine and appropriately interpret NHP studies. Tenofovir-maraviroc combinations show greater potency in NHP than in human tissue Opposite drug distribution in mucosal tissues was observed between both species Greater loss of viral replication fitness with RT mutations for SIV than for HIV-1 Ex vivo tissue models are a bridge between NHP studies and human clinical trials
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Herrera
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Mackenzie L Cottrell
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John Prybylski
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Angela D M Kashuba
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Javier García-Pérez
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit. National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Olejniczak
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Clare F McCoy
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Paul Ziprin
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - José Alcami
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit. National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,HIV Unit, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karl R Malcolm
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Robin J Shattock
- Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK
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Else L, Penchala SD, Pillay AD, Seiphetlo TB, Lebina L, Callebaut C, Minhas S, Morley R, Rashid T, Martinson N, Fox J, Khoo S, Herrera C. Pre-Clinical Evaluation of Tenofovir and Tenofovir Alafenamide for HIV-1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Foreskin Tissue. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061285. [PMID: 35745857 PMCID: PMC9227286 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: HIV-1 pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has focused predominantly on protective efficacy in receptive sex, with limited research on the dosing requirements for insertive sex. We pre-clinically assessed the ex vivo pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) profile of tenofovir (TFV) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) in foreskin tissue. Methods: Inner and outer foreskin explants were exposed to serial dilutions of TFV or TAF prior to addition of HIV-1BaL at a high (HVT) or a low viral titer (LVT). Infection was assessed by measurement of p24 in foreskin culture supernatants. TFV, TAF and TFV–diphosphate (TFV–DP) concentrations were measured in tissues, culture supernatants and dosing and washing solutions. Results: Dose–response curves were obtained for both drugs, with greater potency observed against LVT. Inhibitory equivalency mimicking oral dosing was defined between 1 mg/mL of TFV and 15 µg/mL of TAF against HVT challenge. Concentrations of TFV–DP in foreskin explants were approximately six-fold higher after ex vivo dosing with TAF than with TFV. Statistically significant negative linear correlations were observed between explant levels of TFV or TFV–DP and p24 concentrations following HVT. Conclusions: Pre-clinical evaluation of TAF in foreskin explants revealed greater potency than TFV against penile HIV transmission. Clinical evaluation is underway to support this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Else
- Bioanalytical Facility, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (L.E.); (S.D.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Sujan D. Penchala
- Bioanalytical Facility, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (L.E.); (S.D.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Azure-Dee Pillay
- Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa; (A.-D.P.); (T.B.S.)
| | - Thabiso B. Seiphetlo
- Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7935, South Africa; (A.-D.P.); (T.B.S.)
| | - Limakatso Lebina
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (L.L.); (N.M.)
| | | | - Suks Minhas
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK; (S.M.); (R.M.); (T.R.)
| | - Roland Morley
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK; (S.M.); (R.M.); (T.R.)
| | - Tina Rashid
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK; (S.M.); (R.M.); (T.R.)
| | - Neil Martinson
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; (L.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Julie Fox
- Guys and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Saye Khoo
- Bioanalytical Facility, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK; (L.E.); (S.D.P.); (S.K.)
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-207-594-2545
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Herrera C, Veazey R, Lemke MM, Arnold K, Kim JH, Shattock RJ. Ex Vivo Evaluation of Mucosal Responses to Vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX of Non-Human Primates. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:187. [PMID: 35214645 PMCID: PMC8879115 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-human primates (NHPs) remain the most relevant challenge model for the evaluation of HIV vaccine candidates; however, discrepancies with clinical trial results have emphasized the need to further refine the NHP model. Furthermore, classical evaluation of vaccine candidates is based on endpoints measured systemically. We assessed the mucosal responses elicited upon vaccination with ALVAC and AIDSVAX using ex vivo Rhesus macaque mucosal tissue explant models. Following booster immunization with ALVAC/AIDSVAX, anti-gp120 HIV-1CM244-specific IgG and IgA were detected in culture supernatant cervicovaginal and colorectal tissue explants, as well as systemically. Despite protection from ex vivo viral challenge, no neutralization was observed with tissue explant culture supernatants. Priming with ALVAC induced distinct cytokine profiles in cervical and rectal tissue. However, ALVAC/AIDSVAX boosts resulted in similar modulations in both mucosal tissues with a statistically significant decrease in cytokines linked to inflammatory responses and lymphocyte differentiation. With ALVAC/AIDSVAX boosts, significant correlations were observed between cytokine levels and specific IgA in cervical explants and specific IgG and IgA in rectal tissue. The cytokine secretome revealed differences between vaccination with ALVAC and ALVAC/AIDSVAX not previously observed in mucosal tissues and distinct from the systemic response, which could represent a biosignature of the vaccine combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Herrera
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK;
| | - Ronald Veazey
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, School of Medicine, Tulane University, Covington, GA 70433, USA;
| | - Melissa M. Lemke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.M.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Kelly Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (M.M.L.); (K.A.)
| | - Jerome H. Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MA 20817, USA;
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HERRERA C, HARMAN S, ALDON Y, ROGERS P, ARMANASCO N, ZIPRIN P, STIEH D, NUTTALL J, SHATTOCK RJ. The entry inhibitor DS003 (BMS-599793): a BMS-806 analogue, provides superior activity as a pre-exposure prophylaxis candidate. AIDS 2021; 35:1907-1917. [PMID: 34101626 PMCID: PMC8416713 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Small molecule inhibitors able to bind to gp120 and prevent CD4+-induced HIV-1 envelope conformational change provide an important class of inhibitors. Currently, only Fostemsavir is approved for HAART, which makes this class of inhibitors attractive candidates for prevention. We assessed the activity of DS003 (BMS-599793), an analogue of BMS-378806, in different mucosal tissues and elucidated its mechanism of action. DESIGN Preclinical analysis was performed with human mucosal tissue models as surrogates of in-vivo activity. METHODS Antiviral efficacy of DS003 was assessed in mucosal tissue explants (ecto-cervical, penile and colorectal) and in trans-infection models (co-cultures of dendritic or mucosal migratory cells with CD4+ T cells) with several dosing times (2, 24 h and sustained) and in combination with a fusion inhibitor. Binding of DS003 to gp120 was assessed by flow cytometry and bio-layer interferometry and further probed in competitive studies using soluble CD4+ (sCD4+) and an anti-CD4+ induced antibody, 17b. RESULTS In all models, the inhibitory activity of DS003 was increased with longer periods of exposure and by combination with a fusion inhibitor. Pre-exposure to sCD4+ impeded DS003 binding to viral envelope. In contrast, DS003 did not impact subsequent binding of sCD4+. Furthermore, sCD4+-induced epitope exposure as assessed by 17b binding was significantly reduced in the presence of DS003. CONCLUSION DS003 inhibits HIV-1 infection by binding to or near the CD4+ binding site of gp120, preventing CD4+-induced conformational change essential for viral fusion. These data highlight the potential of DS003 for development as a pre-exposure prophylaxis candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina HERRERA
- Centre for Infection, Division of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, St George’s University of London, UK. Current address: Section of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College, UK
| | - Sarah HARMAN
- Centre for Infection, Division of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, St George’s University of London, UK. Current address: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Yoann ALDON
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College, UK. Current address: Amsterdam UMC, Netherlands
| | - Paul ROGERS
- Centre for Infection, Division of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, St George’s University of London, UK. Current address: Section of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College, UK
| | - Naomi ARMANASCO
- Centre for Infection, Division of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, St George’s University of London, UK. Current address: Section of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College, UK
| | - Paul ZIPRIN
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Daniel STIEH
- Centre for Infection, Division of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, St George’s University of London, UK. Current address: Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V. Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeremy NUTTALL
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Robin J. SHATTOCK
- Centre for Infection, Division of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, St George’s University of London, UK. Current address: Section of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary’s Campus, Imperial College, UK
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Gómara MJ, Pons R, Herrera C, Ziprin P, Haro I. Peptide Amphiphilic-Based Supramolecular Structures with Anti-HIV-1 Activity. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1999-2013. [PMID: 34254794 PMCID: PMC8447191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a previous work, we defined a novel HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptide (E1P47) with a broad spectrum of activity against viruses from different clades, subtypes, and tropisms. With the aim to enhance its efficacy, in the present work we address the design and synthesis of several peptide amphiphiles (PAs) based on the E1P47 peptide sequence to target the lipid rafts of the cell membrane where the cell-cell fusion process takes place. We report the synthesis of novel PAs having a hydrophobic moiety covalently attached to the peptide sequence through a hydrophilic spacer of polyethylene glycol. Characterization of self-assembly in condensed phase and aqueous solution as well as their interaction with model membranes was analyzed by several biophysical methods. Our results demonstrated that the length of the spacer of polyethylene glycol, the position of the peptide conjugation as well as the type of the hydrophobic residue determine the antiviral activity of the construct. Peptide amphiphiles with one alkyl tail either in C-terminus (C-PAmonoalkyl) or in N-terminus (N-PAmonoalkyl) showed the highest anti-HIV-1 activities in the cellular model of TZM-bl cells or in a preclinical model of the human mucosal tissue explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J. Gómara
- Unit
of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC−CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Pons
- Physical
Chemistry of Surfactant Systems, Institute
of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC−CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ziprin
- Department
of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit
of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC−CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18-26 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Platelets function as an acute viral reservoir during HIV-1 infection by harboring virus and T-cell complex formation. Blood Adv 2021; 4:4512-4521. [PMID: 32946568 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets were recently found to harbor infectious HIV virions in infected individuals who are on antiretroviral treatment with poor CD4+ T-cell recovery. In this study, we screened platelets from recently infected individuals, before and after antiretroviral therapy, for the presence of virus and examined platelet activation, as well as CD4+ T-cell recovery. This was followed by in vitro studies assessing platelet-CD4+ T-cell complex formation as a contributing factor to viral transmission. HIV+ platelets were detected in 10 of 10 acutely infected individuals with no prior history of antiretroviral therapy. The percentage of HIV+ platelets dropped significantly after 3 months of antiretroviral therapy in all of the study participants. These individuals also demonstrated significant recovery of CD4+ T cells. Interestingly, the percentage of HIV+ platelets correlated positively with viral load but not with CD4+ T-cell count. Furthermore, we found that platelet activation with soluble CD40L or thrombin receptor activator peptide 6 (TRAP6) increased platelet-virus interactions in vitro. TRAP6-mediated interactions were reduced by platelet antagonists, aspirin, and R406. We demonstrated that platelets transmit the virus to CD4+ T cells, and this transinfection was abolished by inhibiting platelet-T-cell complex formation via exposure to an anti-CD62P antibody. Additionally, treatment with TRAP6 significantly increased the transinfection, which was also inhibited by aspirin and R206. These results reveal that platelets have the potential to promote HIV viral spread during the acute stage of infection, by harboring infectious virus transmitting infection to susceptible CD4+ T cells through complex formation.
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Crakes KR, Herrera C, Morgan JL, Olstad K, Hessell AJ, Ziprin P, LiWang PJ, Dandekar S. Efficacy of silk fibroin biomaterial vehicle for in vivo mucosal delivery of Griffithsin and protection against HIV and SHIV infection ex vivo. J Int AIDS Soc 2021; 23:e25628. [PMID: 33073530 PMCID: PMC7569169 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The majority of new HIV infections occur through mucosal transmission. The availability of readily applicable and accessible platforms for anti‐retroviral (ARV) delivery is critical for the prevention of HIV acquisition through sexual transmission in both women and men. There is a compelling need for developing new topical delivery systems that have advantages over the pills, gels and rings, which currently fail to guarantee protection against mucosal viral transmission in vulnerable populations due to lack of user compliance. The silk fibroin (SF) platform offers another option that may be better suited to individual circumstances and preferences to increase efficacy through user compliance. The objective of this study was to test safety and efficacy of SF for anti‐HIV drug delivery to mucosal sites and for viral prevention. Methods We formulated a potent HIV inhibitor Griffithsin (Grft) in a mucoadhesive silk fibroin (SF) drug delivery platform and tested the application in a non‐human primate model in vivo and a pre‐clinical human cervical and colorectal tissue explant model. Both vaginal and rectal compartments were assessed in rhesus macaques (Mucaca mulatta) that received SF (n = 4), no SF (n = 7) and SF‐Grft (n = 11). In this study, we evaluated the composition of local microbiota, inflammatory cytokine production, histopathological changes in the vaginal and rectal compartments and mucosal protection after ex vivo SHIV challenge. Results Effective Grft release and retention in mucosal tissues from the SF‐Grft platform resulted in protection against HIV in human cervical and colorectal tissue as well as against SHIV challenge in both rhesus macaque vaginal and rectal tissues. Mucoadhesion of SF‐Grft inserts did not cause any inflammatory responses or changes in local microbiota. Conclusions We demonstrated that in vivo delivery of SF‐Grft in rhesus macaques fully protects against SHIV challenge ex vivo after two hours of application and is safe to use in both the vaginal and rectal compartments. Our study provides support for the development of silk fibroin as a highly promising, user‐friendly HIV prevention modality to address the global disparity in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katti R Crakes
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department of Medicine, St. Mary's Campus Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica L Morgan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Katie Olstad
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Ann J Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Paul Ziprin
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary's Campus Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia J LiWang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Satya Dandekar
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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Early Colorectal Responses to HIV-1 and Modulation by Antiretroviral Drugs. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030231. [PMID: 33800213 PMCID: PMC8000905 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate responses during acute HIV infection correlate with disease progression and pathogenesis. However, limited information is available about the events occurring during the first hours of infection in the mucosal sites of transmission. With an ex vivo HIV-1 challenge model of human colorectal tissue we assessed the mucosal responses induced by R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1 isolates in the first 24 h of exposure. Microscopy studies demonstrated virus penetration of up to 39 μm into the lamina propia within 6 h of inoculation. A rapid, 6 h post-challenge, increase in the level of secretion of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, interferon- γ (IFN-γ), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was observed following exposure to R5- or X4-tropic isolates. This profile persisted at the later time point measured of 24 h. However, exposure to the X4-tropic isolate tested induced greater changes at the proteomic and transcriptomic levels than the R5-tropic. The X4-isolate induced greater levels of CCR5 ligands (RANTES, MIP-1α and MIP-1β) secretion than R5-HIV-1. Potential drugs candidates for colorectal microbicides, including entry, fusion or reverse transcriptase inhibitors demonstrated differential capacity to modulate these responses. Our findings indicate that in colorectal tissue, inflammatory responses and a Th1 cytokine profile are induced in the first 24 h following viral exposure.
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Gomara MJ, Perez Y, Gomez-Gutierrez P, Herrera C, Ziprin P, Martinez JP, Meyerhans A, Perez JJ, Haro I. Importance of structure-based studies for the design of a novel HIV-1 inhibitor peptide. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14430. [PMID: 32879375 PMCID: PMC7468280 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the structure of an HIV-1 entry inhibitor peptide two stapled- and a retro-enantio peptides have been designed to provide novel prevention interventions against HIV transmission. The three peptides show greater inhibitory potencies in cellular and mucosal tissue pre-clinical models than the parent sequence and the retro-enantio shows a strengthened proteolytic stability. Since HIV-1 fusion inhibitor peptides need to be embedded in the membrane to properly interact with their viral target, the structural features were determined by NMR spectroscopy in micelles and solved by using restrained molecular dynamics calculations. Both parent and retro-enantio peptides demonstrate a topology compatible with a shared helix–turn–helix conformation and assemble similarly in the membrane maintaining the active conformation needed for its interaction with the viral target site. This study represents a straightforward approach to design new targeted peptides as HIV-1 fusion inhibitors and lead us to define a retro-enantio peptide as a good candidate for pre-exposure prophylaxis against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Gomara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Perez
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Gomez-Gutierrez
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ETSEIB), Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Paul Ziprin
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Javier P Martinez
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J Perez
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ETSEIB), Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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Chen YC, Chen SP, Li JY, Chen PC, Lee YZ, Li KM, Zarivach R, Sun YJ, Sue SC. Integrative Model to Coordinate the Oligomerization and Aggregation Mechanisms of CCL5. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:1143-1157. [PMID: 31931012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CC-type chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) is involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory conditions. Under physiological conditions, CCL5 oligomerization and aggregation are considered to be responsible for its inflammatory properties. The structural basis of CCL5 oligomerization remains controversial because the current oligomer models contain no consensus interactions. In this study, NMR and biophysical analyses proposed evidence that the CC-type CCL5 dimer acts as the basic unit to constitute the oligomer and that CCL5 oligomerizes alternatively through E66-K25 and E66-R44/K45 interactions. In addition, a newly determined trimer structure, constituted by CCL5 and the E66S mutant, reported an interfacial interaction through the N-terminal 12FAY14 sequence. The interaction contributes to CCL5 aggregation and precipitation but not to oligomerization. In accordance with the observations, an integrative model explains the CCL5 oligomerization and aggregation mechanism in which CCL5 assembly consists of two types of dimer-dimer interactions and one aggregation mechanism. For full-length CCL5, the molecular accumulation triggers oligomerization through the E66-K25 and E66-R44/K45 interactions, and the 12FAY14 interaction acts as a secondary effect to derive aggregation and precipitation. In contrast, the E66-R44/K45 interaction might dominate in CCL5 N-terminal truncations, and the interaction would lead to the filament-like formation in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Pei Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ye Li
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chun Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Zong Lee
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Instrument Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Mou Li
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Raz Zarivach
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yuh-Ju Sun
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Sue
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan.
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12
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Yavuz B, Morgan JL, Herrera C, Harrington K, Perez-Ramirez B, LiWang PJ, Kaplan DL. Sustained release silk fibroin discs: Antibody and protein delivery for HIV prevention. J Control Release 2019; 301:1-12. [PMID: 30876951 PMCID: PMC6538278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
With almost 2 million new HIV infections worldwide each year, the prevention of HIV infection is critical for stopping the pandemic. The only approved form of pre-exposure prophylaxis is a costly daily pill, and it is recognized that several options will be needed to provide protection to the various affected communities around the world. In particular, many at-risk people would benefit from a prevention method that is simple to use and does not require medical intervention or a strict daily regimen. We show that silk fibroin protein can be formulated into insertable discs that encapsulate either an antibody (IgG) or the potent HIV inhibitor 5P12-RANTES. Several formulations were studied, including silk layering, water vapor annealing and methanol treatment to stabilize the protein cargo and impact the release kinetics over weeks. In the case of IgG, high concentrations were released over a short time using methanol treatment, with more sustained results with the use of water vapor annealing and layering during device fabrication. For 5P12-RANTES, sustained release was obtained for 31 days using water vapor annealing. Further, we show that the released inhibitor 5P12-RANTES was functional both in vitro and in ex vivo colorectal tissue. This work shows that silk fibroin discs can be developed into formidable tools to prevent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Yavuz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Jessica L Morgan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department of Medicine, St. Mary's Campus Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Kristin Harrington
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | | | - Patricia J LiWang
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of California-Merced, Merced, CA, USA.
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.
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13
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Mishra G, Poojary SS, Jain S, Tiwari PK. Genotype-phenotype relationship of CCL5 in pulmonary tuberculosis infection in Sahariya tribe: A pilot study. Indian J Med Res 2018; 146:768-773. [PMID: 29664036 PMCID: PMC5926349 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1582_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Sahariya, a primitive tribe of Central India, has shown significantly increased incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). Our previous study on Sahariya showed a significant association of −403G>A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of CCL5 with susceptibility to PTB. Hence, this study was aimed to analyze a genotype-phenotype relationship of this disease-associated SNP to develop a potential diagnostic marker for TB in this tribe. Methods: The present study was carried out on 70 plasma samples from Sahariya tribe, wherein the plasma CCL5 level was determined using a commercially available ELISA kit. Results: The level of CCL5 decreased significantly in patients who were on therapy/completed their therapy [inactive TB patient/inactive PTB (IPTB)], particularly with AA genotype of −403G>A (P=0.046). The level, with AA genotype, was also found to gradually decrease in sputum 3+ and 1+/2+ than in sputum-negative samples. Similarly, the CCL5 level was found to be higher in sputum-positive/active TB patients than in IPTB group and healthy controls. Interpretation & conclusions: Our results suggested that the CCL5 level was influenced collectively not only by the genotypes of −403G>A SNP and bacillary load but also by the treatment. Thus, CCL5 may be considered for the development of a diagnostic marker and also as an indicator of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunja Mishra
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Centre for Genomics, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Satish S Poojary
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Centre for Genomics, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme Unit, District Hospital, Sheopur, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Centre for Genomics, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
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Zhang L, Herrera C, Coburn J, Olejniczak N, Ziprin P, Kaplan DL, LiWang PJ. Stabilization and Sustained Release of HIV Inhibitors by Encapsulation in Silk Fibroin Disks. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:1654-1665. [PMID: 33225060 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Topical microbicides have the potential to provide effective protection against sexual transmission of HIV. Challenges in developing microbicides include their application in resource-poor settings with high temperatures and a lack of refrigeration, and low user adherence to a rigorous daily regimen. Several protein-based HIV inhibitors show great promise as microbicides, being highly specific and not expected to lead to resistance that would affect the efficacy of current antiretroviral treatments. We show that four potent protein HIV inhibitors, 5P12-RANTES, 5P12-RANTES-L-C37, Grft, and Grft-L-C37 can be formulated into silk fibroin (SF) disks and remain functional for 14 months at 25, 37, and 50 °C. These HIV inhibitor-encapsulated SF disks show excellent inhibition properties in PBMC and in human colorectal and cervical tissue explants, and do not induce inflammatory cytokine secretion. Further, the SF provides a mechanically robust matrix with versatile material formats for this type of application. Finally, a formulation was developed to allow sustained release of functional Grft for 4 weeks at levels sufficient to inhibit HIV transmission. This work establishes the suitability of HIV inhibitor-encapsulated SF disks as topical HIV microbicides that can be further developed to allow easy insertion for extended protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department of Medicine, St. Mary's Campus Imperial College, Room 460 Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Jeannine Coburn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Natalia Olejniczak
- Department of Medicine, St. Mary's Campus Imperial College, Room 460 Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ziprin
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, St. Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London, London W2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby Street, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Patricia J LiWang
- Molecular Cell Biology, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, California 95343, United States
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15
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Parker ZF, Rux AH, Riblett AM, Lee FH, Rauova L, Cines DB, Poncz M, Sachais BS, Doms RW. Platelet Factor 4 Inhibits and Enhances HIV-1 Infection in a Concentration-Dependent Manner by Modulating Viral Attachment. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:705-17. [PMID: 26847431 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet factor 4 (PF4) has been recently shown to inhibit infection by a broad range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates in vitro. We found that the inhibitory effects of PF4 are limited to a defined concentration range where PF4 exists largely in a monomeric state. Under these conditions, PF4 bound the HIV-1 envelope protein and inhibited HIV-1 attachment to the cell surface. However, as concentrations increased to the point where PF4 exists largely in tetrameric or higher-order forms, viral infection in vitro was enhanced. Enhancement could be inhibited by mutations in PF4 that shift the oligomeric equilibrium toward the monomeric state, or by using soluble glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to which tetrameric PF4 avidly binds. We conclude that at physiologically relevant concentrations, oligomeric PF4 enhances infection by HIV-1 by interacting with the viral envelope protein as well as cell surface GAGs, enhancing virus attachment to the cell surface. This effect was not specific to HIV-1, as enhancement was seen with some but not all other viruses tested. The biphasic effects of PF4 on HIV-1 infection suggest that native PF4 will not be a useful antiviral agent and that PF4 could contribute to the hematologic abnormalities commonly seen in HIV-infected individuals by enhancing virus infection in the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra F. Parker
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ann H. Rux
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amber M. Riblett
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fang-Hua Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lubica Rauova
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Douglas B. Cines
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mortimer Poncz
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce S. Sachais
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- New York Blood Center, New York, New York
| | - Robert W. Doms
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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16
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Maraviroc and reverse transcriptase inhibitors combinations as potential preexposure prophylaxis candidates. AIDS 2016; 30:1015-25. [PMID: 26854808 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Receptive anal intercourse in both men and women is associated with the highest probability for sexual acquisition of HIV infection. As part of a program to develop an effective prevention strategy, we performed an ex-vivo preclinical evaluation to determine the efficacy of multiple double combinations of maraviroc (MVC) and reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs). DESIGN The entry inhibitor, MVC, a nucleotide RTI, tenofovir and two non-nucleoside RTIs, UC781 and TMC120 (dapivirine, DPV), were used in double, combinations against a panel of CCR5-using clade B and clade C HIV-1 isolates and against MVC-escape variants. A gel-formulated version of MVC-DPV combination was also tested. METHODS Indicator cells, cocultures of immature dendritic cells with CD4T cells, and colorectal tissue explants were used to assess antiviral activity of drug combinations. RESULTS All dual MVC-RTI combinations tested inhibited MVC-sensitive and resistant isolates in cellular and colorectal explants models. All the combinations were positive with no reduction in the activity of MVC. In tissue explants, the combinations against all viral isolates tested produced an increase in the activity of MVC. An initial gel-formulation of MVC-DPV combination showed greater and prolonged antiviral activity of MVC in mucosal tissue explants. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that combinations based on antiretroviral drugs inhibiting HIV transmission at viral entry and reverse transcription have potential as prevention strategies against colorectal transmission of HIV-1 including MVC-resistant isolates. Preclinical evaluation with colorectal tissue explants indicates that a gel-formulation of MVC-DPV is an effective candidate colorectal microbicide.
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17
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HIV-1 Nef induces CCL5 production in astrocytes through p38-MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathway and utilizes NF-kB, CEBP and AP-1 transcription factors. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4450. [PMID: 24658403 PMCID: PMC3963078 DOI: 10.1038/srep04450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remains high in patients infected with HIV-1. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by astrocytes/microglia exposed to viral proteins is thought to be one of the mechanisms leading to HIV-1- mediated neurotoxicity. In the present study we examined the effects of Nef on CCL5 induction in astrocytes. The results demonstrate that CCL5 is significantly induced in Nef-transfected SVGA astrocytes. To determine the mechanisms responsible for the increased CCL5 caused by Nef, we employed siRNA and chemical antagonists. Antagonists of NF-κB, PI3K, and p38 significantly reduced the expression levels of CCL5 induced by Nef transfection. Furthermore, specific siRNAs demonstrated that the Akt, p38MAPK, NF-κB, CEBP, and AP-1 pathways play a role in Nef-mediated CCL5 expression. The results demonstrated that the PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK pathways, along with the transcription factors NF-κB, CEBP, and AP-1, are involved in Nef-induced CCL5 production in astrocytes.
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18
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Mamik MK, Ghorpade A. Chemokine CXCL8 promotes HIV-1 replication in human monocyte-derived macrophages and primary microglia via nuclear factor-κB pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92145. [PMID: 24662979 PMCID: PMC3963875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokine CXCL8 is an important neutrophil chemoattractant implicated in various neurodegenerative disorders. Cytokine/chemokine imbalance, with an increase in proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α within the central nervous system, is a hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. We previously reported that HIV-1 infection is linked to upregulation of CXCL8 in brain tissues and human astrocytes. Chemokines play crucial roles in trafficking of leukocytes and trafficking of HIV-1-infected across the blood-brain barrier play an important role in HIV-1 central nervous system disease. In the post-antiretroviral therapy era, low level of productive replication of HIV-1 in brain is a critical component of neuropathogenesis regulation. The present study investigated the effect of CXCL8 on productive infection of HIV-1 in human monocytes-derived macrophages (MDM) and primary human microglia. RESULTS Human MDM and microglia were infected with the blood or brain derived HIV-1 isolates, HIV-1ADA or HIV-1JRFL. Treatment with CXCL8 significantly upregulated HIV-1p24 levels in supernatants of both HIV-1-infected MDM as well as microglia. In addition, the formation of 2-long terminal repeat (LTR) circles, a measure of viral genome integration, was significantly higher in CXCL8-treated, HIV-1-infected MDM and microglia. Transient transfection of U937 cells with HIV-1 LTR luciferase reporter construct resulted in increased promoter activity when treated with CXCL8. Moreover, increased nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB was seen in HIV-1-infected MDM following CXCL8 treatment. Blocking CXCL8 receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 abrogated the CXCL8-mediated enhanced HIV-1 replication. CONCLUSION Our results show that CXCL8 mediates productive infection of HIV-1 in MDM and microglia via receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. These results demonstrate that CXCL8 exerts its downstream effects by increasing translocation of nuclear factor-κB into the nucleus, thereby promoting HIV-1 LTR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmeet K. Mamik
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anuja Ghorpade
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
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19
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Wiktor M, Hartley O, Grzesiek S. Characterization of structure, dynamics, and detergent interactions of the anti-HIV chemokine variant 5P12-RANTES. Biophys J 2013; 105:2586-97. [PMID: 24314089 PMCID: PMC3853082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RANTES (CCL5) is a chemokine that recruits immune cells to inflammatory sites by interacting with the G-protein coupled receptor CCR5, which is also the primary coreceptor used together with CD4 by HIV to enter and infect target cells. Ligands of CCR5, including chemokines and chemokine analogs, are capable of blocking HIV entry, and studies of their structures and interactions with CCR5 will be key to understanding and optimizing HIV inhibition. The RANTES derivative 5P12-RANTES is a highly potent HIV entry inhibitor that is being developed as a topical HIV prevention agent (microbicide). We have characterized the structure and dynamics of 5P12-RANTES by solution NMR. With the exception of the nine flexible N-terminal residues, 5P12-RANTES has the same structure as wild-type RANTES but unlike the wild-type, does not dimerize via its N-terminus. To prepare the ground for interaction studies with detergent-solubilized CCR5, we have also investigated the interaction of RANTES and 5P12-RANTES with various commonly used detergents. Both RANTES variants are stable in Cymal-5, DHPC, Anzergent-3-12, dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, and a DDM/CHAPS/CHS mixture. Fos-Cholines, dodecyldimethylglycine, and sodium dodecyl-sulfate denature both RANTES variants at low pH, whereas at neutral pH the stability is considerably higher. The onset of Fos-Choline-12-induced denaturation and the denatured state were characterized by circular dichroism and NMR. The detergent interaction starts below the critical micelle concentration at a well-defined mixed hydrophobic/positive surface region of the chemokine, which overlaps with the dimer interface. An increase of Fos-Choline-12 concentration above the critical micelle concentration causes a transition to a denatured state with a high α-helical content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Wiktor
- Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Hartley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Grzesiek
- Focal Area Structural Biology and Biophysics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Gangwani MR, Noel RJ, Shah A, Rivera-Amill V, Kumar A. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R (Vpr) induces CCL5 expression in astrocytes via PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:136. [PMID: 24225433 PMCID: PMC3831867 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurocognitive impairments remain prevalent in HIV-1 infected individuals despite current antiretroviral therapies. It is increasingly becoming evident that astrocytes play a critical role in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis through the production of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) plays an important role in neuronal dysfunction; however, its role in neuroinflammation is not well characterized. The major objective of this study was to determine the effect of Vpr in induction of proinflammatory chemokine CCL5 in astrocytes and to define the underlying mechanism(s). Methods SVGA astrocytes were either mock transfected or were transfected with a plasmid encoding HIV-1 Vpr, and the cells were harvested at different time intervals. The mRNA level of CCL5 expression was quantified using real-time RT-PCR, and cell culture supernatants were assayed for CCL5 protein concentration. Immunocytochemistry was performed on HIV-1 Vpr transfected astrocytes to check CCL5 expression. Various signaling mechanisms such as p38 MAPK, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB and AP-1 were explored using specific chemical inhibitors and siRNAs. Results HIV-1 Vpr transfected astrocytes exhibited time-dependent induction of CCL5 as compared to mock-transfected astrocytes at both the mRNA and protein level. Immunostained images of astrocytes transfected with HIV-1 Vpr also showed much higher accumulation of CCL5 in comparison to untransfected and mock-transfected astrocytes. Pre-treatment with NF-κB (SC514) and PI3K/Akt (LY294002) inhibitor partially abrogated CCL5 mRNA and protein expression levels as opposed to untreated controls after HIV-1 Vpr transfection. Specific siRNAs against p50 and p65 subunits of NF-κB, p38δ MAPK, Akt-2 and Akt-3, and AP-1 transcription factor substantially inhibited the production of CCL5 in HIV-1 Vpr transfected astrocytes. Conclusion These results demonstrate the ability of HIV-1 Vpr to induce CCL5 in astrocytes in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, this effect was observed to be mediated by transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1 and involved the p38-MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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21
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Nookala AR, Shah A, Noel RJ, Kumar A. HIV-1 Tat-mediated induction of CCL5 in astrocytes involves NF-κB, AP-1, C/EBPα and C/EBPγ transcription factors and JAK, PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78855. [PMID: 24244375 PMCID: PMC3823997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of HIV-associated neurological disorders (HAND) has increased during recent years even though the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has significantly curtailed the virus replication and increased the life expectancy among HIV-1 infected individuals. These neurological deficits have been attributed to HIV proteins including HIV-1 Tat. HIV-1 Tat is known to up-regulate CCL5 expression in mouse astrocytes, but the mechanism of up-regulation is not known. The present study was undertaken with the objective of determining the mechanism(s) underlying HIV-1 Tat-mediated expression of CCL5 in astrocytes. SVGA astrocytes were transiently transfected with a plasmid encoding Tat, and expression of CCL5 was studied at the mRNA and protein levels using real time RT-PCR and multiplex cytokine bead array, respectively. HIV-1 Tat showed a time-dependent increase in the CCL5 expression with peak mRNA and protein levels, observed at 1 h and 48 h post-transfection, respectively. In order to explore the mechanism(s), pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA against different pathway(s) were used. Pre-treatment with SC514 (NF-κB inhibitor), LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor), AG490 (JAK2 inhibitor) and Janex-1 (JAK3 inhibitor) showed partial reduction of the Tat-mediated induction of CCL5 suggesting involvement of JAK, PI3K/Akt and NF-κB in CCL5 expression. These results were further confirmed by knockdown of the respective genes using siRNA. Furthermore, p38 MAPK was found to be involved since the knockdown of p38δ but not other isoforms showed partial reduction in CCL5 induction. This was further confirmed at transcriptional level that AP-1, C/EBPα and C/EBPγ were involved in CCL5 up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anantha R. Nookala
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, UMKC-School of Pharmacy, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ankit Shah
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, UMKC-School of Pharmacy, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Noel
- Department of Biochemistry, Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ponce, Puerto Rico, United States of America
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, UMKC-School of Pharmacy, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Preclinical evaluation of the HIV-1 fusion inhibitor L'644 as a potential candidate microbicide. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:2347-56. [PMID: 22330930 DOI: 10.1128/aac.06108-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical blockade of the gp41 fusogenic protein of HIV-1 is one possible strategy by which microbicides could prevent HIV transmission, working early against infection, by inhibiting viral entry into host cells. In this study, we examined the potential of gp41 fusion inhibitors (FIs) as candidate anti-HIV microbicides. Preclinical evaluation of four FIs, C34, T20, T1249, and L'644, was performed using cellular and ex vivo genital and colorectal tissue explant models. Increased and sustained activity was detected for L'644, a cholesterol-derivatized version of C34, relative to the other FIs. The higher potency of L'644 was further increased with sustained exposure of cells or tissue to the compound. The activity of L'644 was not affected by biological fluids, and the compound was still active when tissue explants were treated after viral exposure. L'644 was also more active than other FIs against a viral escape mutant resistant to reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs), demonstrating the potential of L'644 to be included as part of a multiactive antiretroviral (ARV) combination-based microbicide. These data support the further development of L'644 for microbicide application.
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Colorectal microbicide design: triple combinations of reverse transcriptase inhibitors are optimal against HIV-1 in tissue explants. AIDS 2011; 25:1971-9. [PMID: 21811139 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32834b3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Receptive anal intercourse in both men and women is associated with the highest probability for sexual acquisition of HIV infection. As part of a strategy to develop an effective rectal microbicide, we performed an ex-vivo preclinical evaluation to determine the efficacy and limitation of multiple combinations of reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs). DESIGN A nucleotide, PMPA (tenofovir), a nucleoside, FTC (emtricitabine), RTIs and two nonnucleoside RTIs, UC781 and TMC120 (dapivirine), were used in double, triple and quadruple combinations against a panel of CCR5-uing and CXCR4-using clade B HIV-1 isolates and against RTI-escape variants. METHODS Indicator cells and colorectal tissue explants were used to assess antiviral activity of drug combinations. RESULTS All combinations inhibited the isolates tested in a cellular model and in colorectal explants and produced, for at least one of the compounds, a change in the dose-response curve. Double and triple combinations incrementally augmented activity, even against RTI-escape mutants, whereas quadruple combinations conferred little further advantage. CONCLUSION The colorectal explant model may be used to identify the best candidate molecules and their combinations at the preclinical stage. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that combinations based on RTIs with different HIV-1 inhibitory mechanisms have potential as colorectal microbicides.
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HIV-1 envelope protein gp120 up regulates CCL5 production in astrocytes which can be circumvented by inhibitors of NF-κB pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 414:112-7. [PMID: 21945445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
HIV associated neurological disorders (HAND) is a common neurological complication in patients infected with HIV. The proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines produced by astrocytes play a pivotal role in neuroinflammatory processes in the brain and viral envelope gp120 has been implicated in this process. In view of increased levels of CCL5 observed in the CSF of HIV-1 infected patients, we studied the effects of gp120 on CCL5 expression in astrocytes and the possible mechanisms responsible for those effects. Transfection of the SVGA astrocyte cell line with a plasmid encoding gp120 resulted in a time-dependent increase in expression levels of CCL5 in terms of mRNA and protein by 24.6 ± 2.67- and 35.2 ± 6.1-fold, respectively. The fluorescent images showed localization of CCL5 in the processes of the astrocytes. The gp120-specific siRNA abrogated the gp120-mediated increase in CCL5 expression. We also explored a possible mechanism for the effects of gp120 on CCL5 expression. Using a specific inhibitor for the NF-κB pathway, we demonstrated that levels of gp120 induction of CCL5 expression can be abrogated by 44.6 ± 4.2% at the level of mRNA and 51.8 ± 5.0% at the protein level. This was further confirmed by knocking down NF-κB through the use of siRNA.
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Rapista A, Ding J, Benito B, Lo YT, Neiditch MB, Lu W, Chang TL. Human defensins 5 and 6 enhance HIV-1 infectivity through promoting HIV attachment. Retrovirology 2011; 8:45. [PMID: 21672195 PMCID: PMC3146398 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Concurrent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) increase the likelihood of HIV transmission. The levels of defensins are frequently elevated in genital fluids from individuals with STIs. We have previously shown that human defensins 5 and 6 (HD5 and HD6) promote HIV entry and contribute to Neisseria gonorrhoeae-mediated enhancement of HIV infectivity in vitro. In this study, we dissect the molecular mechanism of the HIV enhancing effect of defensins. Results HD5 and HD6 primarily acted on the virion to promote HIV infection. Both HD5 and HD6 antagonized the anti-HIV activities of inhibitors of HIV entry (TAK 779) and fusion (T-20) when the inhibitors were present only during viral attachment; however, when these inhibitors were added back during viral infection they overrode the HIV enhancing effect of defensins. HD5 and HD6 enhanced HIV infectivity by promoting HIV attachment to target cells. Studies using fluorescent HIV containing Vpr-GFP indicated that these defensins enhanced HIV attachment by concentrating virus particles on the target cells. HD5 and HD6 blocked anti-HIV activities of soluble glycosaminoglycans including heparin, chondroitin sulfate, and dextran sulfate. However, heparin, at a high concentration, diminished the HIV enhancing effect of HD5, but not HD6. Additionally, the degree of the HIV enhancing effect of HD5, but not HD6, was increased in heparinase-treated cells. These results suggest that HD5 and haparin/heparan sulfate compete for binding to HIV. Conclusions HD5 and HD6 increased HIV infectivity by concentrating virus on the target cells. These defensins may have a negative effect on the efficacy of microbicides, especially in the setting of STIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aprille Rapista
- Public Health Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Borges AR, Wieczorek L, Johnson B, Benesi AJ, Brown BK, Kensinger RD, Krebs FC, Wigdahl B, Blumenthal R, Puri A, McCutchan FE, Birx DL, Polonis VR, Schengrund CL. Multivalent dendrimeric compounds containing carbohydrates expressed on immune cells inhibit infection by primary isolates of HIV-1. Virology 2010; 408:80-8. [PMID: 20880566 PMCID: PMC2966527 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Specific glycosphingolipids (GSL), found on the surface of target immune cells, are recognized as alternate cell surface receptors by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) external envelope glycoprotein. In this study, the globotriose and 3'-sialyllactose carbohydrate head groups found on two GSL were covalently attached to a dendrimer core to produce two types of unique multivalent carbohydrates (MVC). These MVC inhibited HIV-1 infection of T cell lines and primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by T cell line-adapted viruses or primary isolates, with IC(50)s ranging from 0.1 to 7.4 μg/ml. Inhibition of Env-mediated membrane fusion by MVC was also observed using a dye-transfer assay. These carbohydrate compounds warrant further investigation as a potential new class of HIV-1 entry inhibitors. The data presented also shed light on the role of carbohydrate moieties in HIV-1 virus-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Rosa Borges
- Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Lindsay Wieczorek
- Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Benitra Johnson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD
| | - Alan J. Benesi
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
| | - Bruce K. Brown
- Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Richard D. Kensinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Fred C. Krebs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Robert Blumenthal
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD
| | - Anu Puri
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD
| | | | - Deborah L. Birx
- Military HIV Research Program, Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD
| | - Victoria R. Polonis
- Military HIV Research Program, Division of Retrovirology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD
| | - Cara-Lynne Schengrund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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IL-8 decreases HIV-1 transcription in peripheral blood lymphocytes and ectocervical tissue explants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2010; 54:463-9. [PMID: 20577090 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181e5e12c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
IL-8 is enhanced in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue of HIV-infected individuals, suggesting that IL-8 is important in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS. Characterizing the mechanisms of IL-8 regulation of HIV-1 replication may be relevant in addressing the role of IL-8 as a therapeutic target in HIV-1 infection. We evaluated replication of primary R5-tropic HIV-1 in peripheral blood lymphocytes and ectocervical tissue explants infected in vitro in the presence of physiological concentrations of IL-8 found in the serum and genital tract secretions of HIV-infected individuals. To identify the specific stages of the viral life cycle targeted by IL-8, we performed real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect HIV-1 reverse transcription, integration, and transcription. Early during the infection, IL-8 decreased HIV-1 reverse transcription and viral integration. This effect was transient, as on day 4 after infection, we detected no differences on HIV-1 DNA or proviral DNA in peripheral blood lymphocyte. IL-8 decreased HIV-1 transcription in both lymphocytes and ectocervical tissue explants. The decrease in viral RNA expression was associated with reduced HIV-1 replication, as measured by viral p24 release in the culture supernatants. This is the first report to suggest that IL-8 decreases replication of primary R5-tropic HIV-1 by transcriptional mechanisms.
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HIV-1 Entry, Inhibitors, and Resistance. Viruses 2010; 2:1069-1105. [PMID: 21994672 PMCID: PMC3187606 DOI: 10.3390/v2051069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Entry inhibitors represent a new class of antiretroviral agents for the treatment of infection with HIV-1. While resistance to other HIV drug classes has been well described, resistance to this new class is still ill defined despite considerable clinical use. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed: tropism switching (utilization of CXCR4 instead of CCR5 for entry), increased affinity for the coreceptor, increased rate of virus entry into host cells, and utilization of inhibitor-bound receptor for entry. In this review we will address the development of attachment, fusion, and coreceptor entry inhibitors and explore recent studies describing potential mechanisms of resistance.
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Herbein G, Varin A. The macrophage in HIV-1 infection: from activation to deactivation? Retrovirology 2010; 7:33. [PMID: 20380696 PMCID: PMC2859752 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a crucial role in innate and adaptative immunity in response to microorganisms and are an important cellular target during HIV-1 infection. Recently, the heterogeneity of the macrophage population has been highlighted. Classically activated or type 1 macrophages (M1) induced in particular by IFN-γ display a pro-inflammatory profile. The alternatively activated or type 2 macrophages (M2) induced by Th-2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13 express anti-inflammatory and tissue repair properties. Finally IL-10 has been described as the prototypic cytokine involved in the deactivation of macrophages (dM). Since the capacity of macrophages to support productive HIV-1 infection is known to be modulated by cytokines, this review shows how modulation of macrophage activation by cytokines impacts the capacity to support productive HIV-1 infection. Based on the activation status of macrophages we propose a model starting with M1 classically activated macrophages with accelerated formation of viral reservoirs in a context of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. Then IL-4/IL-13 alternatively activated M2 macrophages will enter into the game that will stop the expansion of the HIV-1 reservoir. Finally IL-10 deactivation of macrophages will lead to immune failure observed at the very late stages of the HIV-1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Herbein
- Department of Virology, UPRES EA 4266 Pathogens and Inflammation, IFR 133 INSERM, Franche-Comte University, CHU Besançon, Besançon, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Increases in HIV resistance towards approved antiviral drugs have made it necessary to develop new and potent antiviral drugs with preferably a novel mode of action. RECENT FINDINGS Entry inhibitors constitute a new class of drugs to treat infection by HIV-1. The first member of this class, enfuvirtide, previously known as T-20 and targeting gp41, has now been licensed for therapeutic use. Several other classes of entry inhibitors are in various stages of preclinical or clinical development. SUMMARY In this review we focus on the chemokine receptor inhibitors targeting CXCR4, which is one of the main HIV coreceptors, besides CCR5, for viral entry.
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Herrera C, Cranage M, McGowan I, Anton P, Shattock RJ. Reverse transcriptase inhibitors as potential colorectal microbicides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:1797-807. [PMID: 19258271 PMCID: PMC2681527 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01096-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (RTI) can be combined to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of colorectal tissue ex vivo as part of a strategy to develop an effective rectal microbicide. The nucleotide RTI (NRTI) PMPA (tenofovir) and two nonnucleoside RTI (NNRTI), UC-781 and TMC120 (dapivirine), were evaluated. Each compound inhibited the replication of the HIV isolates tested in TZM-bl cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and colorectal explants. Dual combinations of the three compounds, either NRTI-NNRTI or NNRTI-NNRTI combinations, were more active than any of the individual compounds in both cellular and tissue models. Combinations were key to inhibiting infection by NRTI- and NNRTI-resistant isolates in all models tested. Moreover, we found that the replication capacities of HIV-1 isolates in colorectal explants were affected by single point mutations in RT that confer resistance to RTI. These data demonstrate that colorectal explants can be used to screen compounds for potential efficacy as part of a combination microbicide and to determine the mucosal fitness of RTI-resistant isolates. These findings may have important implications for the rational design of effective rectal microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Herrera
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, United Kingdom
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Blaak H, Boers PH, van der Ende ME, Schuitemaker H, Osterhaus AD. CCR5-restricted HIV type 2 variants from long-term aviremic individuals are less sensitive to inhibition by beta-chemokines than low pathogenic HIV type 1 variants. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:473-84. [PMID: 18327978 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2007.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many HIV-2-infected individuals maintain low, often undetectable, viral loads for prolonged periods. Virus and/or host factors that contribute to this high level of virus control are largely unknown. Previously we demonstrated that HIV-2 variants from long-term aviremic individuals have relatively low replication kinetics in vitro in comparison to HIV-1 variants. We hypothesized that the relatively low replication rates of HIV-2 in vitro as well as the high level of virus control in vivo might be explained by HIV-2 replication being more sensitive to inhibitory host factors like beta-chemokines or other CD8+ T cell-derived factors than HIV-1 replication. To test this we determined the effect of exogenously added beta-chemokines and healthy donor CD8+ T cells on the in vitro virus production of HIV-2 and HIV-1 variants from long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs). Contrary to expectations, HIV-2 replication was inhibited less efficiently by RANTES and MIP-1alpha than HIV-1 replication. CD8+ T cells from 8 of 12 healthy donors reduced HIV replication minimally 2-fold. Interestingly, cells from five of these donors inhibited HIV-1 but hardly affected HIV-2 replication, while the reverse was observed for cells from one donor. For HIV-1, but not HIV-2, the magnitude of the antiviral effect of CD8+ T cells correlated with their effect on RANTES levels in culture supernatants. Our findings indicate that RANTES is a more important factor of CD8+ T cell-associated anti-HIV-1 activity than it is of HIV-2 activity and that the benign clinical course of HIV-2 infection is not due to enhanced beta-chemokine sensitivity of HIV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetty Blaak
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick H.M. Boers
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marchina E. van der Ende
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center (Erasmus MC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Schuitemaker
- Department of Clinical Viro-Immunology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Quiñones-Mateu ME, Moore-Dudley DM, Jegede O, Weber J, J Arts E. Viral drug resistance and fitness. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2008; 56:257-96. [PMID: 18086415 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(07)56009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Deng Y, Zheng Q, Ketas TJ, Moore JP, Lu M. Protein design of a bacterially expressed HIV-1 gp41 fusion inhibitor. Biochemistry 2007; 46:4360-9. [PMID: 17371053 DOI: 10.1021/bi7001289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peptides derived from the carboxyl-terminal heptad repeat of the gp41 envelope glycoprotein ectodomain (C-peptides) can inhibit HIV-1 membrane fusion by binding to the amino-terminal trimeric coiled coil of the same protein. The fusion inhibitory peptide T-20 contains an additional tryptophan-rich sequence motif whose binding site extends beyond the gp41 coiled-coil region yet provides the key determinant of inhibitory activity in T-20. Here we report the design of a recombinant peptide inhibitor (called C52L) that includes both the C-peptide and tryptophan-rich regions. By calorimetry, C52L binds to a peptide mimic of the amino-terminal coiled coil with a Kd of 80 nM, reflecting the large degree of helicity in C52L as measured by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The C52L peptide potently inhibits in vitro infection of human T cells by diverse primary HIV-1 isolates irrespective of coreceptor preference, with nanomolar IC50 values. Significantly, C52L is fully active against T-20-resistant variants in a single-cycle HIV-1 infectivity assay. Moreover, because it can be expressed in bacteria, the C52L peptide might be more economical to manufacture on a large scale than T-20-like peptides produced by chemical synthesis. Hence the C52L fusion inhibitor may find a practical application, for example as a vaginal or rectal microbicide to prevent HIV-1 infection in the developing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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36
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Beddows S, Franti M, Dey AK, Kirschner M, Iyer SPN, Fisch DC, Ketas T, Yuste E, Desrosiers RC, Klasse PJ, Maddon PJ, Olson WC, Moore JP. A comparative immunogenicity study in rabbits of disulfide-stabilized, proteolytically cleaved, soluble trimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp140, trimeric cleavage-defective gp140 and monomeric gp120. Virology 2006; 360:329-40. [PMID: 17126869 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) surface envelope glycoprotein (Env) complex, a homotrimer containing gp120 surface glycoprotein and gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein subunits, mediates the binding and fusion of the virus with susceptible target cells. The Env complex is the target for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and is the basis for vaccines intended to induce NAbs. Early generation vaccines based on monomeric gp120 subunits did not confer protection from infection; one alternative approach is therefore to make and evaluate soluble forms of the trimeric Env complex. We have directly compared the immunogenicity in rabbits of two forms of soluble trimeric Env and monomeric gp120 based on the sequence of HIV-1(JR-FL). Both protein-only and DNA-prime, protein-boost immunization formats were evaluated, DNA-priming having little or no influence on the outcome. One form of trimeric Env was made by disrupting the gp120-gp41 cleavage site by mutagenesis (gp140(UNC)), the other contains an intramolecular disulfide bond to stabilize the cleaved gp120 and gp41 moieties (SOSIP.R6 gp140). Among the three immunogens, SOSIP.R6 gp140 most frequently elicited neutralizing antibodies against the homologous, neutralization-resistant strain, HIV-1(JR-FL). All three proteins induced NAbs against more sensitive strains, but the breadth of activity against heterologous primary isolates was limited. When antibodies able to neutralize HIV-1(JR-FL) were detected, antigen depletion studies showed they were not directed at the V3 region but were targeted at other, undefined gp120 and also non-gp120 epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Beddows
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Room W-805, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Schols D. HIV co-receptor inhibitors as novel class of anti-HIV drugs. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:216-26. [PMID: 16753228 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Revised: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Entry inhibitors constitute a new class of drugs to treat infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The first member of this class, enfuvirtide, previously known as T-20 and targeting gp41, has now been licensed for therapeutic use. Several other entry inhibitors are in various stages of pre-clinical or clinical development. In this review we focus on the chemokine receptor inhibitors targeting CCR5 and CXCR4 that are the main HIV co-receptors for viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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38
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Beddows S, Kirschner M, Campbell-Gardener L, Franti M, Dey AK, Iyer SPN, Maddon PJ, Paluch M, Master A, Overbaugh J, VanCott T, Olson WC, Moore JP. Construction and characterization of soluble, cleaved, and stabilized trimeric Env proteins based on HIV type 1 Env subtype A. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:569-79. [PMID: 16796532 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2006.22.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of an antibody response capable of neutralizing a broad range of clinical isolates remains an important goal of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine development. Envelope glycoprotein (Env)-based vaccine candidates will also need to take into account the extensive genetic diversity of circulating HIV-1 strains. We describe here the generation of soluble, stabilized, proteolytically cleaved, trimeric forms of Env (SOSIP gp140 proteins) based on contemporary Env subtype A viruses from East Africa. We discuss issues associated with the construction, purification, and characterization of such complex proteins; not all env sequences allow the expression of trimeric proteins. However, stabilized trimers from one such protein, KNH1144 SOSIP gp140, were successfully made. These proteins are now being prepared for preclinical immunogenicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Beddows
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Abstract
Chemokines exert their biological activity through high-affinity interactions with cell-surface receptors, thereby activating specific signalling pathways, and a second low-affinity interaction with proteoglycans. Proteoglycans consist of a protein core, to which GAG (glycosaminoglycan) chains are attached. The GAGs are long, linear, sulphated and highly charged heterogeneous polysaccharides that are expressed throughout the body in different forms depending on the developmental or pathological state of the organ/organism. Mechanistically, the GAG interaction is thought to facilitate the retention of chemokines on cell surfaces, thereby forming a high local concentration required for cell activation. Recently, we demonstrated that certain chemokines require interactions with GAGs for their in vivo function. Additionally we have shown that chemokines oligomerize on immobilized GAGs, and this ability to form higher order oligomers has also been shown to be essential for the activity of certain chemokines in vivo. We believe that interference with the chemokine–GAG interaction provides a novel anti-inflammatory strategy, exemplified by a variant of RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) that has abrogated GAG binding and oligomerization properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E I Proudfoot
- Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Mack M, Pfirstinger J, Haas J, Nelson PJ, Kufer P, Riethmüller G, Schlöndorff D. Preferential targeting of CD4-CCR5 complexes with bifunctional inhibitors: a novel approach to block HIV-1 infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:7586-93. [PMID: 16301668 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.11.7586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two receptors, CD4 and one of several chemokine receptors, are required for cellular HIV-1 infection, with CCR5 being the main coreceptor for macrophage-tropic strains. We have designed bifunctional fusion proteins, consisting of RANTES/CCL5 and a single-chain Fv Ab fragment against CD4 to simultaneously block CD4 and CCR5. The fusion proteins bind to both receptors, compete with RANTES/CCL5 binding, and induce down-modulation of CCR5 approximately 10 times more efficiently on CD4+ compared with CD8+ T cells. Moreover, after short incubation and subsequent washout, a significant down-modulation of CCR5 was only seen with the fusion proteins and only on CD4+ cells, but not with unmodified RANTES or on CD4- cells, indicating a preferential targeting of CCR5 on CD4+ T cells. The fusion proteins block M-tropic HIV infection more efficiently than RANTES/CCL5 and CD4 Abs alone or in combination. To our knowledge this is the first report of simultaneous blockade of an HIV-1 receptor and coreceptor with bifunctional inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Mack
- Klinikum, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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Herrera C, Klasse PJ, Michael E, Kake S, Barnes K, Kibler CW, Campbell-Gardener L, Si Z, Sodroski J, Moore JP, Beddows S. The impact of envelope glycoprotein cleavage on the antigenicity, infectivity, and neutralization sensitivity of Env-pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles. Virology 2005; 338:154-72. [PMID: 15932765 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endoproteolytic processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoproteins is an obligate part of the biosynthetic pathway that generates functional, fusion-competent Env complexes, which are then incorporated into infectious virions. We have examined the influence of cleavage on Env-specific antibody reactivity, Env incorporation into pseudovirions, and the infectivity and neutralization sensitivity of Env-pseudotyped viruses. To do so, we have used both incompletely processed wild-type (Wt) Env and engineered, cleavage-defective Env mutants. We find that there is no simple association between antibody reactivity to cell surface-expressed Env, and the ability of the same antibody to neutralize virus pseudotyped with the same Env proteins. One explanation for the absence of such an association is the diverse array of Env species present on the surface of transiently transfected cells. We also confirm that cleavage-defective mutants are antigenically different from Wt Env. These findings have implications for the use of Env binding assays as predictors of neutralizing activity, and for the development of cleavage-defective Env trimers for use as subunit immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Herrera
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Room W-805, New York, NY 10021, USA
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42
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Beddows S, Schülke N, Kirschner M, Barnes K, Franti M, Michael E, Ketas T, Sanders RW, Maddon PJ, Olson WC, Moore JP. Evaluating the immunogenicity of a disulfide-stabilized, cleaved, trimeric form of the envelope glycoprotein complex of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 2005; 79:8812-27. [PMID: 15994775 PMCID: PMC1168742 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.14.8812-8827.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) complex comprises three gp120 exterior glycoproteins each noncovalently linked to a gp41 transmembrane glycoprotein. Monomeric gp120 proteins can elicit antibodies capable of neutralizing atypically sensitive test viruses in vitro, but these antibodies are ineffective against representative primary isolates and the gp120 vaccines failed to provide protection against HIV-1 transmission in vivo. Alternative approaches to raising neutralizing antibodies are therefore being pursued. Here we report on the antibody responses generated in rabbits against a soluble, cleaved, trimeric form of HIV-1(JR-FL) Env. In this construct, the gp120 and gp41 moieties are covalently linked by an intermolecular disulfide bond (SOS gp140), and an I559P substitution has been added to stabilize gp41-gp41 interactions (SOSIP gp140). We investigated the value of DNA priming and compared the use of membrane-bound and soluble priming antigens and of repeat boosting with soluble and particulate protein antigen. Compared to monomeric gp120, SOSIP gp140 trimers elicited approximately threefold lower titers of anti-gp120 antibodies. Priming with DNA encoding a membrane-bound form of the SOS gp140 protein, followed by several immunizations with soluble SOSIP gp140 trimers, resulted in antibodies capable of neutralizing sensitive strains at high titers. A subset of these sera also neutralized, at lower titers, HIV-1(JR-FL) and some other primary isolates in pseudovirus and/or whole-virus assays. Neutralization of these viruses was immunoglobulin mediated and was predominantly caused by antibodies to gp120 epitopes, but not the V3 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Beddows
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., Room W-805, New York, NY 10021, USA
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43
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Princen K, Schols D. HIV chemokine receptor inhibitors as novel anti-HIV drugs. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2005; 16:659-77. [PMID: 16005254 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 are the main coreceptors used by the T-cell-tropic (CXCR4-using, X4) and macrophage-tropic (CCR5-using, R5) HIV-1 strains, respectively, for entering their CD4+ target cells. In this review, we focus on the function of these chemokine receptors in HIV infection and their role as novel targets for viral inhibition. Besides some modified chemokines with antiviral activity, several low-molecular weight CCR5 and CXCR4 antagonistic compounds have been described with potent antiviral activity. The best CXCR4 antagonists described are the bicyclam derivatives, which consistently block X4 but also R5/X4 viral replication in PBMCs. We believe that chemokine receptor antagonists will become important new antiviral drugs to combat AIDS. Both CXCR4 and CCR5 chemokine receptor inhibitors will be needed in combination and even in combinations of antiviral drugs that also target other aspects of the HIV replication cycle to obtain optimum antiviral therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Princen
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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44
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Amella CA, Sherry B, Shepp DH, Schmidtmayerova H. Macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha inhibits postentry steps of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection via suppression of intracellular cyclic AMP. J Virol 2005; 79:5625-31. [PMID: 15827177 PMCID: PMC1082740 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.9.5625-5631.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) predominantly use chemokine receptor CCR5 to enter target cells. The natural ligands of CCR5, the beta-chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein 1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, and RANTES, interfere with HIV-1 binding to CCR5 receptors and decrease the amount of virions entering cells. Although the inhibition of HIV-1 entry by beta-chemokines is well documented, their effects on postentry steps of the viral life cycle and on host cell components that control the outcome of infection after viral entry are not well defined. Here, we show that all three beta-chemokines, and MIP-1alpha in particular, inhibit postentry steps of the HIV-1 life cycle in primary lymphocytes, presumably via suppression of intracellular levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP). Productive HIV-1 infection of primary lymphocytes requires cellular activation. Cell activation increases intracellular cAMP, which is required for efficient synthesis of proviral DNA during early steps of viral infection. Binding of MIP-1alpha to cognate receptors decreases activation-induced intracellular cAMP levels through the activation of inhibitory G proteins. Furthermore, inhibition of one of the downstream targets of cAMP, cAMP-dependent PKA, significantly inhibits synthesis of HIV-1-specific DNA without affecting virus entry. These data reveal that beta-chemokine-mediated inhibition of virus replication in primary lymphocytes combines inhibitory effects at the entry and postentry levels and imply the involvement of beta-chemokine-induced signaling in postentry inhibition of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol-Ann Amella
- Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
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45
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Beddows S, Zheng NN, Herrera C, Michael E, Barnes K, Moore JP, Daniels RS, Weber JN. Neutralization sensitivity of HIV-1 Env-pseudotyped virus clones is determined by co-operativity between mutations which modulate the CD4-binding site and those that affect gp120–gp41 stability. Virology 2005; 337:136-48. [PMID: 15914227 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Revised: 02/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Adaptation of antibody neutralization-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) to growth in vitro generally results in the acquisition of a neutralization-sensitive phenotype, an alteration of viral growth kinetics, and an array of amino acid substitutions associated with these changes. Here we examine a panel of Env chimeras and mutants derived from these neutralization-resistant and -sensitive parental Envs. A range of neutralization and infectivity phenotypes was observed. These included a modulation of the CD4 binding site (CD4bs) towards recognition by neutralizing and non-neutralizing CD4bs-directed antibodies, resulting in a globally neutralization-sensitive Env; alterations which affected Env complex stability; and interactions which resulted in differential infectivity and CCR5/CXCR4 usage. This range of properties resulted from the complex interactions of no more than three amino acids found in key Env locations. These data add to a growing body of evidence that dramatic functional alterations of the native oligomeric Env protein complex can result from relatively minor amino acid substitutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Beddows
- Jefferiss Research Trust Laboratories, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK.
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46
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Zhao XY, Lee SS, Wong KH, Chan KCW, Ma S, Yam WC, Yuen KY, Ng MH, Zheng BJ. Effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the RANTES promoter region in healthy and HIV-infected indigenous Chinese. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 31:179-83. [PMID: 15265023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2370.2004.00466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We determined the occurrence of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) -403A/G and -28C/G in the promoter region of RANTES in 1082 Chinese blood donors from northern and southern China and 249 HIV patients from southern China. Compared to healthy adults, Chinese AIDS patients had a significantly higher frequency of the -403G allele and haplotype I, -403G/-28C (P < 0.05), and a lower frequency of the -403A/A genotype (P < 0.01). Symptomatic patients had a higher frequency of the -28G allele and a lower frequency of the -28C/C genotype (P < or = 0.01). The plasma RANTES level was significantly lower in blood donors homozygous for haplotype I than in those who were homozygous for haplotypes II and III (P < 0.05). The frequency of the -403G allele was found to be higher in Chinese than in indigenous Africans, but lower than in Caucasians, Hispanics, and African Americans. The frequency of the -28G allele was comparable in Chinese and Japanese; this allele is rare in other ethnic groups. Results suggest that -403G may be associated with increased susceptibility to HIV infection, while -28G may be associated with advanced disease progression. The impact of SNPs on HIV infection appears to be unique in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-Y Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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47
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Alfano M, Poli G. Role of cytokines and chemokines in the regulation of innate immunity and HIV infection. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:161-82. [PMID: 15488606 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The earliest defense against microbial infection is represented by the responses of the innate (or natural) immune system, that also profoundly regulates the adaptive (or acquired) T- and B-cell immune responses. Activation of the innate immune system is primed by microbial invasion in response to conserved structures present in large groups of microorganisms (LPS, peptidoglycan, double-stranded RNA), and is finely tuned by different cell types (including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, and gammadelta T cells). In addition, several soluble factors (complement components, defensins, mannose-binding lectins, interferons, cytokines and chemokines) can play a major role in the regulation of both the innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, we will briefly overview the regulation of some cellular subsets of the innate immune system particularly involved in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and then focus our attention on those cytokines and chemokines whose levels of expression are more profoundly affected by HIV infection and that, conversely, can modulate virus infection and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Alfano
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, P2-P3 Laboratories, DIBIT, Via Olgettina no. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
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48
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Princen K, Hatse S, Vermeire K, Aquaro S, De Clercq E, Gerlach LO, Rosenkilde M, Schwartz TW, Skerlj R, Bridger G, Schols D. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication by a dual CCR5/CXCR4 antagonist. J Virol 2004; 78:12996-3006. [PMID: 15542651 PMCID: PMC524989 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.23.12996-13006.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report that the N-pyridinylmethyl cyclam analog AMD3451 has antiviral activity against a wide variety of R5, R5/X4, and X4 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 (50% inhibitory concentration [IC(50)] ranging from 1.2 to 26.5 microM) in various T-cell lines, CCR5- or CXCR4-transfected cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and monocytes/macrophages. AMD3451 also inhibited R5, R5/X4, and X4 HIV-1 primary clinical isolates in PBMCs (IC(50), 1.8 to 7.3 microM). A PCR-based viral entry assay revealed that AMD3451 blocks R5 and X4 HIV-1 infection at the virus entry stage. AMD3451 dose-dependently inhibited the intracellular Ca(2+) signaling induced by the CXCR4 ligand CXCL12 in T-lymphocytic cells and in CXCR4-transfected cells, as well as the Ca(2+) flux induced by the CCR5 ligands CCL5, CCL3, and CCL4 in CCR5-transfected cells. The compound did not interfere with chemokine-induced Ca(2+) signaling through CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR6, CCR9, or CXCR3 and did not induce intracellular Ca(2+) signaling by itself at concentrations up to 400 microM. In freshly isolated monocytes, AMD3451 inhibited the Ca(2+) flux induced by CXCL12 and CCL4 but not that induced by CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and CCL7. The CXCL12- and CCL3-induced chemotaxis was also dose-dependently inhibited by AMD3451. Furthermore, AMD3451 inhibited CXCL12- and CCL3L1-induced endocytosis in CXCR4- and CCR5-transfected cells. AMD3451, in contrast to the specific CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100, did not inhibit but enhanced the binding of several anti-CXCR4 monoclonal antibodies (such as clone 12G5) at the cell surface, pointing to a different interaction with CXCR4. AMD3451 is the first low-molecular-weight anti-HIV agent with selective HIV coreceptor, CCR5 and CXCR4, interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Princen
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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49
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Ray PE, Xu L, Rakusan T, Liu XH. A 20-year history of childhood HIV-associated nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol 2004; 19:1075-92. [PMID: 15300477 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-004-1558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2004] [Revised: 05/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In 1984, physicians in New York and Miami reported HIV-infected adult patients with heavy proteinuria and rapid progression to end-stage renal disease. These patients showed large edematous kidneys with a combination of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and tubulointerstitial lesions. This renal syndrome, named HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), was found predominantly in African Americans. Subsequent studies confirmed the presence of HIVAN in children, who frequently develop nephrotic syndrome in association with FSGS and/or mesangial hyperplasia with microcystic tubular dilatation. Since then, substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of HIVAN. This article reviews 20 years of research into the pathogenesis of HIVAN and discusses how these concepts could be applied to the treatment of children with HIVAN. HIV-1 infection plays a direct role in the pathogenesis of childhood HIVAN, at least partially by affecting the growth and differentiation of glomerular and tubular epithelial cells and enhancing the renal recruitment of infiltrating mononuclear cells and cytokines. An up-regulation of renal heparan sulfate proteoglycans seems to play a relevant role in this process, by increasing the recruitment of heparin-binding growth factors (i.e., FGF-2), chemokines, HIV-infected cells, and viral proteins (i.e., gp120, Tat). These changes enhance the infectivity of HIV-1 in the kidney and induce injury and proliferation of intrinsic renal cells. Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) appears to be the most promising treatment to prevent the progression of childhood HIVAN. Hopefully, in the near future, better education, prevention, and treatment programs will lead to the eradication of this fatal childhood disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio E Ray
- Division of Nephrology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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50
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Wolinsky SM, Veazey RS, Kunstman KJ, Klasse PJ, Dufour J, Marozsan AJ, Springer MS, Moore JP. Effect of a CCR5 inhibitor on viral loads in macaques dual-infected with R5 and X4 primate immunodeficiency viruses. Virology 2004; 328:19-29. [PMID: 15380354 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2004] [Revised: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 07/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) fusion with its target cells is initiated by sequential interactions between its envelope glycoprotein, CD4, and a co-receptor, usually CCR5 or CXCR4. Small molecules that bind to CCR5 and prevent its use by R5 HIV-1 strains are now being developed clinically as antiviral drugs. To test whether a block to CCR5 promotes the replication of viruses that enter cells via CXCR4 and are associated with accelerated disease progression, we administered a small molecule CCR5 inhibitor, CMPD 167, to three macaques dual-infected with both R5 (SIVmac251) and X4 (SHIV-89.6P) viruses. CMPD 167 caused a rapid and substantial (on average, 50-fold) suppression of R5 virus replication in each animal. In two of the animals, but not in the third, a rapid, transient, 8- to 15-fold increase in the amount of plasma X4 virus occurred. In neither animal was the increase in X4 viral load sustained throughout therapy, however. These observations may have relevance for the development of CCR5 inhibitors for treatment of HIV-1 infection of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Wolinsky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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