1
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Ma Y, Wang J, Wu Y, Zan X, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wang T, Gong C, Meng K, Niu R, Shang Q, Wang H, Wang J, He Y, Wang W. Evaluation of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an inactivated vaccine candidate for sheep infected with ovine parainfluenza virus type 3. Vet Res 2024; 55:82. [PMID: 38937820 PMCID: PMC11212184 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases constitute a major health problem for ruminants, resulting in considerable economic losses throughout the world. Parainfluenza type 3 virus (PIV3) is one of the most important respiratory pathogens of ruminants. The pathogenicity and phylogenetic analyses of PIV3 virus have been reported in sheep and goats. However, there are no recent studies of the vaccination of sheep or goats against PIV3. Here, we developed a purified inactivated ovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (OPIV3) vaccine candidate. In addition, we immunized sheep with the inactivated OPIV3 vaccine and evaluated the immune response and pathological outcomes associated with OPIV3 TX01 infection. The vaccinated sheep demonstrated no obvious symptoms of respiratory tract infection, and there were no gross lesions or pathological changes in the lungs. The average body weight gain significantly differed between the vaccinated group and the control group (P < 0.01). The serum neutralization antibody levels rapidly increased in sheep post-vaccination and post-challenge with OPIV3. Furthermore, viral shedding in nasal swabs and viral loads in the lungs were reduced. The results of this study suggest that vaccination with this candidate vaccine induces the production of neutralizing antibodies and provides significant protection against OPIV3 infection. These results may be helpful for further studies on prevention and control strategies for OPIV3 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
- Basic Medical School, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jialei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Youzhi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xiaohui Zan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Caifeng Gong
- Inner Mongolia Mengwei Biotech Co. Ltd, Hohhot, 012000, China
| | - Kai Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Rui Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qiang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ying He
- Animal Epidemic Prevention Service Center of Jining, Ulanqab, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China.
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2
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Nitika, Wei J, Hui AM. The Development of mRNA Vaccines for Infectious Diseases: Recent Updates. Infect Drug Resist 2021; 14:5271-5285. [PMID: 34916811 PMCID: PMC8668227 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s341694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA-based technologies have been of interest for the past few years to be used for therapeutics. Several mRNA vaccines for various diseases have been in preclinical and clinical stages. With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the emergence of mRNA vaccines has transformed modern science. Recently, two major mRNA vaccines have been developed and approved by global health authorities for administration on the general population for protection against SARS-CoV-2. They have been proven to be successful in conferring protection against the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 and its emerging variants. This will draw attention to various mRNA vaccines against infectious diseases that are in the early stages of clinical trials. mRNA vaccines offer several advantages ranging from rapid design, generation, manufacturing, and administration and have strong potential to be used against various diseases in the future. Here, we summarize the mRNA-based vaccines in development against various infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika
- Fosun Pharma USA Inc., Boston, MA, USA.,Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Wei
- Fosun Pharma USA Inc., Boston, MA, USA.,Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Min Hui
- Fosun Pharma USA Inc., Boston, MA, USA.,Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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3
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Exchange of C-Terminal Variable Sequences within Morbillivirus Nucleocapsid Protein Are Tolerated: Development and Evaluation of Two Marker (DIVA) Vaccines (Sungri/96 DIVA, Nigeria/75/1 DIVA) against PPR. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112320. [PMID: 34835126 PMCID: PMC8623000 DOI: 10.3390/v13112320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Across Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) places a huge disease burden on agriculture, affecting, in particular, small ruminant production. The recent PPR outbreaks in Northern Africa, the European part of Turkey, and Bulgaria represent a significant threat to mainland Europe, as a source of disease. Although two safe and efficacious live attenuated vaccines (Sungri/96 and Nigeria/75/1) are available for the control of PPR, current serological tests do not enable the differentiation between naturally infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). The vaccinated animals develop a full range of immune responses to viral proteins and, therefore, cannot be distinguished serologically from those that have recovered from a natural infection. This poses a serious problem for the post-vaccinal sero-surveillance during the ongoing PPR eradication program. Furthermore, during the latter stages of any eradication program, vaccination is only possible if the vaccine used is fully DIVA compliant. Using reverse genetics, we have developed two live attenuated PPR DIVA vaccines (Sungri/96 DIVA and Nigeria/75/1 DIVA), in which the C-terminal variable region of the PPRV N-protein has been replaced with dolphin morbillivirus (DMV). As a proof of principle, both the DIVA vaccines were evaluated in goats in pilot studies for safety and efficacy, and all the animals were clinically protected against the intranasal virulent virus challenge, similar to the parent vaccines. Furthermore, it is possible to differentiate between infected animals and vaccinated animals using two newly developed ELISAs. Therefore, these DIVA vaccines and associated tests can facilitate the sero-monitoring process and speed up the implementation of global PPR eradication through vaccination.
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Russell CJ, Simões EAF, Hurwitz JL. Vaccines for the Paramyxoviruses and Pneumoviruses: Successes, Candidates, and Hurdles. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:133-141. [PMID: 29323621 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (family Paramyxoviridae), human metapneumovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (family Pneumoviridae) infect most infants and children within the first few years of life and are the etiologic agents for many serious acute respiratory illnesses. These virus infections are also associated with long-term diseases that impact quality of life, including asthma. Despite over a half-century of vaccine research, development, and clinical trials, no vaccine has been licensed to date for the paramyxoviruses or pneumoviruses for the youngest infants. In this study, we describe the recent reclassification of paramyxoviruses and pneumoviruses into distinct families by the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. We also discuss some past unsuccessful vaccine trials and some currently preferred vaccine strategies. Finally, we discuss hurdles that must be overcome to support successful respiratory virus vaccine development for the youngest children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,2 Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Eric A F Simões
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Section of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- 1 Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee.,2 Department of Molecular Biology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis, Tennessee
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5
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Thibault PA, Watkinson RE, Moreira-Soto A, Drexler JF, Lee B. Zoonotic Potential of Emerging Paramyxoviruses: Knowns and Unknowns. Adv Virus Res 2017; 98:1-55. [PMID: 28433050 PMCID: PMC5894875 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The risk of spillover of enzootic paramyxoviruses and the susceptibility of recipient human and domestic animal populations are defined by a broad collection of ecological and molecular factors that interact in ways that are not yet fully understood. Nipah and Hendra viruses were the first highly lethal zoonotic paramyxoviruses discovered in modern times, but other paramyxoviruses from multiple genera are present in bats and other reservoirs that have unknown potential to spillover into humans. We outline our current understanding of paramyxovirus reservoir hosts and the ecological factors that may drive spillover, and we explore the molecular barriers to spillover that emergent paramyxoviruses may encounter. By outlining what is known about enzootic paramyxovirus receptor usage, mechanisms of innate immune evasion, and other host-specific interactions, we highlight the breadth of unexplored avenues that may be important in understanding paramyxovirus emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth E Watkinson
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Jan F Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
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6
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Abstract
The advent of reverse genetic approaches to manipulate the genomes of both positive (+) and negative (-) sense RNA viruses allowed researchers to harness these genomes for basic research. Manipulation of positive sense RNA virus genomes occurred first largely because infectious RNA could be transcribed directly from cDNA versions of the RNA genomes. Manipulation of negative strand RNA virus genomes rapidly followed as more sophisticated approaches to provide RNA-dependent RNA polymerase complexes coupled with negative-strand RNA templates were developed. These advances have driven an explosion of RNA virus vaccine vector development. That is, development of approaches to exploit the basic replication and expression strategies of RNA viruses to produce vaccine antigens that have been engineered into their genomes. This study has led to significant preclinical testing of many RNA virus vectors against a wide range of pathogens as well as cancer targets. Multiple RNA virus vectors have advanced through preclinical testing to human clinical evaluation. This review will focus on RNA virus vectors designed to express heterologous genes that are packaged into viral particles and have progressed to clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Mogler
- Harrisvaccines, Inc., 1102 Southern Hills Drive, Suite 101, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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7
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Karron RA, Thumar B, Schappell E, Surman S, Murphy BR, Collins PL, Schmidt AC. Evaluation of two chimeric bovine-human parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccines in infants and young children. Vaccine 2012; 30:3975-81. [PMID: 22178099 PMCID: PMC3509782 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract illness in children, yet a licensed vaccine or antiviral drug is not available. We evaluated the safety, tolerability, infectivity, and immunogenicity of two intranasal, live-attenuated HPIV3 vaccines, designated rHPIV3-N(B) and rB/HPIV3, that were cDNA-derived chimeras of HPIV3 and bovine PIV3 (BPIV3). These were evaluated in adults, HPIV3 seropositive children, and HPIV3 seronegative children. A total of 112 subjects participated in these studies. Both rB/HPIV3 and rHPIV3-N(B) were highly restricted in replication in adults and seropositive children but readily infected seronegative children, who shed mean peak virus titers of 10(2.8) vs. 10(3.7)pfu/mL, respectively. Although rB/HPIV3 was more restricted in replication in seronegative children than rHPIV3-N(B), it induced significantly higher titers of hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibodies against HPIV3. Taken together, these data suggest that the rB/HPIV3 vaccine is the preferred candidate for further clinical development.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Child, Preschool
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Humans
- Infant
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/genetics
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/immunology
- Vaccination/adverse effects
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Virus Replication
- Virus Shedding
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Karron
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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8
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Yang HT, Jiang Q, Zhou X, Bai MQ, Si HL, Wang XJ, Lu Y, Zhao H, He HB, He CQ. Identification of a natural human serotype 3 parainfluenza virus. Virol J 2011; 8:58. [PMID: 21306605 PMCID: PMC3045893 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Parainfluenza virus is an important pathogen threatening the health of animals and human, which brings human many kinds of disease, especially lower respiratory tract infection involving infants and young children. In order to control the virus, it is necessary to fully understand the molecular basis resulting in the genetic diversity of the virus. Homologous recombination is one of mechanisms for the rapid change of genetic diversity. However, as a negative-strand virus, it is unknown whether the recombination can naturally take place in human PIV. In this study, we isolated and identified a mosaic serotype 3 human PIV (HPIV3) from in China, and also provided several putative PIV mosaics from previous reports to reveal that the recombination can naturally occur in the virus. In addition, two swine PIV3 isolates transferred from cattle to pigs were found to have mosaic genomes. These results suggest that homologous recombination can promote the genetic diversity and potentially bring some novel biologic characteristics of HPIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ting Yang
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
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9
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Billeter MA, Naim HY, Udem SA. Reverse genetics of measles virus and resulting multivalent recombinant vaccines: applications of recombinant measles viruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 329:129-62. [PMID: 19198565 PMCID: PMC7120638 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70523-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An overview is given on the development of technologies to allow reverse genetics of RNA viruses, i.e., the rescue of viruses from cDNA, with emphasis on nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses ( Mononegavirales ), as exemplified for measles virus (MV). Primarily, these technologies allowed site-directed mutagenesis, enabling important insights into a variety of aspects of the biology of these viruses. Concomitantly, foreign coding sequences were inserted to (a) allow localization of virus replication in vivo through marker gene expression, (b) develop candidate multivalent vaccines against measles and other pathogens, and (c) create candidate oncolytic viruses. The vector use of these viruses was experimentally encouraged by the pronounced genetic stability of the recombinants unexpected for RNA viruses, and by the high load of insertable genetic material, in excess of 6 kb. The known assets, such as the small genome size of the vector in comparison to DNA viruses proposed as vectors, the extensive clinical experience of attenuated MV as vaccine with a proven record of high safety and efficacy, and the low production cost per vaccination dose are thus favorably complemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Billeter
- University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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de Graaf M, Herfst S, Schrauwen EJA, Choi Y, van den Hoogen BG, Osterhaus ADME, Fouchier RAM. Specificity and functional interaction of the polymerase complex proteins of human and avian metapneumoviruses. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:975-983. [PMID: 18343839 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) have a similar genome organization and protein composition, but a different host range. AMPV subgroup C (AMPV-C) is more closely related to HMPV than other AMPVs. To investigate the specificity and functional interaction of the polymerase complex proteins of human and avian metapneumoviruses, a minireplicon system was generated for AMPV-C and used in combination with minireplicon systems for HMPV lineages A1 and B1. Viral RNA-like molecules representing HMPV-A1 and -B1, AMPV-A and -C and human respiratory syncytial virus were replicated efficiently by polymerase complexes of HMPV-A1 and -B1 and AMPV-C, but not by polymerase complexes of bovine parainfluenza virus 3. Upon exchange of HMPV and AMPV-C polymerase complex components, all chimeric polymerase complexes were functional; exchange between HMPVs did not result in altered polymerase activity, whereas exchange between HMPVs and AMPV-C did. Recombinant HMPV-B1 viruses in which polymerase genes were exchanged with those of HMPV-A1 replicated with normal kinetics in vitro, whilst replacement with AMPV-C genes resulted in moderate differences in virus replication. In hamsters, recombinant HMPV-B1 viruses in which individual polymerase genes were exchanged with those of AMPV-C were attenuated, irrespective of the results obtained with minireplicon systems or in vitro replication assays. This study provides insight into the specificity and functional interaction of polymerase complex proteins of human and avian metapneumoviruses, but neither minireplicon systems nor in vitro replication kinetics were found to be predictive for attenuation in permissive animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda de Graaf
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eefje J A Schrauwen
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Choi
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Virology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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The large polymerase protein is associated with the virulence of Newcastle disease virus. J Virol 2008; 82:7828-36. [PMID: 18550657 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00578-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains vary greatly in virulence, ranging from no apparent infection to severe disease causing 100% mortality in chickens. The viral determinants of NDV virulence are not completely understood. Cleavage of the fusion protein is required for the initiation of infection, and it acts as a determinant of virulence. The attachment protein HN was found to play a minor role in virulence. In this study, we have evaluated the role of the internal proteins (N, P, and L) in NDV virulence by using a chimeric reverse-genetics approach. The N, P, and L genes were exchanged individually between an avirulent NDV strain, LaSota, and an intermediate virulent NDV strain, Beaudette C (BC), and the N and P genes were also exchanged together. The recovered chimeric viruses were evaluated for their pathogenicity in the natural host, chickens. Our results showed that the pathogenicities of N and P chimeric viruses were similar to those of their respective parental viruses, indicating that the N and P genes probably play minor roles in virulence. However, replacement of the L gene of BC with that of LaSota significantly increased the pathogenicity of the L-chimeric virus, suggesting that the L gene probably contributes to the virulence of NDV. The L-chimeric BC virus was found to replicate at a 100-fold-higher level than its parental virus in chicken brain, suggesting that the increase in pathogenicity may be due to the increased replication level of the chimeric virus. Our findings offer new insights into the pathogenesis of NDV infection.
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12
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13
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Parida S, Mahapatra M, Kumar S, Das SC, Baron MD, Anderson J, Barrett T. Rescue of a chimeric rinderpest virus with the nucleocapsid protein derived from peste-des-petits-ruminants virus: use as a marker vaccine. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2019-2027. [PMID: 17554036 PMCID: PMC2885620 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (N) protein of all morbilliviruses has a highly conserved central region that is thought to interact with and encapsidate the viral RNA. The C-terminal third of the N protein is highly variable among morbilliviruses and is thought to be located on the outer surface and to be available to interact with other viral proteins such as the phosphoprotein, the polymerase protein and the matrix protein. Using reverse genetics, a chimeric rinderpest virus (RPV)/peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) was rescued in which the RPV N gene open reading frame had been replaced with that of PPRV (RPV-PPRN). The chimeric virus maintained efficient replication in cell culture. Cattle vaccinated with this chimeric vaccine showed no adverse reaction and were protected from subsequent challenge with wild-type RPV, indicating it to be a safe and efficacious vaccine. The carboxyl-terminal variable region of the rinderpest N protein was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The expressed protein was used to develop an indirect ELISA that could clearly differentiate between RPV- and PPRV-infected animals. The possibility of using this virus as a marker vaccine in association with a new diagnostic ELISA in the rinderpest eradication programme is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Parida
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Madhuchhanda Mahapatra
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Sai Kumar
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Subash C Das
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Michael D Baron
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - John Anderson
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Thomas Barrett
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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14
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Marsh GA, Tannock GA. The role of reverse genetics in the development of vaccines against respiratory viruses. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2006; 5:369-80. [PMID: 15833074 PMCID: PMC7105756 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.3.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Despite their significance, the only available vaccines against respiratory viruses are
those for the prevention of influenza. Attempts have been made to produce vaccines against
other respiratory viruses using traditional techniques, but have met with little success.
Reverse genetics, although still a r-elatively new tool for the manipulation of
negative-strand RNA viruses, has great potential for the preparation of vaccines against
many of the common respiratory viruses. In the preparation of live vaccines, reverse
genetics s-ystems allow the direct modification of the specific regions in the genomes of
negative-stranded RNA viruses concerned with attenuation; the ultimate goal is the
introduction of site-specific mutations through a cDNA intermediate in order to develop
strains with the requisite attenuation, antigenic and growth properties needed in a
vaccine. These techniques can also be used to disarm potentially highly pathogenic
viruses, such as emerging H5N1 avian influenza viruses, in order to facilitate large-scale
preparation of viruses for use in inactivated vaccines under conditions of manufacturing
safety. Before these vaccines become available, residual issues concerned with
intellectual property rights to the technology and its application will need to be
resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- GA Marsh
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Department of
Microbiology, Box 1124, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - GA Tannock
- RMIT University, Department of Biotechnology and
Environmental Biology, PO Box 71, Bundoora Vic., 3083, Australia .
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15
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Pham QN, Biacchesi S, Skiadopoulos MH, Murphy BR, Collins PL, Buchholz UJ. Chimeric recombinant human metapneumoviruses with the nucleoprotein or phosphoprotein open reading frame replaced by that of avian metapneumovirus exhibit improved growth in vitro and attenuation in vivo. J Virol 2006; 79:15114-22. [PMID: 16306583 PMCID: PMC1316028 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.24.15114-15122.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric versions of recombinant human metapneumovirus (HMPV) were generated by replacing the nucleoprotein (N) or phosphoprotein (P) open reading frame with its counterpart from the closely related avian metapneumovirus (AMPV) subgroup C. In Vero cells, AMPV replicated to an approximately 100-fold-higher titer than HMPV. Surprisingly, the N and P chimeric viruses replicated to a peak titer that was 11- and 25-fold higher, respectively, than that of parental HMPV. The basis for this effect is not known but was not due to obvious changes in the efficiency of gene expression. AMPV and the N and P chimeras were evaluated for replication, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in hamsters. AMPV was attenuated compared to HMPV in this mammalian host on day 5 postinfection, but not on day 3, and only in the nasal turbinates. In contrast, the N and P chimeras were reduced approximately 100-fold in both the upper and lower respiratory tract on day 3 postinfection, although there was little difference by day 5. The N and P chimeras induced a high level of neutralizing serum antibodies and protective efficacy against HMPV; AMPV was only weakly immunogenic and protective against HMPV challenge, reflecting antigenic differences. In African green monkeys immunized intranasally and intratracheally, the mean peak titer of the P chimera was reduced 100- and 1,000-fold in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, whereas the N chimera was reduced only 10-fold in the lower respiratory tract. Both chimeras were comparable to wild-type HMPV in immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Thus, the P chimera is a promising live HMPV vaccine candidate that paradoxically combines improved growth in vitro with attenuation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh N Pham
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892-8007, USA
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16
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Baron MD, Banyard AC, Parida S, Barrett T. The Plowright vaccine strain of Rinderpest virus has attenuating mutations in most genes. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:1093-1101. [PMID: 15784903 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The currently used vaccine strain of Rinderpest virus was derived by serial passage of the highly virulent Kabete ‘O’ strain (KO). A full-length cDNA copy of the KO strain was made from which a virus identical in pathogenicity to the wild-type virus was rescued. A series of chimeric viruses was prepared in which the coding sequences for the N, P, F, H or L proteins were replaced with the corresponding sequences from the vaccine strain. The KO-based virus with the vaccine strain H gene and that with the carboxy-terminal half of the L gene replaced with the corresponding sequence from the vaccine strain retained all or almost all of the virulence of the original KO virus. Animals infected with the KO-based virus containing the vaccine strain N, P or F gene, or the amino-terminal half of the L gene, developed high and prolonged pyrexia and leukopenia, but with reduced or absent lesions and other clinical signs; although partially attenuated, none was nearly as attenuated as the vaccine strain itself. These data indicate that the high attenuation and stability of the current vaccine are due to the accumulation of a number of separate mutations, none of which is itself so sufficiently debilitating that there is strong selective pressure in favour of the revertant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Baron
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - A C Banyard
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - S Parida
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - T Barrett
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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17
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Boehmann Y, Enterlein S, Randolf A, Mühlberger E. A reconstituted replication and transcription system for Ebola virus Reston and comparison with Ebola virus Zaire. Virology 2005; 332:406-17. [PMID: 15661171 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2004] [Revised: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The only known filovirus, which presumably is not pathogenic for humans, is Ebola virus (EBOV) Reston. When EBOV Reston and the highly pathogenic EBOV Zaire were grown in cell culture, comparison of the replication kinetics showed a clear growth impairment of EBOV Reston, indicating that the replication cycle of EBOV Reston might be delayed. In addition, the cytopathic effect caused by the virus was much milder with EBOV Reston than with EBOV Zaire. To compare replication and transcription of EBOV Reston and Zaire, a reconstituted minigenomic replication and transcription system based on reverse genetics has been established for EBOV Reston. This system was used to exchange the EBOV Zaire and EBOV Reston nucleocapsid (NC) proteins NP, VP35, VP30, and L, which catalyze replication and transcription. Furthermore, chimeric minigenomes were constructed containing the cis-acting replication signals of EBOV Zaire combined with those of EBOV Reston. Surprisingly, the cis-acting signals as well as almost all NC proteins could be exchanged between EBOV Reston and Zaire, suggesting a high degree of functional homology of the replication/transcription complexes of EBOV Zaire and EBOV Reston. Only the combination of EBOV Zaire VP35 and EBOV Reston L did not result in replication and transcription activity. Although these two proteins did not constitute an active polymerase complex, it was shown by immunofluorescence analysis that they were still able to interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Boehmann
- Department of Virology, Philipps University Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 17, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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18
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Ison MG, Johnston SL, Openshaw P, Murphy B, Hayden F. Current research on respiratory viral infections: Fifth International Symposium. Antiviral Res 2004; 62:75-110. [PMID: 15218875 PMCID: PMC7127031 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2003.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Accepted: 12/31/2003] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Ison
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Brian Murphy
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Frederick Hayden
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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19
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Durbin AP, Karron RA. Progress in the development of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:1668-77. [PMID: 14689350 DOI: 10.1086/379775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Accepted: 09/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza viruses (hPIVs) are leading causes of viral lower respiratory tract illness in children and in high-risk adult populations. Despite decades of research, licensed vaccines for RSV and hPIVs do not exist. Recently, however, genetically engineered live attenuated RSV and hPIV candidate vaccines have been generated, several of which are already being evaluated in clinical trials. Recombinant technology allows candidate vaccines to be "fine-tuned" in response to clinical data, which should hasten the development of vaccines against these important respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Durbin
- Center for Immunization Research, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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20
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Zhao H, Peeters BPH. Recombinant Newcastle disease virus as a viral vector: effect of genomic location of foreign gene on gene expression and virus replication. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:781-788. [PMID: 12655078 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.18884-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was examined for its suitability as a vector for the expression and delivery of foreign genes for vaccination and gene therapy. A reporter gene encoding human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) was inserted as an additional transcription unit at four different positions in the NDV genome, between the NP and P, M and F, and HN and L genes and behind the L gene. Eight infectious recombinant NDV (rNDV) viruses, four in the non-virulent strain NDFL and four in the virulent derivative NDFLtag, were generated by reverse genetics. SEAP expression levels, replication kinetics and virus yield were examined. Replication kinetics of the rNDV viruses in primary chicken embryo fibroblasts showed that the insertion of an additional gene resulted in a delay in the onset of replication. This effect was most prominent when the gene was inserted between the NP and P genes. With the exception of the strain that carried the SEAP gene behind the L gene, all recombinant strains expressed high levels of SEAP, both in cell culture and in embryonated chicken eggs. In embryonated eggs, the rNDV viruses showed a 2.6- to 5.6-fold (NDFL) or 2.1- to 8.1-fold (NDFLtag) reduction in yield compared with the parent strains. These results show that foreign genes can be inserted at different positions in the NDV genome without severely affecting replication efficiency or virus yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhao
- Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad), Division of Infectious Diseases and Food Chain Quality, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ben P H Peeters
- Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-Lelystad), Division of Infectious Diseases and Food Chain Quality, PO Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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21
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Skiadopoulos MH, Schmidt AC, Riggs JM, Surman SR, Elkins WR, St Claire M, Collins PL, Murphy BR. Determinants of the host range restriction of replication of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 in rhesus monkeys are polygenic. J Virol 2003; 77:1141-8. [PMID: 12502830 PMCID: PMC140817 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.2.1141-1148.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kansas strain of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) is 100- to 1,000-fold restricted in replication in the respiratory tracts of nonhuman primates compared to human PIV3 (HPIV3), an important pathogen of infants and young children. BPIV3 is also restricted in replication in human infants and children, yet it is immunogenic and is currently being evaluated in clinical trials as a vaccine candidate to protect against illness caused by HPIV3. We have examined the genetic basis for the host range attenuation phenotype of BPIV3 by exchanging each open reading frame (ORF) of a recombinant wild-type HPIV3 with the analogous ORF from BPIV3, with the caveats that the multiple ORFs of the P gene were exchanged as a single unit and that the HN and F genes were exchanged as a single unit. Recombinant chimeric bovine-human PIV3s were recovered from cDNA, and the levels of viral replication in vitro and in the respiratory tract of rhesus monkeys were determined. Recombinant chimeric HPIV3s bearing the BPIV3 N or P ORF were highly attenuated in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of monkeys, whereas those bearing the BPIV3 M or L ORF or the F and HN genes were only moderately attenuated. This indicates that the genetic determinants of the host range restriction of replication of BPIV3 for primates are polygenic, with the major determinants being the N and P ORFs. Monkeys immunized with these bovine-human chimeric viruses, including the more highly attenuated ones, developed higher levels of HPIV3 hemagglutination-inhibiting serum antibodies than did monkeys immunized with BPIV3 and were protected from challenge with wild-type HPIV3. Furthermore, host range determinants could be combined with attenuating point mutations to achieve an increased level of attenuation. Thus, chimeric recombinant bovine-human PIV3 viruses that manifest different levels of attenuation in rhesus monkeys are available for evaluation as vaccine candidates to protect infants from the severe lower respiratory tract disease caused by HPIV3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario H Skiadopoulos
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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22
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Neumann G, Whitt MA, Kawaoka Y. A decade after the generation of a negative-sense RNA virus from cloned cDNA - what have we learned? J Gen Virol 2002; 83:2635-2662. [PMID: 12388800 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-11-2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first generation of a negative-sense RNA virus entirely from cloned cDNA in 1994, similar reverse genetics systems have been established for members of most genera of the Rhabdo- and Paramyxoviridae families, as well as for Ebola virus (Filoviridae). The generation of segmented negative-sense RNA viruses was technically more challenging and has lagged behind the recovery of nonsegmented viruses, primarily because of the difficulty of providing more than one genomic RNA segment. A member of the Bunyaviridae family (whose genome is composed of three RNA segments) was first generated from cloned cDNA in 1996, followed in 1999 by the production of influenza virus, which contains eight RNA segments. Thus, reverse genetics, or the de novo synthesis of negative-sense RNA viruses from cloned cDNA, has become a reliable laboratory method that can be used to study this large group of medically and economically important viruses. It provides a powerful tool for dissecting the virus life cycle, virus assembly, the role of viral proteins in pathogenicity and the interplay of viral proteins with components of the host cell immune response. Finally, reverse genetics has opened the way to develop live attenuated virus vaccines and vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Neumann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706, USA1
| | - Michael A Whitt
- Department of Molecular Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA2
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Japan4
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan3
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706, USA1
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23
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Murphy BR, Collins PL. Live-attenuated virus vaccines for respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses: applications of reverse genetics. J Clin Invest 2002; 110:21-7. [PMID: 12093883 PMCID: PMC151040 DOI: 10.1172/jci16077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Murphy
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases/NIH, Building 50, Room 6517, 50 South Drive MSC 8007, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Murphy BR, Collins PL. Live-attenuated virus vaccines for respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses: applications of reverse genetics. J Clin Invest 2002. [DOI: 10.1172/jci0216077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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25
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Skiadopoulos MH, Tatem JM, Surman SR, Mitcho Y, Wu SL, Elkins WR, Murphy BR. The recombinant chimeric human parainfluenza virus type 1 vaccine candidate, rHPIV3-1cp45, is attenuated, immunogenic, and protective in African green monkeys. Vaccine 2002; 20:1846-52. [PMID: 11906774 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00038-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant live-attenuated chimeric human parainfluenza virus type 1 (HPIV1) candidate vaccine was previously generated by replacing the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein open reading frames (ORFs) of the HPIV3 candidate vaccine, rHPIV3cp45, with those of wild-type HPIV1. Previously, this recombinant chimeric virus, designated rHPIV3-1cp45, exhibited a greater level of the temperature sensitivity of replication in vitro and a greater level of attenuation of replication in the respiratory tract of immunized hamsters when compared to its HPIV3cp45 parent virus. In the present study, rHPIV3-1cp45 was evaluated for its level of attenuation and efficacy in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), a primate in which both HPIV1 and HPIV3 wild-type viruses replicate efficiently. The rHPIV3-1cp45 candidate vaccine was as restricted in replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract as its thoroughly characterized rHPIV3cp45 parent indicating that the attenuating mutations present in the rHPIV3cp45 backbone specified an appropriate level of attenuation of rHPIV3-1cp45 for primates. The level to which rHPIV3-1cp45 replicated in the respiratory tract of African green monkeys was also sufficient to induce a strong immune response to HPIV1 and provided protection against challenge with wild-type HPIV1. These results provide a basis for further evaluation of this HPIV1 candidate vaccine in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Chimera/genetics
- Chimera/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Humans
- Mutation
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/genetics
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/immunology
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/pharmacology
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human/physiology
- Respirovirus Infections/immunology
- Respirovirus Infections/prevention & control
- Temperature
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/pharmacology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/pharmacology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario H Skiadopoulos
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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26
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Schmidt AC, Wenzke DR, McAuliffe JM, St Claire M, Elkins WR, Murphy BR, Collins PL. Mucosal immunization of rhesus monkeys against respiratory syncytial virus subgroups A and B and human parainfluenza virus type 3 by using a live cDNA-derived vaccine based on a host range-attenuated bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 vector backbone. J Virol 2002; 76:1089-99. [PMID: 11773385 PMCID: PMC135799 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.3.1089-1099.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2001] [Accepted: 10/19/2001] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse genetics was used to develop a two-component, trivalent live attenuated vaccine against human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) subgroups A and B. The backbone for each of the two components of this vaccine was the attenuated recombinant bovine/human PIV3 (rB/HPIV3), a recombinant BPIV3 in which the bovine HN and F protective antigens are replaced by their HPIV3 counterparts (48). This chimera retains the well-characterized host range attenuation phenotype of BPIV3, which appears to be appropriate for immunization of young infants. The open reading frames (ORFs) for the G and F major protective antigens of RSV subgroup A and B were each placed under the control of PIV3 transcription signals and inserted individually or in homologous pairs as supernumerary genes in the promoter proximal position of rB/HPIV3. The level of replication of rB/HPIV3-RSV chimeric viruses in the respiratory tract of rhesus monkeys was similar to that of their parent virus rB/HPIV3, and each of the chimeras induced a robust immune response to both RSV and HPIV3. RSV-neutralizing antibody titers induced by rB/HPIV3-RSV chimeric viruses were equivalent to those induced by infection with wild-type RSV, and HPIV3-specific antibody responses were similar to, or slightly less than, after infection with the rB/HPIV3 vector itself. This study describes a novel vaccine strategy against RSV in which vaccine viruses with a common attenuated backbone, specifically rB/HPIV3 derivatives expressing the G and/or F major protective antigens of RSV subgroup A and of RSV subgroup B, are used to immunize by the intranasal route against RSV and HPIV3, which are the first and second most important viral agents of pediatric respiratory tract disease worldwide.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- DNA, Viral
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/physiology
- Genome, Viral
- HN Protein/genetics
- HN Protein/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/methods
- Open Reading Frames
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/genetics
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Bovine/physiology
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Viruses/immunology
- Respirovirus Infections/immunology
- Respirovirus Infections/prevention & control
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Schmidt
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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27
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Yuan S, Mickelson D, Murtaugh MP, Faaberg KS. Complete genome comparison of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus parental and attenuated strains. Virus Res 2001; 79:189-200. [PMID: 11551659 PMCID: PMC7125757 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00295-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two full-length porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) genomes, strain VR-2332 and its cell culture passaged descendent RespPRRS vaccine strain, were compared and analyzed in order to identify possible sites of attenuation. Of the 41 nucleotide changes, 12 resulted in conservative changes and 18 produced non-conservative changes. The results suggest that key amino acids in ORF1 may contribute to the phenotype of RespPRRS, which includes increased growth rate on MA-104 cells and decreased virulence in swine. The results provide a genetic basis for future manipulation of a PRRSV reverse genetics system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yuan
- Department of Veterinary PathoBiology, 205 Veterinary Science Building, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Avenue, 55108, St. Paul, MN, USA
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28
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Skiadopoulos MH, Surman SR, Riggs JM, Collins PL, Murphy BR. A chimeric human-bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 expressing measles virus hemagglutinin is attenuated for replication but is still immunogenic in rhesus monkeys. J Virol 2001; 75:10498-504. [PMID: 11581420 PMCID: PMC114626 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.21.10498-10504.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The chimeric recombinant virus rHPIV3-N(B), a version of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) that is attenuated due to the presence of the bovine PIV3 nucleocapsid (N) protein open reading frame (ORF) in place of the HPIV3 ORF, was modified to encode the measles virus hemagglutinin (HA) inserted as an additional, supernumerary gene between the HPIV3 P and M genes. This recombinant, designated rHPIV3-N(B)HA, replicated like its attenuated rHPIV3-N(B) parent virus in vitro and in the upper and lower respiratory tracts of rhesus monkeys, indicating that the insertion of the measles virus HA did not further attenuate rHPIV3-N(B) in vitro or in vivo. Monkeys immunized with rHPIV3-N(B)HA developed a vigorous immune response to both measles virus and HPIV3, with serum antibody titers to both measles virus (neutralizing antibody) and HPIV3 (hemagglutination inhibiting antibody) of over 1:500. An attenuated HPIV3 expressing a major protective antigen of measles virus provides a method for immunization against measles by the intranasal route, a route that has been shown with HPIV3 and respiratory syncytial virus vaccines to be relatively refractory to the neutralizing and immunosuppressive effects of maternally derived virus-specific serum antibodies. It should now be possible to induce a protective immune response against measles virus in 6-month-old infants, an age group that in developing areas of the world is not responsive to the current measles virus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Skiadopoulos
- Respiratory Viruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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29
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Abstract
Development of an RSV vaccine for infants has been hindered by the lack of an ideal animal model that exhibits disease, and the challenge of effectively immunizing very young infants who are immunologically immature. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made recently in developing live attenuated viruses and protein subunit vaccine candidates. Numerous vaccine candidates are currently in early clinical trials. This paper reviews the significant obstacles to development of RSV vaccines, and the progress made to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Crowe
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, D-7235 Medical Center North, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232-2581, USA.
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30
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Haller AA, MacPhail M, Mitiku M, Tang RS. A single amino acid substitution in the viral polymerase creates a temperature-sensitive and attenuated recombinant bovine parainfluenza virus type 3. Virology 2001; 288:342-50. [PMID: 11601905 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bPIV3) is under development as a live virus vaccine vector. The RNA genome of a recombinant bPIV3 harbored four nucleotide changes, one of which resulted in a mutation of the viral polymerase (A. A. Haller et al., 2000, J. Virol. 74, 11626-11635). The contribution of this conservative amino acid substitution (I1103V) in the polymerase to the temperature-sensitive and attenuation phenotypes of r-bPIV3 was investigated by creating a new virus, r-bPIV3(I), that expressed the wild-type polymerase. r-bPIV3(I) was not temperature-sensitive for growth in vitro and the replication of r-bPIV3(I) was no longer restricted in hamsters. The effect of the amino acid substitution in the polymerase was also studied in a chimeric bovine/human PIV3, a virus that displayed temperature-sensitive and attenuated phenotypes (A. A. Haller et al., 2000, J. Virol. 74, 11626-11635). It was not clear whether these defects were due to the impaired polymerase or the replacement of the bPIV3 surface glycoproteins with those of hPIV3. The results showed that the altered polymerase was indeed responsible for the temperature-sensitive phenotype of bovine/human PIV3 but did not appear to play a role in the attenuation phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Haller
- Aviron, 297 North Bernardo Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043, USA.
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von Messling V, Zimmer G, Herrler G, Haas L, Cattaneo R. The hemagglutinin of canine distemper virus determines tropism and cytopathogenicity. J Virol 2001; 75:6418-27. [PMID: 11413309 PMCID: PMC114365 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.14.6418-6427.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) and measles virus (MV) cause severe illnesses in their respective hosts. The viruses display a characteristic cytopathic effect by forming syncytia in susceptible cells. For CDV, the proficiency of syncytium formation varies among different strains and correlates with the degree of viral attenuation. In this study, we examined the determinants for the differential fusogenicity of the wild-type CDV isolate 5804Han89 (CDV(5804)), the small- and large-plaque-forming variants of the CDV vaccine strain Onderstepoort (CDV(OS) and CDV(OL), respectively), and the MV vaccine strain Edmonston B (MV(Edm)). The cotransfection of different combinations of fusion (F) and hemagglutinin (H) genes in Vero cells indicated that the H protein is the main determinant of fusion efficiency. To verify the significance of this observation in the viral context, a reverse genetic system to generate recombinant CDVs was established. This system is based on a plasmid containing the full-length antigenomic sequence of CDV(OS). The coding regions of the H proteins of all CDV strains and MV(Edm) were introduced into the CDV and MV genetic backgrounds, and recombinant viruses rCDV-H(5804), rCDV-H(OL), rCDV-H(Edm), rMV-H(5804), rMV-H(OL), and rMV-H(OS) were recovered. Thus, the H proteins of the two morbilliviruses are interchangeable and fully functional in a heterologous complex. This is in contrast with the glycoproteins of other members of the family Paramyxoviridae, which do not function efficiently with heterologous partners. The fusogenicity, growth characteristics, and tropism of the recombinant viruses were examined and compared with those of the parental strains. All these characteristics were found to be predominantly mediated by the H protein regardless of the viral backbone used.
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Affiliation(s)
- V von Messling
- Molecular Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Schmidt AC, McAuliffe JM, Murphy BR, Collins PL. Recombinant bovine/human parainfluenza virus type 3 (B/HPIV3) expressing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) G and F proteins can be used to achieve simultaneous mucosal immunization against RSV and HPIV3. J Virol 2001; 75:4594-603. [PMID: 11312329 PMCID: PMC114212 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.10.4594-4603.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant bovine/human parainfluenza virus type 3 (rB/HPIV3), a recombinant bovine PIV3 (rBPIV3) in which the F and HN genes were replaced with their HPIV3 counterparts, was used to express the major protective antigens of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in order to create a bivalent mucosal vaccine against RSV and HPIV3. The attenuation of rB/HPIV3 is provided by the host range restriction of the BPIV3 backbone in primates. RSV G and F open reading frames (ORFs) were placed under the control of PIV3 transcription signals and inserted individually into the rB/HPIV3 genome in the promoter-proximal position preceding the nucleocapsid protein gene. The recombinant PIV3 expressing the RSV G ORF (rB/HPIV3-G1) was not restricted in its replication in vitro, whereas the virus expressing the RSV F ORF (rB/HPIV3-F1) was eightfold restricted compared to its rB/HPIV3 parent. Both viruses replicated efficiently in the respiratory tract of hamsters, and each induced RSV serum antibody titers similar to those induced by RSV infection and anti-HPIV3 titers similar to those induced by HPIV3 infection. Immunization of hamsters with rB/HPIV3-G1, rB/HPIV3-F1, or a combination of both viruses resulted in a high level of resistance to challenge with RSV or HPIV3 28 days later. These results describe a vaccine strategy that obviates the technical challenges associated with a live attenuated RSV vaccine, providing, against the two leading viral agents of pediatric respiratory tract disease, a bivalent vaccine whose attenuation phenotype is based on the extensive host range sequence differences of BPIV3.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- DNA, Viral
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/physiology
- Humans
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Macaca mulatta
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Open Reading Frames
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/genetics
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/immunology
- Recombination, Genetic
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Respiratory System/metabolism
- Respirovirus/genetics
- Respirovirus/immunology
- Respirovirus/physiology
- Respirovirus Infections/prevention & control
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Schmidt
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Yuan S, Mickelson D, Murtaugh MP, Faaberg KS. Complete genome comparison of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus parental and attenuated strains. Virus Res 2001; 74:99-110. [PMID: 11226578 PMCID: PMC7125765 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(00)00250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two full-length porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) genomes, strain VR-2332 and its cell culture passaged descendent RespPRRS vaccine strain, were compared and analyzed in order to identify possible sites of attenuation. Of the 44 nucleotide changes, 13 resulted in conservative changes and 18 produced non-conservative changes. The results suggest that key amino acids in ORF1 may contribute to the phenotype of RespPRRS, which includes increased growth rate on MA-104 cells and decreased virulence in swine. The results provide a genetic basis for future manipulation of a PRRSV reverse genetics system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kay S. Faaberg
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-612-6249746; fax: +1-612-6255203
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Haller AA, Miller T, Mitiku M, Coelingh K. Expression of the surface glycoproteins of human parainfluenza virus type 3 by bovine parainfluenza virus type 3, a novel attenuated virus vaccine vector. J Virol 2000; 74:11626-35. [PMID: 11090161 PMCID: PMC112444 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.24.11626-11635.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (bPIV3) is being evaluated as an intranasal vaccine for protection against human PIV3 (hPIV3). In young infants, the bPIV3 vaccine appears to be infectious, attenuated, immunogenic, and genetically stable, which are desirable characteristics for an RNA virus vector. To test the potential of the bPIV3 vaccine strain as a vector, an infectious DNA clone of bPIV3 was assembled and recombinant bPIV3 (r-bPIV3) was rescued. r-bPIV3 displayed a temperature-sensitive phenotype for growth in tissue culture at 39 degrees C and was attenuated in the lungs of Syrian golden hamsters. In order to test whether r-bPIV3 could serve as a vector, the fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase genes of bPIV3 were replaced with those of hPIV3. The resulting bovine/human PIV3 was temperature sensitive for growth in Vero cells at 37 degrees C. The replication of bovine/human PIV3 was also restricted in the lungs of hamsters, albeit not as severely as was observed for r-bPIV3. Despite the attenuation phenotypes observed for r-bPIV3 and bovine/human PIV3, both of these viruses protected hamsters completely upon challenge with hPIV3. In summary, bPIV3 was shown to function as a virus vector that may be especially suitable for vaccination of infants and children against PIV3 and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Haller
- Aviron, Mountain View, California 94043, USA.
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Schmidt AC, McAuliffe JM, Huang A, Surman SR, Bailly JE, Elkins WR, Collins PL, Murphy BR, Skiadopoulos MH. Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) fusion and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoproteins make an important contribution to the restricted replication of BPIV3 in primates. J Virol 2000; 74:8922-9. [PMID: 10982335 PMCID: PMC102087 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.19.8922-8929.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the contribution of the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein genes of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV3) to its restricted replication in the respiratory tract of nonhuman primates. A chimeric recombinant human parainfluenza type 3 virus (HPIV3) containing BPIV3 F and HN glycoprotein genes in place of its own and the reciprocal recombinant consisting of BPIV3 bearing the HPIV3 F and HN genes (rBPIV3-F(H)HN(H)) were generated to assess the effect of glycoprotein substitution on replication of HPIV3 and BPIV3 in the upper and lower respiratory tract of rhesus monkeys. The chimeric viruses were readily recovered and replicated in simian LLC-MK2 cells to a level comparable to that of their parental viruses, suggesting that the heterologous glycoproteins were compatible with the PIV3 internal proteins. HPIV3 bearing the BPIV3 F and HN genes was restricted in replication in rhesus monkeys to a level similar to that of its BPIV3 parent virus, indicating that the glycoprotein genes of BPIV3 are major determinants of its host range restriction of replication in rhesus monkeys. rBPIV3-F(H)HN(H) replicated in rhesus monkeys to a level intermediate between that of HPIV3 and BPIV3. This observation indicates that the F and HN genes make a significant contribution to the overall attenuation of BPIV3 for rhesus monkeys. Furthermore, it shows that BPIV3 sequences outside the F and HN region also contribute to the attenuation phenotype in primates, a finding consistent with the previous demonstration that the nucleoprotein coding sequence of BPIV3 is a determinant of its attenuation for primates. Despite its restricted replication in the respiratory tract of rhesus monkeys, rBPIV3-F(H)HN(H) conferred a level of protection against challenge with HPIV3 that was indistinguishable from that induced by previous infection with wild-type HPIV3. The usefulness of rBPIV3-F(H)HN(H) as a vaccine candidate against HPIV3 and as a vector for other viral antigens is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Schmidt
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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