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SoRelle ED, Reinoso-Vizcaino NM, Dai J, Barry AP, Chan C, Luftig MA. Epstein-Barr virus evades restrictive host chromatin closure by subverting B cell activation and germinal center regulatory loci. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112958. [PMID: 37561629 PMCID: PMC10559315 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin accessibility fundamentally governs gene expression and biological response programs that can be manipulated by pathogens. Here we capture dynamic chromatin landscapes of individual B cells during Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. EBV+ cells that exhibit arrest via antiviral sensing and proliferation-linked DNA damage experience global accessibility reduction. Proliferative EBV+ cells develop expression-linked architectures and motif accessibility profiles resembling in vivo germinal center (GC) phenotypes. Remarkably, EBV elicits dark zone (DZ), light zone (LZ), and post-GC B cell chromatin features despite BCL6 downregulation. Integration of single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (scATAC-seq), single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) data enables genome-wide cis-regulatory predictions implicating EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs) in phenotype-specific control of GC B cell activation, survival, and immune evasion. Knockouts validate bioinformatically identified regulators (MEF2C and NFE2L2) of EBV-induced GC phenotypes and EBNA-associated loci that regulate gene expression (CD274/PD-L1). These data and methods can inform high-resolution investigations of EBV-host interactions, B cell fates, and virus-mediated lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D SoRelle
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Nicolás M Reinoso-Vizcaino
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joanne Dai
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashley P Barry
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Micah A Luftig
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Center for Virology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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2
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Chen S, Zhang P, Feng J, Li R, Chen J, Zheng WV, Zhang H, Yao P. LMP1 mediates tumorigenesis through persistent epigenetic modifications and PGC1β upregulation. Oncol Rep 2023; 49:53. [PMID: 36734290 PMCID: PMC9926514 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), which is encoded by the Epstein‑Barr virus (EBV), has been considered as an oncogene, although the detailed mechanism behind its function remains unclear. It has been previously reported that LMP1 promotes tumorigenesis by upregulation of peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ coactivator‑1β (PGC1β). The present study aimed to investigate the potential mechanism for transient EBV/LMP1 exposure‑mediated persistent PGC1β expression and subsequent tumorigenesis through modification of mitochondrial function. Luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation and DNA mutation techniques were used to evaluate the PGC1β‑mediated expression of dynamin‑related protein 1 (DRP1). Tumorigenesis was evaluated by gene expression, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function and in vitro cellular proliferation assays. The potential effects of EBV, LMP1 and PGC1β on tumor growth were evaluated in an in vivo xenograft mouse model. The present in vitro experiments showed that LMP1 knockdown did not affect PGC1β expression or subsequent cell proliferation in EBV‑positive tumor cells. PGC1β regulated DRP1 expression by coactivation of GA‑binding protein α and nuclear respiratory factor 1 located on the DRP1 promoter, subsequently modulating mitochondrial fission. Transient exposure of either EBV or LMP1 in human hematopoietic stem cells caused persistent epigenetic changes and PGC1β upregulation after long‑term cell culture even in the absence of EBV/LMP1, which decreased oxidative stress, and potentiated mitochondrial function and cell proliferation in vitro. Enhanced tumor growth and shortened survival were subsequently observed in vivo. It was concluded that PGC1β expression and subsequent cell proliferation were independent from LMP1 in EBV‑positive tumor cells. PGC1β modulated mitochondria fission by regulation of DRP1 expression. Transient EBV/LMP1 exposure caused persistent PGC1β expression, triggering tumor growth in the absence of LMP1. The present study proposes a novel mechanism for transient EBV/LMP1 exposure‑mediated tumorigenesis through persistent epigenetic changes and PGC1β upregulation, uncovering the reason why numerous forms of lymphoma exhibit upregulated PGC1β expression, but are devoid of EBV/LMP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siliang Chen
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Jia Feng
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Wei V. Zheng
- Intervention and Cell Therapy Center, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Paul Yao or Dr Hongyu Zhang, Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Paul Yao
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Paul Yao or Dr Hongyu Zhang, Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 1120 Lianhua Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, P.R. China, E-mail:
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3
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Ma N, Li X, Jiang H, Dai Y, Xu G, Zhang Z. Influenza Virus Neuraminidase Engages CD83 and Promotes Pulmonary Injury. J Virol 2021; 95:e01753-20. [PMID: 33177200 PMCID: PMC7925101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01753-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause severe respiratory illnesses in humans and animals. Overreaction of the innate immune response to influenza virus infection results in hypercytokinemia, which is responsible for mortality and morbidity. However, the mechanism by which influenza induces hypercytokinemia is not fully understood. In this study, we established a mouse-adapted H9N2 virus, MA01, to evaluate the innate immune response to influenza in the lung. MA01 infection caused high levels of cytokine release, enhanced pulmonary injury in mice, and upregulated CD83 protein in dendritic cells and macrophages in the lung. Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) unmasked CD83 protein and contributed to high cytokine levels. Furthermore, we provide evidence that CD83 is a sialylated glycoprotein. Neuraminidase treatment enhanced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated NF-κB activation in RAW264.7 cells. Anti-CD83 treatment alleviated influenza virus-induced lung injury in mice. Our study indicates that influenza virus neuraminidase modulates CD83 status and contributes to the "cytokine storm," which may suggest a new approach to curb this immune injury.IMPORTANCE The massive release of circulating mediators of inflammation is responsible for lung injury during influenza A virus infection. This phenomenon is referred to as the "cytokine storm." However, the mechanism by which influenza induces the cytokine storm is not fully understood. In this study, we have shown that neuraminidase unmasked CD83 protein in the lung and contributed to high cytokine levels. Anti-CD83 treatment could diminish immune damage to lung tissue. The NA-CD83 axis may represent a target for an interruption of influenza-induced lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xingjie Li
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hongyu Jiang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yulong Dai
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zongde Zhang
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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4
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Feng J, Chen Q, Zhang P, Huang X, Xie W, Zhang H, Yao P. Latent Membrane Protein 1 Promotes Tumorigenesis Through Upregulation of PGC1β Signaling Pathway. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1486-1499. [PMID: 33423158 PMCID: PMC8316210 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10112-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) is an aggressive Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma with poor prognosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential mechanism of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1)-mediated tumorigenesis and provide a novel therapeutic strategy for targeting the EBV DNA genome. We found that LMP1 upregulated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) coactivator-1β (PGC1β) through activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). Furthermore, the activated PGC1β upregulated the expression of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) through the coactivation of nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and GA-binding protein α (GABPα), preventing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated base incision in the EBV genome and favoring its survival. Interruption of hexokinase domain component 1 (HKDC1) by either shRNA or Tf-D-HKC8 peptide suppressed the interaction of HKDC1 with voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1), triggering mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive generation of ROS, thus resulting in EBV suppression through ROS-mediated DNA damage. Suppression of the EBV genome inhibited the expression of the LMP1/PGC1β/HKDC1/OGG1 signaling pathway, forming a positive feed forward loop for the generation of ROS, hence inhibiting the EBV genome and subsequent EBV-associated tumor development. We concluded that LMP1 triggers EBV-associated tumorigenesis through activation of the PGC1β pathway. This study provided a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of EBV-associated tumors by targeting HKDC1. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 518036, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 518036, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 518036, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Institute of Rehabilitation Center, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Xie
- Institute of Rehabilitation Center, Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, 430060, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 518036, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Paul Yao
- Department of Hematology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, 518036, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Li Z, Abadir E, Lee K, Clarke C, Bryant CE, Cooper W, Pietersz G, Favaloro J, Silveira PA, Nj Hart D, Ju X, Clark GJ. Targeting CD83 in mantle cell lymphoma with anti-human CD83 antibody. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1156. [PMID: 32685149 PMCID: PMC7362189 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Effective antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) provide potent targeted cancer therapies. CD83 is expressed on activated immune cells including B cells and is a therapeutic target for Hodgkin lymphoma. Our objective was to determine CD83 expression on non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and its therapeutic potential to treat mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) which is currently an incurable NHL. Methods We analysed CD83 expression on MCL cell lines and the lymph node/bone marrow biopsies of MCL patients. We tested the killing effect of CD83 ADC in vitro and in an in vivo xenograft MCL mouse model. Results CD83 is expressed on MCL, and its upregulation is correlated with the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation. CD83 ADC kills MCL in vitro and in vivo. Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (CP), which are included in the current treatment regimen for MCL, enhance the NF-κB activity and increase CD83 expression on MCL cell lines. The combination of CD83 ADC with doxorubicin and CP has synergistic killing effect of MCL. Conclusion This study provides evidence that a novel immunotherapeutic agent CD83 ADC, in combination with chemotherapy, has the potential to enhance the efficacy of current treatments for MCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziduo Li
- Dendritic Cell Research ANZAC Research Institute Sydney NSW Australia.,Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Edward Abadir
- Dendritic Cell Research ANZAC Research Institute Sydney NSW Australia.,Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Institute of Haematology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia.,Anatomical Pathology Concord Repatriation General Hospital Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Candice Clarke
- Anatomical Pathology Concord Repatriation General Hospital Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Christian E Bryant
- Institute of Haematology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Wendy Cooper
- Institute of Haematology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Geoffrey Pietersz
- Inflammation, Cancer and Infection Burnet Institute Melbourne VIC Australia.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - James Favaloro
- Institute of Haematology Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Pablo A Silveira
- Dendritic Cell Research ANZAC Research Institute Sydney NSW Australia.,Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Derek Nj Hart
- Dendritic Cell Research ANZAC Research Institute Sydney NSW Australia.,Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Xinsheng Ju
- Dendritic Cell Research ANZAC Research Institute Sydney NSW Australia.,Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Georgina J Clark
- Dendritic Cell Research ANZAC Research Institute Sydney NSW Australia.,Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
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6
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Grosche L, Knippertz I, König C, Royzman D, Wild AB, Zinser E, Sticht H, Muller YA, Steinkasserer A, Lechmann M. The CD83 Molecule - An Important Immune Checkpoint. Front Immunol 2020; 11:721. [PMID: 32362900 PMCID: PMC7181454 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD83 molecule has been identified to be expressed on numerous activated immune cells, including B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, microglia, and neutrophils. Both isoforms of CD83, the membrane-bound as well as its soluble form are topic of intensive research investigations. Several studies revealed that CD83 is not a typical co-stimulatory molecule, but rather plays a critical role in controlling and resolving immune responses. Moreover, CD83 is an essential factor during the differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, and the development and maintenance of tolerance. The identification of its interaction partners as well as signaling pathways have been an enigma for the last decades. Here, we report the latest data on the expression, structure, and the signaling partners of CD83. In addition, we review the regulatory functions of CD83, including its striking modulatory potential to maintain the balance between tolerance versus inflammation during homeostasis or pathologies. These immunomodulatory properties of CD83 emphasize its exceptional therapeutic potential, which has been documented in specific preclinical disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Grosche
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ilka Knippertz
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina König
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dmytro Royzman
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas B. Wild
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Zinser
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sticht
- Division of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yves A. Muller
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinkasserer
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Lechmann
- Department of Immune Modulation, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Li Z, Ju X, Silveira PA, Abadir E, Hsu WH, Hart DNJ, Clark GJ. CD83: Activation Marker for Antigen Presenting Cells and Its Therapeutic Potential. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1312. [PMID: 31231400 PMCID: PMC6568190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD83 is a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and is expressed in membrane bound or soluble forms. Membrane CD83 (mCD83) can be detected on a variety of activated immune cells, although it is most highly and stably expressed by mature dendritic cells (DC). mCD83 regulates maturation, activation and homeostasis. Soluble CD83 (sCD83), which is elevated in the serum of patients with autoimmune disease and some hematological malignancies is reported to have an immune suppressive function. While CD83 is emerging as a promising immune modulator with therapeutic potential, some important aspects such as its ligand/s, intracellular signaling pathways and modulators of its expression are unclear. In this review we discuss the recent biological findings and the potential clinical value of CD83 based therapeutics in various conditions including autoimmune disease, graft-vs.-host disease, transplantation and hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziduo Li
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Xinsheng Ju
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pablo A. Silveira
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Edward Abadir
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wei-Hsun Hsu
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Derek N. J. Hart
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgina J. Clark
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Barros MHM, Vera-Lozada G, Segges P, Hassan R, Niedobitek G. Revisiting the Tissue Microenvironment of Infectious Mononucleosis: Identification of EBV Infection in T Cells and Deep Characterization of Immune Profiles. Front Immunol 2019; 10:146. [PMID: 30842768 PMCID: PMC6391352 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To aid understanding of primary EBV infection, we have performed an in depth analysis of EBV-infected cells and of local immune cells in tonsils from infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients. We show that EBV is present in approximately 50% of B-cells showing heterogeneous patterns of latent viral gene expression probably reflecting different stages of infection. While the vast majority of EBV+ cells are B-cells, around 9% express T-cell antigens, with a predominance of CD8+ over CD4+ cells. PD-L1 was expressed by a median of 14% of EBV+ cells. The numbers of EBER+PD-L1+ cells were directly correlated with the numbers of EBER+CD3+ and EBER+CD8+ cells suggesting a possible role for PD-L1 in EBV infection of T-cells. The microenvironment of IM tonsils was characterized by a predominance of M1-polarized macrophages over M2-polarized cells. However, at the T-cell level, a heterogeneous picture emerged with numerous Th1/cytotoxic cells accompanied and sometimes outnumbered by Th2/regulatory T-cells. Further, we observed a direct correlation between the numbers of Th2-like cells and EBV- B-cells. Also, a prevalence of cytotoxic T-cells over Th2-like cells was associated with an increased viral load. These observations point to contribution of B- and Th2-like cells to the control of primary EBV infection. 35% of CD8+ cells were differentiated CD8+TBET+ cells, frequently detected in post-capillary venules. An inverse correlation was observed between the numbers of CD8+TBET+ cells and viral load suggesting a pivotal role for these cells in the control of primary EBV infection. Our results provide the basis for a better understanding of immune reactions in EBV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Vera-Lozada
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Segges
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rocio Hassan
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gerald Niedobitek
- Institute for Pathology, Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Pathology, Sana Klinikum Lichtenberg, Berlin, Germany
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9
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Ollig J, Kloubert V, Taylor KM, Rink L. B cell activation and proliferation increase intracellular zinc levels. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 64:72-79. [PMID: 30448545 PMCID: PMC6372723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Zinc ions serve as second messengers in major cellular pathways, including the regulation pathways of proliferation and their proper regulation is necessary for homeostasis and a healthy organism. Accordingly, expression of zinc transporters can be altered in various cancer cell lines and is often involved in producing elevated intracellular zinc levels. In this study, human B cells were infected with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) to generate immortalized cells, which revealed traits of tumor cells, such as high proliferation rates and an extended lifespan. These cells showed differentially altered zinc transporter expression with ZIP7 RNA and protein expression being especially increased as well as a corresponding increased phosphorylation of ZIP7 in EBV-transformed B cells. Accordingly, free zinc levels were elevated within these cells. To prove whether the observed changes resulted from immortalization or rather high proliferation, free zinc levels in in vitro activated B cells and in freshly isolated B cells expressing the activation marker CD69 were determined. Here, comparatively increased zinc levels were found, suggesting that activation and proliferation, but not immortalization, act as crucial factors for the elevation of intracellular free zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ollig
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Veronika Kloubert
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kathryn M Taylor
- Breast Cancer Molecular Pharmacology, Welsh School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, United Kingdom.
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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10
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Li Z, Ju X, Lee K, Clarke C, Hsu JL, Abadir E, Bryant CE, Pears S, Sunderland N, Heffernan S, Hennessy A, Lo TH, Pietersz GA, Kupresanin F, Fromm PD, Silveira PA, Tsonis C, Cooper WA, Cunningham I, Brown C, Clark GJ, Hart DNJ. CD83 is a new potential biomarker and therapeutic target for Hodgkin lymphoma. Haematologica 2018; 103:655-665. [PMID: 29351987 PMCID: PMC5865416 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2017.178384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are effective treatments for most Hodgkin lymphoma patients, however there remains a need for better tumor-specific target therapy in Hodgkin lymphoma patients with refractory or relapsed disease. Herein, we demonstrate that membrane CD83 is a diagnostic and therapeutic target, highly expressed in Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines and Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in 29/35 (82.9%) Hodgkin lymphoma patient lymph node biopsies. CD83 from Hodgkin lymphoma tumor cells was able to trogocytose to surrounding T cells and, interestingly, the trogocytosing CD83+T cells expressed significantly more programmed death-1 compared to CD83-T cells. Hodgkin lymphoma tumor cells secreted soluble CD83 that inhibited T-cell proliferation, and anti-CD83 antibody partially reversed the inhibitory effect. High levels of soluble CD83 were detected in Hodgkin lymphoma patient sera, which returned to normal in patients who had good clinical responses to chemotherapy confirmed by positron emission tomography scans. We generated a human anti-human CD83 antibody, 3C12C, and its toxin monomethyl auristatin E conjugate, that killed CD83 positive Hodgkin lymphoma cells but not CD83 negative cells. The 3C12C antibody was tested in dose escalation studies in non-human primates. No toxicity was observed, but there was evidence of CD83 positive target cell depletion. These data establish CD83 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in Hodgkin lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziduo Li
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Xinsheng Ju
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Candice Clarke
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Hsu
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Edward Abadir
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Christian E Bryant
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Suzanne Pears
- Animal Facility, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Scott Heffernan
- Animal Facility, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Tsun-Ho Lo
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Pietersz
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona Kupresanin
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Phillip D Fromm
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Pablo A Silveira
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Con Tsonis
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wendy A Cooper
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Australia
| | - Ilona Cunningham
- Department of Haematology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christina Brown
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Georgina J Clark
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Derek N J Hart
- Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Australia
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11
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Chen X, Zhang Q, Bai J, Zhao Y, Wang X, Wang H, Jiang P. The Nucleocapsid Protein and Nonstructural Protein 10 of Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Enhance CD83 Production via NF-κB and Sp1 Signaling Pathways. J Virol 2017; 91:e00986-17. [PMID: 28659471 PMCID: PMC5571251 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00986-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), is a panzootic disease that is one of the most economically costly diseases to the swine industry. A key aspect of PRRSV virulence is that the virus suppresses the innate immune response and induces persistent infection, although the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. The dendritic cell (DC) marker CD83 belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is associated with DC activation and immunosuppression of T cell proliferation when expressed as soluble CD83 (sCD83). In this study, we show that PRRSV infection strongly stimulates CD83 expression in porcine monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs) and that the nucleocapsid (N) protein and nonstructural protein 10 (nsp10) of PRRSV enhance CD83 promoter activity via the NF-κB and Sp1 signaling pathways. R43A and K44A amino acid substitution mutants of the N protein suppress the N protein-mediated increase of CD83 promoter activity. Similarly, P192-5A and G214-3A mutants of nsp10 (with 5 and 3 alanine substitutions beginning at residues P192 and G214, respectively) abolish the nsp10-mediated induction of the CD83 promoter. Using reverse genetics, four mutant viruses (rR43A, rK44A, rP192-5A, and rG214-3A) and four revertants [rR43A(R), rK44A(R), rP192-5A(R), and rG214-3A(R)] were generated. Decreased induction of CD83 in MoDCs was observed after infection by mutants rR43A, rK44A, rP192-5A, and rG214-3A, in contrast to the results obtained using rR43A(R), rK44A(R), rP192-5A(R), and rG214-3A(R). These findings suggest that PRRSV N and nsp10 play important roles in modulating CD83 signaling and shed light on the mechanism by which PRRSV modulates host immunity.IMPORTANCE Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most economically costly pathogens affecting the swine industry. It is unclear how PRRSV inhibits the host's immune response and induces persistent infection. The dendritic cell (DC) marker CD83 belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and has previously been associated with DC activation and immunosuppression of T cell proliferation and differentiation when expressed as soluble CD83 (sCD83). In this study, we found that PRRSV infection induces sCD83 expression in porcine MoDCs via the NF-κB and Sp1 signaling pathways. The viral nucleocapsid protein, nonstructural protein 1 (nsp1), and nsp10 were shown to enhance CD83 promoter activity. Amino acids R43 and K44 of the N protein, as well as residues 192 to 196 (P192-5) and 214 to 216 (G214-3) of nsp10, play important roles in CD83 promoter activation. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of immune suppression by PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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12
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Ju X, Silveira PA, Hsu WH, Elgundi Z, Alingcastre R, Verma ND, Fromm PD, Hsu JL, Bryant C, Li Z, Kupresanin F, Lo TH, Clarke C, Lee K, McGuire H, Fazekas de St Groth B, Larsen SR, Gibson J, Bradstock KF, Clark GJ, Hart DNJ. The Analysis of CD83 Expression on Human Immune Cells Identifies a Unique CD83+-Activated T Cell Population. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:4613-4625. [PMID: 27837105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CD83 is a member of the Ig gene superfamily, first identified in activated lymphocytes. Since then, CD83 has become an important marker for defining activated human dendritic cells (DC). Several potential CD83 mRNA isoforms have been described, including a soluble form detected in human serum, which may have an immunosuppressive function. To further understand the biology of CD83, we examined its expression in different human immune cell types before and after activation using a panel of mouse and human anti-human CD83 mAb. The mouse anti-human CD83 mAbs, HB15a and HB15e, and the human anti-human CD83 mAb, 3C12C, were selected to examine cytoplasmic and surface CD83 expression, based on their different binding characteristics. Glycosylation of CD83, the CD83 mRNA isoforms, and soluble CD83 released differed among blood DC, monocytes, and monocyte-derived DC, and other immune cell types. A small T cell population expressing surface CD83 was identified upon T cell stimulation and during allogeneic MLR. This subpopulation appeared specifically during viral Ag challenge. We did not observe human CD83 on unstimulated human natural regulatory T cells (Treg), in contrast to reports describing expression of CD83 on mouse Treg. CD83 expression was increased on CD4+, CD8+ T, and Treg cells in association with clinical acute graft-versus-host disease in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. The differential expression and function of CD83 on human immune cells reveal potential new roles for this molecule as a target of therapeutic manipulation in transplantation, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Ju
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Pablo A Silveira
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Wei-Hsun Hsu
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Zehra Elgundi
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Renz Alingcastre
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Nirupama D Verma
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Phillip D Fromm
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Hsu
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Christian Bryant
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Ziduo Li
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Fiona Kupresanin
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Tsun-Ho Lo
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Candice Clarke
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; and
| | - Kenneth Lee
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Anatomical Pathology Department, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia; and
| | - Helen McGuire
- Centenary Institute, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | | | - Stephen R Larsen
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - John Gibson
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Kenneth F Bradstock
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Georgina J Clark
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Derek N J Hart
- ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia;
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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13
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Tanaka Y, Mizuguchi M, Takahashi Y, Fujii H, Tanaka R, Fukushima T, Tomoyose T, Ansari AA, Nakamura M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type-I Tax induces the expression of CD83 on T cells. Retrovirology 2015; 12:56. [PMID: 26129803 PMCID: PMC4487981 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD83, a cell surface glycoprotein that is stably expressed on mature dendritic cells, can be transiently induced on other hematopoietic cell lineages upon cell activation. In contrast to the membrane form of CD83, soluble CD83 appears to be immunosuppressive. In an analysis of the phenotype of leukemic CD4(+) T cells from patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), we found that a number of primary CD4(+) T cells became positive for cell surface CD83 after short-term culture, and that most of these CD83(+) CD4(+) T cells were positive for human T-cell leukemia virus type-I (HTLV-I) Tax (Tax1). We hypothesized that Tax1 is involved in the induction of CD83. RESULT We found that CD83 was expressed selectively on Tax1-expressing human CD4(+) T cells in short-term cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from HTLV-I(+) donors, including ATL patients and HTLV-I carriers. HTLV-I-infected T cell lines expressing Tax1 also expressed cell surface CD83 and released soluble CD83. CD83 can be expressed in the JPX-9 cell line by cadmium-mediated Tax1 induction and in Jurkat cells or PBMCs by Tax1 introduction via infection with a recombinant adenovirus carrying the Tax1 gene. The CD83 promoter was activated by Tax1 in an NF-κB-dependent manner. Based on a previous report showing soluble CD83-mediated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production from human monocytes in vitro, we tested if PGE2 affected HTLV-I propagation, and found that PGE2 strongly stimulated expression of Tax1 and viral structural molecules. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that HTLV-I induces CD83 expression on T cells via Tax1 -mediated NF-κB activation, which may promote HTLV-I infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Mariko Mizuguchi
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Hideki Fujii
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Reiko Tanaka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Takuya Fukushima
- Laboratory of Hematoimmunology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Takeaki Tomoyose
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Haematology, Rheumatology (Second Department of Internal Medicine), Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Masataka Nakamura
- Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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14
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Kap YS, van Driel N, Laman JD, Tak PP, 't Hart BA. CD20+ B cell depletion alters T cell homing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4242-53. [PMID: 24696233 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Depleting mAbs against the pan B cell marker CD20 are remarkably effective in the treatment of autoimmune-mediated inflammatory disorders, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. The primary objective of this study was to find a mechanistic explanation for the remarkable clinical effect of the anti-CD20 mAbs in a representative nonhuman primate autoimmune-mediated inflammatory disorder model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in common marmosets, allowing detailed analysis of secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). We observed that the depletion of CD20(+) B cells creates a less immunostimulatory environment in the SLO reflected by reduced expression of MHC class II, CD40, CD83, and CD80/CD86. APCs isolated from SLO of B cell-depleted EAE monkeys were also less responsive to mitogenic stimulation. The depleted B cell areas were replenished by T cells, of which the majority expressed CD127 (IL-7R) and CCR7. Such effects were not detected in EAE marmosets treated with mAb against BLyS or APRIL, where B cell depletion via withdrawal of essential survival cytokines was not associated with a marked clinical effect. We propose that at least part of the efficacy of anti-CD20 mAb therapy is attributable to the sustained CCR7 expression on T cells within SLO, limiting their release into the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda S Kap
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2280 GH Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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15
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Yu PH, Chou SF, Chen CL, Hung H, Lai CY, Yang PM, Jeng YM, Liaw SF, Kuo HH, Hsu HC, Chen JY, Wang WB. Upregulation of endocan by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 and its clinical significance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82254. [PMID: 24340011 PMCID: PMC3855342 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocan (or called Esm-1) has been shown to have tumorigenic activities and its expression is associated with poor prognosis in various cancers. Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded oncoprotein and has been shown to play an important role in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). To further understand the role of LMP1 in the pathogenesis of NPC, microarray analysis of LMP1-regulated genes in epithelial cells was performed. We found that endocan was one of the major cellular genes upregulated by LMP1. This induction of endocan by LMP1 was confirmed in several epithelial cell lines including an NPC cell line. Upregulation of endocan by LMP1 was found to be mediated through the CTAR1 and CTAR2 domains of LMP1 and through the LMP1-activated NF-κB, MEK-ERK and JNK signaling pathways. To study whether endocan was expressed in NPC and whether endocan expression was associated with LMP1 expression in NPC, the expression of endocan and LMP1 in tumor tissues from 42 NPC patients was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Expression of endocan was found in 52% of NPC specimens. Significant correlation between LMP1 and endocan expression was observed (p<0.0001). Moreover, NPC patients with endocan expression were found to have a shorter survival than NPC patients without endocan expression (p=0.0104, log-rank test). Univariate and Multivariate analyses revealed that endocan was a potential prognostic factor for NPC. Finally, we demonstrated that endocan could stimulate the migration and invasion ability of endothelial cells and this activity of endocan was dependent on the glycan moiety and the phenylalanine-rich region of endocan. Together, these studies not only identify a new molecular marker that may predict the survival of NPC patients but also provide a new insight to the pathogenesis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Hung Yu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fan Chou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Long Chen
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Medial University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung Hung
- Graduate Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Lai
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ming Yang
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Fang Liaw
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Hsien Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hey-Chi Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Won-Bo Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Ma X, Yang L, Xiao L, Tang M, Liu L, Li Z, Deng M, Sun L, Cao Y. Down-regulation of EBV-LMP1 radio-sensitizes nasal pharyngeal carcinoma cells via NF-κB regulated ATM expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24647. [PMID: 22096476 PMCID: PMC3212510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) encoded by EBV is expressed in the majority of EBV-associated human malignancies and has been suggested to be one of the major oncogenic factors in EBV-mediated carcinogenesis. In previous studies we experimentally demonstrated that down-regulation of LMP1 expression by DNAzymes could increase radiosensitivity both in cells and in a xenograft NPC model in mice. Results In this study we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the radiosensitization caused by the down-regulation of LMP1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. It was confirmed that LMP1 could up-regulate ATM expression in NPCs. Bioinformatic analysis of the ATM ptomoter region revealed three tentative binding sites for NF-κB. By using a specific inhibitor of NF-κB signaling and the dominant negative mutant of IkappaB, it was shown that the ATM expression in CNE1-LMP1 cells could be efficiently suppressed. Inhibition of LMP1 expression by the DNAzyme led to attenuation of the NF-κB DNA binding activity. We further showed that the silence of ATM expression by ATM-targeted siRNA could enhance the radiosensitivity in LMP1 positive NPC cells. Conclusions Together, our results indicate that ATM expression can be regulated by LMP1 via the NF-κB pathways through direct promoter binding, which resulted in the change of radiosensitivity in NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Ma
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Lanbo Xiao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyu Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zijian Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengyao Deng
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (LQS); (YC)
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Central South University, Changsha, China
- * E-mail: (LQS); (YC)
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17
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Abstract
A hallmark of infantile hemangioma, the most common tumor of infancy, is its dramatic growth after birth, by diffuse proliferation of immature endothelial cells, followed by spontaneous regression. The growth and involution of infantile hemangioma is quite different from other vascular anomalies, which do not regress and can occur at any time during life. Some hemangioma lesions can be extremely disfiguring and destructive to normal tissue and may even be life-threatening. Unfortunately, existing therapeutic approaches have limited success and significant adverse effects of some treatment modalities limit their use. Better understanding of the pathogenesis of hemangioma will enable the development of better therapeutic strategies. Here, we review recent studies and new hypotheses on the pathogenesis of the tumor. Detailed mechanisms of activated vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in tumor cells, identification of their origin and characterization of multipotent stem cells that can give rise to infantile hemangioma are shedding new light on this intriguing vascular tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Jinnin
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan.
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18
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JINNIN M, ISHIHARA T, BOYE E, OLSEN BR. WITHDRAWN; Recent progress in studies of infantile hemangioma. J Dermatol 2010; 37:939-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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19
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IL-21 imposes a type II EBV gene expression on type III and type I B cells by the repression of C- and activation of LMP-1-promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 107:872-7. [PMID: 20080768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912920107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with a variety of human tumors. Although the EBV-infected normal B cells in vitro and the EBV-carrying B cell lymphomas in immunodeficient patients express the full set of latent proteins (type III latency), the majority of EBV-associated malignancies express the restricted type I (EBNA-1 only) or type II (EBNA-1 and LMPs) viral program. The mechanisms responsible for these different latent viral gene expression patterns are only partially known. IL-21 is a potent B cell activator and plasma cell differentiation-inducer cytokine produced by CD4(+) T cells. We studied its effect on EBV-carrying B cells. In type I Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cell lines and in the conditional lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) ER/EB2-5, IL-21 potently activated STAT3 and induced the expression of LMP-1, but not EBNA-2. The IL-21-treated type I Jijoye M13 BL line ceased to proliferate, and this was paralleled by the induction of IRF4 and the down-regulation of BCL6 expression. In the type III LCLs and BL lines, IL-21 repressed the C-promoter-derived and LMP-2A mRNAs, whereas it up-regulated the expression of LMP-1 mRNAs. The IL-21-treated type III cells underwent plasma cell differentiation with the induction of Blimp-1, and high levels of Ig and Oct-2. IL-21 might be involved in the EBNA-2-independent expression of LMP-1 in EBV-carrying type II cells. In light of the fact that IL-21 is already in clinical trials for the treatment of multiple malignancies, the in vivo modulation of EBV gene expression by IL-21 might have therapeutic benefits for the EBV-carrying malignancies.
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20
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Breloer M, Fleischer B. CD83 regulates lymphocyte maturation, activation and homeostasis. Trends Immunol 2008; 29:186-94. [PMID: 18329338 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane CD83 molecule, a conserved member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is known as one of the most characteristic cell surface markers for fully matured dendritic cells (DCs) in the peripheral circulation. An essential role for CD83 on murine DCs has not been found; however, evidence shows that its function primarily lies in the regulation of T- and B-lymphocyte maturation and in the regulation of their peripheral responses. Here, we review evidence for a role of CD83 in central lymphocyte maturation and novel, sometimes contradictory findings, regarding the function of CD83 in peripheral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minka Breloer
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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21
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Prazma CM, Tedder TF. Dendritic cell CD83: a therapeutic target or innocent bystander? Immunol Lett 2008; 115:1-8. [PMID: 18001846 PMCID: PMC2699889 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Revised: 10/01/2007] [Accepted: 10/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD83 represents an intriguing target for immunotherapy due to its preferential expression on mature DCs, the most efficient of antigen presenting cells. Based on its restricted expression pattern, structure, and the paucity of CD4+ T cells in CD83-deficient mice, multiple immunologically important functions for CD83 during immune responses have been proposed. Indeed, several studies have reported that CD83 blockade using soluble receptor constructs inhibits T cell responses in vitro and in vivo, can affect autoimmune disease development and progression, and can inhibit transplant rejection. However, others have not been able to reproduce some of these findings, and antigen presenting cells deficient in CD83 expression or expressing a mutated form of CD83 induce normal T cell responses in vitro. This review examines the controversy surrounding CD83 function, alleged CD83 ligands, the potential therapeutic utility of recombinant proteins targeting CD83 function, and the importance of soluble serum CD83. While the validity of multiple previous studies needs to be confirmed, CD83 remains a fascinating cell surface molecule with a unique pattern of expression that has multiple confirmed functions in regulating immune system development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas F. Tedder
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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22
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Zhang Z, Borecki I, Nguyen L, Ma D, Smith K, Huettner PC, Mutch DG, Herzog TJ, Gibb RK, Powell MA, Grigsby PW, Massad LS, Hernandez E, Judson PL, Swisher EM, Crowder S, Li J, Gerhard DS, Rader JS. CD83 gene polymorphisms increase susceptibility to human invasive cervical cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:11202-8. [PMID: 18056445 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously mapped a nonrandom frequent loss of heterozygosity (LOH) region in cervical cancers to 1 Mb of 6p23. Here, we describe the identification of a novel cervical cancer susceptibility gene, CD83. The gene was identified by several complementary approaches, including a family-based association study, comparison of transcript expression in normal and cancerous tissue, and genomic sequencing of candidate. CD83 encodes an inducible glycoprotein in the immunoglobulin superfamily and is a marker for mature dendritic cells. The association study that includes 377 family trios showed that five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) within 8 kb of its 3'-end showed significant allelic association that was strengthened in a subgroup of women with invasive cancers infected by high-risk human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 (rs9296925, P = 0.0193; rs853360, P = 0.0035; rs9230, P = 0.0011; rs9370729, P = 0.0012; rs750749, P = 0.0133). Investigation of CD83 uncovered three alternative transcripts in cervical tissue and cell lines, with variant 3 (lacking exons 3 and 4) being more frequent in cervical cancer than in normal cervical epithelium (P = 0.0181). Genomic sequencing on 36 paired normal and cervical tumors revealed several somatic mutations and novel SNPs in the promoter, exons, and introns of CD83. LOH was confirmed in >90% of cervical cancer specimens. Immunofluorescence colocalized CD83 protein to the Golgi apparatus and cell membrane of cervical cancer cell lines. None of seven nearby genes was differentially expressed in cervical cancer. The importance of CD83 in epithelial versus dendritic cells needs to be determined, as does its role in promoting cervical cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/virology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/genetics
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/pathology
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/virology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/virology
- Cervix Uteri/metabolism
- Cervix Uteri/pathology
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Exons
- Expressed Sequence Tags
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genotype
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Loss of Heterozygosity
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomavirus Infections/genetics
- Papillomavirus Infections/pathology
- Papillomavirus Infections/virology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology
- Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/genetics
- Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/pathology
- Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/virology
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8064, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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23
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Prazma CM, Yazawa N, Fujimoto Y, Fujimoto M, Tedder TF. CD83 expression is a sensitive marker of activation required for B cell and CD4+ T cell longevity in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 179:4550-62. [PMID: 17878352 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.7.4550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
CD83 is a surface marker that differentiates immature and mature human dendritic cell populations. Thymic epithelial cell expression of CD83 is also necessary for efficient CD4+ T cell development in mice. The altered phenotypes of peripheral B and CD4+ T cells, and the reduction of peripheral CD4+ T cells in CD83-/- mice, suggest additional functions for CD83. To assess this, a panel of mAbs was generated to characterize mouse CD83 expression by peripheral leukocytes. As in humans, activation of conventional and plasmacytoid murine dendritic cell subsets led to rapid up-regulation of CD83 surface expression in mice. In primary and secondary lymphoid compartments, a subset of B cells expressed low-level CD83, while CD83 was not detected on resting T cells. However, CD83 was prominently up-regulated on the majority of spleen B and T cells within hours of activation in vitro. In vivo, a low dose of hen egg lysozyme (1 microg) induced significant CD83 but not CD69 expression by Ag-specific B cells within 4 h of Ag challenge. Although B cell development appeared normal in CD83-/- mice, B and CD4+ T cell expression of CD83 was required for lymphocyte longevity in adoptive transfer experiments. Thus, the restricted expression pattern of CD83, its rapid induction following B cell and T cell activation, and its requirement for B cell and CD4+ T cell longevity demonstrate that CD83 is a functionally significant and sensitive marker of early lymphocyte activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene M Prazma
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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24
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Kuwano Y, Prazma CM, Yazawa N, Watanabe R, Ishiura N, Kumanogoh A, Okochi H, Tamaki K, Fujimoto M, Tedder TF. CD83 influences cell-surface MHC class II expression on B cells and other antigen-presenting cells. Int Immunol 2007; 19:977-92. [PMID: 17804692 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD83 is a member of the Ig superfamily expressed primarily by mature dendritic cells (DCs). In mice, CD83 expression by thymic stromal cells regulates CD4(+) T cell development, with CD83(-/-) mice demonstrating dramatic reductions in both thymus and peripheral CD4(+) T cells. In this study, CD83 expression was also found to affect MHC class II antigen expression within the thymus and periphery. CD83 deficiency reduced cell-surface class II antigen expression by 25-50% on splenic B cells and DCs, thymic epithelial cells and peritoneal macrophages. Reduced class II expression was a stable and intrinsic property that resulted from increased internalization of class II from the surface of CD83(-/-) B cells. Otherwise, class II antigen transcription, intracellular expression, heterodimer structure, antigen processing and antigen presentation were normal. Reduced class II antigen expression was not the primary cause of the CD83(-/-) phenotype since thymocyte and peripheral T cell development was normal in class II(+/-) mice. Comparable blocks in CD4(+) thymocyte development were also observed in CD83(-/-) and CD83(-/-)class II(+/-) littermates. TCR and CD69 expression patterns in CD83(-/-) mice further suggested that double-positive thymocytes proceed through the class II-dependent stages of positive selection in the absence of CD83. These studies further emphasize a role for CD83 in lymphocyte development and immune regulation and reveal an unexpected role for CD83 expression in influencing cell-surface MHC class II turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kuwano
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Prechtel AT, Steinkasserer A. CD83: an update on functions and prospects of the maturation marker of dendritic cells. Arch Dermatol Res 2007; 299:59-69. [PMID: 17334966 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 02/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD83 is one of the most characteristic cell surface markers for fully matured dendritic cells (DCs). In their function as antigen presenting cells they induce T-cell mediated immune responses. In this review we provide an overview on well described and proposed functions of this molecule as well as on very recent insights and new hypothesis. Already the CD83 messenger RNA processing differs remarkably from the processing of other cellular mRNAs: instead of the usual TAP mRNA export pathway, the CD83 mRNA is exported by the specific CRM1-mediated pathway, utilized only by a minority of cellular mRNAs. On the protein level, two different isoforms of CD83 exist: a membrane-bound and a soluble form. The isoforms are generated by different subsets of cells, including DCs, T-cells and B-cells, and also differ in their biological function. While the membrane-bound CD83 is of immune stimulatory capacity, activates T-cells and is important for the generation of thymocytes, the soluble CD83 has the opposite effect and has an immune inhibitory capacity. Due to its immune inhibitory function, CD83 has great potential for treatment of autoimmune diseases, for organ transplantations, and for immunotherapy, just to name a few examples. Moreover, some viruses prevent recognition by the host's immune system by specifically targeting CD83 surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Prechtel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Hartmannstrasse 14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
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26
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Kieser A. Signal transduction by the Epstein-Barr virus oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200600116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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27
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Maier S, Staffler G, Hartmann A, Höck J, Henning K, Grabusic K, Mailhammer R, Hoffmann R, Wilmanns M, Lang R, Mages J, Kempkes B. Cellular target genes of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2. J Virol 2006; 80:9761-71. [PMID: 16973580 PMCID: PMC1617228 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00665-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2) is a key determinant in the EBV-driven B-cell growth transformation process. By activating an array of viral and cellular target genes, EBNA-2 initiates a cascade of events which ultimately cause cell cycle entry and the proliferation of the infected B cell. In order to identify cellular target genes that respond to EBNA-2 in the absence of other viral factors, we have performed a comprehensive search for EBNA-2 target genes in two EBV-negative B-cell lines. This screen identified 311 EBNA-2-induced and 239 EBNA-2-repressed genes that were significantly regulated in either one or both cell lines. The activation of most of these genes had not previously been attributed to EBNA-2 function and will be relevant for the identification of EBNA-2-specific contributions to EBV-associated malignancies. The diverse spectrum of EBNA-2 target genes described in this study reflects the broad spectrum of EBNA-2 functions involved in virus-host interactions, including cell signaling molecules, adapters, genes involved in cell cycle regulation, and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Maier
- GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Munich, Germany
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28
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Liu HD, Zheng H, Li M, Hu DS, Tang M, Cao Y. Upregulated expression of kappa light chain by Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent membrane protein 1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via NF-kappaB and AP-1 pathways. Cell Signal 2006; 19:419-27. [PMID: 16979873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are generally considered to be the only source of immunoglobulins. However, increasing evidence revealed that some human epithelial cancer cell lines, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines, expressed immunoglobulins. Moreover, we previously found that expression of kappa light chain in NPC cells could be upregulated by EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1). Here, Western blot and flow cytometric analysis of intracellular kappa staining indicated that upregulation of the expression of kappa was inhibited by using LMP1-targeted DNAzyme and that Bay11-7082 and SP600125, inhibitors of JNK and NF-kappaB, respectively, inhibited LMP1-augmented kappa light chain expression in NPC cells. LMP1-positive NPC cells expressing the dominant-negative mutant of IkappaBalpha (DNMIkappaBalpha) or of c-Jun (TAM67) exhibited significantly decreasing kappa production compared with their parental cells. These results suggest that LMP1 elevated kappa light chain through activation of the NF-kappaB and AP-1 signaling pathways. The present study provided some hints of possible mechanisms by which human cancer cells of epithelial origin produced immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-dan Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Xiangya Road #110, Changsha, Hunan 410078, PR China
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29
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Goormachtigh G, Ouk TS, Mougel A, Tranchand-Bunel D, Masy E, Le Clorennec C, Feuillard J, Bornkamm GW, Auriault C, Manet E, Fafeur V, Adriaenssens E, Coll J. Autoactivation of the Epstein-Barr virus oncogenic protein LMP1 during type II latency through opposite roles of the NF-kappaB and JNK signaling pathways. J Virol 2006; 80:7382-93. [PMID: 16840319 PMCID: PMC1563735 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02052-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with several human malignancies where it expresses limited subsets of latent proteins. Of the latent proteins, latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is a potent transforming protein that constitutively induces multiple cell signaling pathways and contributes to EBV-associated oncogenesis. Regulation of LMP1 expression has been extensively described during the type III latency of EBV. Nevertheless, in the majority of EBV-associated tumors, the virus is commonly found to display a type II latency program in which it is still unknown which viral or cellular protein is really involved in maintaining LMP1 expression. Here, we demonstrate that LMP1 activates its own promoter pLMP1 through the JNK signaling pathway emerging from the TES2 domain. Our results also reveal that this activation is tightly controlled by LMP1, since pLMP1 is inhibited by LMP1-activated NF-kappaB signaling pathway. By using our physiological models of EBV-infected cells displaying type II latency as well as lymphoblastoid cell lines expressing a type III latency, we also demonstrate that this balanced autoregulation of LMP1 is shared by both latency programs. Finally, we show that this autoactivation is the most important mechanism to maintain LMP1 expression during the type II latency program of EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Goormachtigh
- CNRS UMR 8527, Institut de Biologie de Lille (IBL), 1 rue du Pr. Calmette, 59021 Lille Cedex, France
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30
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Bornkamm GW, Berens C, Kuklik-Roos C, Bechet JM, Laux G, Bachl J, Korndoerfer M, Schlee M, Hölzel M, Malamoussi A, Chapman RD, Nimmerjahn F, Mautner J, Hillen W, Bujard H, Feuillard J. Stringent doxycycline-dependent control of gene activities using an episomal one-vector system. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:e137. [PMID: 16147984 PMCID: PMC1201338 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gni137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional expression systems are of pivotal importance for the dissection of complex biological phenomena. Here, we describe a novel EBV-derived episomally replicating plasmid (pRTS-1) that carries all the elements for conditional expression of a gene of interest via Tet regulation. The vector is characterized by (i) low background activity, (ii) high inducibility in the presence of doxycycline (Dox) and (iii) graded response to increasing concentrations of the inducer. The chicken beta actin promoter and an element of the murine immunoglobin heavy chain intron enhancer drive constitutive expression of a bicistronic expression cassette that encodes the highly Dox-sensitive reverse tetracycline controlled transactivator rtTA2(S)-M2 and a Tet repressor-KRAB fusion protein (tTS(KRAB)) (silencer) placed downstream of an internal ribosomal entry site. The gene of interest is expressed from the bidirectional promoter P(tet)bi-1 that allows simultaneous expression of two genes, of which one may be used as surrogate marker for the expression of the gene of interest. Tight down regulation is achieved through binding of the silencer tTS(KRAB) to P(tet)bi-1 in the absence of Dox. Addition of Dox releases repression and via binding of rtTA2(S)-M2 activates P(tet)bi-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg W Bornkamm
- GSF-Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie und Tumorgenetik, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 München, Germany.
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31
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Maier S, Santak M, Mantik A, Grabusic K, Kremmer E, Hammerschmidt W, Kempkes B. A somatic knockout of CBF1 in a human B-cell line reveals that induction of CD21 and CCR7 by EBNA-2 is strictly CBF1 dependent and that downregulation of immunoglobulin M is partially CBF1 independent. J Virol 2005; 79:8784-92. [PMID: 15994772 PMCID: PMC1168782 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.14.8784-8792.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CBF1 is a cellular highly conserved DNA binding factor that is ubiquitously expressed in all tissues and acts as a repressor of cellular genes. In Epstein-Barr virus growth-transformed B-cell lines, CBF1 serves as a central DNA adaptor molecule for several viral proteins, including the viral transactivator Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA-2). EBNA-2 binds to CBF1 and thereby gains access to regulatory regions of target genes and activates transcription. We have inactivated the CBF1 gene by homologous recombination in the human B-cell line DG75 and characterized changes in cellular gene expression patterns upon loss of CBF1 and activation of EBNA-2. CBF1-negative DG75 cells were viable and proliferated at wild-type rates. Loss of CBF1 was not sufficient to release repression of the previously described EBNA-2 target genes CD21 or CCR7, whereas induction of both target genes by EBNA-2 required CBF1. In contrast, repression of immunoglobulin M by EBNA-2 was mainly CBF1 independent. CBF1-negative DG75 B cells thus provide an excellent tool to dissect CBF1-dependent and -independent functions exerted by the EBNA-2 protein in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Maier
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health, Marchioninistr. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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32
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Dudziak D, Nimmerjahn F, Bornkamm GW, Laux G. Alternative splicing generates putative soluble CD83 proteins that inhibit T cell proliferation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2005; 174:6672-6. [PMID: 15905506 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD83 is expressed on mature dendritic cells and activated lymphocytes and has been implicated to play an important role during T cell development in the thymus. In contrast, not much is known about the function of CD83 in the periphery. Soluble forms of CD83 have been detected in the serum, but neither the function nor the mechanism of how these soluble forms of CD83 are generated are fully understood. In this study, we report the identification of four different transcripts of CD83 in unstimulated PBMCs. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the longest form codes for transmembrane CD83 (CD83-TM), whereas the smaller transcripts are splice variants of full-length CD83, coding for putative soluble CD83 proteins. Stimulation of PBMCs with PHA, TNF-alpha, or LPS leads to the up-regulation of the full-length CD83 transcript and to a strong down-regulation of two of the three smaller transcripts. The smallest CD83 splice product can be translated efficiently into protein, and recombinant soluble CD83 shows a strong inhibitory effect on T cell proliferation in MLRs. Our results suggest that the constitutive production of soluble forms of CD83 under steady-state conditions may have an important function in regulating immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Dudziak
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology and Tumor Genetics, GSF National Research Center (GSF) for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany.
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33
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Ho L, Davis RE, Conne B, Chappuis R, Berczy M, Mhawech P, Staudt LM, Schwaller J. MALT1 and the API2-MALT1 fusion act between CD40 and IKK and confer NF-kappa B-dependent proliferative advantage and resistance against FAS-induced cell death in B cells. Blood 2004; 105:2891-9. [PMID: 15598810 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-06-2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The most frequently recurring translocations in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, t(11;18)(q21;q21) and t(14;18)(q32; q21), lead to formation of an API2-MALT1 fusion or IgH-mediated MALT1 overexpression. Various approaches have implicated these proteins in nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappa B) signaling, but this has not been shown experimentally in human B cells. Immunohistochemistry showed that MALT1 is predominantly expressed in normal and malignant germinal center B cells, corresponding to the differentiation stage of MALT lymphoma. We expressed MALT1 and apoptosis inhibitor-2 API2/MALT1 in human B-cell lymphoma BJAB cells and found both transgenes in membrane lipid rafts along with endogenous MALT1 and 2 binding partners involved in NF-kappa B signaling, B-cell lymphoma 10 (BCL10) and CARMA1 (caspase recruitment domain [CARD]-containing membrane-associated guanylate kinase [MAGUK] 1). API2-MALT1 and exogenous MALT1 increased constitutive NF-kappa B activity and enhanced I kappa B kinase (IKK) activation induced by CD40 stimulation. Both transgenes protected BJAB cells from FAS (CD95)-induced death, consistent with increases in NF-kappa B cytoprotective target gene expression, and increased their proliferation rate. Expression of a dominant-negative I kappa B alpha mutant showed that these survival and proliferative advantages are dependent on elevated constitutive NF-kappa B activity. Our findings support a model in which NF-kappa B signaling, once activated in a CD40-dependent immune response, is maintained and enhanced through deregulation of MALT1 or formation of an API2-MALT1 fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Ho
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Centre Medical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland
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34
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Ohta Y, Landis E, Boulay T, Phillips RB, Collet B, Secombes CJ, Flajnik MF, Hansen JD. Homologs of CD83 from elasmobranch and teleost fish. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2004; 173:4553-60. [PMID: 15383588 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.7.4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are one of the most important cell types connecting innate and adaptive immunity, but very little is known about their evolutionary origins. To begin to study dendritic cells from lower vertebrates, we isolated and characterized CD83 from the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum (Gici)) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss (Onmy)). The open reading frames for Gici-CD83 (194 aa) and Onmy-CD83 (218 aa) display approximately 28-32% identity to mammalian CD83 with the presence of two conserved N-linked glycosylation sites. Identical with mammalian CD83 genes, Gici-CD83 is composed of five exons including conservation of phase for the splice sites. Mammalian CD83 genes contain a split Ig superfamily V domain that represents a unique sequence feature for CD83 genes, a feature conserved in both Gici- and Onmy-CD83. Gici-CD83 and Onmy-CD83 are not linked to the MHC, an attribute shared with mouse but not human CD83. Gici-CD83 is expressed rather ubiquitously with highest levels in the epigonal tissue, a primary site for lymphopoiesis in the nurse shark, whereas Onmy-CD83 mRNA expression largely paralleled that of MHC class II but at lower levels. Finally, Onmy-CD83 gene expression is up-regulated in virus-infected trout, and the promoter is responsive to trout IFN regulatory factor-1. These results suggest that the role of CD83, an adhesion molecule for cell-mediated immunity, has been conserved over 450 million years of vertebrate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ohta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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35
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Schneider F, Kieser A. A novel assay to quantify cell death after transient expression of apoptotic genes in B- and T-lymphocytes. J Immunol Methods 2004; 292:165-74. [PMID: 15350521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2004] [Revised: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed an assay allowing the detection and quantification of cell death after transient expression of apoptotic genes in B- and T-lymphocytes. For efficient gene transfer, B- and T-cells were electroporated under optimized conditions. To blind out the high background of non-transfected cells and cell death caused by the electroporation procedure itself, the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was co-transfected with the gene of interest. However, if the gene of interest was a potent apoptosis inducer, most successfully transfected cells were killed before GFP was expressed to levels sufficient for standard flow cytometry analysis or apoptosis assays. After staining of the transfected cells with propidium iodide (PI), very few GFP+/PI+ cells were detectable. To overcome this problem, the cell death rate induced by the transiently expressed gene was determined as the reduction of living green cells in the apoptotic versus a reference sample. This was achieved by an advanced flow cytometrical analysis quantifying the number of surviving green cells in normalised sample volumes directly relating to the number of initially transfected cells. Functioning of the assay was demonstrated by transient transfection of the potent apoptosis inducers TNF-receptor-associated death domain protein (TRADD) and a fusion protein of the transmembrane domain of the latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr virus and the signaling domain of TNF-receptor 1. We successfully applied the assay to the Burkitt lymphoma cell line BJAB and the T-leukemia cell line Jurkat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schneider
- Department of Gene Vectors, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Marchioninistrasse 25, D-81377 München, Germany
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Nimmerjahn F, Dudziak D, Dirmeier U, Hobom G, Riedel A, Schlee M, Staudt LM, Rosenwald A, Behrends U, Bornkamm GW, Mautner J. Active NF-kappaB signalling is a prerequisite for influenza virus infection. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:2347-2356. [PMID: 15269376 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.79958-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus still poses a major threat to human health. Despite widespread vaccination programmes and the development of drugs targeting essential viral proteins, the extremely high mutation rate of influenza virus still leads to the emergence of new pathogenic virus strains. Therefore, it has been suggested that cellular cofactors that are essential for influenza virus infection might be better targets for antiviral therapy. It has previously been reported that influenza virus efficiently infects Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B cells, whereas Burkitt's lymphoma cells are virtually resistant to infection. Using this cellular system, it has been shown here that an active NF-kappaB signalling pathway is a general prerequisite for influenza virus infection of human cells. Cells with low NF-kappaB activity were resistant to influenza virus infection, but became susceptible upon activation of NF-kappaB. In addition, blocking of NF-kappaB activation severely impaired influenza virus infection of otherwise highly susceptible cells, including the human lung carcinoma cell lines A549 and U1752 and primary human cells. On the other hand, infection with vaccinia virus was not dependent on an active NF-kappaB signalling pathway, demonstrating the specificity of this pathway for influenza virus infection. These results might be of major importance for both the development of new antiviral therapies and the understanding of influenza virus biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Nimmerjahn
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie und Tumorgenetik, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Marchioninistr. 25, D-81377 München, Germany
- Klinische Kooperationsgruppe, Pädiatrische Tumorimmunologie, Kinderklinik, Universitätsklinikum der Technischen Universität München, Marchioninistr. 25, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie und Tumorgenetik, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Marchioninistr. 25, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Ulrike Dirmeier
- Abteilung Genvektoren, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Marchioninistraße 25, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Gerd Hobom
- Methesys GmbH, Gottfried-Hagen-Straße 60, D-51105 Köln, Germany
| | - Alexander Riedel
- Klinische Kooperationsgruppe, Pädiatrische Tumorimmunologie, Kinderklinik, Universitätsklinikum der Technischen Universität München, Marchioninistr. 25, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Martin Schlee
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie und Tumorgenetik, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Marchioninistr. 25, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Metabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Pathologisches Institut, Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Uta Behrends
- Klinische Kooperationsgruppe, Pädiatrische Tumorimmunologie, Kinderklinik, Universitätsklinikum der Technischen Universität München, Marchioninistr. 25, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Georg W Bornkamm
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie und Tumorgenetik, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Marchioninistr. 25, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Josef Mautner
- Klinische Kooperationsgruppe, Pädiatrische Tumorimmunologie, Kinderklinik, Universitätsklinikum der Technischen Universität München, Marchioninistr. 25, D-81377 München, Germany
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Manavalan JS, Kim-Schulze S, Scotto L, Naiyer AJ, Vlad G, Colombo PC, Marboe C, Mancini D, Cortesini R, Suciu-Foca N. Alloantigen specific CD8+CD28- FOXP3+ T suppressor cells induce ILT3+ ILT4+ tolerogenic endothelial cells, inhibiting alloreactivity. Int Immunol 2004; 16:1055-68. [PMID: 15226269 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells have been shown to activate T cell responses to alloantigens, triggering transplant rejection. However, they may also play a role in tolerance induction. Using RT-PCR we show here that alloantigen specific CD8(+)CD28(-) T suppressor cells generated in vitro are FOXP3 positive and interact with human endothelial cells. This interaction results in the induction of inhibitory receptors and down-regulation of costimulatory and adhesion molecules, thus rendering endothelial cells tolerogenic. In turn, tolerized endothelial cells elicit the differentiation of CD8(+)CD28(-) FOXP3(+) T suppressor cells. Taken together our data demonstrate a functional and phenotypic overlap between tolerogenic dendritic cells and endothelial cells. Furthermore, alloantigen specific CD8(+)CD28(-) FOXP3(+) T cells, which trigger the upregulation of inhibitory receptors in endothelial cells, are present in the circulation of heart allograft recipients in quiescence as demonstrated by flow cytometry, RT-PCR and luciferase transcription assays. Their detection facilitates the identification of patients who may benefit from partial or complete cessation of immunosuppressive therapy, a goal of obvious importance given the morbidity and mortality associated with chronic immunosuppression. Modulation of endothelial cells in favor of promoting tolerance may be important for long-term survival of organ allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Manavalan
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Cahir-McFarland ED, Carter K, Rosenwald A, Giltnane JM, Henrickson SE, Staudt LM, Kieff E. Role of NF-kappa B in cell survival and transcription of latent membrane protein 1-expressing or Epstein-Barr virus latency III-infected cells. J Virol 2004; 78:4108-19. [PMID: 15047827 PMCID: PMC374271 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.8.4108-4119.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2003] [Accepted: 12/15/2003] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latency III infection converts B lymphocytes into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) by expressing EBV nuclear and membrane proteins, EBNAs, and latent membrane proteins (LMPs), which regulate transcription through Notch and tumor necrosis factor receptor pathways. The role of NF-kappa B in LMP1 and overall EBV latency III transcriptional effects was investigated by treating LCLs with BAY11-7082 (BAY11). BAY11 rapidly and irreversibly inhibited NF-kappa B, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, induced apoptosis, and altered LCL gene expression. BAY11 effects were similar to those of an NF-kappa B inhibitor, Delta N-I kappa B alpha, in effecting decreased JNK1 expression and in microarray analyses. More than 80% of array elements that decreased with Delta N-I kappa B alpha expression decreased with BAY11 treatment. Newly identified NF-kappa B-induced, LMP1-induced, and EBV-induced genes included pleckstrin, Jun-B, c-FLIP, CIP4, and I kappa B epsilon. Of 776 significantly changed array elements, 134 were fourfold upregulated in EBV latency III, and 74 were fourfold upregulated with LMP1 expression alone, whereas only 28 were more than fourfold downregulated by EBV latency III. EBV latency III-regulated gene products mediate cell migration (EBI2, CCR7, RGS1, RANTES, MIP1 alpha, MIP1 beta, CXCR5, and RGS13), antigen presentation (major histocompatibility complex proteins and JAW1), mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway (DUSP5 and p62Dok), and interferon (IFN) signaling (IFN-gamma R alpha, IRF-4, and STAT1). Comparison of EBV latency III LCL gene expression to immunoglobulin M (IgM)-stimulated B cells, germinal-center B cells, and germinal-center-derived lymphomas clustered LCLs with IgM-stimulated B cells separately from germinal-center cells or germinal-center lymphoma cells. Expression of IRF-2, AIM1, ASK1, SNF2L2, and components of IFN signaling pathways further distinguished EBV latency III-infected B cells from IgM-stimulated or germinal-center B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D Cahir-McFarland
- The Channing Laboratory and Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Nakayama T, Hieshima K, Nagakubo D, Sato E, Nakayama M, Kawa K, Yoshie O. Selective induction of Th2-attracting chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 in human B cells by latent membrane protein 1 of Epstein-Barr virus. J Virol 2004; 78:1665-74. [PMID: 14747532 PMCID: PMC369498 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.4.1665-1674.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are likely to play important roles in the pathophysiology of diseases associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Here, we have analyzed the repertoire of chemokines expressed by EBV-infected B cells. EBV infection of B cells induced expression of TARC/CCL17 and MDC/CCL22, which are known to attract Th2 cells and regulatory T cells via CCR4, and also upregulated constitutive expression of MIP-1 alpha/CCL3, MIP-1 beta/CCL4, and RANTES/CCL5, which are known to attract Th1 cells and cytotoxic T cells via CCR5. Accordingly, EBV-immortalized B cells secreted these chemokines, especially CCL3, CCL4, and CCL22, in large quantities. EBV infection or stable expression of LMP1 also induced CCL17 and CCL22 in a B-cell line, BJAB. The inhibitors of the TRAF/NF-kappa B pathway (BAY11-7082) and the p38/ATF2 pathway (SB202190) selectively suppressed the expression of CCL17 and CCL22 in EBV-immortalized B cells and BJAB-LMP1. Consistently, transient-transfection assays using CCL22 promoter-reporter constructs demonstrated that two NF-kappa B sites and a single AP-1 site were involved in the activation of the CCL22 promoter by LMP1. Finally, serum CCL22 levels were significantly elevated in infectious mononucleosis. Collectively, LMP1 induces CCL17 and CCL22 in EBV-infected B cells via activation of NF-kappa B and probably ATF2. Production of CCL17 and CCL22, which attract Th2 and regulatory T cells, may help EBV-infected B cells evade immune surveillance by Th1 cells. However, the concomitant production of CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 by EBV-infected B cells may eventually attract Th1 cells and cytotoxic T cells, leading to elimination of EBV-infected B cells at latency III and to selection of those with limited expression of latent genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakayama
- Department of Microbiology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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