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Rozo-Lopez P, Drolet BS. Culicoides-Specific Fitness Increase of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus in Insect-to-Insect Infections. INSECTS 2024; 15:34. [PMID: 38249040 PMCID: PMC10816812 DOI: 10.3390/insects15010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an arthropod-borne virus affecting livestock. In the United States, sporadic outbreaks result in significant economic losses. During epizootics, Culicoides biting midges are biological vectors and key to the geographic expansion of outbreaks. Additionally, Culicoides may play a role in VSV overwintering because females and males are capable of highly efficient venereal transmission, despite their relatively low virus titers. We hypothesized that VSV propagated within a midge has increased fitness for subsequent midge infections. To evaluate the potential host-specific fitness increase, we propagated three viral isolates of VSV in porcine skin fibroblasts and Culicoides cell lines. We then evaluated the viral infection dynamics of the different cell-source groups in Culicoides sonorensis. Our results indicate that both mammalian- and insect-derived VSV replicate well in midges inoculated via intrathoracic injection, thereby bypassing the midgut barriers. However, when the virus was required to infect and escape the midgut barrier to disseminate after oral acquisition, the insect-derived viruses had significantly higher titers, infection, and dissemination rates than mammalian-derived viruses. Our research suggests that VSV replication in Culicoides cells increases viral fitness, facilitating midge-to-midge transmission and subsequent replication, and further highlights the significance of Culicoides midges in VSV maintenance and transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rozo-Lopez
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Barbara S. Drolet
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
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Comparison of Endemic and Epidemic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Lineages in Culicoides sonorensis Midges. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061221. [PMID: 35746691 PMCID: PMC9230599 DOI: 10.3390/v14061221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) primarily infects livestock and is transmitted by direct contact and vectored by Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Endemic to Central and South America, specific VSV lineages spread northward out of endemic regions of Mexico and into the U.S. sporadically every five to ten years. In 2012, a monophyletic epidemic lineage 1.1 successfully spread northward into the U.S. In contrast, the closest endemic ancestor, lineage 1.2, remained circulating exclusively in endemic regions in Mexico. It is not clear what roles virus-animal interactions and/or virus-vector interactions play in the ability of specific viral lineages to escape endemic regions in Mexico and successfully cause outbreaks in the U.S., nor the genetic basis for such incursions. Whole-genome sequencing of epidemic VSV 1.1 and endemic VSV 1.2 revealed significant differences in just seven amino acids. Previous studies in swine showed that VSV 1.1 was more virulent than VSV 1.2. Here, we compared the efficiency of these two viral lineages to infect the vector Culicoides sonorensis (Wirth and Jones) and disseminate to salivary glands for subsequent transmission. Our results showed that midges orally infected with the epidemic VSV 1.1 lineage had significantly higher infection dissemination rates compared to those infected with the endemic VSV 1.2 lineage. Thus, in addition to affecting virus-animal interactions, as seen with higher virulence in pigs, small genetic changes may also affect virus-vector interactions, contributing to the ability of specific viral lineages to escape endemic regions via vector-borne transmission.
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Phumee A, Wacharapluesadee S, Petcharat S, Siriyasatien P. A new cluster of rhabdovirus detected in field-caught sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) collected from southern Thailand. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:569. [PMID: 34749797 PMCID: PMC8576998 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The distribution of phlebotomine sand flies is changing rapidly due to climate change. This issue has implications for the epidemiology of sand fly-borne diseases, especially sand fly-associated viruses. Few studies concerning sand fly-associated viruses have been conducted in Thailand. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a molecular survey of groups of pathogenic RNA viruses belonging to the Orbivirus, Phlebovirus, and Flavivirus genera and family Rhabdoviridae in sand fly samples collected from southern Thailand. METHODS Sand flies were collected at two locations in Trang and Songkhla provinces of southern Thailand, and individual sand fly samples were processed for species identification and virus detection. The Orbivirus, Phlebovirus, and Flavivirus genera and family Rhabdoviridae molecular determination was performed by RT-PCR, and positive samples were identified by cloning and sequencing, cell culture inoculation, and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS The results presented in this study were based on the analysis of a total of 331 female sand flies. This molecular study revealed evidence of Rhabdoviridae family virus presence in Phlebotomus papatasi (3/331, 0.9%). The findings demonstrated a new cluster of rhabdovirus that was closely related to Bactrocera dorsalis sigmavirus strain BDSV.abc5 and the lineages of insect-specific Rhabdoviridae. In addition, the Bayesian tree suggested that the common ancestor of this group was the dimarhabdovirus clade. It was assumed that the virus may have switched hosts during its evolution. However, the detection of Orbivirus, Phlebovirus, and Flavivirus genera using specific primers for RT-PCR was negative in the collected sand flies. CONCLUSIONS There is limited knowledge on the genetic diversity and ecology of Rhabdoviridae in Thailand. This is the first data regarding the circulation of Rhabdoviridae in Ph. papatasi from Thailand. We found a new cluster of rhabdoviruses that was close to the new B. dorsalis sigmavirus. It is possible that there is a great deal of diversity in this family yet to be discovered, and a more extensive survey for new rhabdoviruses may uncover viruses from a wide diversity of host taxa and broaden our understanding of the relationships among the Rhabdoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atchara Phumee
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.,Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.,Excellent Center for Dengue and Community Public Health (EC for DACH), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Centre, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sininat Petcharat
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Clinical Centre, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Life as a Vector of Dengue Virus: The Antioxidant Strategy of Mosquito Cells to Survive Viral Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030395. [PMID: 33807863 PMCID: PMC8000470 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease of increasing global importance. The disease has caused heavy burdens due to frequent outbreaks in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. The dengue virus (DENV) is generally transmitted between human hosts via the bite of a mosquito vector, primarily Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus as a minor species. It is known that the virus needs to alternately infect mosquito and human cells. DENV-induced cell death is relevant to the pathogenesis in humans as infected cells undergo apoptosis. In contrast, mosquito cells mostly survive the infection; this allows infected mosquitoes to remain healthy enough to serve as an efficient vector in nature. Overexpression of antioxidant genes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutaredoxin (Grx), thioredoxin (Trx), and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) have been detected in DENV2-infected mosquito cells. Additional antioxidants, including GST, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5a), and p53 isoform 2 (p53-2), and perhaps some others, are also involved in creating an intracellular environment suitable for cell replication and viral infection. Antiapoptotic effects involving inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) upregulation and subsequent elevation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 activities also play crucial roles in the ability of mosquito cells to survive DENV infection. This article focused on the effects of intracellular responses in mosquito cells to infection primarily by DENVs. It may provide more information to better understand virus/cell interactions that can possibly elucidate the evolutionary pathway that led to the mosquito becoming a vector.
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Migné CV, Moutailler S, Attoui H. Strategies for Assessing Arbovirus Genetic Variability in Vectors and/or Mammals. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110915. [PMID: 33167317 PMCID: PMC7694381 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal arboviruses replicate in their invertebrate vectors and vertebrate hosts. They use several strategies to ensure replication/transmission. Their high mutation rates and propensity to generate recombinants and/or genome segment reassortments help them adapt to new hosts/emerge in new geographical areas. Studying arbovirus genetic variability has been used to identify indicators which predict their potential to adapt to new hosts and/or emergence and in particular quasi-species. Multiple studies conducted with insect-borne viruses laid the foundations for the "trade-off" hypothesis (alternation of host transmission cycle constrains arbovirus evolution). It was extrapolated to tick-borne viruses, where too few studies have been conducted, even though humans faced emergence of numerous tick-borne virus during the last decades. There is a paucity of information regarding genetic variability of these viruses. In addition, insects and ticks do not have similar lifecycles/lifestyles. Indeed, tick-borne viruses are longer associated with their vectors due to tick lifespan. The objectives of this review are: (i) to describe the state of the art for all strategies developed to study genetic variability of insect-borne viruses both in vitro and in vivo and potential applications to tick-borne viruses; and (ii) to highlight the specificities of arboviruses and vectors as a complex and diverse system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Victoire Migné
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Paris-Est Sup, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
- UMR1161 Virologie, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Paris-Est Sup, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sara Moutailler
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Paris-Est Sup, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France;
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (H.A.); Tel.: +33-1-49-77-46-50 (S.M.); +33-1-43-96-70-07 (H.A.)
| | - Houssam Attoui
- UMR1161 Virologie, INRAE, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Paris-Est Sup, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (H.A.); Tel.: +33-1-49-77-46-50 (S.M.); +33-1-43-96-70-07 (H.A.)
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Gloria‐Soria A, Mendiola SY, Morley VJ, Alto BW, Turner PE. Prior evolution in stochastic versus constant temperatures affects RNA virus evolvability at a thermal extreme. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:5440-5450. [PMID: 32607165 PMCID: PMC7319105 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how historical adaptation versus maladaptation in a prior environment affects population evolvability in a novel habitat. Prior work showed that vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) populations evolved at constant 37°C improved in cellular infection at both 29°C and 37°C; in contrast, those evolved under random changing temperatures between 29°C and 37°C failed to improve. Here, we tested whether prior evolution affected the rate of adaptation at the thermal-niche edge: 40°C. After 40 virus generations in the new environment, we observed that populations historically evolved at random temperatures showed greater adaptability. Deep sequencing revealed that most of the newly evolved mutations were de novo. Also, two novel evolved mutations in the VSV glycoprotein and replicase genes tended to co-occur in the populations previously evolved at constant 37°C, whereas this parallelism was not seen in populations with prior random temperature evolution. These results suggest that prior adaptation under constant versus random temperatures constrained the mutation landscape that could improve fitness in the novel 40°C environment, perhaps owing to differing epistatic effects of new mutations entering genetic architectures that earlier diverged. We concluded that RNA viruses maladapted to their previous environment could "leapfrog" over counterparts of higher fitness, to achieve faster adaptability in a novel environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gloria‐Soria
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Department of Environmental Sciences, Center for Vector Biology and Zoonotic DiseasesThe Connecticut Agricultural Experiment StationNew HavenCTUSA
| | - Sandra Y. Mendiola
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGA30322USA
| | - Valerie J. Morley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Present address:
Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Barry W. Alto
- Florida Medical Entomology LaboratoryUniversity of FloridaVero BeachFLUSA
| | - Paul E. Turner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyYale UniversityNew HavenCTUSA
- Program in MicrobiologyYale School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA
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Gale P. Towards a thermodynamic mechanistic model for the effect of temperature on arthropod vector competence for transmission of arboviruses. MICROBIAL RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 12:27-43. [PMID: 32289057 PMCID: PMC7104215 DOI: 10.1016/j.mran.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arboviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV), bluetongue virus (BTV), dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infect their arthropod vectors over a range of average temperatures depending on the ambient temperature. How the transmission efficiency of an arbovirus (i.e. vector competence) varies with temperature influences not only the short term risk of arbovirus outbreaks in humans and livestock but also the long term impact of climate change on the geographical range of the virus. The strength of the interaction between viral surface (glyco)protein (GP) and the host cell receptor (Cr) on binding of virus to host cell is defined by the thermodynamic dissociation constant Kd_receptor which is assumed to equal 10-3 M (at 37 °C) for binding of a sialic acid (SA) on the arthropod midgut epithelial cell surface to a SA-binding site on the surface of BTV, for example. Here virus binding affinity is modelled with increasing number of GP/Cr contacts at temperatures from 10 °C to 35 °C taking into account the change in entropy on immobilization of the whole virus on binding (ΔSa_immob). Based on published data, three thermodynamic GP/Cr binding scenarios, namely enthalpy-driven, entropy-assisted and entropy-driven, are shown to affect the temperature sensitivity of virus binding in different ways. Thus for enthalpy-driven GP/Cr binding, viruses bind host cells much more strongly at 10 °C than 35 °C. A mechanistic model is developed for the number of arthropod midgut cells with bound virus and by building in a kinetic component for the rate of arbovirus replication and subsequent spread to the arthropod salivary glands, a model for the effect of temperature on vector competence is developed. The model separates the opposing effects of temperature on midgut cell binding affinity from the kinetic component of virogenesis. It successfully accommodates both increases in vector competence with temperature as for DENV and WNV in mosquitoes and decreases as for the CHIKV 2010-1909 strain in various populations of Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Enhanced cell binding at lower temperatures through enthalpy-driven GP/Cr binding compensates for the lower replication rate to some degree such that some transmission can still occur at lower temperatures. In contrast, the strength of entropy-driven GP/Cr binding diminishes at low temperatures although there is no minimum temperature threshold for transmission efficiency. The magnitude of ΔSa_immob is an important data gap. It is concluded that thermodynamic and kinetic data obtained at the molecular level will prove important in modelling vector competence with temperature.
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Key Words
- AIV, avian influenza virus
- Arbovirus
- BBF, brush border fragments from midgut
- C.VT, number of arthropod midgut cells with bound arbovirus at temperature T
- CHIKV, chikungunya virus
- Cfree, number of midgut epithelial cells which can bind virus with no virus bound
- Cr, host cell receptor
- Ctotal_midgut, number of midgut epithelial cells which can bind virus
- DENV, dengue fever virus
- EA, activation energy
- EBOV, Zaire ebolavirus
- EIP, extrinsic incubation period
- Enthalpy
- Entropy
- Fc, fraction of arthropod midgut cells with bound virus at temperature T
- GP, viral (glyco)protein on virus surface that binds to Cr
- HA, haemagglutinin
- HRV3, human rhinovirus serotype 3
- ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1
- IDR, intrinsically disordered region of a protein
- Ka, binding affinity for virus to host cells at temperature T
- Kd_receptor, dissociation constant for GP from Cr
- Kd_virus, dissociation constant for virus from host cell
- M, molar (moles dm−3)
- NA, neuraminidase
- R, ideal gas constant
- RdRp, RNA dependent RNA polymerase
- SA, sialic acid
- Temperature
- VEEV, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus
- VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus
- Vector competence
- Vfree, virus not bound to cells
- Vtotal, virus challenge dose to midgut
- WEEV, Western equine encephalitis virus
- WNV, West Nile virus
- k, rate of reaction
- n, number of GP/Cr contacts made on virus binding to cell
- pcompleteT, probability, given a virion has bound to the surface of a midgut cell, that that midgut cell becomes infected and that its progeny viruses go on to infect the salivary gland so completing the arthropod infection process within the life time of the arthropod at temperature T
- pfu, plaque-forming unit
- ptransmissionT, probability of successful infection of the arthropod salivary glands given oral exposure at temperature T
- ΔGa_receptor, change in Gibbs free energy on association of GP and Cr receptor
- ΔHa_receptor, change in enthalpy for binding of virus GP to host Cr receptor
- ΔHa_virus, change in enthalpy for binding of virus to host cell
- ΔSa_immob, change in entropy on immobilization of virus to cell surface
- ΔSa_receptor, change in entropy for binding of virus GP to host Cr receptor
- ΔSa_virus, change in entropy for binding of virus to host cell
- ΔSconf, change in conformation entropy within GP or Cr
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gale
- 15 Weare Close, Portland, Dorset DT5 1JP, United Kingdom
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Velazquez-Salinas L, Pauszek SJ, Barrera J, Clark BA, Borca MV, Verdugo-Rodriguez A, Stenfeldt C, Arzt J, Rodriguez LL. Validation of a site-specific recombination cloning technique for the rapid development of a full-length cDNA clone of a virulent field strain of vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus. J Virol Methods 2019; 265:113-116. [PMID: 30639413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the use of a site-specific recombination cloning technique for rapid development of a full-length cDNA clone that can produce infectious vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV). The full-length genome of the epidemic VSNJV NJ0612NME6 strain was amplified in four overlapping cDNA fragments which were linked together and cloned into a vector plasmid by site-specific recombination. Furthermore, to derive infectious virus, three supporting plasmid vectors containing either the nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P) or polymerase (L) genes were constructed using the same cloning methodology. Recovery of recombinant VSNJV was achieved after transfecting all four vectors on into BSR-T7/5 cells, a BHK-derived cell line stably expressing T7 RNA polymerase (PMID: 9847328). In vitro characterization of recombinant and parental viruses revealed similar growth kinetics and plaque morphologies. Furthermore, experimental infection of pigs with the recombinant virus resulted in severe vesicular stomatitis with clinical signs similar to those previously reported for the parental field strain. These results validate the use of site-directed specific recombination cloning as a useful alternative method for rapid construction of stable full-length cDNA clones from vesicular stomatitis field strains. The approach reported herein contributes to the improvement of previously published methodologies for the development of full-length cDNA clones of this relevant virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport NY 11944, USA; National Autonomous University of Mexico, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Mexico; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Steven J Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport NY 11944, USA
| | - Jose Barrera
- Leidos, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, P.O. Box 848, Greenport NY 11944, USA
| | - Benjamin A Clark
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Manuel V Borca
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport NY 11944, USA
| | | | - Carolina Stenfeldt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport NY 11944, USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport NY 11944, USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, PO Box 848, Greenport NY 11944, USA.
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Rozo-Lopez P, Drolet BS, Londoño-Renteria B. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Transmission: A Comparison of Incriminated Vectors. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9040190. [PMID: 30544935 PMCID: PMC6315612 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a viral disease of veterinary importance, enzootic in tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. In the U.S., VS produces devastating economic losses, particularly in the southwestern states where the outbreaks display an occurrence pattern of 10-year intervals. To date, the mechanisms of the geographic spread and maintenance cycles during epizootics remain unclear. This is due, in part, to the fact that VS epidemiology has a complex of variables to consider, including a broad range of vertebrate hosts, multiple routes of transmission, and an extensive diversity of suspected vector species acting as both mechanical and biological vectors. Infection and viral progression within vector species are highly influenced by virus serotype, as well as environmental factors, including temperature and seasonality; however, the mechanisms of viral transmission, including non-conventional pathways, are yet to be fully studied. Here, we review VS epidemiology and transmission mechanisms, with comparisons of transmission evidence for the four most incriminated hematophagous dipteran taxa: Aedes mosquitoes, Lutzomyia sand flies, Simulium black flies, and Culicoides biting midges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rozo-Lopez
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
| | - Barbara S Drolet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Berlin Londoño-Renteria
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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Mohamed Ali S, Amroun A, de Lamballerie X, Nougairède A. Evolution of Chikungunya virus in mosquito cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16175. [PMID: 30385797 PMCID: PMC6212429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been observed that replication of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) in C6/36 Aedes albopictus cells has little effect on virus evolution. To characterize evolutionary patterns associated with CHIKV replication in mosquito cells, we performed serial passages of the LR2006 strain in Ae. albopictus cells (75 and 30 passages in C6/36 and U4.4 respectively) and Ae. aegypti cells (100 passages in AA-A20 and in AE) and studied genotypic changes accompanying adaptation during this evolutionary process. Quantitative analysis revealed cell specific patterns: low mutation rates in C6/36 cells except when a CHIKV strain pre-adapted to mammalian was used and typical features of adaptation to cell culture conditions with a high number of fixed mutations in AE and AA-A20 cells probably due to the weak permissiveness of these latter cell lines. Altogether, these results suggested that both cell line and viral strain influence rates of viral evolution. In contrast, characteristics and distribution of mutations were qualitatively very similar in all mosquito cells with a high level of parallel evolution including 4 deletion mutations. Serial passage in mammalian cells of viruses pre-adapted to mosquito cells revealed disappearance of almost all shared mutations suggesting that many of these mutational patterns are vector-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souand Mohamed Ali
- Unité des virus Émergents (UVE; Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Abdennour Amroun
- Unité des virus Émergents (UVE; Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des virus Émergents (UVE; Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Antoine Nougairède
- Unité des virus Émergents (UVE; Aix-Marseille Univ - IRD 190 - Inserm 1207 - IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France.
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Velazquez-Salinas L, Zarate S, Eschbaumer M, Pereira Lobo F, Gladue DP, Arzt J, Novella IS, Rodriguez LL. Selective Factors Associated with the Evolution of Codon Usage in Natural Populations of Arboviruses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159943. [PMID: 27455096 PMCID: PMC4959722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses (arthropod borne viruses) have life cycles that include both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts with substantial differences in vector and host specificity between different viruses. Most arboviruses utilize RNA for their genetic material and are completely dependent on host tRNAs for their translation, suggesting that virus codon usage could be a target for selection. In the current study we analyzed the relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) patterns of 26 arboviruses together with 25 vectors and hosts, including 8 vertebrates and 17 invertebrates. We used hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify trends in codon usage. HCA demonstrated that the RSCU of arboviruses reflects that of their natural hosts, but not that of dead-end hosts. Of the two major components identified by PCA, the first accounted for 62.1% of the total variance, and among the 59 codons analyzed in this study, the leucine codon CTG had the highest correlation with the first principal component, however isoleucine had the highest correlation during amino acid analysis. Nucleotide and dinucleotide composition were the variables that explained most of the total codon usage variance. The results suggest that the main factors driving the evolution of codon usage in arboviruses is based on the nucleotide and dinucleotide composition present in the host. Comparing codon usage of arboviruses and potential vector hosts can help identifying potential vectors for emerging arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, New York, United States of America.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Selene Zarate
- Autonomous University of Mexico City, Genomics Sciences Program, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Michael Eschbaumer
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, New York, United States of America.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Francisco Pereira Lobo
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Bioinformática, Embrapa Informática Agropecuária, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) Campinas, Brazil
| | - Douglas P Gladue
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, New York, United States of America
| | - Isabel S Novella
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA/ARS Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient Point, New York, United States of America
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12
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Mundell NA, Beier KT, Pan YA, Lapan SW, Göz Aytürk D, Berezovskii VK, Wark AR, Drokhlyansky E, Bielecki J, Born RT, Schier AF, Cepko CL. Vesicular stomatitis virus enables gene transfer and transsynaptic tracing in a wide range of organisms. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1639-63. [PMID: 25688551 PMCID: PMC4458151 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current limitations in technology have prevented an extensive analysis of the connections among neurons, particularly within nonmammalian organisms. We developed a transsynaptic viral tracer originally for use in mice, and then tested its utility in a broader range of organisms. By engineering the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) to encode a fluorophore and either the rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV‐G) or its own glycoprotein (VSV‐G), we created viruses that can transsynaptically label neuronal circuits in either the retrograde or anterograde direction, respectively. The vectors were investigated for their utility as polysynaptic tracers of chicken and zebrafish visual pathways. They showed patterns of connectivity consistent with previously characterized visual system connections, and revealed several potentially novel connections. Further, these vectors were shown to infect neurons in several other vertebrates, including Old and New World monkeys, seahorses, axolotls, and Xenopus. They were also shown to infect two invertebrates, Drosophila melanogaster, and the box jellyfish, Tripedalia cystophora, a species previously intractable for gene transfer, although no clear evidence of transsynaptic spread was observed in these species. These vectors provide a starting point for transsynaptic tracing in most vertebrates, and are also excellent candidates for gene transfer in organisms that have been refractory to other methods. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1639–1663, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Mundell
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Kevin T Beier
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Y Albert Pan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 01238
| | - Sylvain W Lapan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Didem Göz Aytürk
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | | | - Abigail R Wark
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Eugene Drokhlyansky
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Jan Bielecki
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, 93106
| | - Richard T Born
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Alexander F Schier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 01238
| | - Constance L Cepko
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115.,Department of Ophthalmology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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13
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Nougairede A, De Fabritus L, Aubry F, Gould EA, Holmes EC, de Lamballerie X. Random codon re-encoding induces stable reduction of replicative fitness of Chikungunya virus in primate and mosquito cells. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003172. [PMID: 23436995 PMCID: PMC3578757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Large-scale codon re-encoding represents a powerful method of attenuating viruses to generate safe and cost-effective vaccines. In contrast to specific approaches of codon re-encoding which modify genome-scale properties, we evaluated the effects of random codon re-encoding on the re-emerging human pathogen Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and assessed the stability of the resultant viruses during serial in cellulo passage. Using different combinations of three 1.4 kb randomly re-encoded regions located throughout the CHIKV genome six codon re-encoded viruses were obtained. Introducing a large number of slightly deleterious synonymous mutations reduced the replicative fitness of CHIKV in both primate and arthropod cells, demonstrating the impact of synonymous mutations on fitness. Decrease of replicative fitness correlated with the extent of re-encoding, an observation that may assist in the modulation of viral attenuation. The wild-type and two re-encoded viruses were passaged 50 times either in primate or insect cells, or in each cell line alternately. These viruses were analyzed using detailed fitness assays, complete genome sequences and the analysis of intra-population genetic diversity. The response to codon re-encoding and adaptation to culture conditions occurred simultaneously, resulting in significant replicative fitness increases for both re-encoded and wild type viruses. Importantly, however, the most re-encoded virus failed to recover its replicative fitness. Evolution of these viruses in response to codon re-encoding was largely characterized by the emergence of both synonymous and non-synonymous mutations, sometimes located in genomic regions other than those involving re-encoding, and multiple convergent and compensatory mutations. However, there was a striking absence of codon reversion (<0.4%). Finally, multiple mutations were rapidly fixed in primate cells, whereas mosquito cells acted as a brake on evolution. In conclusion, random codon re-encoding provides important information on the evolution and genetic stability of CHIKV viruses and could be exploited to develop a safe, live attenuated CHIKV vaccine. Emerging arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are a major cause of human and animal morbidity and mortality. Climatic and anthropological activities are responsible for the dispersal of arbovirus transmission vectors into new territories. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an important example of a re-emerging pathogen for which no licensed vaccine exists. One of the vectors of CHIKV, the mosquito Aedes albopictus, has dispersed into new temperate regions resulting in outbreaks where they had not been previously observed. Here, we demonstrate that random codon re-encoding, a method that modifies the nucleic acid composition of large coding regions without modifying the encoded proteins, can significantly decrease the replicative fitness of CHIKV. This powerful method of attenuating viruses has several potential advantages for vaccine development, including the possibility to modulate precisely the degree of replicative fitness loss and to generate safe, live-attenuated vaccines that confer long-term protection, in a cost effective manner. Our studies also demonstrate that these re-encoded viruses exhibit a stable phenotype, and that the response to codon re-encoding was largely compensatory in nature, with little reversion of mutations. Finally, we provide further evidence that many synonymous sites in RNA viruses are not neutral and clearly impact viral fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Nougairede
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, UMR_D 190 Emergence des Pathologies Virales, Marseille, France.
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14
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Smith-Tsurkan SD, Herr RA, Khuder S, Wilke CO, Novella IS. The role of environmental factors on the evolution of phenotypic diversity in vesicular stomatitis virus populations. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:860-868. [PMID: 23239575 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.048082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus adaptation to an ever-changing environment requires the availability of variants with phenotypes that can fulfil new requirements for replication. High mutation rates result in the generation of these variants. The factors that contribute to the maintenance or elimination of this diversity, however, are not fully understood. This study used a collection of vesicular stomatitis virus strains generated under different conditions to measure the extent of variation within each population, and tested the effects of several environmental factors on diversity. It was found that the host-cell type used for selection sometimes had an effect on the extent of variation and that there may be different levels of variation over time. Persistent infections promoted higher levels of diversity than acute infections, presumably due to complementation. In contrast, environmental heterogeneity, host breadth and the cell type used for testing (as opposed to the cell type used for selection) did not seem to have an effect on the amount of phenotypic diversity observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Smith-Tsurkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Roger A Herr
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sadik Khuder
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Claus O Wilke
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Section of Integrative Biology, and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Isabel S Novella
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
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15
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Jasmin JN, Dillon MM, Zeyl C. The yield of experimental yeast populations declines during selection. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:4382-8. [PMID: 22951743 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The trade-off between growth rate and yield can limit population productivity. Here we tested for this life-history trade-off in replicate haploid and diploid populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae propagated in glucose-limited medium in batch cultures for 5000 generations. The yield of single clones isolated from the haploid lineages, measured as both optical and population density at the end of a growth cycle, declined during selection and was negatively correlated with growth rate. Initially, diploid populations did not pay this cost of adaptation but haploidized after about 1000-3000 generations of selection, and this ploidy transition was associated with a decline in yield caused by reduced cell size. These results demonstrate the experimental evolution of a trade-off between growth rate and yield, caused by antagonistic pleiotropy, during adaptation in haploids and after an adaptive transition from diploidy to haploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Nicolas Jasmin
- Department of Biology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA.
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16
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Ciota AT, Ehrbar DJ, Van Slyke GA, Willsey GG, Kramer LD. Cooperative interactions in the West Nile virus mutant swarm. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:58. [PMID: 22541042 PMCID: PMC3358237 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background RNA viruses including arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) exist as highly genetically diverse mutant swarms within individual hosts. A more complete understanding of the phenotypic correlates of these diverse swarms is needed in order to equate RNA swarm breadth and composition to specific adaptive and evolutionary outcomes. Results Here, we determined clonal fitness landscapes of mosquito cell-adapted West Nile virus (WNV) and assessed how altering the capacity for interactions among variants affects mutant swarm dynamics and swarm fitness. Our results demonstrate that although there is significant mutational robustness in the WNV swarm, genetic diversity also corresponds to substantial phenotypic diversity in terms of relative fitness in vitro. In addition, our data demonstrate that increasing levels of co-infection can lead to widespread strain complementation, which acts to maintain high levels of phenotypic and genetic diversity and potentially slow selection for individual variants. Lastly, we show that cooperative interactions may lead to swarm fitness levels which exceed the relative fitness levels of any individual genotype. Conclusions These studies demonstrate the profound effects variant interactions can have on arbovirus evolution and adaptation, and provide a baseline by which to study the impact of this phenomenon in natural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Ciota
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Slingerlands, NY, USA
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17
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Novella IS, Presloid JB, Smith SD, Wilke CO. Specific and nonspecific host adaptation during arboviral experimental evolution. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 21:71-81. [PMID: 22248544 PMCID: PMC3697271 DOI: 10.1159/000332752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade or so, there has been a substantial body of work to dissect arboviral evolution and to develop models of adaptation during host switching. Regardless of what species serve as host or vectors, and of the geographic distribution and the mechanisms of replication, arboviruses tend to have slow evolutionary rates in nature. The hypothesis that this is the result of replication in the disparate environments provided by host and vector did not receive solid experimental support in any of the many viral species tested. Instead, it seems that from the virus's point of view, either the two environments are sufficiently similar or one of the environments so dominates viral evolution that there is tolerance for suboptimal adaptation to the other environment. Replication in alternating environments has an unexpected cost in that there is decreased genetic variance that translates into a compromised adaptability for bypassed environments. Arboviruses under strong and continuous positive selection may have unusual patterns of genomic changes, with few or no mutations accumulated in the consensus sequence or with dN/dS values typically consistent with random drift in DNA-based organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Novella
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
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18
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Huang X, Li Y, Fang H, Zheng C. Establishment of persistent infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus in BHK-21 cells. Virol J 2011; 8:169. [PMID: 21492421 PMCID: PMC3097150 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is able to cause persistent infection in ruminants besides acute infection and disease. Since the mechanisms of viral persistence and the determining factors are still unknown, in vitro systems help explore and reveal mechanisms of persistence in vivo by providing useful models for the study of RNA genome mutations and evolution. Ammonium chloride, a lysosomotropic agent that raises intralysosomal pH, reduces the yield of FMDV during infection of BHK-21 cells. Results The persistent infection with FMDV serotype O in BHK-21 cells was selected and established readily after treatment of ammonium chloride that acts primarily on the cells. Intact virions were observed located inside the endosomes. Viral genome RNAs and specific proteins were detected in the persistent cells to validate the establishment of viral persistence. Infection of the persistent viruses could not form plaques in host cells but virulence was enhanced. Basing on analysis and comparison of cDNA sequences of resident viruses and wild type viruses, 15 amine acid mutations were found, all of which were located in nonstructural proteins rather than in structural proteins. Conclusions Therefore, persistent infection of cell cultures with FMDV is successfully established with some distinctive features. It would be worthwhile to further investigate the mechanisms of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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19
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Chen TH, Tang P, Yang CF, Kao LH, Lo YP, Chuang CK, Shih YT, Chen WJ. Antioxidant defense is one of the mechanisms by which mosquito cells survive dengue 2 viral infection. Virology 2011; 410:410-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Ciota AT, Kramer LD. Insights into arbovirus evolution and adaptation from experimental studies. Viruses 2010; 2:2594-617. [PMID: 21994633 PMCID: PMC3185588 DOI: 10.3390/v2122594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are maintained in nature by cycling between vertebrate hosts and haematophagous invertebrate vectors. These viruses are responsible for causing a significant public health burden throughout the world, with over 100 species having the capacity to cause human disease. Arbovirus outbreaks in previously naïve environments demonstrate the potential of these pathogens for expansion and emergence, possibly exacerbated more recently by changing climates. These recent outbreaks, together with the continued devastation caused by endemic viruses, such as Dengue virus which persists in many areas, demonstrate the need to better understand the selective pressures that shape arbovirus evolution. Specifically, a comprehensive understanding of host-virus interactions and how they shape both host-specific and virus-specific evolutionary pressures is needed to fully evaluate the factors that govern the potential for host shifts and geographic expansions. One approach to advance our understanding of the factors influencing arbovirus evolution in nature is the use of experimental studies in the laboratory. Here, we review the contributions that laboratory passage and experimental infection studies have made to the field of arbovirus adaptation and evolution, and how these studies contribute to the overall field of arbovirus evolution. In particular, this review focuses on the areas of evolutionary constraints and mutant swarm dynamics; how experimental results compare to theoretical predictions; the importance of arbovirus ecology in shaping viral swarms; and how current knowledge should guide future questions relevant to understanding arbovirus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Ciota
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA; E-Mail:
- University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Laura D. Kramer
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA; E-Mail:
- University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-518-485-6632; Fax: 1-518-485-6669
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21
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Genomic evolution of vesicular stomatitis virus strains with differences in adaptability. J Virol 2010; 84:4960-8. [PMID: 20181701 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00710-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus strains with a history of repeated genetic bottlenecks frequently show a diminished ability to adapt compared to strains that do not have such a history. These differences in adaptability suggest differences in either the rate at which beneficial mutations are produced, the effects of beneficial mutations, or both. We tested these possibilities by subjecting four populations (two controls and two mutants with lower adaptabilities) to multiple replicas of a regimen of positive selection and then determining the fitnesses of the progeny through time and the changes in the consensus, full-length sequences of 56 genomes. We observed that at a given number of passages, the overall fitness gains observed for control populations were larger than fitness gains in mutant populations. However, these changes did not correlate with differences in the numbers of mutations accumulated in the two types of genomes. This result is consistent with beneficial mutations having a lower beneficial effect on mutant strains. Despite the overall fitness differences, some replicas of one mutant strain at passage 50 showed fitness increases similar to those observed for the wild type. We hypothesized that these evolved, high-fitness mutants may have a lower robustness than evolved, high-fitness controls. Robustness is the ability of a virus to avoid phenotypic changes in the face of mutation. We confirmed our hypothesis in mutation-accumulation experiments that showed a normalized fitness loss that was significantly larger in mutant bottlenecked populations than in control populations.
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22
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Smith-Tsurkan SD, Wilke CO, Novella IS. Incongruent fitness landscapes, not tradeoffs, dominate the adaptation of vesicular stomatitis virus to novel host types. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1484-93. [PMID: 20107014 PMCID: PMC2888165 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.017855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Host radiation refers to the ability of parasites to adapt to new environments and expand or change their niches. Adaptation to one specific environment may involve a loss in adaptation to a second environment. Thus, fitness costs may impose limits to niche expansion and constitute the cost of specialization. Several reports have addressed the cost of host radiation in vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), but in some cases the experimental setup may have resulted in the overestimation of fitness costs. To clarify this issue, experiments were carried out in which a reference strain of VSV was allowed to adapt to HeLa, MDCK and BHK-21 cells, and to a regime of alternation between HeLa and Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. Measurement of viral fitness on each cell type showed that most virus populations behaved as generalists, and increased in fitness in all environments. Tradeoffs, where a fitness increase in one environment led to a fitness decrease in another environment, were rare. These results highlight the importance of using appropriate methods to measure fitness in evolved virus populations, and provide further support to a model of evolutionary dynamics in which costs due to incongruent landscapes provided by different environments are more common than tradeoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Smith-Tsurkan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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23
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Ciota AT, Jia Y, Payne AF, Jerzak G, Davis LJ, S.Young D, Ehrbar D, Kramer LD. Experimental passage of St. Louis encephalitis virus in vivo in mosquitoes and chickens reveals evolutionarily significant virus characteristics. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7876. [PMID: 19924238 PMCID: PMC2773414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV; Flaviviridae, flavivirus) was the major cause of epidemic flaviviral encephalitis in the U.S. prior to the introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) in 1999. However, outbreaks of SLEV have been significantly more limited then WNV in terms of levels of activity and geographic dispersal. One possible explanation for these variable levels of activity is that differences in the potential for each virus to adapt to its host cycle exist. The need for arboviruses to replicate in disparate hosts is thought to result in constraints on both evolution and host-specific adaptation. If cycling is the cause of genetic stability observed in nature and arboviruses lack host specialization, then sequential passage should result in both the accumulation of mutations and specialized viruses better suited for replication in that host. Previous studies suggest that WNV and SLEV differ in capacity for both genetic change and host specialization, and in the costs each accrues from specializing. In an attempt to clarify how selective pressures contribute to epidemiological patterns of WNV and SLEV, we evaluated mutant spectra size, consensus genetic change, and phenotypic changes for SLEV in vivo following 20 sequential passages via inoculation in either Culex pipiens mosquitoes or chickens. Results demonstrate that the capacity for genetic change is large for SLEV and that the size of the mutant spectrum is host-dependent using our passage methodology. Despite this, a general lack of consensus change resulted from passage in either host, a result that contrasts with the idea that constraints on evolution in nature result from host cycling alone. Results also suggest that a high level of adaptation to both hosts already exists, despite host cycling. A strain significantly more infectious in chickens did emerge from one lineage of chicken passage, yet other lineages and all mosquito passage strains did not display measurable host-specific fitness gains. In addition, increased infectivity in chickens did not decrease infectivity in mosquitoes, which further contrasts the concept of fitness trade-offs for arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Ciota
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, United States of America
| | - Yongqing Jia
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, United States of America
| | - Anne F. Payne
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, United States of America
| | - Greta Jerzak
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, United States of America
| | - Lauren J. Davis
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, United States of America
| | - David S.Young
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, United States of America
| | - Dylan Ehrbar
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura D. Kramer
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, New York, United States of America
- School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Consequences of host adaptation for performance of vesicular stomatitis virus in novel thermal environments. Evol Ecol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-009-9307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Elena SF, Agudelo-Romero P, Lalić J. The evolution of viruses in multi-host fitness landscapes. Open Virol J 2009; 3:1-6. [PMID: 19572052 PMCID: PMC2703199 DOI: 10.2174/1874357900903010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Provided that generalist viruses will have access to potentially unlimited hosts, the question is why most viruses specialize in few hosts. It has been suggested that selection should favor specialists because there are tradeoffs limiting the fitness of generalists in any of the alternative hosts or because evolution proceeds faster with narrower niches. Here we review experiments showing that virus adaptation to a specific host is often coupled with fitness losses in alternative ones. In most instances, mutations beneficial in one host are detrimental in another. This antagonistic pleiotropy should limit the range of adaptation and promote the evolution of specialization. However, when hosts fluctuate in time or space, selective pressures are different and generalist viruses may evolve as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago F Elena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-UPV, 46022 València, Spain
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Parrish CR, Holmes EC, Morens DM, Park EC, Burke DS, Calisher CH, Laughlin CA, Saif LJ, Daszak P. Cross-species virus transmission and the emergence of new epidemic diseases. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2008; 72:457-70. [PMID: 18772285 PMCID: PMC2546865 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00004-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Host range is a viral property reflecting natural hosts that are infected either as part of a principal transmission cycle or, less commonly, as "spillover" infections into alternative hosts. Rarely, viruses gain the ability to spread efficiently within a new host that was not previously exposed or susceptible. These transfers involve either increased exposure or the acquisition of variations that allow them to overcome barriers to infection of the new hosts. In these cases, devastating outbreaks can result. Steps involved in transfers of viruses to new hosts include contact between the virus and the host, infection of an initial individual leading to amplification and an outbreak, and the generation within the original or new host of viral variants that have the ability to spread efficiently between individuals in populations of the new host. Here we review what is known about host switching leading to viral emergence from known examples, considering the evolutionary mechanisms, virus-host interactions, host range barriers to infection, and processes that allow efficient host-to-host transmission in the new host population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Ciota AT, Lovelace AO, Jia Y, Davis LJ, Young DS, Kramer LD. Characterization of mosquito-adapted West Nile virus. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1633-1642. [PMID: 18559933 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/000893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has significantly expanded its geographical and host range since its 1999 introduction into North America. The underlying mechanisms of evolution of WNV and other arboviruses are still poorly understood. Studies evaluating virus adaptation and fitness in relevant in vivo systems are largely lacking. In order to evaluate the capacity for host-specific adaptation and the genetic correlates of adaptation in vivo, this study measured phenotypic and genotypic changes in WNV resulting from passage in Culex pipiens mosquitoes. An increase in replicative ability of WNV in C. pipiens was attained for the two lineages of WNV tested. This adaptation for replication in mosquitoes did not result in a replicative cost in chickens, but did decrease cell-to-cell spread of virus in vertebrate cell culture. Genetic analyses of one mosquito-adapted lineage revealed a total of nine consensus nucleotide substitutions with no accumulation of a significant mutant spectrum. These results differed significantly from previous in vitro studies. When St Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), a closely related flavivirus, was passaged in C. pipiens, moderately attenuated growth in C. pipiens was observed for two lineages tested. These results suggest that significant differences in the capacity for mosquito adaptation may exist between WNV and SLEV, and demonstrate that further comparative studies in relevant in vivo systems will help elucidate the still largely unknown mechanisms of arboviral adaptation in ecologically relevant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Ciota
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - Amy O Lovelace
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - Yongqing Jia
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - Lauren J Davis
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - David S Young
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - Laura D Kramer
- School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA.,The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
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Presloid JB, Ebendick-Corpus BE, Zárate S, Novella IS. Antagonistic pleiotropy involving promoter sequences in a virus. J Mol Biol 2008; 382:342-52. [PMID: 18644381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Selection of specialist genotypes, that is, populations with limited niche width, promotes the maintenance of diversity. Specialization to a particular environment may have a cost in other environments, including fitness tradeoffs. When the tradeoffs are the result of mutations that have a beneficial effect in the selective environment but a deleterious effect in other environments, we have antagonistic pleiotropy. Alternatively, tradeoffs can result from the fixation of mutations that are neutral in the selective environment but have a negative effect in other environments, and thus the tradeoff is due to mutation accumulation. We tested the mechanisms underlying the fitness tradeoffs observed during adaptation to persistent infection of vesicular stomatitis virus in insect cells by sequencing the full-length genomes of 12 strains with a history of replication in a single niche (acute mammalian infection or persistent insect infection) or in temporally heterogeneous niches and correlated genetic and fitness changes. Ecological theory predicts a correlation between the selective environment and the niche width of the evolved populations, such that adaptation to single niches should lead to the selection of specialists and niche cycling should result in the selection of generalists. Contrary to this expectation, adaptation to one of the single niches resulted in a generalist and adaptation to a heterogeneous environment led to the selection of a specialist. Only one-third of the mutations that accumulated during persistent infection had a fitness cost that could be explained in all cases by antagonistic pleiotropy. Mutations involved in fitness tradeoffs included changes in regulatory sequences, particularly at the 3' termini of the genomes, which contain the single promoter that controls viral transcription and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Presloid
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, 3055 Arlington Avenue, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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Domingo E, Escarmís C, Menéndez-Arias L, Perales C, Herrera M, Novella IS, Holland JJ. Viral Quasispecies: Dynamics, Interactions, and Pathogenesis *. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF VIRUSES 2008. [PMCID: PMC7149507 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-374153-0.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Quasispecies theory is providing a solid, evolving conceptual framework for insights into virus population dynamics, adaptive potential, and response to lethal mutagenesis. The complexity of mutant spectra can influence disease progression and viral pathogenesis, as demonstrated using virus variants selected for increased replicative fidelity. Complementation and interference exerted among components of a viral quasispecies can either reinforce or limit the replicative capacity and disease potential of the ensemble. In particular, a progressive enrichment of a replicating mutant spectrum with interfering mutant genomes prompted by enhanced mutagenesis may be a key event in the sharp transition of virus populations into error catastrophe that leads to virus extinction. Fitness variations are influenced by the passage regimes to which viral populations are subjected, notably average fitness decreases upon repeated bottleneck events and fitness gains upon competitive optimization of large viral populations. Evolving viral quasispecies respond to selective constraints by replication of subpopulations of variant genomes that display higher fitness than the parental population in the presence of the selective constraint. This has been profusely documented with fitness effects of mutations associated with resistance of pathogenic viruses to antiviral agents. In particular, selection of HIV-1 mutants resistant to one or multiple antiretroviral inhibitors, and the compensatory effect of mutations in the same genome, offers a compendium of the molecular intricacies that a virus can exploit for its survival. This chapter reviews the basic principles of quasispecies dynamics as they can serve to explain the behavior of viruses.
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Abstract
The pattern (space versus time) and scale (relative to the lifetime of individuals) of environmental variation is thought to play a central role in governing the evolution of the ecological niche and the maintenance of genetic variance in fitness. To evaluate this idea, we serially propagated an initially genetically uniform population of the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens for a few hundred generations in environments that differed in both the pattern and scale at which two highly contrasted carbon substrates were experienced. We found that, contrary to expectations, populations often evolved into a single niche specialist adapted to the less-productive substrate in variable environments and that the genetic variance in fitness across different components of the environment was not generally higher in variable environments when compared with constant environments. We provide evidence to suggest that our results reflect a novel constraint on niche evolution imposed by the supply of beneficial mutations available to selection in variable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Nicolas Jasmin
- Department of Biology and Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5.
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31
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Abstract
Ecological speciation hypotheses claim that assortative mating evolves as a consequence of divergent natural selection for ecologically important traits. Reproductive isolation is expected to be particularly likely to evolve by this mechanism in species such as phytophagous insects that mate in the habitats in which they eat. We tested this expectation by monitoring the evolution of reproductive isolation in laboratory populations of an RNA virus that undergoes genetic exchange only when multiple virus genotypes coinfect the same host. We subjected four populations of the RNA bacteriophage phi6 to 150 generations of natural selection on a novel host. Although there was no direct selection acting on host range in our experiment, three of the four populations lost the ability to infect one or more alternative hosts. In the most extreme case, one of the populations evolved a host range that does not contain any of the hosts infectible by the wild-type phi6. Whole genome sequencing confirmed that the resulting reproductive isolation was due to a single nucleotide change, highlighting the ease with which an emerging RNA virus can decouple its evolutionary fate from that of its ancestor. Our results uniquely demonstrate the evolution of reproductive isolation in allopatric experimental populations. Furthermore, our data confirm the biological credibility of simple "no-gene" mechanisms of assortative mating, in which this trait arises as a pleiotropic effect of genes responsible for ecological adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobain Duffy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- E‐mail:
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Christina L. Burch
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- E‐mail:
| | - Paul E. Turner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
- E‐mail:
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Ciota AT, Lovelace AO, Jones SA, Payne A, Kramer LD. Adaptation of two flaviviruses results in differences in genetic heterogeneity and virus adaptability. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2398-2406. [PMID: 17698648 PMCID: PMC3249635 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83061-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was first introduced into the USA in the New York City area in 1999. Since its introduction, WNV has steadily increased both its host and geographical ranges. Outbreaks of the closely related flavivirus, St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), occur in the USA periodically, but levels of activity and host range are more restricted than those of WNV. Understanding the selective pressures that drive arbovirus adaptation and evolution in their disparate mosquito and avian hosts is crucial to predicting their ability to persist and re-emerge. Here, we evaluated the in vivo phenotypes of mosquito cell-adapted WNV and SLEV. Results indicated that in vitro adaptations did not translate to in vivo adaptations for either virus, yet SLEV displayed attenuated growth in both mosquitoes and chickens, while WNV generally did not. In vitro growth analyses also indicated that WNV adaptations could be generalized to cell cultures derived from other mosquito species, while SLEV could not. Analysis of genetic diversity for passaged SLEV revealed a highly homogeneous population that differed significantly from previous results of high levels of diversity in WNV. We hypothesize that this difference in genetic diversity is directly related to the viruses' success in new and changing environments in the laboratory and that differences in a viruses' ability to produce and maintain heterogeneous populations in nature may in some instances explain the variable levels of success seen among arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T. Ciota
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - Amy O. Lovelace
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - Susan A. Jones
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - Anne Payne
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
| | - Laura D. Kramer
- The Arbovirus Laboratories, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, 5668 State Farm Road, Slingerlands, NY 12159, USA
- School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, USA
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33
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Abstract
We examine the action of natural selection in a periodically changing environment where two competing strains are specialists respectively for each environmental state. When the relative fitness of the strains is subject to a very general class of frequency-dependent selection, we show that coexistence rather than extinction is the likely outcome. This coexistence may be a stable periodic equilibrium, stable limit cycles of varying lengths, or be deterministically chaotic. Our model is applicable to the population dynamics commonly found in many types of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Forster
- Digital Life Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Claus O. Wilke
- Section of Integrative Biology, Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, and Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712
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Novella IS, Ebendick-Corpus BE, Zárate S, Miller EL. Emergence of mammalian cell-adapted vesicular stomatitis virus from persistent infections of insect vector cells. J Virol 2007; 81:6664-8. [PMID: 17428845 PMCID: PMC1900099 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02365-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) represent quintessential generalists, with the ability to infect and perform well in multiple hosts. However, antagonistic pleiotropy imposed a cost during the adaptation to persistent replication of vesicular stomatitis virus in sand fly cells and resulted in strains that initially replicated poorly in hamster cells, even when the virus was allowed to replicate periodically in the latter. Once a debilitated strain started replicating continuously in mammalian cells, fitness increased significantly. Fitness recovery did not entail back mutations or compensatory mutations, but instead, we observed the replacement of persistence-adapted genomes by mammalian cell-adapted strains with a full set of new, unrelated sequence changes. These mammalian cell-adapted genomes were present at low frequencies in the populations with a history of persistence for up to a year and quickly became dominant during mammalian infection, but coexistence was not stable in the long term. Periodic acute replication in mammalian cells likely contributed to extending the survival of minority genomes, but these genomes were also found in strictly persistent populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Novella
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of Ohio, 3055 Arlington Ave., Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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35
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Dadachova E, Wang XG, Casadevall A. Targeting the Virus with Radioimmunotherapy in Virus-Associated Cancers. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2007; 22:303-8. [PMID: 17651036 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2007.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
"Virus-associated cancer" (VAC) refers to a cancer where viral infection results in the malignant transformation of the host's infected cells. Examples of viruses linked to cancers are the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is associated with lymphomas, as well as nasopharyngeal and breast cancer; hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), which are both associated with hepatocellular carcinoma; and human papilloma viruses (HPVs), which are associated with cancer of the cervix. We have recently demonstrated that HIV-1-infected cells can be eliminated in vitro and in vivo by targeting viral glycoproteins expressed on the surface of infected cells with radiolabeled viral protein-specific monoclonal antibodies and proposed that this approach can be applicable to the broad range of viral infectious diseases. In VAC, the tumor cells can exhibit viral antigens both internally or on their surfaces. As a result, viral antigens in tumors represent a potential antigenic target that is clearly different from normal tissues. In principle, these proteins could be targeted by radioimmunotherapy (RIT). In this paper, we describe the potential of this approach and review some of the issues involved in the development of this approach. RIT of VAC is fundamentally different from the previously described uses of RIT, which have targeted tumor-associated antigens that are "self" proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Dadachova
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Despite the wealth of data describing the ecological factors that underpin viral emergence, little is known about the evolutionary processes that allow viruses to jump species barriers and establish productive infections in new hosts. Understanding the evolutionary basis to virus emergence is therefore a key research goal and many of the debates in this area can be considered within the rigorous theoretical framework established by evolutionary genetics. In particular, the respective roles played by natural selection and genetic drift in shaping genetic diversity are also of fundamental importance for understanding the nature of viral emergence. Herein, we discuss whether there are evolutionary rules to viral emergence, and especially whether certain types of virus, or those that infect a particular type of host species, are more likely to emerge than others. We stress the complex interplay between rates of viral evolution and the ability to recognize cell receptors from phylogenetically divergent host species. We also emphasize the current lack of convincing data as to whether viral emergence requires adaptation to the new host species during the early stages of infection, or whether it is largely a chance process involving the transmission of a viral strain with the necessary genetic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Childs
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health and Center for Eco-Epidemiolog, Yale University School of Medicine, 60 College St, 208034, 06520-8034 New Haven, CT USA
| | - John S. Mackenzie
- Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Curtin University of Technology, U1987, 6845 Perth, WA Australia
| | - Jürgen A. Richt
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave Ames, 50010 IA USA
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37
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Ciota AT, Lovelace AO, Ngo KA, Le AN, Maffei JG, Franke MA, Payne AF, Jones SA, Kauffman EB, Kramer LD. Cell-specific adaptation of two flaviviruses following serial passage in mosquito cell culture. Virology 2006; 357:165-74. [PMID: 16963095 PMCID: PMC3249649 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that was introduced into the U.S. in the New York City area in 1999. Despite its successful establishment and rapid spread in a naive environment, WNV has undergone limited evolution since its introduction. This evolutionary stability has been attributed to compromises made to permit alternating cycles of viral replication in vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Outbreaks of a close relative of WNV, St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), occur in the U.S. periodically and are also characterized by limited genetic change overtime. We measured both phenotypic and genotypic changes in WNV and SLEV serially passaged in mosquito cell culture in order to clarify the role of an individual host cell type in flavivirus adaptation and evolution. Genetic changes in passaged WNV and SLEV were minimal but led to increased relative fitness and replicative ability of the virus in the homologous cell line C6/36 mosquito cells. Similar increases were not measured in the heterologous cell line DF-1 avian cells. These phenotypic changes are consistent with the concept of cell-specific adaptation in flaviviruses.
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38
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Abstract
In recent years, quasispecies theory in time-dependent (that is, dynamically changing) environments has made dramatic progress. Several groups have addressed questions such as how the time scale of the changes affect viral adaptation and quasispecies formation, how environmental changes affect the optimal mutation rate, or how virus and host co-evolve. Here, we review these recent developments, and give a nonmathematical introduction to the most important concepts and results of quasispecies theory in time-dependent environments. We also compare the theoretical results with results from evolution experiments that expose viruses to successive regimes of replication in two or more different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O Wilke
- Section of Integrative Biology and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Holmes
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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40
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Abstract
The study of RNA virus evolution has developed rapidly during the past 30 years. This review outlines some important recent findings, as well as a number of the remaining major challenges, particularly those that might explain why RNA viruses are the most important class of emerging diseases, yet often have difficulties adapting to sustained transmission cycles in new hosts. The author emphasizes the relevance of research on the underlying dynamics of mutation, fitness landscapes and the constraints to viral adaptation, as well as the evolution of recombination and reassortment. It is also suggested that a combination of theoretical, experimental and comparative approaches is essential for future studies of viral evolution, coupled with new genome sequence data on intrahost genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Holmes
- The Pennsylvania State University, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Greene IP, Wang E, Deardorff ER, Milleron R, Domingo E, Weaver SC. Effect of alternating passage on adaptation of sindbis virus to vertebrate and invertebrate cells. J Virol 2005; 79:14253-60. [PMID: 16254360 PMCID: PMC1280187 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.22.14253-14260.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne alphaviruses, which replicate alternately and obligately in mosquitoes and vertebrates, appear to experience lower rates of evolution than do many RNA viruses that replicate solely in vertebrates. This genetic stability is hypothesized to result from the alternating host cycle, which constrains evolution by imposing compromise fitness solutions in each host. To test this hypothesis, Sindbis virus was passaged serially, either in one cell type to eliminate host alteration or alternately between vertebrate (BHK) and mosquito (C6/36) cells. Following 20 to 50 serial passages, mutations were identified and changes in fitness were assessed using competition assays against genetically marked, surrogate parent viruses. Specialized viruses passaged in a single cell exhibited more mutations and amino acid changes per passage than those passaged alternately. Single host-adapted viruses exhibited fitness gains in the cells in which they specialized but fitness losses in the bypassed cell type. Most but not all viruses passaged alternately experienced lesser fitness gains than specialized viruses, with fewer mutations per passage. Clonal populations derived from alternately passaged viruses also exhibited adaptation to both cell lines, indicating that polymorphic populations are not required for simultaneous fitness gains in vertebrate and mosquito cells. Nearly all passaged viruses acquired Arg or Lys substitutions in the E2 envelope glycoprotein, but enhanced binding was only detected for BHK cells. These results support the hypothesis that arbovirus evolution may be constrained by alternating host transmission cycles, but they indicate a surprising ability for simultaneous adaptation to highly divergent cell types by combinations of mutations in single genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivorlyne P Greene
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0609, USA
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Forster R, Wilke CO. Tradeoff between short-term and long-term adaptation in a changing environment. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2005; 72:041922. [PMID: 16383435 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.72.041922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the competition dynamics of two microbial or viral strains that live in an environment that switches periodically between two states. One of the strains is adapted to the long-term environment, but pays a short-term cost, while the other is adapted to the short-term environment and pays a cost in the long term. We explore the tradeoff between these alternative strategies in extensive numerical simulations and present a simple analytic model that can predict the outcome of these competitions as a function of the mutation rate and the time scale of the environmental changes. Our model is relevant for arboviruses, which alternate between different host species on a regular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Forster
- Digital Life Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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43
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Novella IS, Ebendick-Corpus BE. Molecular Basis of Fitness Loss and Fitness Recovery in Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. J Mol Biol 2004; 342:1423-30. [PMID: 15364571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Revised: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral populations subjected to repeated genetic bottleneck accumulate deleterious mutations in a process known as Muller's ratchet. Asexual viruses, such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) can recover from Muller's ratchet by replication with large effective population sizes. However, mutants with a history of bottleneck transmissions often show decreased adaptability when compared to non-bottlenecked populations. We have generated a collection of bottlenecked mutants and allowed them to recover by large population passages. We have characterized fitness changes and the complete genomes of these strains. Mutations accumulated during the operation of Muller's ratchet led to the identification of two potential mutational hot spots in the VSV genome. As in other viral systems, transitions were more common than transversions. Both back mutation and compensatory mutations contributed to recovery, although a significant level of fitness increase was observed in nine of the 13 bottlenecked strains with no obvious changes in the consensus sequence. Additional replication of three strains resulted in the fixation of single point mutations. Only two mutations previously found in non-bottlenecked, high-fitness populations that had been adapting to the same environment were identified in the recovered strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Novella
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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