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Gong X, Liu Y, Liang K, Chen Z, Ding K, Qiu L, Wei J, Du H. Cucurbitacin I exerts its anticancer effects by inducing cell cycle arrest via the KAT2a-ube2C/E2F1 pathway and inhibiting HepG2-induced macrophage M2 polarization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 738:150508. [PMID: 39151295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies globally, particularly prevalent in China, where it accounts for nearly half of the world's new cases and deaths each year, but has limited therapeutic options. This study systematically investigated the impact of cucurbitacin I on HCC cell lines including SK-Hep-1, Huh-7, and HepG2. The results revealed that cucurbitacin I not only inhibited cell proliferation, cell migration and colony formation, but also induced apoptosis in HCC cells. The apoptotic induction was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), and an elevation in the expression levels of pro-apoptotic factors, including tumor protein p53 (P53), bcl2 associated X-apoptosis regulator (Bax), and caspase3 (Cas3). Additionally, cucurbitacin I caused cell cycle arrest by modulating the lysine acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A)-E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1)/Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 C (UBE2C) signaling axis. In terms of regulation on tumor microenvironment, cucurbitacin I was demonstrated the ability to inhibit HCC cell-induced M2 polarization of macrophages. This comprehensive study unveils the multifaceted anti-cancer mechanisms of cucurbitacin I, providing robust support for its potential application in the treatment of HCC, offering new avenues for the future development of HCC treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Gong
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yunfei Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Keying Liang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zixi Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ke Ding
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li Qiu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinfen Wei
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongli Du
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China.
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2
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Yin C, Zhang C, Wang Y, Liu G, Wang N, Liang N, Zhang L, Tu Q, Lv J, Jiang H, Ma H, Du C, Li M, He X, Chen S, Guo J, Li S, Qin J, Li N, Tao Y, Yin H. ALDOB/KAT2A interactions epigenetically modulate TGF-β expression and T cell functions in hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00669. [PMID: 38051951 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cross talk between tumor cells and immune cells enables tumor cells to escape immune surveillance and dictate responses to immunotherapy. Previous studies have identified that downregulation of the glycolytic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase B (ALDOB) in tumor cells orchestrated metabolic programming to favor HCC. However, it remains elusive whether and how ALDOB expression in tumor cells affects the tumor microenvironment in HCC. APPROACH AND RESULTS We found that ALDOB downregulation was negatively correlated with CD8 + T cell infiltration in human HCC tumor tissues but in a state of exhaustion. Similar observations were made in mice with liver-specific ALDOB knockout or in subcutaneous tumor models with ALDOB knockdown. Moreover, ALDOB deficiency in tumor cells upregulates TGF-β expression, thereby increasing the number of Treg cells and impairing the activity of CD8 + T cells. Consistently, a combination of low ALDOB and high TGF-β expression exhibited the worst overall survival for patients with HCC. More importantly, the simultaneous blocking of TGF-β and programmed cell death (PD) 1 with antibodies additively inhibited tumorigenesis induced by ALDOB deficiency in mice. Further mechanistic experiments demonstrated that ALDOB enters the nucleus and interacts with lysine acetyltransferase 2A, leading to inhibition of H3K9 acetylation and thereby suppressing TGFB1 transcription. Consistently, inhibition of lysine acetyltransferase 2A activity by small molecule inhibitors suppressed TGF-β and HCC. CONCLUSIONS Our study has revealed a novel mechanism by which a metabolic enzyme in tumor cells epigenetically modulates TGF-β signaling, thereby enabling cancer cells to evade immune surveillance and affect their response to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhao Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cunzhen Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery I (Ward l), Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Guijun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaochu Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Haoran Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Chenxi Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Xuxiao He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Shiting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Jiacheng Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Shengxian Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery I (Ward l), Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhen Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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3
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Cheng C, He T, Chen K, Cai Y, Gu Y, Pan L, Duan P, Wu Y, Wu Z. P300 Interacted With N-Myc and Regulated Its Protein Stability via Altering Its Post-Translational Modifications in Neuroblastoma. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100504. [PMID: 36708875 PMCID: PMC9984901 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
MYCN amplification is an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in neuroblastoma (NB), but its protein product cannot be directly targeted because of protein structure. Thus, this study aimed to explore novel ways to indirectly target N-Myc by regulating its post-translational modifications (PTMs) and therefore protein stability. N-Myc coimmunoprecipitation combined with HPLC-MS/MS identified 16 PTM residues and 114 potential N-Myc-interacting proteins. Notably, both acetylation and ubiquitination were identified on lysine 199 of N-Myc. We then discovered that p300, which can interact with N-Myc, modulated the protein stability of N-Myc in MYCN-amplified NB cell lines and simultaneously regulated the acetylation level and ubiquitination level on lysine-199 of N-Myc protein in vitro. Furthermore, p300 correlated with poor prognosis in NB patients. Taken together, p300 can be considered as a potential therapeutic target to treat MYCN-amplified NB patients, and other identified PTMs and interacting proteins also provide potential targets for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian He
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanxia Cai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaoyao Gu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiwen Duan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeming Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Zhixiang Wu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Division of Pediatric Oncology, Shanghai Institute of Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Tang WS, Zhong L, Ding QQ, Dou YN, Li WW, Xu ZS, Zhou YB, Chen J, Chen M, Ma YZ. Histone deacetylase AtSRT2 regulates salt tolerance during seed germination via repression of vesicle-associated membrane protein 714 (VAMP714) in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1278-1293. [PMID: 35224735 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Salt tolerance during seed germination is essential for seedling establishment under salt stress. Sirtuin-like proteins, NAD+ -dependent histone deacetylases, are involved in plant responses to abiotic stresses; however, the regulatory mechanism remains unknown. We elucidated the mechanism underlying AtSRT2 (a sirtuin-like protein)-mediated regulation of salt tolerance during seed germination in Arabidopsis. The AtSRT2 mutant srt2 exhibited significantly reduced seed germination percentages under salt stress; its targets were identified via chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with ultra-high-throughput parallel DNA sequencing (ChIP-Seq) assay. Epistasis analysis was performed to identify AtSRT2-related pathways. Overexpression of SRT2.7, an AtSRT2 splice variant, rescued the salt-sensitive phenotype of mutant srt2. AtSRT2 histone deacetylation activity was important for salt tolerance during seed germination. The acetylation level of histone H4K8 locus in srt2-1 increased significantly under salt treatment. Vesicle-associated membrane protein 714 (VAMP714), a negative regulator of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-containing vesicle trafficking in cells, was identified as a target of AtSRT2. AtSRT2 regulated histone acetylation in the promoter region of VAMP714 and inhibited VAMP714 transcription under salt treatment. Seed germination percentage of double-mutant srt2-1vamp714 was close to that of single-mutant vamp714, and higher than that of single-mutant srt2 under salt stress. Hydrogen peroxide content and DNA damage increased after salt treatment in srt2 during seed germination. AtSRT2 regulates salt tolerance during seed germination through VAMP714 in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Si Tang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
- Guizhou Institute of Prataculture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China
| | - Qing-Qian Ding
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yi-Ning Dou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhao-Shi Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yong-Bin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
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5
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Huang J, Dai W, Xiao D, Xiong Q, Liu C, Hu J, Ge F, Yu X, Li S. Acetylation-dependent SAGA complex dimerization promotes nucleosome acetylation and gene transcription. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:261-273. [PMID: 35301489 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cells reprogram their transcriptomes to adapt to external conditions. The SAGA (Spt-Ada-Gcn5 acetyltransferase) complex is a highly conserved transcriptional coactivator that plays essential roles in cell growth and development, in part by acetylating histones. Here, we uncover an autoregulatory mechanism of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SAGA complex in response to environmental changes. Specifically, the SAGA complex acetylates its Ada3 subunit at three sites (lysines 8, 14 and 182) that are dynamically deacetylated by Rpd3. The acetylated Ada3 lysine residues are bound by bromodomains within SAGA subunits Gcn5 and Spt7 that synergistically facilitate formation of SAGA homo-dimers. Ada3-mediated dimerization is enhanced when cells are grown under sucrose or under phosphate-starvation conditions. Once dimerized, SAGA efficiently acetylates nucleosomes, promotes gene transcription and enhances cell resistance to stress. Collectively, our work reveals a mechanism for regulation of SAGA structure and activity and provides insights into how cells adapt to environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjing Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Duncheng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Cuifang Liu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Hu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xilan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shanshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.
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6
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Chand V, Kapoor A, Kundu S, Nag A. Identification of a peptide that disrupts hADA3-E6 interaction with implications in HPV induced cancer therapy. Life Sci 2022; 288:120157. [PMID: 34801511 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM High risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is an infectious pathogen implicated in a variety of cancers with poor clinical outcome. The mechanism of HPV induced cellular transformation and its intervention remains to be elucidated. Human ADA3 (hADA3), a cellular target of HPV16 E6, is an essential and conserved component of the ADA transcriptional coactivator complex. High risk HPV-E6 binds and functionally inactivates hADA3 to initiate oncogenesis. The aim of this study was to identify the interaction interface between hADA3 and HPV16E6 for designing inhibitory peptides that can potentially disrupt the hADA3-E6 interaction. MATERIAL METHODS The present investigation employed structure-based in silico tools supported by biochemical validation, in vivo interaction studies and analysis of posttranslational modifications. KEY FINDINGS First 3D-model of hADA3 was proposed and domains involved in the oncogenic interaction between hADA3 and HPV16E6 were delineated. Rationally designed peptide disrupted hADA3-E6 interaction and impeded malignant properties of cervical cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE Intervention of hADA3-E6 interaction thus promises to be a potential strategy to combat HPV induced oncogenic conditions like cervical cancer. The investigation provides mechanistic insights into HPV pathogenesis and shows promise in developing novel therapeutics to treat HPV induced cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Chand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Abhijeet Kapoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Alo Nag
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
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7
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Zhu Y, Hu M, Ngowo J, Gao X, Chen X, Yan H, Yu W. Deacetylation of BmAda3 is required for cell apoptosis caused by Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus infection. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 108:e21838. [PMID: 34350621 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm is not only an ideal insect model with a biological significance, but it is also crucially important in sericulture and bioreactors. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a principal pathogen of silkworm. However, the molecular mechanism underlying BmNPV invasion is still unclear. Based on our previous acetylome research findings of B. mori after BmNPV infection, here, we focused on silkworm alteration/deficiency in activation-3 (BmAda3). The acetylation of K124 and K128 were significantly reduced (0.66-fold) upon the virus challenge. Due to the interaction between Ada3 and P53, acetylation-mimic K124Q/K128Q and deacetylation-mimic K124R/K128R mutants of BmAda3 were constructed to explore the roles exerted by the acetylation modification of BmAda3 on P53. Yeast two-hybrid and IP results revealed that both BmAda3 and its deacetylation mutants (K124R/K128R) interacted with P53. Interestingly, we found that the deacetylation mutants (K124R/K128R) of BmAda3 significantly promoted the stability of P53. Since P53 is a proapoptotic factor, cell apoptosis was detected. We established that the deacetylation of BmAda3 at K124/K128 facilitated cellular apoptosis during BmNPV infection. Finally, viral proliferation was analyzed, and the results indicated that virus generation was reduced by K124/K128 deacetylation. Our report, based on the deacetylation of two lysine sites 124/128 of BmAda3, shows possible regulatory pathways of BmNPV proliferation and provides novel insights into the development of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Miao Hu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jonas Ngowo
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xu Gao
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Huihui Yan
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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8
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The GCN5: its biological functions and therapeutic potentials. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:231-257. [PMID: 33443284 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
General control non-depressible 5 (GCN5) or lysine acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A) is one of the most highly studied histone acetyltransferases. It acts as both histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and lysine acetyltransferase (KAT). As an HAT it plays a pivotal role in the epigenetic landscape and chromatin modification. Besides, GCN5 regulates a wide range of biological events such as gene regulation, cellular proliferation, metabolism and inflammation. Imbalance in the GCN5 activity has been reported in many disorders such as cancer, metabolic disorders, autoimmune disorders and neurological disorders. Therefore, unravelling the role of GCN5 in different diseases progression is a prerequisite for both understanding and developing novel therapeutic agents of these diseases. In this review, we have discussed the structural features, the biological function of GCN5 and the mechanical link with the diseases associated with its imbalance. Moreover, the present GCN5 modulators and their limitations will be presented in a medicinal chemistry perspective.
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The Mammalian Ecdysoneless Protein Interacts with RNA Helicase DDX39A To Regulate Nuclear mRNA Export. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0010321. [PMID: 33941617 PMCID: PMC8224239 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00103-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian orthologue of ecdysoneless (ECD) protein is required for embryogenesis, cell cycle progression, and mitigation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Here, we identified key components of the mRNA export complexes as binding partners of ECD and characterized the functional interaction of ECD with key mRNA export-related DEAD BOX protein helicase DDX39A. We find that ECD is involved in RNA export through its interaction with DDX39A. ECD knockdown (KD) blocks mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, which is rescued by expression of full-length ECD but not an ECD mutant that is defective in interaction with DDX39A. We have previously shown that ECD protein is overexpressed in ErbB2+ breast cancers (BC). In this study, we extended the analyses to two publicly available BC mRNA The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) data sets. In both data sets, ECD mRNA overexpression correlated with short patient survival, specifically ErbB2+ BC. In the METABRIC data set, ECD overexpression also correlated with poor patient survival in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Furthermore, ECD KD in ErbB2+ BC cells led to a decrease in ErbB2 mRNA level due to a block in its nuclear export and was associated with impairment of oncogenic traits. These findings provide novel mechanistic insight into the physiological and pathological functions of ECD.
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10
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Koutelou E, Farria AT, Dent SYR. Complex functions of Gcn5 and Pcaf in development and disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1864:194609. [PMID: 32730897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of biochemical and cellular data, accumulated over several years by multiple groups, has provided a great degree of insight into the molecular mechanisms of actions of GCN5 and PCAF in gene activation. Studies of these lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) in vitro, in cultured cells, have revealed general mechanisms for their recruitment by sequence-specific binding factors and their molecular functions as transcriptional co-activators. Genetic studies indicate that GCN5 and PCAF are involved in multiple developmental processes in vertebrates, yet our understanding of their molecular functions in these contexts remains somewhat rudimentary. Understanding the functions of GCN5/PCAF in developmental processes provides clues to the roles of these KATs in disease states. Here we will review what is currently known about the developmental roles of GCN5 and PCAF, as well as emerging role of these KATs in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Koutelou
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, United States of America; Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Aimee T Farria
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, United States of America; Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America
| | - Sharon Y R Dent
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, United States of America; Center for Cancer Epigenetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States of America.
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Zhang S, Xu L, Tang Z, Wang H, Gu J, Sun B, Zhang W, Niu D, Feng J. Overexpression of Alteration/Deficiency in Activation 3 correlates with poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152408. [PMID: 30954347 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alteration/Deficiency in Activation 3 (ADA3), the human homologue of yeast ADA3, is involved in a variety of cell biological processes and plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Here, western blotting and reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were conducted to explore the expression pattern of ADA3 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. It was found that ADA3 protein expression in cancerous tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent normal lung tissues, but there were no differences in mRNA levels. Tissue microarray immunohistochemical assay (TMA-IHC) was performed and we investigated the prognostic significance of ADA3 expression in 84 cases of NSCLC. Survival analyses showed that high expression of ADA3 was an independent prognostic factor for unfavorable overall survival (OS) in patients with NSCLC. In summary, the ADA3 expression level elevates in NSCLC and correlates with poor OS in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liqin Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyuan Tang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baier Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weishuai Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donghua Niu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Yang Q, Li Y, Apaliya MT, Zheng X, Serwah BNA, Zhang X, Zhang H. The Response of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa to Patulin Based on Lysine Crotonylation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2025. [PMID: 30233516 PMCID: PMC6129574 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin produced by some Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys species. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa is able to degrade PAT in vivo as well as in vitro, up till date, the process and molecular mechanism(s) involved patulin degradation still remains unknown. Protein lysine crotonylation (Kcr) plays an important role in regulating chromatin dynamics, gene expression, and metabolic pathways in mammals and eukaryotes. Investigation of the Kcr changes accompanying degradation of patulin in R. mucilaginosa were observed to investigate the mechanisms of patulin inhibition. Tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and Kcro affinity enrichment, followed by high-resolution LC-MS/MS analysis, were used to perform quantitative lysine crotonylome analysis on R. mucilaginosa. Consequently, 1691 lysine crotonylation sites in 629 protein groups were identified, among which we quantified 1457 sites in 562 proteins. Among the quantified proteins, 79 and 46 crotonylated proteins were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. The differentially up expressed modified proteins were mainly involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle and gluconeogenic pathway. The differentially down expressed Kcr proteins were mainly classified to ribosome and carbohydrate transport and metabolism. Bioinformatic analyses were performed to annotate the quantifiable lysine crotonylated targets. Moreover, interaction networks and high confidence domain architectures of crotonylated proteins were investigated with the aid of bioinformatic tools, and these results showed that there was an increase in the number of yeasts with crotonylated proteins. The results also provided information on the various roles of crotonylation, which are involved in PAT degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Edible Wild Plants Conservation and Utilization, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Maurice T. Apaliya
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiangfeng Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Srivastava S, Mohibi S, Mirza S, Band H, Band V. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor activation promotes ADA3 acetylation through the AKT-p300 pathway. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:1515-1525. [PMID: 28759294 PMCID: PMC5584872 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1339846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ADA3 (Alteration/Deficiency in Activation 3) protein is an essential adaptor component of several Lysine Acetyltransferase (KAT) complexes involved in chromatin modifications. Previously, we and others have demonstrated a crucial role of ADA3 in cell cycle progression and in maintenance of genomic stability. Recently, we have shown that acetylation of ADA3 is key to its role in cell cycle progression. Here, we demonstrate that AKT activation downstream of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) family proteins stimulation leads to phosphorylation of p300, which in turn promotes the acetylation of ADA3. Inhibition of upstream receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), HER1 (EGFR)/HER2 by lapatinib and the accompanying reduction of phospho-AKT levels led to a decrease in p300 phosphorylation and ADA3 protein levels. The p300/PCAF inhibitor garcinol also destabilized the ADA3 protein in a proteasome-dependent manner and an ADA3 mutant with K→R mutations exhibited a marked increase in half-life, consistent with opposite role of acetylation and ubiquitination of ADA3 on shared lysine residues. ADA3 knockdown led to cell cycle inhibitory effects, as well as apoptosis similar to those induced by lapatinib treatment of HER2+ breast cancer cells, as seen by accumulation of CDK inhibitor p27, reduction in mitotic marker pH3(S10), and a decrease in the S-phase marker PCNA, as well as the appearance of cleaved PARP. Taken together our results reveal a novel RTK-AKT-p300-ADA3 signaling pathway involved in growth factor-induced cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Srivastava
- a Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Shakur Mohibi
- a Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Sameer Mirza
- a Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Hamid Band
- a Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,b Pathology & Microbiology , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,c Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,d Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,e Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Vimla Band
- a Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,d Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA.,e Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center; University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
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Griffin NI, Sharma G, Zhao X, Mirza S, Srivastava S, Dave BJ, Aleskandarany M, Rakha E, Mohibi S, Band H, Band V. ADA3 regulates normal and tumor mammary epithelial cell proliferation through c-MYC. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:113. [PMID: 27852327 PMCID: PMC5112670 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have established the critical role of ADA3 as a coactivator of estrogen receptor (ER), as well as its role in cell cycle progression. Furthermore, we showed that ADA3 is predominantly nuclear in mammary epithelium, and in ER+, but is cytoplasmic in ER- breast cancers, the latter correlating with poor survival. However, the role of nuclear ADA3 in human mammary epithelial cells (hMECs), and in ER+ breast cancer cells, as well as the importance of ADA3 expression in relation to patient prognosis and survival in ER+ breast cancer have remained uncharacterized. Methods We overexpressed ADA3 in hMECs or in ER+ breast cancer cells and assessed the effect on cell proliferation. The expression of ADA3 was analyzed then correlated with the expression of various prognostic markers, as well as survival of breast cancer patients. Results Overexpression of ADA3 in ER- hMECs as well as in ER+ breast cancer cell lines enhanced cell proliferation. These cells showed increased cyclin B and c-MYC, decreased p27 and increased SKP2 levels. This was accompanied by increased mRNA levels of early response genes c-FOS, EGR1, and c-MYC. Analysis of breast cancer tissue specimens showed a significant correlation of ADA3 nuclear expression with c-MYC expression. Furthermore, nuclear ADA3 and c-MYC expression together showed significant correlation with tumor grade, mitosis, pleomorphism, NPI, ER/PR status, Ki67 and p27 expression. Importantly, within ER+ cases, expression of nuclear ADA3 and c-MYC also significantly correlated with Ki67 and p27 expression. Univariate Kaplan Meier analysis of four groups in the whole, as well as the ER+ patients showed that c-MYC and ADA3 combinatorial phenotypes showed significantly different breast cancer specific survival with c-MYC-high and ADA3-Low subgroup had the worst outcome. Using multivariate analyses within the whole cohort and the ER+ subgroups, the significant association of ADA3 and c-MYC expression with patients’ outcome was independent of tumor grade, stage and size, and ER status. Conclusion ADA3 overexpression enhances cell proliferation that is associated with increased expression of c-MYC. Expression patterns with respect to ADA3/c-MYC can divide patients into four significantly different subgroups, with c-MYC High and ADA3 Low status independently predicting poor survival in patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0770-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas I Griffin
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Gayatri Sharma
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Xiangshan Zhao
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Sameer Mirza
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Shashank Srivastava
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Bhavana J Dave
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Departments of Human Genetics Laboratories, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Departments of Pathology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mohammed Aleskandarany
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences and Cellular Pathology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, USA
| | - Emad Rakha
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences and Cellular Pathology, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospital, Nottingham City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, USA
| | - Shakur Mohibi
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Hamid Band
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Departments of Pathology & Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Vimla Band
- Departments of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA. .,Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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