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Wilson PG, Abdelmoti L, Gao T, Galperin E. The expression of congenital Shoc2 variants induces AKT-dependent crosstalk activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:1592-1604. [PMID: 38881369 PMCID: PMC11373329 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The Shoc2 scaffold protein is crucial in transmitting signals within the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-mediated Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. While the significance of Shoc2 in this pathway is well-established, the precise mechanisms through which Shoc2 governs signal transmission remain to be fully elucidated. Hereditary variants in Shoc2 are responsible for Noonan Syndrome with Loose anagen Hair (NSLH). However, due to the absence of known enzymatic activity in Shoc2, directly assessing how these variants affect its function is challenging. ERK1/2 phosphorylation is used as a primary parameter of Shoc2 function, but the impact of Shoc2 mutants on the pathway activation is unclear. This study investigates how the NSLH-associated Shoc2 variants influence EGFR signals in the context of the ERK1/2 and AKT downstream signaling pathways. We show that when the ERK1/2 pathway is a primary signaling pathway activated downstream of EGFR, Shoc2 variants cannot upregulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation to the level of the WT Shoc2. Yet, when the AKT and ERK1/2 pathways were activated, in cells expressing Shoc2 variants, ERK1/2 phosphorylation was higher than in cells expressing WT Shoc2. In cells expressing the Shoc2 NSLH mutants, we found that the AKT signaling pathway triggers the PAK activation, followed by phosphorylation of Raf-1/MEK1/2 and activation of the ERK1/2 signaling axis. Hence, our studies reveal a previously unrecognized feedback regulation downstream of the EGFR and provide additional evidence for the role of Shoc2 as a "gatekeeper" in controlling the selection of downstream effectors within the EGFR signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Lina Abdelmoti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, 741 S Limestone St, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
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2
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Bonsor DA, Simanshu DK. RAS and SHOC2 Roles in RAF Activation and Therapeutic Considerations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2024; 8:97-113. [PMID: 38882927 PMCID: PMC11178279 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-062822-030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in RAS proteins play a pivotal role in the development of human cancers, driving persistent RAF activation and deregulating the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. While progress has been made in targeting specific oncogenic RAS proteins, effective drug-based therapies for the majority of RAS mutations remain limited. Recent investigations on RAS-RAF complexes and the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C holoenzyme complex have provided crucial insights into the structural and functional aspects of RAF activation within the MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, these studies have also unveiled new blueprints for developing inhibitors allowing us to think beyond the current RAS and MEK inhibitors. In this review, we explore the roles of RAS and SHOC2 in activating RAF and discuss potential therapeutic strategies to target these proteins. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular interactions involved in RAF activation and their therapeutic implications holds the potential to drive innovative approaches in combating RAS/RAF-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bonsor
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dhirendra K. Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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3
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Thompson MK, Sharma N, Thorn A, Prakash A. Deciphering the crystal structure of a novel nanobody against the NEIL1 DNA glycosylase. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2024; 80:137-146. [PMID: 38289715 PMCID: PMC10836396 DOI: 10.1107/s205979832400038x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanobodies (VHHs) are single-domain antibodies with three antigenic CDR regions and are used in diverse scientific applications. Here, an ∼14 kDa nanobody (A5) specific for the endonuclease VIII (Nei)-like 1 or NEIL1 DNA glycosylase involved in the first step of the base-excision repair pathway was crystallized and its structure was determined to 2.1 Å resolution. The crystals posed challenges due to potential twinning and anisotropic diffraction. Despite inconclusive twinning indicators, reprocessing in an orthorhombic setting and molecular replacement in space group P21212 enabled the successful modeling of 96% of residues in the asymmetric unit, with final Rwork and Rfree values of 0.199 and 0.229, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlo K Thompson
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama Health, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama Health, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Andrea Thorn
- Institut für Nanostruktur und Festkörperphysik, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aishwarya Prakash
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama Health, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
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4
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Wilson P, Abdelmoti L, Gao T, Galperin E. The expression of congenital Shoc2 variants induces AKT-dependent feedback activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.23.573219. [PMID: 38187642 PMCID: PMC10769455 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.23.573219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The Shoc2 scaffold protein is crucial in transmitting signals within the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)-mediated Extracellular signal-regulated Kinase (ERK1/2) pathway. While the significance of Shoc2 in this pathway is well-established, the precise mechanisms through which Shoc2 governs signal transmission remain to be fully elucidated. Hereditary mutations in Shoc2 are responsible for Noonan Syndrome with Loose anagen Hair (NSLH). However, due to the absence of known enzymatic activity in Shoc2, directly assessing how these mutations affect its function is challenging. ERK1/2 phosphorylation is used as a primary parameter of Shoc2 function, but the impact of Shoc2 mutants on the pathway activation is unclear. This study investigates how the NSLH-associated Shoc2 variants influence EGFR signals in the context of the ERK1/2 and AKT downstream signaling pathways. We show that when the ERK1/2 pathway is a primary signaling pathway activated downstream of EGFR, Shoc2 variants cannot upregulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation to the level of the WT Shoc2. Yet, when the AKT and ERK1/2 pathways were activated, in cells expressing Shoc2 variants, ERK1/2 phosphorylation was higher than in cells expressing WT Shoc2. We found that, in cells expressing the Shoc2 NSLH mutants, the AKT signaling pathway triggers the PAK activation, followed by phosphorylation and Raf-1/MEK1/2 /ERK1/2 signaling axis activation. Hence, our studies reveal a previously unrecognized feedback regulation downstream of the EGFR and provide evidence for the Shoc2 role as a "gatekeeper" in controlling the selection of downstream effectors within the EGFR signaling network.
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5
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Thompson MK, Sharma N, Prakash A. Deciphering the orthorhombic crystal structure of a novel NEIL1 nanobody with pseudo-merohedral twinning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.07.552313. [PMID: 37609231 PMCID: PMC10441366 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.07.552313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanobodies or VHHs (Variable Heavy domains of Heavy chain) are single domain antibodies that comprise three antigenic complementary determining regions (CDR). Nanobodies are used in numerous scientific applications including, bio-imaging, diagnosis, therapeutics, and macromolecular crystallography. We obtained crystals of a ∼14 kDa nanobody specific for the NEIL1 DNA glycosylase (hereafter called A5) in 0.5 M ammonium sulfate, 0.1 M sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate pH 5.6, and 1.0 M lithium sulfate monohydrate from the Crystal HT Hampton Research screen that were further optimized. Here, we describe the structure determination and refinement of the A5 crystals to a resolution of 2.1 Å. The data collected were complicated by the presence of anisotropy and twinning, and while initial space group determination pointed to a higher apparent tetragonal crystal system, the data statistics suggested twinning, placing the crystal in an orthorhombic system. Twinning was confirmed by the Padilla and Yeates test, H-test, and Britton test based on local intensity differences with a twin fraction of 0.4. Molecular replacement produced the best solution in the orthorhombic space group P2 1 2 1 2 with four molecules in the asymmetric unit and we were able to model over 96% of the residues in the electron density with a final R work and R free of 0.1988 and 0.2289 upon refinement. Synopsis The crystal structure of a specific nanobody against NEIL1 was determined to 2.1 Å. The structure was ultimately solved in an orthorhombic space group after diffraction data analysis revealed mild anisotropy as well as pseudo-merohedral twinning.
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Scinicariello S, Soderholm A, Schäfer M, Shulkina A, Schwartz I, Hacker K, Gogova R, Kalis R, Froussios K, Budroni V, Bestehorn A, Clausen T, Kovarik P, Zuber J, Versteeg GA. HUWE1 controls tristetraprolin proteasomal degradation by regulating its phosphorylation. eLife 2023; 12:e83159. [PMID: 36961408 PMCID: PMC10038661 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tristetraprolin (TTP) is a critical negative immune regulator. It binds AU-rich elements in the untranslated-regions of many mRNAs encoding pro-inflammatory mediators, thereby accelerating their decay. A key but poorly understood mechanism of TTP regulation is its timely proteolytic removal: TTP is degraded by the proteasome through yet unidentified phosphorylation-controlled drivers. In this study, we set out to identify factors controlling TTP stability. Cellular assays showed that TTP is strongly lysine-ubiquitinated, which is required for its turnover. A genetic screen identified the ubiquitin E3 ligase HUWE1 as a strong regulator of TTP proteasomal degradation, which we found to control TTP stability indirectly by regulating its phosphorylation. Pharmacological assessment of multiple kinases revealed that HUWE1-regulated TTP phosphorylation and stability was independent of the previously characterized effects of MAPK-mediated S52/S178 phosphorylation. HUWE1 function was dependent on phosphatase and E3 ligase binding sites identified in the TTP C-terminus. Our findings indicate that while phosphorylation of S52/S178 is critical for TTP stabilization at earlier times after pro-inflammatory stimulation, phosphorylation of the TTP C-terminus controls its stability at later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Scinicariello
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Adrian Soderholm
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Markus Schäfer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Alexandra Shulkina
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Irene Schwartz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Kathrin Hacker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Rebeca Gogova
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Robert Kalis
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Kimon Froussios
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Valentina Budroni
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Annika Bestehorn
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Tim Clausen
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Pavel Kovarik
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Gijs A Versteeg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna BioCenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
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Sala-Gaston J, Costa-Sastre L, Pedrazza L, Martinez-Martinez A, Ventura F, Rosa JL. Regulation of MAPK Signaling Pathways by the Large HERC Ubiquitin Ligases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054906. [PMID: 36902336 PMCID: PMC10003351 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitylation acts as a complex cell signaling mechanism since the formation of different mono- and polyubiquitin chains determines the substrate's fate in the cell. E3 ligases define the specificity of this reaction by catalyzing the attachment of ubiquitin to the substrate protein. Thus, they represent an important regulatory component of this process. Large HERC ubiquitin ligases belong to the HECT E3 protein family and comprise HERC1 and HERC2 proteins. The physiological relevance of the Large HERCs is illustrated by their involvement in different pathologies, with a notable implication in cancer and neurological diseases. Understanding how cell signaling is altered in these different pathologies is important for uncovering novel therapeutic targets. To this end, this review summarizes the recent advances in how the Large HERCs regulate the MAPK signaling pathways. In addition, we emphasize the potential therapeutic strategies that could be followed to ameliorate the alterations in MAPK signaling caused by Large HERC deficiencies, focusing on the use of specific inhibitors and proteolysis-targeting chimeras.
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8
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Chawla U, Chopra D. Structural Advancement in Shoc2‐MAPK Signaling Pathways in the Treatment of Cancer and Other Diseases. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udeep Chawla
- Innovation and Incubation Centre for Entrepreneurship Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal 462066 Madhya Pradesh India
- The University of Arizona, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Tucson AZ85721 United States
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Innovation and Incubation Centre for Entrepreneurship Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal 462066 Madhya Pradesh India
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal Bhopal 462066 Madhya Pradesh India
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9
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Tan M, Chang Y, Liu X, Li H, Tang Z, Nyati MK, Sun Y. The Sag-Shoc2 axis regulates conversion of mPanINs to cystic lesions in Kras pancreatic tumor model. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111837. [PMID: 36543126 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
SAG/RBX2 is an E3 ligase, whereas SHOC2 is a RAS-RAF positive regulator. In this study, we address how Sag-Shoc2 crosstalk regulates pancreatic tumorigenesis induced by KrasG12D. Sag deletion increases the size of pancreas and causes the conversion of murine pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasms (mPanINs) to neoplastic cystic lesions with a mechanism involving Shoc2 accumulation, suggesting that Sag determines the pathological process via targeting Shoc2. Shoc2 deletion significantly inhibits pancreas growth, mPanIN formation, and acinar cell transdifferentiation, indicating that Shoc2 is essential for KrasG12D-induced pancreatic tumorigenesis. Likewise, in a primary acinar 3D culture, Sag deletion inhibits acinar-to-ductal transdifferentiation, while Shoc2 deletion significantly reduces the duct-like structures. Mechanistically, SAG is an E3 ligase that targets SHOC2 for degradation to affect both Mapk and mTorc1 pathways. Shoc2 deletion completely rescues the phenotype of neoplastic cystic lesions induced by Sag deletion, indicating physiological relevance of the Sag-Shoc2 crosstalk. Thus, the Sag-Shoc2 axis specifies the pancreatic tumor types induced by KrasG12D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjia Tan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCRC, Building 520, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yu Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCRC, Building 520, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCRC, Building 520, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCRC, Building 520, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Zaiming Tang
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Mukesh K Nyati
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCRC, Building 520, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- Cancer Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital, and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China; Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou 310029, China; Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
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10
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Norcross RG, Abdelmoti L, Rouchka EC, Andreeva K, Tussey O, Landestoy D, Galperin E. Shoc2 controls ERK1/2-driven neural crest development by balancing components of the extracellular matrix. Dev Biol 2022; 492:156-171. [PMID: 36265687 PMCID: PMC10019579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) pathway is essential in embryonic development. The scaffold protein Shoc2 is a critical modulator of ERK1/2 signals, and mutations in the shoc2 gene lead to the human developmental disease known as Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair (NSLH). The loss of Shoc2 and the shoc2 NSLH-causing mutations affect the tissues of neural crest (NC) origin. In this study, we utilized the zebrafish model to dissect the role of Shoc2-ERK1/2 signals in the development of NC. These studies established that the loss of Shoc2 significantly altered the expression of transcription factors regulating the specification and differentiation of NC cells. Using comparative transcriptome analysis of NC-derived cells from shoc2 CRISPR/Cas9 mutant larvae, we found that Shoc2-mediated signals regulate gene programs at several levels, including expression of genes coding for the proteins of extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM regulators. Together, our results demonstrate that Shoc2 is an essential regulator of NC development. This study also indicates that disbalance in the turnover of the ECM may lead to the abnormalities found in NSLH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Norcross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Lina Abdelmoti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Eric C Rouchka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA; KY INBRE Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Kalina Andreeva
- KY INBRE Bioinformatics Core, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA; Department of Neuroscience Training, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Olivia Tussey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Daileen Landestoy
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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USP7 regulates the ERK1/2 signaling pathway through deubiquitinating Raf-1 in lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:698. [PMID: 35948545 PMCID: PMC9365811 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05136-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) is one of the deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) in the ubiquitin-specific protease (USP) family. It is a key regulator of numerous cellular functions including immune response, cell cycle, DNA damage and repair, epigenetics, and several signaling pathways. USP7 acts by removing ubiquitin from the substrate proteins. USP7 also binds to a specific binding motif of substrate proteins having the [P/A/E]-X-X-S or K-X-X-X-K protein sequences. To date, numerous substrate proteins of USP7 have been identified, but no studies have been conducted using the binding motif that USP7 binds. In the current study, we analyzed putative substrate proteins of USP7 through the [P/A/E]-X-X-S and K-X-X-X-K binding motifs using bioinformatics tools, and confirmed that Raf-1 is one of the substrates for USP7. USP7 binds to the Pro-Val-Asp-Ser (PVDS) motif of the conserved region 2 (CR2) which contains phosphorylation sites of Raf-1 and decreased M1-, K6-, K11-, K27-, K33-, and K48-linked polyubiquitination of Raf-1. We further identified that the DUB activity of USP7 decreases the threonine phosphorylation level of Raf-1 and inhibits signaling transduction through Raf activation. This regulatory mechanism inhibits the activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the G2/M transition and the cell proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma cells. In summary, our results indicate that USP7 deubiquitinates Raf-1 and is a new regulator of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway in lung adenocarcinoma.
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12
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Park HB, Baek KH. E3 ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes regulating the MAPK signaling pathway in cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Ike Y, Tomioka M, Iino Y. Involvement of HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligase genes in salt chemotaxis learning in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 2022; 220:6530289. [PMID: 35176147 PMCID: PMC8982016 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is associated with various phenomena including learning and memory. In this study, we report that E3 ubiquitin ligase homologs and proteasome function are involved in taste avoidance learning, a type of associative learning between starvation and salt concentrations, in Caenorhabditis elegans. Pharmacological inhibition of proteasome function using bortezomib causes severe defects in taste avoidance learning. Among 9 HECT-type ubiquitin ligase genes, loss-of-function mutations of 6 ubiquitin ligase genes cause significant abnormalities in taste avoidance learning. Double mutations of those genes cause lethality or enhanced defects in taste avoidance learning, suggesting that the HECT-type ubiquitin ligases act in multiple pathways in the processes of learning. Furthermore, mutations of the ubiquitin ligase genes cause additive effects on taste avoidance learning defects of the insulin-like signaling mutants. Our findings unveil the consequences of aberrant functions of the proteasome and ubiquitin systems in learning behavior of Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Ike
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tomioka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan,Corresponding author: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Faculty of Science Building#3, Room 224, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan. ; Corresponding author: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Faculty of Science Building#3, Room 224, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Iino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan,Corresponding author: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Faculty of Science Building#3, Room 224, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan. ; Corresponding author: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Faculty of Science Building#3, Room 224, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan.
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14
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Zhao BR, Wang XX, Wang XW. Shoc2 recognizes bacterial flagellin and mediates antibacterial Erk/Stat signaling in an invertebrate. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010253. [PMID: 35073369 PMCID: PMC8812994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellin is a key bacterial virulence factor that can stimulate molecular immune signaling in both animals and plants. The detailed mechanisms of recognizing flagellin and mounting an efficient immune response have been uncovered in vertebrates; however, whether invertebrates can discriminate flagellin remains largely unknown. In the present study, the homolog of human SHOC2 leucine rich repeat scaffold protein in kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus), designated MjShoc2, was found to interact with Vibrio anguillarum flagellin A (FlaA) using yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays. MjShoc2 plays a role in antibacterial response by mediating the FlaA-induced expression of certain antibacterial effectors, including lectin and antimicrobial peptide. FlaA challenge, via MjShoc2, led to phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (Erk), and the subsequent activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat), ultimately inducing the expression of effectors. Therefore, by establishing the FlaA/MjShoc2/Erk/Stat signaling axis, this study revealed a new antibacterial strategy in shrimp, and provides insights into the flagellin sensing mechanism in invertebrates. Flagellin sensing has been proven as a general antibacterial strategy. Recognition of bacterial flagellin by the transmembrane receptor toll like receptor 5 (TLR5) leads to the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and induction of proinflammatory cytokines, while recognition by the intracellular nucleotide-binding leucine-rich (NLR) receptor leads to caspase-activation and cytokines-expression. Although flagellin is an effective immune stimulator that induces antimicrobial peptides in Drosophila and in crustaceans, how an invertebrate host senses flagellin and mounts an immune response is poorly understood. Here, we used the flagellin (FlaA) from Vibrio anguillarum, a pathogen of shrimp, as a bait protein to screen a yeast two-hybrid library derived from kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicus). We found a scaffold protein, MjShoc2, able to interact with FlaA. We also found that FlaA could effectively induce the expression of certain recognized antibacterial effectors in shrimp depending on MjShoc2. We revealed that extracellular regulated kinase (Erk) phosphorylation occurred downstream of FlaA/MjShoc2, and led to signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) activation, resulting in transcription of certain effectors. Therefore our study provides new insights into the FlaA-induced molecular immunity in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Rui Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin-Xin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xian-Wei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Mathien S, Tesnière C, Meloche S. Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Its Pharmacological Potential. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:263-296. [PMID: 34732541 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways that play essential roles in transducing extracellular environmental signals into diverse cellular responses to maintain homeostasis. These pathways are classically organized into an architecture of three sequentially acting protein kinases: a MAPK kinase kinase that phosphorylates and activates a MAPK kinase, which in turn phosphorylates and activates the effector MAPK. The activity of MAPKs is tightly regulated by phosphorylation of their activation loop, which can be modulated by positive and negative feedback mechanisms to control the amplitude and duration of the signal. The signaling outcomes of MAPK pathways are further regulated by interactions of MAPKs with scaffolding and regulatory proteins. Accumulating evidence indicates that, in addition to these mechanisms, MAPK signaling is commonly regulated by ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)-mediated control of the stability and abundance of MAPK pathway components. Notably, the biologic activity of some MAPKs appears to be regulated mainly at the level of protein turnover. Recent studies have started to explore the potential of targeted protein degradation as a powerful strategy to investigate the biologic functions of individual MAPK pathway components and as a new therapeutic approach to overcome resistance to current small-molecule kinase inhibitors. Here, we comprehensively review the mechanisms, physiologic importance, and pharmacological potential of UPS-mediated protein degradation in the control of MAPK signaling. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Accumulating evidence highlights the importance of targeted protein degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in regulating and fine-tuning the signaling output of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Manipulating protein levels of MAPK cascade components may provide a novel approach for the development of selective pharmacological tools and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mathien
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chloé Tesnière
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sylvain Meloche
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Montreal, Quebec, Canada (S.Ma., C.T., S.Me.); and Molecular Biology Program, Faculty of Medicine (C.T., S.Me.) and Department of Pharmacology and Physiology (S.Me.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Wilson P, Abdelmoti L, Norcross R, Jang ER, Palayam M, Galperin E. The role of USP7 in the Shoc2-ERK1/2 signaling axis and Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272259. [PMID: 34553755 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The ERK1/2 (also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1, respectively) signaling pathway is critical in organismal development and tissue morphogenesis. Deregulation of this pathway leads to congenital abnormalities with severe developmental dysmorphisms. The core ERK1/2 cascade relies on scaffold proteins, such as Shoc2 to guide and fine-tune its signals. Mutations in SHOC2 lead to the development of the pathology termed Noonan-like Syndrome with Loose Anagen Hair (NSLAH). However, the mechanisms underlying the functions of Shoc2 and its contributions to disease progression remain unclear. Here, we show that ERK1/2 pathway activation triggers the interaction of Shoc2 with the ubiquitin-specific protease USP7. We reveal that, in the Shoc2 module, USP7 functions as a molecular 'switch' that controls the E3 ligase HUWE1 and the HUWE1-induced regulatory feedback loop. We also demonstrate that disruption of Shoc2-USP7 binding leads to aberrant activation of the Shoc2-ERK1/2 axis. Importantly, our studies reveal a possible role for USP7 in the pathogenic mechanisms underlying NSLAH, thereby extending our understanding of how ubiquitin-specific proteases regulate intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lina Abdelmoti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Rebecca Norcross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Eun Ryoung Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Malathy Palayam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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17
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Ramanayake-Mudiyanselage V, Embogama DM, Pflum MKH. Kinase-Catalyzed Biotinylation to Map Cell Signaling Pathways: Application to Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4852-4861. [PMID: 34491762 PMCID: PMC8898094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell signaling involves a network of protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications that govern cellular responses to environmental cues. To understand and ultimately modulate these signaling pathways to confront disease, the complex web of proteins that becomes phosphorylated after extracellular stimulation has been studied using mass spectrometry-based proteomics methods. To complement prior work and fully characterize all phosphorylated proteins after the stimulation of cell signaling, we developed K-BMAPS (kinase-catalyzed biotinylation to map signaling), which utilizes ATP-biotin as a kinase cosubstrate to biotin label substrates. As a first application of the K-BMAPS method, the well-characterized epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase signaling pathway was monitored by treating epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated HeLa lysates with ATP-biotin, followed by streptavidin enrichment and quantitative mass spectrometry analysis. On the basis of the dynamic phosphoproteins identified, a pathway map was developed considering functional categories and known interactors of EGFR. Remarkably, 94% of the K-BMAPS hit proteins were included in the EGFR pathway map. With many proteins involved in transcription, translation, cell adhesion, and GTPase signaling, K-BMAPS identified phosphoproteins were associated with late and continuous signaling events. In summary, the K-BMAPS method is a powerful tool to map the dynamic phosphorylation governing cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D Maheeka Embogama
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Mary Kay H Pflum
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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18
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A Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Provides a SHOC2 the RAS Circuit: a Structure-Function Perspective. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:MCB.00627-20. [PMID: 33526449 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00627-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SHOC2 is a prototypical leucine-rich repeat protein that promotes downstream receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/RAS signaling and plays important roles in several cellular and developmental processes. Gain-of-function germ line mutations of SHOC2 drive the RASopathy Noonan-like syndrome, and SHOC2 mediates adaptive resistance to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors. Similar to many scaffolding proteins, SHOC2 facilitates signal transduction by enabling proximal protein interactions and regulating the subcellular localization of its binding partners. Here, we review the structural features of SHOC2 that mediate its known functions, discuss these elements in the context of various binding partners and signaling pathways, and highlight areas of SHOC2 biology where a consensus view has not yet emerged.
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19
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Jang H, Stevens P, Gao T, Galperin E. The leucine-rich repeat signaling scaffolds Shoc2 and Erbin: cellular mechanism and role in disease. FEBS J 2021; 288:721-739. [PMID: 32558243 PMCID: PMC7958993 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat-containing proteins (LRR proteins) are involved in supporting a large number of cellular functions. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in understanding functions of the LRR proteins as signaling scaffolds. In particular, we explore what we have learned about the mechanisms of action of the LRR scaffolds Shoc2 and Erbin and their roles in normal development and disease. We discuss Shoc2 and Erbin in the context of their multiple known interacting partners in various cellular processes and summarize often unexpected functions of these proteins through analysis of their roles in human pathologies. We also review these LRR scaffold proteins as promising therapeutic targets and biomarkers with potential application across various pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeIn Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Payton Stevens
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Tianyan Gao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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20
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Silveira VS, Borges KS, Santos VS, Ruckert MT, Vieira GM, Vasconcelos EJR, Nagano LFP, Tone LG, Scrideli CA. SHOC2 scaffold protein modulates daunorubicin-induced cell death through p53 modulation in lymphoid leukemia cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15193. [PMID: 32938995 PMCID: PMC7495473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SHOC2 scaffold protein has been mainly related to oncogenic ERK signaling through the RAS-SHOC2-PP1 phosphatase complex. In leukemic cells however, SHOC2 upregulation has been previously related to an increased 5-year event-free survival of pediatric pre-B acute lymphoid leukemia, suggesting that SHOC2 could be a potential prognostic marker. To address such paradoxical function, our study investigated how SHOC2 impact leukemic cells drug response. Our transcriptome analysis has shown that SHOC2 can modulate the DNA-damage mediated by p53. Notably, upon genetic inhibition of SHOC2 we observed a significant impairment of p53 expression, which in turn, leads to the blockage of key apoptotic molecules. To confirm the specificity of DNA-damage related modulation, several anti-leukemic drugs has been tested and we did confirm that the proposed mechanism impairs cell death upon daunorubicin-induced DNA damage of human lymphoid cells. In conclusion, our study uncovers new insights into SHOC2 function and reveals that this scaffold protein may be essential to activate a novel mechanism of p53-induced cell death in pre-B lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva Silveira
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Kleiton Silva Borges
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verena Silva Santos
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Tannús Ruckert
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Maciel Vieira
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Fernando Peinado Nagano
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga Tone
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Scrideli
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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The E3 ligase HUWE1 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to target MYC in multiple myeloma. Oncogene 2020; 39:5001-5014. [PMID: 32523091 PMCID: PMC7329634 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors have provided a significant advance in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Consequently, there is increasing interest in developing strategies to target E3 ligases, de-ubiquitinases, and/or ubiquitin receptors within the ubiquitin proteasome pathway, with an aim to achieve more specificity and reduced side-effects. Previous studies have shown a role for the E3 ligase HUWE1 in modulating c-MYC, an oncogene frequently dysregulated in MM. Here we investigated HUWE1 in MM. We identified elevated expression of HUWE1 in MM compared with normal cells. Small molecule-mediated inhibition of HUWE1 resulted in growth arrest of MM cell lines without significantly effecting the growth of normal bone marrow cells, suggesting a favorable therapeutic index. Studies using a HUWE1 knockdown model showed similar growth inhibition. HUWE1 expression positively correlated with MYC expression in MM bone marrow cells and correspondingly, genetic knockdown and biochemical inhibition of HUWE1 reduced MYC expression in MM cell lines. Proteomic identification of HUWE1 substrates revealed a strong association of HUWE1 with metabolic processes in MM cells. Intracellular glutamine levels are decreased in the absence of HUWE1 and may contribute to MYC degradation. Finally, HUWE1 depletion in combination with lenalidomide resulted in synergistic anti-MM activity in both in vitro and in vivo models. Taken together, our data demonstrate an important role of HUWE1 in MM cell growth and provides preclinical rationale for therapeutic strategies targeting HUWE1 in MM.
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22
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Xie CM, Tan M, Lin XT, Wu D, Jiang Y, Tan Y, Li H, Ma Y, Xiong X, Sun Y. The FBXW7-SHOC2-Raptor Axis Controls the Cross-Talks between the RAS-ERK and mTORC1 Signaling Pathways. Cell Rep 2020; 26:3037-3050.e4. [PMID: 30865892 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
FBXW7 is a tumor suppressive E3 ligase, whereas RAS-ERK and mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTORC1) are two major oncogenic pathways. Whether and how FBXW7 regulates these two oncogenic pathways are unknown. Here, we showed that SHOC2, a RAS activator, is a FBXW7 substrate. Growth stimuli trigger SHOC2 phosphorylation on Thr507 by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal, which facilitates FBXW7 binding for ubiquitylation and degradation. FBXW7-mediated SHOC2 degradation terminates the RAS-MAPK signals and inhibits proliferation. Furthermore, SHOC2 selectively binds to Raptor to competitively inhibit the Raptor-mTOR binding to inactivate mTORC1 and induce autophagy, whereas Raptor binding of SHOC2 inhibits the SHOC2-RAS binding to block the MAPK pathway and proliferation. Finally, SHOC2 is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer, which correlated with poor patient survival. SHOC2 mutations were found in lung cancer tissues with gain-of-function activity. Collectively, the SHOC2-Raptor interaction triggers negative cross-talk between RAS-ERK and mTORC1 pathways, whereas FBXW7 regulates both pathways by targeting SHOC2 for ubiquitylation and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Ming Xie
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Mingjia Tan
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiao-Tong Lin
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yihan Jiang
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ye Tan
- Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Haomin Li
- The Heart Center, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiufang Xiong
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Institute of Translational Medicine and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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23
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The ubiquitin ligase HERC1 regulates cell migration via RAF-dependent regulation of MKK3/p38 signaling. Sci Rep 2020; 10:824. [PMID: 31965002 PMCID: PMC6972752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57756-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein modifications by phosphorylation or ubiquitylation have been selected throughout evolution as efficient regulatory mechanisms of cellular processes. Cell migration is a complex, highly coordinated process where these mechanisms must participate in an integrated manner to transmit signaling during migration. In this study, we show that the ubiquitin ligase HERC1 regulates the p38 signaling pathway, and that this regulation is mediated by the MAPK kinase MKK3. Moreover, we demonstrate a crosstalk between RAF and MKK3/p38 pathways where RAF acts upstream of MKK3. Mechanistically, HERC1 regulates the protein levels of C-RAF and MKK3. Thus, HERC1 ubiquitylates C-RAF, targeting it for proteasomal degradation, and RAF proteins regulate MKK3 mRNA levels. Accordingly, HERC1 knockdown induces C-RAF stabilization and activation of RAF proteins; in turn, this activation increases MKK3, which phosphorylates and activates p38. The importance of these observations is demonstrated by HERC1 regulation of cell migration through regulation of p38 signaling via a RAF-dependent mechanism. Thus, HERC1 plays an essential role as a regulator of crosstalk between RAF/MKK3/p38 signaling pathways during cell migration.
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24
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Single-domain antibodies for functional targeting of the signaling scaffold Shoc2. Mol Immunol 2019; 118:110-116. [PMID: 31869742 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The accurate transmission of signals by the canonical ERK1/2 kinase pathway critically relies on the proper assembly of an intricate multiprotein complex by the scaffold protein Shoc2. However, the details of the mechanism by which Shoc2 guides ERK1/2 signals are not clear, in part, due to the lack of research tools targeting specific protein binding moieties of Shoc2. We report generation and characterization of single domain antibodies against human Shoc2 using a universal synthetic library of humanized nanobodies. Our results identify eight synthetic single-domain antibodies and show that two evaluated antibodies have binding affinities to Shoc2 in the nanomolar range. High affinity antibodies were uniquely suited for the analysis of the Shoc2 complex assembly. Selected single-domain antibodies were also functional in intracellular assays. This study illustrates that Shoc2 single-domain antibodies can be used to understand functional mechanisms governing complex multiprotein signaling modules and have promise in application for therapies that require modulation of the ERK1/2-associated diseases.
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25
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Jang H, Oakley E, Forbes-Osborne M, Kesler MV, Norcross R, Morris AC, Galperin E. Hematopoietic and neural crest defects in zebrafish shoc2 mutants: a novel vertebrate model for Noonan-like syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:501-514. [PMID: 30329053 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-related kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway is a highly conserved signaling cascade with numerous essential functions in development. The scaffold protein Shoc2 amplifies the activity of the ERK1/2 pathway and is an essential modulator of a variety of signaling inputs. Germline mutations in Shoc2 are associated with the human developmental disease known as the Noonan-like syndrome with loose anagen hair. Clinical manifestations of this disease include congenital heart defects, developmental delays, distinctive facial abnormalities, reduced growth and cognitive deficits along with hair anomalies. The many molecular details of pathogenesis of the Noonan-like syndrome and related developmental disorders, cumulatively called RASopathies, remain poorly understood. Mouse knockouts for Shoc2 are embryonic lethal, emphasizing the need for additional animal models to study the role of Shoc2 in embryonic development. Here, we characterize a zebrafish shoc2 mutant, and show that Shoc2 is essential for development, and that its loss is detrimental for the development of the neural crest and for hematopoiesis. The zebrafish model of the Noonan-like syndrome described here provides a novel system for the study of structure-function analyses and for genetic screens in a tractable vertebrate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeIn Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Erin Oakley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Melissa V Kesler
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rebecca Norcross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ann C Morris
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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26
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Boned Del Río I, Young LC, Sari S, Jones GG, Ringham-Terry B, Hartig N, Rejnowicz E, Lei W, Bhamra A, Surinova S, Rodriguez-Viciana P. SHOC2 complex-driven RAF dimerization selectively contributes to ERK pathway dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:13330-13339. [PMID: 31213532 PMCID: PMC6613145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902658116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the crucial role of RAF kinases in cell signaling and disease, we still lack a complete understanding of their regulation. Heterodimerization of RAF kinases as well as dephosphorylation of a conserved "S259" inhibitory site are important steps for RAF activation but the precise mechanisms and dynamics remain unclear. A ternary complex comprised of SHOC2, MRAS, and PP1 (SHOC2 complex) functions as a RAF S259 holophosphatase and gain-of-function mutations in SHOC2, MRAS, and PP1 that promote complex formation are found in Noonan syndrome. Here we show that SHOC2 complex-mediated S259 RAF dephosphorylation is critically required for growth factor-induced RAF heterodimerization as well as for MEK dissociation from BRAF. We also uncover SHOC2-independent mechanisms of RAF and ERK pathway activation that rely on N-region phosphorylation of CRAF. In DLD-1 cells stimulated with EGF, SHOC2 function is essential for a rapid transient phase of ERK activation, but is not required for a slow, sustained phase that is instead driven by palmitoylated H/N-RAS proteins and CRAF. Whereas redundant SHOC2-dependent and -independent mechanisms of RAF and ERK activation make SHOC2 dispensable for proliferation in 2D, KRAS mutant cells preferentially rely on SHOC2 for ERK signaling under anchorage-independent conditions. Our study highlights a context-dependent contribution of SHOC2 to ERK pathway dynamics that is preferentially engaged by KRAS oncogenic signaling and provides a biochemical framework for selective ERK pathway inhibition by targeting the SHOC2 holophosphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Boned Del Río
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6DD London, United Kingdoms
| | - Lucy C Young
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6DD London, United Kingdoms
| | - Sibel Sari
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6DD London, United Kingdoms
| | - Greg G Jones
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6DD London, United Kingdoms
| | - Benjamin Ringham-Terry
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6DD London, United Kingdoms
| | - Nicole Hartig
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6DD London, United Kingdoms
| | - Ewa Rejnowicz
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6DD London, United Kingdoms
| | - Winnie Lei
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6DD London, United Kingdoms
| | - Amandeep Bhamra
- Proteomics Research Core Facility, University College London Cancer Institute, WC1E 6DD London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Surinova
- Proteomics Research Core Facility, University College London Cancer Institute, WC1E 6DD London, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo Rodriguez-Viciana
- University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, WC1E 6DD London, United Kingdoms;
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27
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Jang H, Jang ER, Wilson PG, Anderson D, Galperin E. VCP/p97 controls signals of the ERK1/2 pathway transmitted via the Shoc2 scaffolding complex: novel insights into IBMPFD pathology. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1655-1663. [PMID: 31091164 PMCID: PMC6727759 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-03-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Valosin-containing protein (VCP), also named p97, is an essential hexameric AAA+ ATPase with diverse functions in the ubiquitin system. Here we demonstrate that VCP is critical in controlling signals transmitted via the essential Shoc2-ERK1/2 signaling axis. The ATPase activity of VCP modulates the stoichiometry of HUWE1 in the Shoc2 complex as well as HUWE1-mediated allosteric ubiquitination of the Shoc2 scaffold and the RAF-1 kinase. Abrogated ATPase activity leads to augmented ubiquitination of Shoc2/RAF-1 and altered phosphorylation of RAF-1. We found that in fibroblasts from patients with inclusion body myopathy with Paget’s disease of bone and frontotemporal dementia (IBMPFD) that harbor germline mutations in VCP, the levels of Shoc2 ubiquitination and ERK1/2 phosphorylation are imbalanced. This study provides a mechanistic basis for the critical role of VCP in the regulation of the ERK1/2 pathway and reveals a previously unrecognized function of the ERK1/2 pathway in the pathogenesis of IBMPFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeIn Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Eun Ryoung Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Patricia G Wilson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | | | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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28
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Regulation of c-Raf Stability through the CTLH Complex. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040934. [PMID: 30795516 PMCID: PMC6412545 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
c-Raf is a central component of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway which is implicated in the development of many cancer types. RanBPM (Ran-Binding Protein M) was previously shown to inhibit c-Raf expression, but how this is achieved remains unclear. RanBPM is part of a recently identified E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, the CTLH (C-terminal to LisH) complex. Here, we show that the CTLH complex regulates c-Raf expression through a control of its degradation. Several domains of RanBPM were found necessary to regulate c-Raf levels, but only the C-terminal CRA (CT11-RanBPM) domain showed direct interaction with c-Raf. c-Raf ubiquitination and degradation is promoted by the CTLH complex. Furthermore, A-Raf and B-Raf protein levels are also regulated by the CTLH complex, indicating a common regulation of Raf family members. Finally, depletion of CTLH subunits RMND5A (required for meiotic nuclear division 5A) and RanBPM resulted in enhanced proliferation and loss of RanBPM promoted tumour growth in a mouse model. This study uncovers a new mode of control of c-Raf expression through regulation of its degradation by the CTLH complex. These findings also uncover a novel target of the CTLH complex, and suggest that the CTLH complex has activities that suppress cell transformation and tumour formation.
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29
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Cheon S, Dean M, Chahrour M. The ubiquitin proteasome pathway in neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 165:106791. [PMID: 29398581 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is a highly conserved pathway that tightly regulates protein turnover in cells. This process is integral to neuronal development, differentiation, and function. Several members of the UPS are disrupted in neuropsychiatric disorders, highlighting the importance of this pathway in brain development and function. In this review, we discuss some of these pathway members, the molecular processes they regulate, and the potential for targeting the UPS in an effort to develop therapeutic strategies in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmi Cheon
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Milan Dean
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Maria Chahrour
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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30
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Kristensen LS, Okholm TLH, Venø MT, Kjems J. Circular RNAs are abundantly expressed and upregulated during human epidermal stem cell differentiation. RNA Biol 2017; 15:280-291. [PMID: 29283313 PMCID: PMC5798954 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2017.1409931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression patterns of endogenous circular RNA (circRNA) molecules during epidermal stem cell (EpSC) differentiation have not previously been explored. Here, we show that circRNAs are abundantly expressed in EpSCs and that their expression change dramatically during differentiation in a coordinated manner. Overall, circRNAs are expressed at higher levels in the differentiated cells, and many upregulated circRNAs are derived from developmental genes, including four different circRNAs from DLG1. The observed changes in circRNA expression were largely independent of host gene expression, and circRNAs independently upregulated upon differentiation are more prone to AGO2 binding and have more predicted miRNA binding sites compared to stably expressed circRNAs. In particular, upregulated circRNAs from the HECTD1 and ZNF91 genes have exceptionally high numbers of AGO2 binding sites and predicted miRNA target sites, and circZNF91 contains 24 target sites for miR-23b-3p, which is known to play important roles in keratinocyte differentiation. We also observed that upregulated circRNAs are less likely to be flanked by homologues inverted Alu repeats compared to stably expressed circRNAs. This coincide with DHX9 being upregulated in the differentiated keratinocytes. Finally, none of the circRNAs upregulated upon differentiation were also upregulated upon DNMT3A or DNMT3B knockdown, making it unlikely that epigenetic mechanisms are governing the observed circRNA expression changes. Together, we provide a map of circRNA expression in EpSCs and their differentiated counterparts and shed light on potential function and regulation of differentially expressed circRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Sommer Kristensen
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,b Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | | | - Morten Trillingsgaard Venø
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,b Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics , Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark.,b Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
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31
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Kumari N, Jaynes PW, Saei A, Iyengar PV, Richard JLC, Eichhorn PJA. The roles of ubiquitin modifying enzymes in neoplastic disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:456-483. [PMID: 28923280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The initial experiments performed by Rose, Hershko, and Ciechanover describing the identification of a specific degradation signal in short-lived proteins paved the way to the discovery of the ubiquitin mediated regulation of numerous physiological functions required for cellular homeostasis. Since their discovery of ubiquitin and ubiquitin function over 30years ago it has become wholly apparent that ubiquitin and their respective ubiquitin modifying enzymes are key players in tumorigenesis. The human genome encodes approximately 600 putative E3 ligases and 80 deubiquitinating enzymes and in the majority of cases these enzymes exhibit specificity in sustaining either pro-tumorigenic or tumour repressive responses. In this review, we highlight the known oncogenic and tumour suppressive effects of ubiquitin modifying enzymes in cancer relevant pathways with specific focus on PI3K, MAPK, TGFβ, WNT, and YAP pathways. Moreover, we discuss the capacity of targeting DUBs as a novel anticancer therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishi Kumari
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore
| | - Patrick William Jaynes
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Azad Saei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore
| | | | | | - Pieter Johan Adam Eichhorn
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, 117599, Singapore; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore.
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32
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The ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 regulates the maintenance and lymphoid commitment of hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 17:1312-1321. [PMID: 27668798 PMCID: PMC5117833 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are dormant in the bone marrow and can be activated in response to diverse stresses to replenish all blood cell types. Here we identify the ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 as a crucial regulator of HSC functions via its post-translational control of N-myc. We found Huwe1 to be essential for HSC self-renewal, quiescence and lymphoid fate specification. Using a novel fluorescent fusion allele (MycnM), we observed that N-myc expression was restricted to the most immature, multipotent stem and progenitor populations. N-myc was upregulated in response to stress or upon loss of Huwe1, leading to increased proliferation and stem cell exhaustion. Mycn depletion reversed most of these phenotypes in vivo, suggesting that the attenuation of N-myc by Huwe1 is essential to reestablish homeostasis following stress.
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33
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Motta M, Chillemi G, Fodale V, Cecchetti S, Coppola S, Stipo S, Cordeddu V, Macioce P, Gelb BD, Tartaglia M. SHOC2 subcellular shuttling requires the KEKE motif-rich region and N-terminal leucine-rich repeat domain and impacts on ERK signalling. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3824-3835. [PMID: 27466182 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SHOC2 is a scaffold protein composed almost entirely by leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and having an N-terminal region enriched in alternating lysine and glutamate/aspartate residues (KEKE motifs). SHOC2 acts as a positive modulator of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signalling cascade by favouring stable RAF1 interaction with RAS. We previously reported that the p.Ser2Gly substitution in SHOC2 underlies Mazzanti syndrome, a RASopathy clinically overlapping Noonan syndrome, promoting N-myristoylation and constitutive targeting of the mutant to the plasma membrane. We also documented transient nuclear translocation of wild-type SHOC2 upon EGF stimulation, suggesting a more complex function in signal transduction.Here, we characterized the domains controlling SHOC2 shuttling between the nucleus and cytoplasm, and those contributing to SHOC2S2G mistargeting to the plasma membrane, analysed the structural organization of SHOC2's LRR motifs, and determined the impact of SHOC2 mislocalization on ERK signalling. We show that LRRs 1 to 13 constitute a structurally recognizable domain required for SHOC2 import into the nucleus and constitutive targeting of SHOC2S2G to the plasma membrane, while the KEKE motif-rich region is necessary to achieve efficient SHOC2 export from the nucleus. We also document that SHOC2S2G localizes both in raft and non-raft domains, and that it translocates to the non-raft domains following stimulation. Finally, we demonstrate that SHOC2 trapping at different subcellular sites has a diverse impact on ERK signalling strength and dynamics, suggesting a dual counteracting modulatory role of SHOC2 in the control of ERK signalling exerted at different intracellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialetizia Motta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- CINECA, SCAI-SuperComputing Applications and Innovation Department, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Coppola
- Italian National Centre for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Stipo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine
| | | | | | - Bruce D Gelb
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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34
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Jang ER, Galperin E. The function of Shoc2: A scaffold and beyond. Commun Integr Biol 2016; 9:e1188241. [PMID: 27574535 PMCID: PMC4988449 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2016.1188241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) cascade regulates a myriad of functions in multicellular organisms. Scaffold proteins provide critical spatial and temporal control over the specificity of signaling. Shoc2 is a scaffold that accelerates activity of the ERK1/2 pathway. Loss of Shoc2 expression in mice results in embryonic lethality, thus highlighting the essential role of Shoc2 in embryogenesis. In agreement, patients carrying mutated Shoc2 suffer from a wide spectrum of developmental deficiencies. Efforts to understand the mechanisms by which Shoc2 controls ERK1/2 activity revealed the intricate machinery that governs the ability of Shoc2 to transduce signals of the ERK1/2 pathway. Understanding the mechanisms by which Shoc2 contributes to a high degree of specificity of ERK1/2 signaling as well as deciphering the biological functions of Shoc2 in development and human disorders are major unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ryoung Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky , Lexington, KY, USA
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35
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Choe KN, Nicolae CM, Constantin D, Imamura Kawasawa Y, Delgado-Diaz MR, De S, Freire R, Smits VA, Moldovan GL. HUWE1 interacts with PCNA to alleviate replication stress. EMBO Rep 2016; 17:874-86. [PMID: 27146073 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201541685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in DNA replication, DNA damage response, and DNA repair compromise genomic stability and promote cancer development. In particular, unrepaired DNA lesions can arrest the progression of the DNA replication machinery during S-phase, causing replication stress, mutations, and DNA breaks. HUWE1 is a HECT-type ubiquitin ligase that targets proteins involved in cell fate, survival, and differentiation. Here, we report that HUWE1 is essential for genomic stability, by promoting replication of damaged DNA We show that HUWE1-knockout cells are unable to mitigate replication stress, resulting in replication defects and DNA breakage. Importantly, we find that this novel role of HUWE1 requires its interaction with the replication factor PCNA, a master regulator of replication fork restart, at stalled replication forks. Finally, we provide evidence that HUWE1 mono-ubiquitinates H2AX to promote signaling at stalled forks. Altogether, our work identifies HUWE1 as a novel regulator of the replication stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Choe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Claudia M Nicolae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Constantin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Maria Rocio Delgado-Diaz
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, La Laguna Tenerife, Spain
| | - Subhajyoti De
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA Molecular Oncology Program, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, La Laguna Tenerife, Spain
| | - Veronique Aj Smits
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, La Laguna Tenerife, Spain
| | - George-Lucian Moldovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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36
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Jeoung M, Jang ER, Liu J, Wang C, Rouchka EC, Li X, Galperin E. Shoc2-tranduced ERK1/2 motility signals--Novel insights from functional genomics. Cell Signal 2016; 28:448-459. [PMID: 26876614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) pathway plays a central role in defining various cellular fates. Scaffold proteins modulating ERK1/2 activity control growth factor signals transduced by the pathway. Here, we analyzed signals transduced by Shoc2, a critical positive modulator of ERK1/2 activity. We found that loss of Shoc2 results in impaired cell motility and delays cell attachment. As ERKs control cellular fates by stimulating transcriptional response, we hypothesized that the mechanisms underlying changes in cell adhesion could be revealed by assessing the changes in transcription of Shoc2-depleted cells. Using quantitative RNA-seq analysis, we identified 853 differentially expressed transcripts. Characterization of the differentially expressed genes showed that Shoc2 regulates the pathway at several levels, including expression of genes controlling cell motility, adhesion, crosstalk with the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway, and expression of transcription factors. To understand the mechanisms underlying delayed attachment of cells depleted of Shoc2, changes in expression of the protein of extracellular matrix (lectin galactoside-binding soluble 3-binding protein; LGALS3BP) were functionally analyzed. We demonstrated that delayed adhesion of the Shoc2-depleted cells is a result of attenuated expression and secretion of LGALS3BP. Together our results suggest that Shoc2 regulates cell motility by modulating ERK1/2 signals to cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungkun Jeoung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Eun Ryoung Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Markey Cancer Center and Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center and Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Eric C Rouchka
- Department of Computer Engineering and Computer Science, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States; Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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37
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Jang ER, Jang H, Shi P, Popa G, Jeoung M, Galperin E. Spatial control of Shoc2-scaffold-mediated ERK1/2 signaling requires remodeling activity of the ATPase PSMC5. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4428-41. [PMID: 26519477 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.177543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaffold protein Shoc2 accelerates activity of the ERK1 and ERK2 (ERK1/2, also known as MAPK3 and MAPK1) pathway. Mutations in Shoc2 result in Noonan-like RASopathy, a developmental disorder with a wide spectrum of symptoms. The amplitude of the ERK1/2 signals transduced through the complex is fine-tuned by the HUWE1-mediated ubiquitylation of Shoc2 and its signaling partner RAF-1. Here, we provide a mechanistic basis of how ubiquitylation of Shoc2 and RAF-1 is controlled. We demonstrate that the newly identified binding partner of Shoc2, the (AAA+) ATPase PSMC5, triggers translocation of Shoc2 to endosomes. At the endosomes, PSMC5 displaces the E3 ligase HUWE1 from the scaffolding complex to attenuate ubiquitylation of Shoc2 and RAF-1. We show that a RASopathy mutation that changes the subcellular distribution of Shoc2 leads to alterations in Shoc2 ubiquitylation due to the loss of accessibility to PSMC5. In summary, our results demonstrate that PSMC5 is a new and important player involved in regulating ERK1/2 signal transmission through the remodeling of Shoc2 scaffold complex in a spatially-defined manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ryoung Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - HyeIn Jang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ping Shi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Gabriel Popa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Myoungkun Jeoung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Emilia Galperin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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