1
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Ginley-Hidinger M, Abewe H, Osborne K, Richey A, Kitchen N, Mortenson KL, Wissink EM, Lis J, Zhang X, Gertz J. Cis-regulatory control of transcriptional timing and noise in response to estrogen. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100542. [PMID: 38663407 PMCID: PMC11099348 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2024.100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cis-regulatory elements control transcription levels, temporal dynamics, and cell-cell variation or transcriptional noise. However, the combination of regulatory features that control these different attributes is not fully understood. Here, we used single-cell RNA-seq during an estrogen treatment time course and machine learning to identify predictors of expression timing and noise. We found that genes with multiple active enhancers exhibit faster temporal responses. We verified this finding by showing that manipulation of enhancer activity changes the temporal response of estrogen target genes. Analysis of transcriptional noise uncovered a relationship between promoter and enhancer activity, with active promoters associated with low noise and active enhancers linked to high noise. Finally, we observed that co-expression across single cells is an emergent property associated with chromatin looping, timing, and noise. Overall, our results indicate a fundamental tradeoff between a gene's ability to quickly respond to incoming signals and maintain low variation across cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ginley-Hidinger
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Hosiana Abewe
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kyle Osborne
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Alexandra Richey
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Noel Kitchen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Katelyn L Mortenson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erin M Wissink
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - John Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jason Gertz
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Chan KI, Zhang S, Li G, Xu Y, Cui L, Wang Y, Su H, Tan W, Zhong Z. MYC Oncogene: A Druggable Target for Treating Cancers with Natural Products. Aging Dis 2024; 15:640-697. [PMID: 37450923 PMCID: PMC10917530 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Various diseases, including cancers, age-associated disorders, and acute liver failure, have been linked to the oncogene, MYC. Animal testing and clinical trials have shown that sustained tumor volume reduction can be achieved when MYC is inactivated, and different combinations of therapeutic agents including MYC inhibitors are currently being developed. In this review, we first provide a summary of the multiple biological functions of the MYC oncoprotein in cancer treatment, highlighting that the equilibrium points of the MYC/MAX, MIZ1/MYC/MAX, and MAD (MNT)/MAX complexes have further potential in cancer treatment that could be used to restrain MYC oncogene expression and its functions in tumorigenesis. We also discuss the multifunctional capacity of MYC in various cellular cancer processes, including its influences on immune response, metabolism, cell cycle, apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis, multidrug resistance, and intestinal flora. Moreover, we summarize the MYC therapy patent landscape and emphasize the potential of MYC as a druggable target, using herbal medicine modulators. Finally, we describe pending challenges and future perspectives in biomedical research, involving the development of therapeutic approaches to modulate MYC or its targeted genes. Patients with cancers driven by MYC signaling may benefit from therapies targeting these pathways, which could delay cancerous growth and recover antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Iong Chan
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Yida Xu
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Liao Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Wen Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhangfeng Zhong
- Macao Centre for Research and Development in Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR 999078, China
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3
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Ginley-Hidinger M, Abewe H, Osborne K, Richey A, Kitchen N, Mortenson KL, Wissink EM, Lis J, Zhang X, Gertz J. Cis-regulatory control of transcriptional timing and noise in response to estrogen. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.14.532457. [PMID: 36993565 PMCID: PMC10054948 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cis-regulatory elements control transcription levels, temporal dynamics, and cell-cell variation or transcriptional noise. However, the combination of regulatory features that control these different attributes is not fully understood. Here, we used single cell RNA-seq during an estrogen treatment time course and machine learning to identify predictors of expression timing and noise. We find that genes with multiple active enhancers exhibit faster temporal responses. We verified this finding by showing that manipulation of enhancer activity changes the temporal response of estrogen target genes. Analysis of transcriptional noise uncovered a relationship between promoter and enhancer activity, with active promoters associated with low noise and active enhancers linked to high noise. Finally, we observed that co-expression across single cells is an emergent property associated with chromatin looping, timing, and noise. Overall, our results indicate a fundamental tradeoff between a gene's ability to quickly respond to incoming signals and maintain low variation across cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Ginley-Hidinger
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Hosiana Abewe
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kyle Osborne
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Alexandra Richey
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Noel Kitchen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Katelyn L. Mortenson
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Erin M. Wissink
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - John Lis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jason Gertz
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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4
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Dahal L, Graham TGW, Dailey GM, Heckert A, Tjian R, Darzacq X. Surprising Features of Nuclear Receptor Interaction Networks Revealed by Live Cell Single Molecule Imaging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.16.558083. [PMID: 37745337 PMCID: PMC10516011 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.16.558083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 Nuclear Receptors (T2NRs) require heterodimerization with a common partner, the Retinoid X Receptor (RXR), to bind cognate DNA recognition sites in chromatin. Based on previous biochemical and over-expression studies, binding of T2NRs to chromatin is proposed to be regulated by competition for a limiting pool of the core RXR subunit. However, this mechanism has not yet been tested for endogenous proteins in live cells. Using single molecule tracking (SMT) and proximity-assisted photoactivation (PAPA), we monitored interactions between endogenously tagged retinoid X receptor (RXR) and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) in live cells. Unexpectedly, we find that higher expression of RAR, but not RXR increases heterodimerization and chromatin binding in U2OS cells. This surprising finding indicates the limiting factor is not RXR but likely its cadre of obligate dimer binding partners. SMT and PAPA thus provide a direct way to probe which components are functionally limiting within a complex TF interaction network providing new insights into mechanisms of gene regulation in vivo with implications for drug development targeting nuclear receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Dahal
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Thomas GW Graham
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Gina M Dailey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Alec Heckert
- Eikon Therapeutics Inc., Hayward, California, United States
| | - Robert Tjian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, United States
| | - Xavier Darzacq
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, United States
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5
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Winkler R, Piskor EM, Kosan C. Lessons from Using Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of MYC-Induced Lymphoma. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010037. [PMID: 36611833 PMCID: PMC9818924 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic overexpression of MYC leads to the fatal deregulation of signaling pathways, cellular metabolism, and cell growth. MYC rearrangements are found frequently among non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas enforcing MYC overexpression. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) were developed to understand MYC-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis. Here, we highlight the advantages of using Eµ-Myc transgenic mice. We thoroughly compiled the available literature to discuss common challenges when using such mouse models. Furthermore, we give an overview of pathways affected by MYC based on knowledge gained from the use of GEMMs. We identified top regulators of MYC-induced lymphomagenesis, including some candidates that are not pharmacologically targeted yet.
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Fischer F, Grigolon G, Benner C, Ristow M. Evolutionarily conserved transcription factors as regulators of longevity and targets for geroprotection. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1449-1494. [PMID: 35343830 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the single largest risk factor for many debilitating conditions, including heart diseases, stroke, cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. While far from understood in its full complexity, it is scientifically well-established that aging is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, and can be modulated by various interventions. One of aging's early hallmarks are aberrations in transcriptional networks, controlling for example metabolic homeostasis or the response to stress. Evidence in different model organisms abounds that a number of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors, which control such networks, can affect lifespan and healthspan across species. These transcription factors thus potentially represent conserved regulators of longevity and are emerging as important targets in the challenging quest to develop treatments to mitigate age-related diseases, and possibly even to slow aging itself. This review provides an overview of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that impact longevity or age-related diseases in at least one multicellular model organism (nematodes, flies, or mice), and/or are tentatively linked to human aging. Discussed is the general evidence for transcriptional regulation of aging and disease, followed by a more detailed look at selected transcription factor families, the common metabolic pathways involved, and the targeting of transcription factors as a strategy for geroprotective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Fischer
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Giovanna Grigolon
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Benner
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Michael Ristow
- Energy Metabolism Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
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7
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Ahmadi SE, Rahimi S, Zarandi B, Chegeni R, Safa M. MYC: a multipurpose oncogene with prognostic and therapeutic implications in blood malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:121. [PMID: 34372899 PMCID: PMC8351444 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC oncogene is a transcription factor with a wide array of functions affecting cellular activities such as cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage response, and hematopoiesis. Due to the multi-functionality of MYC, its expression is regulated at multiple levels. Deregulation of this oncogene can give rise to a variety of cancers. In this review, MYC regulation and the mechanisms by which MYC adjusts cellular functions and its implication in hematologic malignancies are summarized. Further, we also discuss potential inhibitors of MYC that could be beneficial for treating hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Ahmadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Rahimi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Zarandi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouzbeh Chegeni
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, College of Health and Human Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA.
| | - Majid Safa
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Uranishi K, Hirasaki M, Kitamura Y, Mizuno Y, Nishimoto M, Suzuki A, Okuda A. Two DNA binding domains of MGA act in combination to suppress ectopic activation of meiosis-related genes in mouse embryonic stem cells. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:1435-1446. [PMID: 34224650 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although the physiological meaning of the high potential of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for meiotic entry is not understood, a rigid safeguarding system is required to prevent ectopic onset of meiosis. PRC1.6, a non-canonical PRC1, is known for its suppression of precocious and ectopic meiotic onset in germ cells and ESCs, respectively. MGA, a scaffolding component of PRC1.6, bears two distinct DNA-binding domains termed bHLHZ and T-box. However, it is unclear how this feature contributes to the functions of PRC1.6. Here, we demonstrated that both domains repress distinct sets of genes in murine ESCs, but substantial numbers of meiosis-related genes are included in both gene sets. In addition, our data demonstrated that bHLHZ is crucially involved in repressing the expression of Meiosin, which plays essential roles in meiotic entry with Stra8, revealing at least part of the molecular mechanisms that link negative and positive regulation of meiotic onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Uranishi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masataka Hirasaki
- Department of Clinical Cancer Genomics, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuka Kitamura
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Biomedical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masazumi Nishimoto
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan.,Biomedical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayumu Suzuki
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okuda
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
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9
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Duffy MJ, O'Grady S, Tang M, Crown J. MYC as a target for cancer treatment. Cancer Treat Rev 2021; 94:102154. [PMID: 33524794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2021.102154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The MYC gene which consists of 3 paralogs, C-MYC, N-MYC and L-MYC, is one of the most frequently deregulated driver genes in human cancer. Because of its high prevalence of deregulation and its causal role in cancer formation, maintenance and progression, targeting MYC is theoretically an attractive strategy for treating cancer. As a potential anticancer target, MYC was traditionally regarded as undruggable due to the absence of a suitable pocket for high-affinity binding by low molecular weight inhibitors. In recent years however, several compounds that directly or indirectly inhibit MYC have been shown to have anticancer activity in preclinical tumor models. Amongst the most detailed investigated strategies for targeting MYC are inhibition of its binding to its obligate interaction partner MAX, prevention of MYC expression and blocking of genes exhibiting synthetic lethality with overexpression of MYC. One of the most extensively investigated MYC inhibitors is a peptide/mini-protein known as OmoMYC. OmoMYC, which acts by blocking the binding of all 3 forms of MYC to their target promoters, has been shown to exhibit anticancer activity in a diverse range of preclinical models, with minimal side effects. Based on its broad efficacy and limited toxicity, OmoMYC is currently being developed for evaluation in clinical trials. Although no compound directly targeting MYC has yet progressed to clinical testing, APTO-253, which partly acts by decreasing expression of MYC, is currently undergoing a phase I clinical trial in patients with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Duffy
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; UCD Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Shane O'Grady
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Minhong Tang
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Perna S, Pinoli P, Ceri S, Wong L. NAUTICA: classifying transcription factor interactions by positional and protein-protein interaction information. Biol Direct 2020; 15:13. [PMID: 32938476 PMCID: PMC7493360 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-020-00268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inferring the mechanisms that drive transcriptional regulation is of great interest to biologists. Generally, methods that predict physical interactions between transcription factors (TFs) based on positional information of their binding sites (e.g. chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP-Seq) experiments) cannot distinguish between different kinds of interaction at the same binding spots, such as co-operation and competition. RESULTS In this work, we present the Network-Augmented Transcriptional Interaction and Coregulation Analyser (NAUTICA), which employs information from protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks to assign TF-TF interaction candidates to one of three classes: competition, co-operation and non-interactions. NAUTICA filters available PPI network edges and fits a prediction model based on the number of shared partners in the PPI network between two candidate interactors. CONCLUSIONS NAUTICA improves on existing positional information-based TF-TF interaction prediction results, demonstrating how PPI information can improve the quality of TF interaction prediction. NAUTICA predictions - both co-operations and competitions - are supported by literature investigation, providing evidence on its capability of providing novel interactions of both kinds. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Zoltán Hegedüs and Endre Barta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Perna
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe Ponzio 34/5, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Pietro Pinoli
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe Ponzio 34/5, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Ceri
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Via Giuseppe Ponzio 34/5, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Limsoon Wong
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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11
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Wang W, Zhao M, Cui L, Ren Y, Zhang J, Chen J, Jia L, Zhang J, Yang J, Chen G, Ashby CR, Wu C, Chen ZS, Wang L. Characterization of a novel HDAC/RXR/HtrA1 signaling axis as a novel target to overcome cisplatin resistance in human non-small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:134. [PMID: 32878625 PMCID: PMC7466461 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cisplatin is a first-line drug for the treatment of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, the majority of patients will develop drug resistance after treatment. In order to overcome cisplatin resistance, it is important to understand the mechanisms underlying the resistance. METHODS A gene microarray was used to screen for genes related to cisplatin resistance in NSCLC cell lines. Subsequently, the correlation between the HDAC, RXR and HtrA1 genes, in NSCLC, were verified using gene manipulation. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect HDAC, RXR and HtrA1 expression in NSCLC specimens. Proliferation, migration and invasion assays were performed in vitro and in vivo to determine the role of the HDAC/RXR/HtrA1 signaling axis in cisplatin resistance, and luciferase reporter analysis and ChIP assays were performed to ascertain the mechanisms by which HDAC and RXR regulate the expression of HtrA1. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted in NSCLC cisplatin-resistant NSCLC to elucidate the effect of the low molecular weight compound, DW22, which targets the NSCLC cisplatin resistance HDAC/RXR/HtrA1 signaling pathway. RESULTS HtrA1 was identified as a cisplatin resistance-related gene in NSCLC cells. The regulation of HtrA1 by HDAC and RXR significantly decreased the efficacy of cisplatin in NSCLC cells resistant to cisplatin. Immunohistochemistry results showed a negative relationship between HDAC1 and HtrA1, and a positive relationship between RXRα and HtrA1 in NSCLC patients' tissues. Notably, the expression of HDAC1 and HtrA1 can be considered as biomarkers for the efficacy of platinum-based drugs and prognosis in NSCLC patients. Mechanistically, the heterodimers of the nuclear receptor RXR, in combination with the enzyme, HDAC, regulate the transcription of HtrA1 in NSCLC cells. The rescue of HtrA1 expression by dual targeting of HDAC and RXR with the compound, DW22, significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of NSCLC cells resistant to cisplatin, and induced NSCLC cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that HtrA1, a cisplatin resistance-related gene, is synergistically regulated by HDAC and RXR in NSCLC. Targeting the HDAC/RXR/HtrA1 signaling axis can rescue HtrA1 expression and reverse cisplatin resistance in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Mengyue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Lijuan Cui
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Yong Ren
- Department of Pathology, Wuhan General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jingyuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Junli Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Lina Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Newyork, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Chunfu Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China.
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Newyork, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Lihui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China.
- Benxi Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, PR China.
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12
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Gouw AM, Margulis K, Liu NS, Raman SJ, Mancuso A, Toal GG, Tong L, Mosley A, Hsieh AL, Sullivan DK, Stine ZE, Altman BJ, Schulze A, Dang CV, Zare RN, Felsher DW. The MYC Oncogene Cooperates with Sterol-Regulated Element-Binding Protein to Regulate Lipogenesis Essential for Neoplastic Growth. Cell Metab 2019; 30:556-572.e5. [PMID: 31447321 PMCID: PMC6911354 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is frequently perturbed in cancers, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. We present comprehensive evidence that oncogene MYC, in collaboration with transcription factor sterol-regulated element-binding protein (SREBP1), regulates lipogenesis to promote tumorigenesis. We used human and mouse tumor-derived cell lines, tumor xenografts, and four conditional transgenic mouse models of MYC-induced tumors to show that MYC regulates lipogenesis genes, enzymes, and metabolites. We found that MYC induces SREBP1, and they collaborate to activate fatty acid (FA) synthesis and drive FA chain elongation from glucose and glutamine. Further, by employing desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI), we observed in vivo lipidomic changes upon MYC induction across different cancers, for example, a global increase in glycerophosphoglycerols. After inhibition of FA synthesis, tumorigenesis was blocked, and tumors regressed in both xenograft and primary transgenic mouse models, revealing the vulnerability of MYC-induced tumors to the inhibition of lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin M Gouw
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Natalie S Liu
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sudha J Raman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wurzburg University, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Anthony Mancuso
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Georgia G Toal
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ling Tong
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adriane Mosley
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Annie L Hsieh
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Delaney K Sullivan
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zachary E Stine
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian J Altman
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Almut Schulze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wurzburg University, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Chi V Dang
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10017, USA; The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Richard N Zare
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY 10017, USA.
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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13
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Carabet LA, Rennie PS, Cherkasov A. Therapeutic Inhibition of Myc in Cancer. Structural Bases and Computer-Aided Drug Discovery Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E120. [PMID: 30597997 PMCID: PMC6337544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myc (avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog) represents one of the most sought after drug targets in cancer. Myc transcription factor is an essential regulator of cell growth, but in most cancers it is overexpressed and associated with treatment-resistance and lethal outcomes. Over 40 years of research and drug development efforts did not yield a clinically useful Myc inhibitor. Drugging the "undruggable" is problematic, as Myc inactivation may negatively impact its physiological functions. Moreover, Myc is a disordered protein that lacks effective binding pockets on its surface. It is well established that the Myc function is dependent on dimerization with its obligate partner, Max (Myc associated factor X), which together form a functional DNA-binding domain to activate genomic targets. Herein, we provide an overview of the knowledge accumulated to date on Myc regulation and function, its critical role in cancer, and summarize various strategies that are employed to tackle Myc-driven malignant transformation. We focus on important structure-function relationships of Myc with its interactome, elaborating structural determinants of Myc-Max dimer formation and DNA recognition exploited for therapeutic inhibition. Chronological development of small-molecule Myc-Max prototype inhibitors and corresponding binding sites are comprehensively reviewed and particular emphasis is placed on modern computational drug design methods. On the outlook, technological advancements may soon provide the so long-awaited Myc-Max clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia A Carabet
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
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14
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Huan C, Jin L, Heng W, Na A, Yuming P, Xin D, Qiaoxia Z. MXD1 regulates the imatinib resistance of chronic myeloid leukemia cells by repressing BCR-ABL1 expression. Leuk Res 2018; 75:1-6. [PMID: 30419548 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have achieved unprecedented efficacy in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML); however, imatinib resistance has emerged as a major problem in the clinic. Because the overexpression of BCR-ABL1 critically contributes to CML pathogenesis and drug resistance, targeting the regulation of BCR-ABL1 gene expression may be an alternative therapeutic strategy. In this study, we found that the transcriptional repressor MXD1 showed low expression in CML patients and was negatively correlated with BCR-ABL1. Overexpression of MXD1 markedly inhibited the proliferation of K562 cells and sensitized the imatinib-resistant K562/G01 cell line to imatinib, with decreased BCR-ABL1 mRNA and protein expression. Further investigation using reporter gene analysis showed that MXD1 significantly inhibited the transcriptional activity of the BCR-ABL1 gene promoter. Taken together, these data show that MXD1 functions as a negative regulator of BCR-ABL1 expression and subsequently inhibits proliferation and sensitizes CML cells to imatinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huan
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lou Jin
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wang Heng
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - An Na
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pan Yuming
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Du Xin
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhang Qiaoxia
- Shenzhen Bone Marrow Transplantation Public Service Platform, Shenzhen Institute of Hematology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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15
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Wang H, Dolezal JM, Kulkarni S, Lu J, Mandel J, Jackson LE, Alencastro F, Duncan AW, Prochownik EV. Myc and ChREBP transcription factors cooperatively regulate normal and neoplastic hepatocyte proliferation in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14740-14757. [PMID: 30087120 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Analogous to the c-Myc (Myc)/Max family of bHLH-ZIP transcription factors, there exists a parallel regulatory network of structurally and functionally related proteins with Myc-like functions. Two related Myc-like paralogs, termed MondoA and MondoB/carbohydrate response element-binding protein (ChREBP), up-regulate gene expression in heterodimeric association with the bHLH-ZIP Max-like factor Mlx. Myc is necessary to support liver cancer growth, but not for normal hepatocyte proliferation. Here, we investigated ChREBP's role in these processes and its relationship to Myc. Unlike Myc loss, ChREBP loss conferred a proliferative disadvantage to normal murine hepatocytes, as did the combined loss of ChREBP and Myc. Moreover, hepatoblastomas (HBs) originating in myc-/-, chrebp-/-, or myc-/-/chrebp-/- backgrounds grew significantly more slowly. Metabolic studies on livers and HBs in all three genetic backgrounds revealed marked differences in oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO), and pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. RNA-Seq of livers and HBs suggested seven distinct mechanisms of Myc-ChREBP target gene regulation. Gene ontology analysis indicated that many transcripts deregulated in the chrebp-/- background encode enzymes functioning in glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and β- and ω-FAO, whereas those dysregulated in the myc-/- background encode enzymes functioning in glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and sterol biosynthesis. In the myc-/-/chrebp-/- background, additional deregulated transcripts included those involved in peroxisomal β- and α-FAO. Finally, we observed that Myc and ChREBP cooperatively up-regulated virtually all ribosomal protein genes. Our findings define the individual and cooperative proliferative, metabolic, and transcriptional roles for the "Extended Myc Network" under both normal and neoplastic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabo Wang
- From the Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
| | - James M Dolezal
- From the Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
| | - Sucheta Kulkarni
- From the Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
| | - Jie Lu
- From the Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
| | - Jordan Mandel
- From the Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
| | - Laura E Jackson
- From the Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC
| | | | | | - Edward V Prochownik
- From the Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, .,the Pittsburgh Liver Center.,the Hillman Cancer Center of UPMC, and.,the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
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16
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Elias A, Gritsenko N, Gorovits R, Spector I, Prag G, Yagil E, Kolot M. Anti-cancer binary system activated by bacteriophage HK022 integrase. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27487-27501. [PMID: 29938000 PMCID: PMC6007955 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The binary system presented in this work is based on the bacteriophage HK022 integrase recombinase that activates the expression of a silenced Diphtheria toxin gene, both controlled by the cancer specific hTERT promoter. Using a lung cancer mice model, assays of different apoptotic and anti-apoptotic factors have demonstrated that the Integrase based binary system is highly specific towards cancer cells and more efficient compared to the conventional mono system whose toxin is directly expressed under hTERT. In a mice survival test, this binary system demonstrated longer persistence compared to the untreated and the mono treated ones. The reason underlying the advantage of this binary system over the mono system seems to be an overexpression of various hTERT suppressing factors induced by the mono system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Elias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Natasha Gritsenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Itay Spector
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gali Prag
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ezra Yagil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Mikhail Kolot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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17
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Cen WJ, Feng Y, Li SS, Huang LW, Zhang T, Zhang W, Kong WD, Jiang JW. Iron overload induces G1 phase arrest and autophagy in murine preosteoblast cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6779-6789. [PMID: 29244196 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the cell cycle arrest and autophagy induced by iron overload in MC3T3-E1 cells. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in different concentrations of ferric ammonium citrate (FAC), and Perls' Prussian blue reaction was used to detect the iron levels of the cells. CCK-8 assays were used to detect the growth of MC3T3-E1. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within cells was investigated with DCFH-DA. PI staining was used to analyze the cell cycle distribution of MC3T3-E1 cells. Finally, the expression levels of cell cycle related proteins, autophagy related proteins, AKT, p38 MAPK, Stat3, and their downstream proteins were detected with Western blot assays. The results showed that the iron levels of MC3T3-E1 cells increased with increasing concentrations of FAC. High levels of ferric ion inhibited proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells and increased their ROS levels. Additionally, iron overload induced G1arrest in MC3T3-E1 cells and down-regulated the expression of Cyclin D1 , Cyclin D3 , CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6, but up-regulated p27 Kip1. In addition, the expression levels of Beclin-1 and LC3 II increased, but that of p62 decreased. Further experiments showed that the phosphorylation of AKT and its downstream proteins p-GSK-3β(Ser9) and p-mTOR (Ser2448) were decreased. The levels of p-p38 and p53 were up-regulated while those of cdc25A and p-ERK 1/2 were down-regulated. Phosphorylation of Stat3 and its downstream proteins was all decreased. These results show that iron overload generates ROS, blocks the PI3K/AKT and Jak/Stat3 signal pathways, and activates p38 MAPK, subsequently inducing G1 arrest and autophagy in MC3T3-E1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Jing Cen
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Feng
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Shu Li
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang-Wei Huang
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Guangzhou suihua Stomatology Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Dong Kong
- Department of Orthodontics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Wei Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, Basic Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Zhang Y, Chen S, Wei C, Rankin GO, Ye X, Chen YC. Dietary compound proanthocyanidins from Chinese bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) leaves attenuate chemotherapy-resistant ovarian cancer stem cell traits via targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and inducing G1 cell cycle arrest. Food Funct 2018; 9:525-533. [PMID: 29256569 PMCID: PMC5962270 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01453h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small population of cancer cells characterized by self-renewal ability, tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Ovarian cancer is one of the leading causes of death related to the female reproductive system in Western countries and has been evaluated as a type of CSC-related cancer in recent years. Natural products have attracted great attention in cancer treatment in recent years due to drug resistance and a high relapse rate of ovarian cancer. Chinese bayberry leaf proanthocyanidins (BLPs) contain epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate as their terminal and major extension units, which is quite unusual in the plant kingdom. BLPs showed strong antioxidant and antiproliferative abilities in previous studies. In the present study, chemotherapy-resistant OVCAR-3 spheroid (SP) cells were obtained by sphere culturing and exhibited CSC-like properties by showing a higher ALDH+ population and higher expression of stemness-related proteins. BLPs exhibited inhibitory effects on the growth and CSC characteristics of OVCAR-3 SP cells by showing decreased cell viability, sphere and colony formation ability, ALDH+ population and expression of stemness-related proteins. BLPs also targeted the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by reducing the expression of β-catenin, cyclin D1 and c-Myc and thus inhibited the self-renewal ability of OVCAR-3 SP cells. Furthermore, BLPs also induced G1 cell cycle arrest in OVCAR-3 SP cells. Taken together, these findings suggested that BLPs may be an important agent in the development of therapeutics for ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Zhejiang University, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang R & D Center for Food Technology and Equipment, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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19
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Burn SF, Washkowitz AJ, Gavrilov S, Papaioannou VE. Postimplantation Mga expression and embryonic lethality of two gene-trap alleles. Gene Expr Patterns 2018; 27:31-35. [PMID: 29066359 PMCID: PMC5835168 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dual-specificity T-box/basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor MGA is part of the MAX-interacting network of proteins. In the mouse, MGA is necessary for the survival of the pluripotent epiblast cells of the peri-implantation embryo and a null, gene-trap allele MgaGt results in embryonic lethality shortly after implantation. We have used this allele to document expression of Mga in postimplantation embryos and also investigated a second, hypomorphic gene-trap allele, MgaInv. RESULTS Compound heterozygotes, MgaGt/MgaInv, die prior to midgestation. The extraembryonic portion of the embryos appears to develop relatively normally while the embryonic portion, including the pluripotent cells of the epiblast, is severely retarded by E7.5. Mga expression is initially limited to the pluripotent inner cell mass of the blastocyst and epiblast, but during organogenesis it is widely expressed, notably in the central nervous system and sensory organs, reproductive and excretory systems, heart, somites and limbs. CONCLUSIONS Widespread yet specific areas of expression of Mga during organogenesis raise the possibility that the transcription factor may play roles in controlling proliferation and potency in the progenitor cell populations of different organ systems. Documentation of these patterns sets the stage for the investigation of specific progenitor cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally F Burn
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew J Washkowitz
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Svetlana Gavrilov
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065-6007, USA
| | - Virginia E Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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20
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Oh-Hashi K, Matsumoto S, Sakai T, Nomura Y, Okuda K, Nagasawa H, Hirata Y. Elucidating the rapid action of 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylbiguanide on HT-29 cells under a serum- and glucose-deprived condition. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 34:279-290. [PMID: 28871429 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated the cytotoxic action of a novel phenformin derivative, 2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethylbiguanide (2-Cl-Phen), on HT-29 cells under a serum- and glucose-deprived condition. In that study, we showed that the ATF6 arm of the ER stress pathway and c-Myc expression were downregulated 12 h after the treatment with 2-Cl-Phen. Through characterization of intracellular events at the early phase of the 2-Cl-Phen treatment before noticeable morphological changes, we found rapid fluctuations in the c-Myc and ATF4 proteins but not in their mRNAs in 2-Cl-Phen-treated HT-29 cells under the serum- and glucose-deprived condition. The 2-Cl-Phen-mediated downregulation of ATF4 protein was not paralleled by the phosphorylation status of PERK and eIF2α. Reduction of c-Myc expression by 2-Cl-Phen was more profound than that of ATF4 expression, and phosphorylated c-Myc was downregulated within 2 h. Pharmacological studies on the expression of c-Myc and ATF4 proteins showed that this decrease was mediated through proteasomal degradation but not by autophagy. Interestingly, treatment with lithium chloride, which is a well-known inhibitor of GSK3β, partially recovered the expression of ATF4 protein, but its effect on the level of total c-Myc protein was negligible. Treatment with 2-Cl-Phen increased the expression of phosphorylated AMPK, but Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, did not influence the expression of c-Myc protein in HT-29 cells. Finally, we observed that 2-Cl-Phen partially attenuated the gene expression of integrin subunit α1 (ITGA1), a downstream target of c-Myc. Taken together, these results show that 2-Cl-Phen rapidly downregulated the expression of c-Myc in addition to ER stress responses in a post-translational manner. Further elucidation and improvement of this multi-target-directed compound will provide new insights for developing therapeutic strategies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Oh-Hashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan. .,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Shiori Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sakai
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yuki Nomura
- United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kensuke Okuda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.,Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-kita, Higashinada, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan
| | - Hideko Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigakunishi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yoko Hirata
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan.,United Graduate School of Drug Discovery and Medical Information Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
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21
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Yi L, Lin X, Li H, Ma Y, Lin JM. Dynamic imaging of MYC and CDKN1A mRNAs as an indicator of cell G1-phase arrest. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1900-1903. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc10078c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A live-cell mRNA imaging method to dynamically identify cell transition stage G1-phase arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglu Yi
- School of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Xuexia Lin
- School of Science
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- Beijing 100029
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Haifang Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micronalytical Methods and Instrumentation
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Yuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micronalytical Methods and Instrumentation
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Micronalytical Methods and Instrumentation
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
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22
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Zhang JX, Yun M, Xu Y, Chen JW, Weng HW, Zheng ZS, Chen C, Xie D, Ye S. GNA13 as a prognostic factor and mediator of gastric cancer progression. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4414-27. [PMID: 26735177 PMCID: PMC4826215 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha 13 (GNA13) has been implicated as an oncogenic protein in several human cancers. In this study, GNA13 was characterized for its role in gastric cancer (GC) progression and underlying molecular mechanisms. The expression dynamics of GNA13 were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in two independent cohorts of GC samples. A series of in-vivo and in-vitro assays was performed to elucidate the function of GNA13 in GC and its underlying mechanisms. In both two cohorts of GC samples, we observed that GNA13 was markedly overexpressed in GC tissues and associated closely with aggressive magnitude of GC progression and poor patients' survival. Further study showed that upregulation of GNA13 expression increased the proliferation and tumorigenicity of GC cells in vitro and in vivo, by promoting cell growth rate, colony formation, and tumor formation in nude mice. By contrast, knockdown of GNA13 effectively suppressed the proliferation and tumorigenicity of GC cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results also demonstrated that the molecular mechanisms of the effect of GNA13 in GC included promotion of G1/S cell cycle transition through upregulation of c-Myc, activation of AKT and ERK activity, suppression of FOXO1 activity, upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) regulator cyclin D1 and downregulation of CDK inhibitor p21Cip1 and p27Kip1. Our present study illustrated that GNA13 has an important role in promoting proliferation and tumorigenicity of GC, and may represent a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xing Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.,Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Miao Yun
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.,Department of Ultrasound, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jie-Wei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hui-Wen Weng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zou-San Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Cui Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Dan Xie
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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23
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Paíno T, Garcia-Gomez A, González-Méndez L, San-Segundo L, Hernández-García S, López-Iglesias AA, Algarín EM, Martín-Sánchez M, Corbacho D, Ortiz-de-Solorzano C, Corchete LA, Gutiérrez NC, Maetos MV, Garayoa M, Ocio EM. The Novel Pan-PIM Kinase Inhibitor, PIM447, Displays Dual Antimyeloma and Bone-Protective Effects, and Potently Synergizes with Current Standards of Care. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:225-238. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Okuda
- a Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University , Saitama , Japan
| | - Ayumu Suzuki
- a Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University , Saitama , Japan
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25
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Suzuki A, Hirasaki M, Hishida T, Wu J, Okamura D, Ueda A, Nishimoto M, Nakachi Y, Mizuno Y, Okazaki Y, Matsui Y, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Okuda A. Loss of MAX results in meiotic entry in mouse embryonic and germline stem cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11056. [PMID: 27025988 PMCID: PMC4820925 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiosis is a unique process that allows the generation of reproductive cells. It
remains largely unknown how meiosis is initiated in germ cells and why non-germline
cells do not undergo meiosis. We previously demonstrated that knockdown of
Max expression, a gene encoding a partner of MYC family proteins,
strongly activates expression of germ cell-related genes in ESCs. Here we find that
complete ablation of Max expression in ESCs results in profound cytological
changes reminiscent of cells undergoing meiotic cell division. Furthermore, our
analyses uncovers that Max expression is transiently attenuated in germ cells
undergoing meiosis in vivo and its forced reduction induces meiosis-like
cytological changes in cultured germline stem cells. Mechanistically, Max
depletion alterations are, in part, due to impairment of the function of an atypical
PRC1 complex (PRC1.6), in which MAX is one of the components. Our data highlight MAX
as a new regulator of meiotic onset. The mechanisms that trigger meiosis in germ cells and halt this
process in non-germline cells are unclear. Here, the authors show that knockout of
Max in embryonic stem cells results in meiotic onset in a mechanism that
involves the PRC1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Suzuki
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Masataka Hirasaki
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Hishida
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.,Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Daiji Okamura
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, No. 135, Guadalupe, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Atsushi Ueda
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Masazumi Nishimoto
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakachi
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.,Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan.,Division of Functional Genomics and Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Matsui
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.,Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development and Development-Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (AMED-CREST), Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Akihiko Okuda
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama 350-1241, Japan
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26
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Schulze I, Rohde C, Scheller-Wendorff M, Bäumer N, Krause A, Herbst F, Riemke P, Hebestreit K, Tschanter P, Lin Q, Linhart H, Godley LA, Glimm H, Dugas M, Wagner W, Berdel WE, Rosenbauer F, Müller-Tidow C. Increased DNA methylation of Dnmt3b targets impairs leukemogenesis. Blood 2016; 127:1575-86. [PMID: 26729896 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-655928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The de novo DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are of crucial importance in hematopoietic stem cells. Dnmt3b has recently been shown to play a role in genic methylation. To investigate how Dnmt3b-mediated DNA methylation affects leukemogenesis, we analyzed leukemia development under conditions of high and physiological methylation levels in a tetracycline-inducible knock-in mouse model. High expression of Dnmt3b slowed leukemia development in serial transplantations and impaired leukemia stem cell (LSC) function. Forced Dnmt3b expression induced widespread DNA hypermethylation inMyc-Bcl2-induced leukemias, preferentially at gene bodies.MLL-AF9-induced leukemogenesis showed much less pronounced DNA hypermethylation upon Dnmt3b expression. Nonetheless, leukemogenesis was delayed in both models with a shared core set of DNA hypermethylated regions and suppression of stem cell-related genes. Acute myeloid leukemia patients with high expression of Dnmt3b target genes showed inferior survival. Together, these findings indicate a critical role for Dnmt3b-mediated DNA methylation in leukemia development and maintenance of LSC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Schulze
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Christian Rohde
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Bäumer
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology and Oncology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Annika Krause
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology and Oncology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Friederike Herbst
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pia Riemke
- Institute of Molecular Tumor Biology and
| | - Katja Hebestreit
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Petra Tschanter
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Qiong Lin
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Heinz Linhart
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucy A Godley
- Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Hanno Glimm
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Dugas
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany; and
| | - Wolfgang E Berdel
- Department of Medicine A, Hematology and Oncology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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27
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Hypoxia and metabolic adaptation of cancer cells. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e190. [PMID: 26807645 PMCID: PMC4728679 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low oxygen tension (hypoxia) is a pervasive physiological and pathophysiological stimulus that metazoan organisms have contended with since they evolved from their single-celled ancestors. The effect of hypoxia on a tissue can be either positive or negative, depending on the severity, duration and context. Over the long-term, hypoxia is not usually consistent with normal function and so multicellular organisms have had to evolve both systemic and cellular responses to hypoxia. Our reliance on oxygen for efficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation has meant that the cellular metabolic network is particularly sensitive to alterations in oxygen tension. Metabolic changes in response to hypoxia are elicited through both direct mechanisms, such as the reduction in ATP generation by oxidative phosphorylation or inhibition of fatty-acid desaturation, and indirect mechanisms including changes in isozyme expression through hypoxia-responsive transcription factor activity. Significant regions of cancers often grow in hypoxic conditions owing to the lack of a functional vasculature. As hypoxic tumour areas contain some of the most malignant cells, it is important that we understand the role metabolism has in keeping these cells alive. This review will outline our current understanding of many of the hypoxia-induced changes in cancer cell metabolism, how they are affected by other genetic defects often present in cancers, and how these metabolic alterations support the malignant hypoxic phenotype.
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28
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Augmented expression of MYC and/or MYCN protein defines highly aggressive MYC-driven neuroblastoma: a Children's Oncology Group study. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:57-63. [PMID: 26035700 PMCID: PMC4647535 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: MYCN amplification with subsequent MYCN protein overexpression is a powerful indicator of poor prognosis of neuroblastoma patients. Little is known regarding the prognostic significance of the homologous MYC protein expression in neuroblastoma. Methods: Immunostaining for MYCN and MYC protein was performed on 357 undifferentiated/poorly differentiated neuroblastomas. Results were analysed with other prognostic markers. Results: Sixty-seven (19%) tumours were MYCN(+), 38 (11%) were MYC(+), and one(0.3%) had both proteins(+). MYCN(+) tumours and MYC(+) tumours were more likely diagnosed in children>18months with stage4-disease. MYCN(+) tumours were associated with amplified MYCN, Unfavourable Histology (UH), and High-MKI (Mitosis–Karyorrhexis Index). MYC(+) tumours were also frequently UH but not associated with MYCN amplification, and more likely to have low-/intermediate-MKI. Favourable Histology patients without MYC/MYCN expressions exhibited the best survival (N=167, 89.7±5.5% 3-year EFS, 97.0±3.2% 3-year OS), followed by UH patients without MYC/MYCN expressions (N=84, 63.1±13.6% 3-year EFS, 83.5±9.4% 3-year OS). MYCN(+)patients and MYC(+)patients had similar and significantly low (P<0.0001) survivals (46.2±12.0% 3-year EFS, 63.2±12.1% 3-year OS and 43.4±23.1% 3-year EFS, 63.5±19.2% 3-year OS, respectively). Notably, the prognostic impact imparted by MYC expression was independent from other markers. Conclusions: In this series, ∼30% of neuroblastomas had augmented MYCN or MYC expression with dismal survivals. Prospective study of MYC/MYCN protein expression signature as a new biomarker for high-risk neuroblastomas should be conducted.
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29
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Washkowitz AJ, Schall C, Zhang K, Wurst W, Floss T, Mager J, Papaioannou VE. Mga is essential for the survival of pluripotent cells during peri-implantation development. Development 2015; 142:31-40. [PMID: 25516968 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance and control of pluripotency is of great interest in stem cell biology. The dual specificity T-box/basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper transcription factor Mga is expressed in the pluripotent cells of the inner cell mass (ICM) and epiblast of the peri-implantation mouse embryo, but its function has not been investigated previously. Here, we use a loss-of-function allele and RNA knockdown to demonstrate that Mga depletion leads to the death of proliferating pluripotent ICM cells in vivo and in vitro, and the death of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro. Additionally, quiescent pluripotent cells lacking Mga are lost during embryonic diapause. Expression of Odc1, the rate-limiting enzyme in the conversion of ornithine into putrescine in the synthesis of polyamines, is reduced in Mga mutant cells, and the survival of mutant ICM cells as well as ESCs is rescued in culture by the addition of exogenous putrescine. These results suggest a mechanism whereby Mga influences pluripotent cell survival through regulation of the polyamine pool in pluripotent cells of the embryo, whether they are in a proliferative or quiescent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Washkowitz
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Caroline Schall
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Technical University of München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Standort München, and Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Floss
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Technical University of München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jesse Mager
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Virginia E Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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30
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miR-210 is a prognostic marker in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Mol Diagn 2014; 17:136-44. [PMID: 25555365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate assessment of prognosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is key in optimizing management plans to fit individual patient needs. miRNAs are short noncoding single-stranded RNAs that control the expression of target genes and may act as cancer biomarkers. We analyzed the expression of miR-210 in 276 cases of primary ccRCC and compared its expression in 40 pairs of adjacent normal and cancerous tissues. We assessed its expression in primary and metastatic tumors, in the common RCC subtypes, and the benign oncocytoma. The results were validated with an independent data set from The Cancer Genome Atlas. miR-210 was significantly overexpressed in ccRCC compared with normal kidney. miR-210(+) patients had a statistically higher chance of disease recurrence [hazard ratio (HR), 1.82; P = 0.018] and shorter overall survival (HR, 2.46; P = 0.014). In multivariate analysis, miR-210 lost its statistically significant association with shorter disease-free survival and overall survival after adjusting for tumor size and tumor, node, metastasis stage. Papillary RCC showed comparable miR-210 overexpression, whereas decreased up-regulation was seen in chromophobe RCC and oncocytoma. A number of predicted targets that might be involved in carcinogenesis and aggressive tumor behavior were identified. miR-210 is a potential therapeutic target and independent marker of poor prognosis of ccRCC.
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31
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Bretones G, Delgado MD, León J. Myc and cell cycle control. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:506-16. [PMID: 24704206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Soon after the discovery of the Myc gene (c-Myc), it became clear that Myc expression levels tightly correlate to cell proliferation. The entry in cell cycle of quiescent cells upon Myc enforced expression has been described in many models. Also, the downregulation or inactivation of Myc results in the impairment of cell cycle progression. Given the frequent deregulation of Myc oncogene in human cancer it is important to dissect out the mechanisms underlying the role of Myc on cell cycle control. Several parallel mechanisms account for Myc-mediated stimulation of the cell cycle. First, most of the critical positive cell cycle regulators are encoded by genes induced by Myc. These Myc target genes include Cdks, cyclins and E2F transcription factors. Apart from its direct effects on the transcription, Myc is able to hyperactivate cyclin/Cdk complexes through the induction of Cdk activating kinase (CAK) and Cdc25 phosphatases. Moreover, Myc antagonizes the activity of cell cycle inhibitors as p21 and p27 through different mechanisms. Thus, Myc is able to block p21 transcription or to induce Skp2, a protein involved in p27 degradation. Finally, Myc induces DNA replication by binding to replication origins and by upregulating genes encoding proteins required for replication initiation. Myc also regulates genes involved in the mitotic control. A promising approach to treat tumors with deregulated Myc is the synthetic lethality based on the inhibition of Cdks. Thus, the knowledge of the Myc-dependent cell cycle regulatory mechanisms will help to discover new therapeutic approaches directed against malignancies with deregulated Myc. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Myc proteins in cell biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Bretones
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - M Dolores Delgado
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Javier León
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-SODERCAN and Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
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32
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Fletcher S, Prochownik EV. Small-molecule inhibitors of the Myc oncoprotein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:525-43. [PMID: 24657798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The c-Myc (Myc) oncoprotein is among the most attractive of cancer targets given that it is de-regulated in the majority of tumors and that its inhibition profoundly affects their growth and/or survival. However, its role as a seldom-mutated transcription factor, its lack of enzymatic activity for which suitable pharmaceutical inhibitors could be crafted and its expression by normal cells have largely been responsible for its being viewed as "undruggable". Work over the past several years, however, has begun to reverse this idea by allowing us to view Myc within the larger context of global gene regulatory control. Thus, Myc and its obligate heterodimeric partner, Max, are integral to the coordinated recruitment and post-translational modification of components of the core transcriptional machinery. Moreover, Myc over-expression re-programs numerous critical cellular functions and alters the cell's susceptibility to their inhibition. This new knowledge has therefore served as a framework upon which to develop new pharmaceutical approaches. These include the continuing development of small molecules which act directly to inhibit the critical Myc-Max interaction, those which act indirectly to prevent Myc-directed post-translational modifications necessary to initiate productive transcription and those which inhibit vital pathways upon which the Myc-transformed cell is particularly reliant. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Myc proteins in cell biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, USA; University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Edward V Prochownik
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA; The University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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33
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Zuo J, Cai H, Wu Y, Ma H, Jiang W, Liu C, Han D, Ji G, Yu L. TCP10L acts as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cell proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:61-7. [PMID: 24565846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
TCP10L (T-complex 10 (mouse)-like) has been identified as a liver and testis-specific gene. Although a potential transcriptional suppression function of TCP10L has been reported previously, biological function of this gene still remains largely elusive. In this study, we reported for the first time that TCP10L was significantly down-regulated in clinical hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples when compared to the corresponding non-tumorous liver tissues. Furthermore, TCP10L expression was highly correlated with advanced cases exceeding the Milan criteria. Overexpression of TCP10L in HCC cells suppressed colony formation, inhibited cell cycle progression through G0/G1 phase, and attenuated cell growth in vivo. Consistently, silencing of TCP10L promoted cell cycle progression and cell growth. Therefore, our study has revealed a novel suppressor role of TCP10L in HCC, by inhibiting proliferation of HCC cells, which may facilitate the diagnosis and molecular therapy in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yanhua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Haijie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Dingding Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Guoqing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Long Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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34
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Abstract
Most transcription factors specify the subset of genes that will be actively transcribed in the cell by stimulating transcription initiation at these genes, but MYC has a fundamentally different role. MYC binds E-box sites in the promoters of active genes and stimulates recruitment of the elongation factor P-TEFb and thus transcription elongation. Consequently, rather than specifying the set of genes that will be transcribed in any particular cell, MYC's predominant role is to increase the production of transcripts from active genes. This increase in the transcriptional output of the cell's existing gene expression program, called transcriptional amplification, has a profound effect on proliferation and other behaviors of a broad range of cells. Transcriptional amplification may reduce rate-limiting constraints for tumor cell proliferation and explain MYC's broad oncogenic activity among diverse tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Rahl
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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Teshiba R, Kawano S, Wang LL, He L, Naranjo A, London WB, Seeger RC, Gastier-Foster JM, Look AT, Hogarty MD, Cohn SL, Maris JM, Park JR, Shimada H. Age-dependent prognostic effect by Mitosis-Karyorrhexis Index in neuroblastoma: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2014; 17:441-9. [PMID: 25207821 PMCID: PMC4340697 DOI: 10.2350/14-06-1505-oa.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prognostic effects of Mitosis-Karyorrhexis Index (MKI) used in the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification (INPC) are age-dependent. A total of 4,282 neuroblastomas reviewed at the Children's Oncology Group Neuroblastoma Pathology Reference Laboratory (8/1/2001-3/31/2012) included 2,365 low-MKI (L-MKI), 1,068 intermediate-MKI (I-MKI), and 849 high-MKI (H-MKI) tumors. Cox proportional hazards models were fit to determine age cut-offs at which the relative risk of event/death was maximized in each MKI class. Backward-selected Cox models were fit to determine the prognostic strength of the age cut-offs for survival in the presence of other prognostic factors. The age cut-offs used in the INPC for L-MKI tumors (<60 months, n = 2,710, 84.0% ± 1.0% event-free survival [EFS], 93.8 ± 0.7% overall survival [OS] vs ≥60 months, n = 195, 49.8% ± 4.6% EFS, 71.7% ± 4.1% OS; P < 0.0001) and I-MKI tumors (<18 months, n = 568, 83.8% ± 2% EFS, 93.7% ± 1.3% OS vs ≥18 months, n = 500, 51.4% ± 2.9% EFS, 66.7% ± 2.7% OS; P < 0.0001) were within the effective range for distinguishing prognostic groups. As for H-MKI tumors (no cut-off age in the INPC, 51.0% ± 2.2% EFS, 64.4% ± 2.1% OS), a new cut-off of 3-4 months was suggested (<4 months, n = 38, 82.3% ± 8.4% EFS, 81.8% ± 8.5% OS vs ≥4 months, n = 811, 49.6% ± 2.2% EFS, 63.7% ± 2.1% OS, P = 0.0034 and 0.0437, respectively). Multivariate analyses revealed that cut-offs of 60 and 18 months for L-MKI and I-MKI tumors, respectively, were independently prognostic. However, the cut-off of 4 months for H-MKI tumors did not reach statistical significance in the presence of other factors. The age cut-offs for MKI classes (60 months for L-MKI, 18 months for I-MKI, no cut-off for H-MKI) in the current INPC are reasonable and effective for distinguishing prognostic groups with increased risk of event/death for older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Teshiba
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #43, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Shinya Kawano
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #43, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Larry L. Wang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #43, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Lejian He
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #43, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Arlene Naranjo
- Department of Biostatistics, Children’s Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, University of Florida, 6011 NW 1st Place, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA
| | - Wendy B. London
- Division of Hematology/Oncology and Children’s Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, Boston Children’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Robert C. Seeger
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #57, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Julie M. Gastier-Foster
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio State University College of Medicine, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - A. Thomas Look
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael D. Hogarty
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Susan L. Cohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago, 5721 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - John M. Maris
- Division of Oncology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 34th Street and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Julie R. Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research center, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, MS #43, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA,Corresponding author:
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Wierstra I. The transcription factor FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1): proliferation-specific expression, transcription factor function, target genes, mouse models, and normal biological roles. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 118:97-398. [PMID: 23768511 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407173-5.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor, which stimulates cell proliferation and exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern. Accordingly, both the expression and the transcriptional activity of FOXM1 are increased by proliferation signals, but decreased by antiproliferation signals, including the positive and negative regulation by protooncoproteins or tumor suppressors, respectively. FOXM1 stimulates cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Moreover, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. Accordingly, FOXM1 regulates the expression of genes, whose products control G1/S-transition, S-phase progression, G2/M-transition, and M-phase progression. Additionally, FOXM1 target genes encode proteins with functions in the execution of DNA replication and mitosis. FOXM1 is a transcriptional activator with a forkhead domain as DNA binding domain and with a very strong acidic transactivation domain. However, wild-type FOXM1 is (almost) inactive because the transactivation domain is repressed by three inhibitory domains. Inactive FOXM1 can be converted into a very potent transactivator by activating signals, which release the transactivation domain from its inhibition by the inhibitory domains. FOXM1 is essential for embryonic development and the foxm1 knockout is embryonically lethal. In adults, FOXM1 is important for tissue repair after injury. FOXM1 prevents premature senescence and interferes with contact inhibition. FOXM1 plays a role for maintenance of stem cell pluripotency and for self-renewal capacity of stem cells. The functions of FOXM1 in prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy and in homologous recombination repair of DNA-double-strand breaks suggest an importance of FOXM1 for the maintenance of genomic stability and chromosomal integrity.
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Xu M, Katzenellenbogen RA, Grandori C, Galloway DA. An unbiased in vivo screen reveals multiple transcription factors that control HPV E6-regulated hTERT in keratinocytes. Virology 2013; 446:17-24. [PMID: 24074563 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Activation of telomerase by human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E6 is a critical step for cell immortalization and transformation in human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs). Multiple transcription factors have been identified as being involved in E6-induced hTERT expression. Here, we adapted an unbiased in vivo screen using a LacO-LacI system in human cells to discover hTERT promoter-interacting regulators. This approach allowed us to identify a novel hTERT repressor, Maz, which bound the hTERT promoter. E6 expression reduced Maz binding and correspondingly increased Sp1 binding at the hTERT promoter. Knockdown of Maz further increased histone acetylation, as well as hTERT expression in the presence of E6. Overall, these data indicate the utility of a novel screen for promoter-interacting and transcription-regulating proteins. These data also highlight multiple factors that normally regulate hTERT repression in HFKs, and therefore are targeted by E6 for hTERT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Huang L, Wang HY, Li JD, Wang JH, Zhou Y, Luo RZ, Yun JP, Zhang Y, Jia WH, Zheng M. KPNA2 promotes cell proliferation and tumorigenicity in epithelial ovarian carcinoma through upregulation of c-Myc and downregulation of FOXO3a. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e745. [PMID: 23907459 PMCID: PMC3763430 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Karyopherin alpha 2 (KPNA2), a member of the karyopherin family, has a central role in nucleocytoplasmic transport and is overexpressed in many cancers. Our previous study identified KPNA2 as significantly upregulated in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC), correlating with poor survival of patients. However, the precise mechanism of this effect remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of KPNA2 in the proliferation and tumorigenicity of EOC cells, and its clinical significance in tumor progression. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed high expression levels of KPNA2 in 162 out of 191 (84.8%) fresh EOC tissues, which was significantly correlated with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, differentiation, histological type, recurrence, and prognosis of EOC patients. Our results showed that upregulation of KPNA2 expression significantly increased the proliferation and tumorigenicity of EOC cells (EFO-21 and SK-OV3) in vitro and in vivo, by promoting cell growth rate, foci formation, soft agar colony formation, and tumor formation in nude mice. By contrast, knockdown of KPNA2 effectively suppressed the proliferation and tumorigenicity of these EOC cells in vitro and in vivo. Our results also indicated that the molecular mechanisms of the effect of KPNA2 in EOC included promotion of G1/S cell cycle transition through upregulation of c-Myc, enhanced transcriptional activity of c-Myc, activation of Akt activity, suppression of FOXO3a activity, downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21Cip1 and p27Kip1, and upregulation of CDK regulator cyclin D1. Our results show that KPNA2 has an important role in promoting proliferation and tumorigenicity of EOC, and may represent a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Shi M, Gan YJ, Davis TO, Scott RS. Downregulation of the polyamine regulator spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase by Epstein-Barr virus in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line. Virus Res 2013; 177:11-21. [PMID: 23891576 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transition of Akata Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) from a malignant to nonmalignant phenotype upon loss of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is evidence for a viral contribution to tumorigenesis despite the tight restriction of EBV gene expression in BL. Examination of global cellular gene expression in Akata subclones that retained or lost EBV identified spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase (SAT1), an inducible enzyme whose catabolism of polyamines affects both apoptosis and cell growth, as one of a limited number of cellular genes downregulated by EBV. Re-infection of the EBV-negative Akata clone reduced SAT1 mRNA to a level comparable with the parental EBV-positive Akata. EBV-positive Akata cells demonstrated decreased SAT1 enzyme activity concomitant with altered intracellular polyamine constituents. Reduction of SAT1 in EBV-positive BL was a transcriptional effect. Forced expression of the viral BCL2 homologue, BHRF1, in an EBV-negative Akata clone reduced SAT1 mRNA. Thus, EBV repression of polyamine catabolism becomes a complementary alteration to dysregulated c-myc enhancement of polyamine synthesis in BL and favorable to BL lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Shi
- Center for Tumor and Molecular Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Somatostatin receptor 1, a novel EBV-associated CpG hypermethylated gene, contributes to the pathogenesis of EBV-associated gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:2557-64. [PMID: 23722468 PMCID: PMC3694244 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatostatin receptor 1 (SSTR1) was preferentially methylated in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive gastric cancer using promoter methylation array. We aimed to analyse the epigenetic alteration and biological function of SSTR1 in EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC). METHODS Promoter methylation was examined by combined bisulphite restriction analysis (COBRA) and pyrosequencing. The biological functions of SSTR1 were evaluated by loss- and gain-of-function assays. RESULTS Promoter hypermethylation of SSTR1 was detected in EBV-positive gastric cancer cell lines (AGS-EBV) with SSTR1 transcriptional silence, but not in EBV-negative gastric cancer cell lines with SSTR1 expression. Expression level of SSTR1 was restored in AGS-EBV by exposure to demethylating agent. Moreover, methylation level of SSTR1 was significantly higher in EBV-positive primary gastric cancers compared with EBV-negative gastric cancers (P=0.004). Knock-down of SSTR1 in gastric cancer cell lines (AGS and BGC823) increased cell proliferation and colony formation ability, and promoted G1 to S-phase transition, enhanced cell migration and invasive ability. In contrast, ectopic expression of SSTR1 in gastric cancer cell lines (MKN28 and MGC803) significantly suppressed cell growth in culture conditions and reduced tumour size in nude mice. The tumour suppressive effect of SSTR1 was associated with upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p16, p15, p27 and p21); downregulation of oncogenes (MYC and MDM2), key cell proliferation and pro-survival regulators (PI3KR1, AKT, BCL-XL and MET); and inhibition of the migration/invasion-related genes (integrins, MMP1 (matrix metallopeptidase 1), PLAUR (plasminogen activator urokinase receptor) and IL8 (interleukin 8)). CONCLUSION Somatostatin receptor 1 is a novel methylated gene driven by EBV infection in gastric cancer cells and acts as a potential tumour suppressor.
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Hishida T, Nozaki Y, Nakachi Y, Mizuno Y, Iseki H, Katano M, Kamon M, Hirasaki M, Nishimoto M, Okazaki Y, Okuda A. Sirt1, p53, and p38(MAPK) are crucial regulators of detrimental phenotypes of embryonic stem cells with Max expression ablation. Stem Cells 2013; 30:1634-44. [PMID: 22696478 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
c-Myc participates in diverse cellular processes including cell cycle control, tumorigenic transformation, and reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent cells. c-Myc is also an important regulator of self-renewal and pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We recently demonstrated that loss of the Max gene, encoding the best characterized partner for all Myc family proteins, causes loss of the pluripotent state and extensive cell death in ESCs strictly in this order. However, the mechanisms and molecules that are responsible for these phenotypes remain largely obscure. Here, we show that Sirt1, p53, and p38(MAPK) are crucially involved in the detrimental phenotype of Max-null ESCs. Moreover, our analyses revealed that these proteins are involved at varying levels to one another in the hierarchy of the pathway leading to cell death in Max-null ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Hishida
- Division of Developmental Biology, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
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Joshi A, Hannah R, Diamanti E, Göttgens B. Gene set control analysis predicts hematopoietic control mechanisms from genome-wide transcription factor binding data. Exp Hematol 2012; 41:354-66.e14. [PMID: 23220237 PMCID: PMC3630327 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are key regulators of both normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled with high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-Seq) has become the method of choice to interrogate the genome-wide effect of transcription factors. We have collected and integrated 142 publicly available ChIP-Seq datasets for both normal and leukemic murine blood cell types. In addition, we introduce the new bioinformatic tool Gene Set Control Analysis (GSCA). GSCA predicts likely upstream regulators for lists of genes based on statistical significance of binding event enrichment within the gene loci of a user-supplied gene set. We show that GSCA analysis of lineage-restricted gene sets reveals expected and previously unrecognized candidate upstream regulators. Moreover, application of GSCA to leukemic gene sets allowed us to predict the reactivation of blood stem cell control mechanisms as a likely contributor to LMO2 driven leukemia. It also allowed us to clarify the recent debate on the role of Myc in leukemia stem cell transcriptional programs. As a result, GSCA provides a valuable new addition to analyzing gene sets of interest, complementary to Gene Ontology and Gene Set Enrichment analyses. To facilitate access to the wider research community, we have implemented GSCA as a freely accessible web tool (http://bioinformatics.cscr.cam.ac.uk/GSCA/GSCA.html).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Joshi
- Department of Hematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge University, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK.
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miR-155 targets histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) and impairs transcriptional activity of B-cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) in the Eμ-miR-155 transgenic mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:20047-52. [PMID: 23169640 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1213764109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have established that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the initiation and progression of cancer. Notably, miR-155 is one of the most overexpressed miRNAs in several solid and hematological malignancies. Ectopic miR-155 expression in mice B cells (Eμ-miR-155 transgenic mice) has been shown to induce pre-B-cell proliferation followed by high-grade lymphoma/leukemia. Loss of miR-155 in mice resulted in impaired immunity due to defective T-cell-mediated immune response. Here we provide a mechanistic insight into miR-155-induced leukemogenesis in the Eμ-miR-155 mouse model through genome-wide transcriptome analysis of naïve B cells and target studies. We found that a key transcriptional repressor and proto-oncogene, Bcl6 is significantly down-regulated in Eμ-miR-155 mice. The reduction of Bcl6 subsequently leads to de-repression of some of the known Bcl6 targets like inhibitor of differentiation (Id2), interleukin-6 (IL6), cMyc, Cyclin D1, and Mip1α/ccl3, all of which promote cell survival and proliferation. We show that Bcl6 is indirectly regulated by miR-155 through Mxd1/Mad1 up-regulation. Interestingly, we found that miR-155 directly targets HDAC4, a corepressor partner of BCL6. Furthermore, ectopic expression of HDAC4 in human-activated B-cell-type diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells results in reduced miR-155-induced proliferation, clonogenic potential, and increased apoptosis. Meta-analysis of the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patient microarray data showed that miR-155 expression is inversely correlated with Bcl6 and Hdac4. Hence this study provides a better understanding of how miR-155 causes disruption of the BCL6 transcriptional machinery that leads to up-regulation of the survival and proliferation genes in miR-155-induced leukemias.
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Wang C, Chen Q, Hamajima Y, Sun W, Zheng YQ, Hu XH, Ondrey FG, Lin JZ. Id2 regulates the proliferation of squamous cell carcinoma in vitro via the NF-κB/Cyclin D1 pathway. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 31:430-9. [PMID: 22835384 PMCID: PMC3777501 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a significant cause of cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide, with an incidence of up to 166 cases per 100 000 population. It arises in the skin, upper aerodigestive tract, lung, and cervix and affects more than 200 000 Americans each year. We report here that a microarray experiment comparing 41 SCC and 13 normal tissue specimens showed that Id2, a gene that controls the cell cycle, was significantly up-regulated in SCC. Enforced expression of Id2 in vitro stimulated the proliferation of SCC cells and up-regulated the transcription of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and cyclin D1. Enhancement of the NF-κB activity with p65 significantly increased the cell proliferation and the transcription of cyclin D1, whereas inhibition of the NF-κB activity with I kappa B alpha mutant (IκBα M) and pyrroline dithiocarbamate (PDTC) abrogated cell proliferation and transcription of cyclin D1. Furthermore, a mutated NF-κB binding site in the cyclin D1 promoter fully abrogated the Id2-induced transcription of cyclin D1. Taken together, these data indicate that Id2 induces SCC tumor growth and proliferation through the NF-κB/cyclin D1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- The Cancer Center and Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine, Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, PR China
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Souders CA, Bowers SLK, Banerjee I, Fuseler JW, Demieville JL, Baudino TA. c-Myc is required for proper coronary vascular formation via cell- and gene-specific signaling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1308-19. [PMID: 22402364 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.244590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although significant research has detailed angiogenesis during development and cancer, little is known about cardiac angiogenesis, yet it is critical for survival following pathological insult. The transcription factor c-Myc is a target of anticancer therapies because of its mitogenic and proangiogenic induction. In the current study, we investigate its role in cardiac angiogenesis in a cell-dependent and gene-specific context. METHODS AND RESULTS Angiogenesis assays using c-Myc-deficient cardiac endothelial cells and fibroblasts demonstrate that c-Myc is essential to vessel formation, and fibroblast-mediated vessel formation is dependent on c-Myc expression in fibroblasts. Gene analyses revealed that c-Myc-mediated gene expression is unique in cardiac angiogenesis and varies in a cell-dependent manner. In vitro 3-dimensional cultures demonstrated c-Myc's role in the expression of secreted angiogenic factors, while also providing evidence for c-Myc-mediated cell-cell interactions. Additional in vivo vascular analyses support c-Myc's critical role in capillary formation and vessel patterning during development and also in response to a pathological stimulus where its expression in myocytes is required for angiogenic remodeling. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that proper c-Myc expression in cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes is essential to cardiac angiogenesis. These results have the potential for novel therapeutic applications involving the angiogenic response during cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colby A Souders
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
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Hishida T, Nozaki Y, Nakachi Y, Mizuno Y, Okazaki Y, Ema M, Takahashi S, Nishimoto M, Okuda A. Indefinite self-renewal of ESCs through Myc/Max transcriptional complex-independent mechanisms. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 9:37-49. [PMID: 21726832 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can self-renew indefinitely under the governance of ESC-specific transcriptional circuitries in which each transcriptional factor regulates distinct or overlapping sets of genes with other factors. c-Myc is a key player that is crucially involved in maintaining the undifferentiated state and the self-renewal of ESCs. However, the mechanism by which c-Myc helps preserve the ESC status is still poorly understood. Here we addressed this question by performing loss-of-function studies with the Max gene, which encodes the best-characterized partner protein for all Myc family proteins. Although Myc/Max complexes are widely regarded as crucial regulators of the ESC status, our data revealed that ESCs do not absolutely require these complexes in certain contexts and that this requirement is restricted to empirical ESC culture conditions without a MAPK inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Hishida
- Division of Developmental Biology, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
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Velpula KK, Dasari VR, Tsung AJ, Dinh DH, Rao JS. Transcriptional repression of Mad-Max complex by human umbilical cord blood stem cells downregulates extracellular signal-regulated kinase in glioblastoma. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:1779-93. [PMID: 21933022 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that human umbilical cord blood stem cell (hUCBSC) treatment downregulate cyclin D1 in glioma cells. To study the cell cycle progression and investigate the upstream molecules regulating cyclin D1 expression, we analyzed the involvement of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and its functionality after treatment with hUCBSC. We observed downregulation of pERK after hUCBSC treatment at both transcriptional and translational levels. Increased translocation of ERK from cytoplasm to the nucleus was observed in glioma cells, whereas hUCBSC cocultures with glioma cells showed suppressed nuclear translocation. This finding suggests that hUCBSC regulates ERK by suppressing its phosphorylation at phospho-Thr(202)/Tyr(204) retarding pERK nuclear translocation. ERK promoter analysis has shown c-Myc binding sites, indicative of possible transcriptional interactions that regulate cyclin D1 and ERK expression levels. Treatment of U251 and 5310 glioma cells with U0126, a MEK/ERK inhibitor receded pERK and c-Myc levels. In another experiment, U251 and 5310 cells treated with 10074-G5, c-Myc/Max inhibitor displayed reduction in pERK and c-Myc levels suggestive of a positive feedback loop between ERK/c-Myc/Max molecules. In the present study, we show that glioma cells exhibit abundant c-Myc expression and increased c-Myc/Max activity. In contrast, the glioma cells cocultured with hUCBSC demonstrated high Mad1 expression that competitively binds to Max to repress the c-Myc/Max mediated gene transcription. Our studies thus elucidate the potential role of hUCBSC in controlling glioma cell cycle progression and invasion by limiting Max binding to c-Myc, thus regulating the expression of glioma cell cycle and invasion associated molecules such as ERK, integrins via increased levels of Mad1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Kumar Velpula
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61656, USA
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Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are essential for the regulation of gene expression and often form emergent complexes to perform vital roles in cellular processes. In this paper, we focus on the parallel Max and Mlx networks of TFs because of their critical involvement in cell cycle regulation, proliferation, growth, metabolism, and apoptosis. A basic-helix-loop-helix-zipper (bHLHZ) domain mediates the competitive protein dimerization and DNA binding among Max and Mlx network members to form a complex system of cell regulation. To understand the importance of these network interactions, we identified the bHLHZ domain of Max and Mlx network proteins across the animal kingdom and carried out several multivariate statistical analyses. The presence and conservation of Max and Mlx network proteins in animal lineages stemming from the divergence of Metazoa indicate that these networks have ancient and essential functions. Phylogenetic analysis of the bHLHZ domain identified clear relationships among protein families with distinct points of radiation and divergence. Multivariate discriminant analysis further isolated specific amino acid changes within the bHLHZ domain that classify proteins, families, and network configurations. These analyses on Max and Mlx network members provide a model for characterizing the evolution of TFs involved in essential networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G McFerrin
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, USA.
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49
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Clausen DM, Guo J, Parise RA, Beumer JH, Egorin MJ, Lazo JS, Prochownik EV, Eiseman JL. In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of 10074-G5, a novel small-molecule inhibitor of c-Myc/Max dimerization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:715-27. [PMID: 20801893 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.170555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-Myc oncoprotein is overexpressed in many tumors and is essential for maintaining the proliferation of transformed cells. To function as a transcription factor, c-Myc must dimerize with Max via the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper protein (bHLH-ZIP) domains in each protein. The small molecule 7-nitro-N-(2-phenylphenyl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-amine (10074-G5) binds to and distorts the bHLH-ZIP domain of c-Myc, thereby inhibiting c-Myc/Max heterodimer formation and inhibiting its transcriptional activity. We report in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo efficacy, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of 10074-G5 in human xenograft-bearing mice. In vitro, 10074-G5 inhibited the growth of Daudi Burkitt's lymphoma cells and disrupted c-Myc/Max dimerization. 10074-G5 had no effect on the growth of Daudi xenografts in C.B-17 SCID mice that were treated with 20 mg/kg 10074-G5 intravenously for 5 consecutive days. Inhibition of c-Myc/Max dimerization in Daudi xenografts was not seen 2 or 24 h after treatment. Concentrations of 10074-G5 in various matrices were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-UV, and metabolites of 10074-G5 were identified by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The plasma half-life of 10074-G5 in mice treated with 20 mg/kg i.v. was 37 min, and peak plasma concentration was 58 μM, which was 10-fold higher than peak tumor concentration. The lack of antitumor activity probably was caused by the rapid metabolism of 10074-G5 to inactive metabolites, resulting in tumor concentrations of 10074-G5 insufficient to inhibit c-Myc/Max dimerization. Our identification of 10074-G5 metabolites in mice will help design new, more metabolically stable small-molecule inhibitors of c-Myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Clausen
- Molecular Therapeutics/Drug Discovery Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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50
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Ahn SM, Simpson R, Lee B. Genomics and proteomics in stem cell research: the road ahead. Anat Cell Biol 2010; 43:1-14. [PMID: 21190000 PMCID: PMC2998774 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2010.43.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell research has been widely studied over the last few years and has attracted increasing attention from researchers in all fields of medicine due to its potential to treat many previously incurable diseases by replacing damaged cells or tissues. As illustrated by hematopoietic stem research, understanding stem cell differentiation at molecular levels is essential for both basic research and for clinical applications of stem cells. Although multiple integrative analyses, such as genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics and proteomics, are required to understand stem cell biology, proteomics has a unique position in stem cell research. For example, several major breakthroughs in HSC research were due to the identification of proteins such as colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and cell-surface CD molecules. In 2007, the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) and the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR) launched the joint Proteome Biology of Stem Cells Initiative. A systematic proteomics approach to understanding stem cell differentiation will shed new light on stem cell biology and accelerate clinical applications of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Min Ahn
- LCDI-BRC Joint Genome Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
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