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From cyclins to CDKIs: Cell cycle regulation of skeletal muscle stem cell quiescence and activation. Exp Cell Res 2022; 420:113275. [PMID: 35931143 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
After extensive proliferation during development, the adult skeletal muscle cells remain outside the cell cycle, either as post-mitotic myofibers or as quiescent muscle stem cells (MuSCs). Despite its terminally differentiated state, adult skeletal muscle has a remarkable regeneration potential, driven by MuSCs. Upon injury, MuSC quiescence is reversed to support tissue growth and repair and it is re-established after the completion of muscle regeneration. The distinct cell cycle states and transitions observed in the different myogenic populations are orchestrated by elements of the cell cycle machinery. This consists of i) complexes of cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) that ensure cell cycle progression and ii) their negative regulators, the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors (CDKIs). In this review we discuss the roles of these factors in developmental and adult myogenesis, with a focus on CDKIs that have emerging roles in stem cell functions.
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C2C12 myoblasts are more sensitive to the toxic effects of simvastatin than myotubes and show impaired proliferation and myotube formation. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114649. [PMID: 34111424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Statins reduce cardiovascular complications in patients with high LDL-cholesterol but are associated with myopathy. We compared the toxicity of simvastatin of C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes. Since myoblasts can proliferate and fuse to myotubes, myoblasts can be considered as satellite cells and myotubes as mature muscle fibers. Simvastatin increased plasma membrane permeability and decreased the cellular ATP content in both myoblasts and myotubes, but with a stronger effect on myoblasts. While insulin prevented cytotoxicity up to 8 h after addition of simvastatin to myotubes, prevention in myoblasts required simultaneous addition. Mevalonate and geranylgeraniol prevented simvastatin-associated cytotoxicity in both myoblasts and myotubes. Simvastatin impaired the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor (IR β), Akt ser473 and S6rp, and increased phosphorylation of AMPK thr172 in both myotubes and myoblasts, which was prevented by insulin and mevalonate. Simvastatin impaired oxygen consumption and increased superoxide production by myoblasts and myotubes and induced apoptosis via cytochrome c release. In addition, simvastatin impaired proliferation and fusion of myoblasts to myotubes by inhibiting the expression of the nuclear transcription factor MyoD and of the metalloprotease ADAM-12. Decreased expression of the proliferation factor Ki-67 and of ADAM-12 were also observed in gastrocnemius of mice treated with simvastatin. In conclusion, myoblasts were more susceptible to the toxic effects of simvastatin and simvastatin impaired myoblast proliferation and myotube formation. Impaired muscle regeneration may represent a new mechanism of statin myotoxicity.
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Hsia HE, Tüshaus J, Brummer T, Zheng Y, Scilabra SD, Lichtenthaler SF. Functions of 'A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs)' in the mammalian nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3055-3081. [PMID: 31236626 PMCID: PMC11105368 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
'A disintegrin and metalloproteases' (ADAMs) are a family of transmembrane proteins with diverse functions in multicellular organisms. About half of the ADAMs are active metalloproteases and cleave numerous cell surface proteins, including growth factors, receptors, cytokines and cell adhesion proteins. The other ADAMs have no catalytic activity and function as adhesion proteins or receptors. Some ADAMs are ubiquitously expressed, others are expressed tissue specifically. This review highlights functions of ADAMs in the mammalian nervous system, including their links to diseases. The non-proteolytic ADAM11, ADAM22 and ADAM23 have key functions in neural development, myelination and synaptic transmission and are linked to epilepsy. Among the proteolytic ADAMs, ADAM10 is the best characterized one due to its substrates Notch and amyloid precursor protein, where cleavage is required for nervous system development or linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), respectively. Recent work demonstrates that ADAM10 has additional substrates and functions in the nervous system and its substrate selectivity may be regulated by tetraspanins. New roles for other proteolytic ADAMs in the nervous system are also emerging. For example, ADAM8 and ADAM17 are involved in neuroinflammation. ADAM17 additionally regulates neurite outgrowth and myelination and its activity is controlled by iRhoms. ADAM19 and ADAM21 function in regenerative processes upon neuronal injury. Several ADAMs, including ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM15 and ADAM30, are potential drug targets for AD. Taken together, this review summarizes recent progress concerning substrates and functions of ADAMs in the nervous system and their use as drug targets for neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-En Hsia
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Tüshaus
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Brummer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuanpeng Zheng
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone D Scilabra
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT, via Tricomi 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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Cho DS, Doles JD. Skeletal Muscle Progenitor Cell Heterogeneity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1169:179-193. [PMID: 31487024 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-24108-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-specific stem cells contribute to adult tissue maintenance, repair, and regeneration. In skeletal muscle, many different mononuclear cell types are capable of giving rise to differentiated muscle. Of these tissue stem-like cells, satellite cells (SCs) are the most studied muscle stem cell population and are widely considered the main cellular source driving muscle repair and regeneration in adult tissue. Within the satellite cell pool, many distinct subpopulations exist, each exhibiting differential abilities to exit quiescence, expand, differentiate, and self-renew. In this chapter, we discuss the different stem cell types that can give rise to skeletal muscle tissue and then focus on satellite cell heterogeneity during the process of myogenesis/muscle regeneration. Finally, we highlight emerging opportunities to better characterize muscle stem cell heterogeneity, which will ultimately deepen our appreciation of stem cells in muscle development, repair/regeneration, aging, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Seong Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jason D Doles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Proteomic screening identifies the zonula occludens protein ZO-1 as a new partner for ADAM12 in invadopodia-like structures. Oncotarget 2018; 9:21366-21382. [PMID: 29765546 PMCID: PMC5940405 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key process for cancer cell invasion and migration. This complex program whereby epithelial tumor cells loose polarity and acquire mesenchymal phenotype is driven by the regulation of cell-cell adhesion and cell-substrate interactions. We recently described the association of ADAM12 with EMT and we now use immunoprecipitation and proteomic approaches to identify interacting partners for ADAM12 during EMT. We identify twenty proteins that are involved in molecular mechanisms associated with adhesion/invasion processes. Integrative network analyses point out the zonula occludens protein ZO-1, as a new potential partner for ADAM12. In silico screening demonstrates that ZO-1 and ADAM12 are coexpressed in breast cancer cell lines sharing EMT signature. We validate the interaction between ZO-1 and ADAM12 in invasive breast cancer cell lines and show that ZO-1 and ADAM12 co-localize in actin- and cortactin-rich structures. Silencing either ADAM12 or ZO-1 inhibits gelatin degradation demonstrating that both proteins are required for matrix degradation. We further show that matrix metalloprotease 14, known to mediate degradation of collagen in invadopodia-like structures interacts with ZO-1. Depletion of PKCε that regulates the recruitment of ADAM12 and ZO-1 to cell membranes induces a decrease in ADAM12 and ZO-1 at invadopodia-like structures and degradation activity. Together our data provide evidence for a new interaction between ADAM12, a mesenchymal marker induced during TGF-β-dependent EMT and ZO-1, a scaffolding protein expressed in tight junctions of epithelial cells, both proteins being redistributed at the invadopodia-like structures of mesenchymal invasive cells to promote PKCε-dependent matrix degradation.
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Lu Y, Vandehaar MJ, Spurlock DM, Weigel KA, Armentano LE, Connor EE, Coffey M, Veerkamp RF, de Haas Y, Staples CR, Wang Z, Hanigan MD, Tempelman RJ. Genome-wide association analyses based on a multiple-trait approach for modeling feed efficiency. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3140-3154. [PMID: 29395135 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association (GWA) of feed efficiency (FE) could help target important genomic regions influencing FE. Data provided by an international dairy FE research consortium consisted of phenotypic records on dry matter intakes (DMI), milk energy (MILKE), and metabolic body weight (MBW) on 6,937 cows from 16 stations in 4 counties. Of these cows, 4,916 had genotypes on 57,347 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. We compared a GWA analysis based on the more classical residual feed intake (RFI) model with one based on a previously proposed multiple trait (MT) approach for modeling FE using an alternative measure (DMI|MILKE,MBW). Both models were based on a single-step genomic BLUP procedure that allowed the use of phenotypes from both genotyped and nongenotyped cows. Estimated effects for single SNP markers were small and not statistically important but virtually identical for either FE measure (RFI vs. DMI|MILKE,MBW). However, upon further refining this analysis to develop joint tests within nonoverlapping 1-Mb windows, significant associations were detected between either measure of FE with a window on each of Bos taurus autosomes BTA12 and BTA26. There was, as expected, no overlap between detected genomic regions for DMI|MILKE,MBW and genomic regions influencing the energy sink traits (i.e., MILKE and MBW) because of orthogonal relationships clearly defined between the various traits. Conversely, GWA inferences on DMI can be demonstrated to be partly driven by genetic associations between DMI with these same energy sink traits, thereby having clear implications when comparing GWA studies on DMI to GWA studies on FE-like measures such as RFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lu
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - M J Vandehaar
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - D M Spurlock
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - K A Weigel
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - L E Armentano
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - E E Connor
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - M Coffey
- Animal and Veterinary Sciences Group, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Roslin Institute Building, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - R F Veerkamp
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Y de Haas
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C R Staples
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5 Canada
| | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | - R J Tempelman
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
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Damas F, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C. The development of skeletal muscle hypertrophy through resistance training: the role of muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:485-500. [PMID: 29282529 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resistance training (RT)-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy is a highly intricate process. Despite substantial advances, we are far from understanding exactly how muscle hypertrophy develops during RT. The aim of the present review is to discuss new insights related to the role of skeletal muscle damage and muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in mediating RT-induced hypertrophy. Specifically, the thesis that in the early phase of RT (≤ 4 previous RT sessions) increases in muscle cross-sectional area are mostly attributable to muscle damage-induced muscle swelling; then (after ~ 10 sessions), a modest magnitude of muscle hypertrophy ensues; but only during a latter phase of RT (after ~ 18 sessions) is true muscle hypertrophy observed. We argue that the initial increases in MPS post-RT are likely directed to muscle repair and remodelling due to damage, and do not correlate with eventual muscle hypertrophy induced by several RT weeks. Increases in MPS post-RT session only contribute to muscle hypertrophy after a progressive attenuation of muscle damage, and even more significantly when damage is minimal. Furthermore, RT protocols that do not promote significant muscle damage still induce similar muscle hypertrophy and strength gains compared to conditions that do promote initial muscle damage. Thus, we conclude that muscle damage is not the process that mediates or potentiates RT-induced muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Damas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training-MUSCULAB, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training-MUSCULAB, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 235-SP310, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes, 65, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
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Pini V, Morgan JE, Muntoni F, O’Neill HC. Genome Editing and Muscle Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Tool for Muscular Dystrophies. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2017; 3:137-148. [PMID: 28616376 PMCID: PMC5445179 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-017-0076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Muscular dystrophies are a group of severe degenerative disorders characterized by muscle fiber degeneration and death. Therapies designed to restore muscle homeostasis and to replace dying fibers are being experimented, but none of those in clinical trials are suitable to permanently address individual gene mutation. The purpose of this review is to discuss genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated), which enable direct sequence alteration and could potentially be adopted to correct the genetic defect leading to muscle impairment. Recent Findings Recent findings show that advances in gene therapy, when combined with traditional viral vector-based approaches, are bringing the field of regenerative medicine closer to precision-based medicine. Summary The use of such programmable nucleases is proving beneficial for the creation of more accurate in vitro and in vivo disease models. Several gene and cell-therapy studies have been performed on satellite cells, the primary skeletal muscle stem cells involved in muscle regeneration. However, these have mainly been based on artificial replacement or augmentation of the missing protein. Satellite cells are a particularly appealing target to address these innovative technologies for the treatment of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pini
- Molecular and Developmental Neurosciences Program, The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Jennifer E. Morgan
- Molecular and Developmental Neurosciences Program, The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Molecular and Developmental Neurosciences Program, The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Helen C. O’Neill
- Embryology, IVF and Reproductive Genetics Group, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX UK
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Yin H, Zhong F, Ouyang Y, Wang Q, Ding L, He S. Upregulation of ADAM12 contributes to accelerated cell proliferation and cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 22:527-535. [PMID: 28395594 DOI: 10.1080/10245332.2017.1312205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ADAM12 is a member of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase family and has been reported to participate in the development of variety of tumors. However, the role of ADAM12 in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) has not been investigated. The present study was undertaken to determine the expression and biologic function of ADAM12 in human NHL. METHODS First, we constructed a model of cell adhesion in NHL, the mRNA, and protein level of ADAM12 in suspension and the adhesion model was analyzed by RT-PCR and western blot. Then, flow cytometry assay and western blot were used to investigate the mechanism of ADAM12 in the proliferation of NHL cells. In vitro, after using siRNA interfering ADAM12 expression, we performed adhesion assay and cell viability assay to determine the effect of ADAM12 on adhesive rate and drug sensitivity. RESULTS ADAM12 was lowly expressed in suspended cells and highly expressed in adherent NHL cells. In addition, ADAM12 was positively correlated with the proliferation and apoptosis of NHL cells by regulating the expression of p-AKT and p-GSK-3β. Furthermore, ADAM12 promoted cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) in DLBCL via AKT signaling pathway. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Our data support a role for ADAM12 in NHL cell proliferation, adhesion, and drug resistance, and it may pave the way for a novel therapeutic approach for CAM-DR in NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Yin
- a Department of Pathology , Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , PR China
| | - Fei Zhong
- b Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University , Nantong , PR China
| | - Yu Ouyang
- b Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University , Nantong , PR China
| | - Qiru Wang
- b Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University , Nantong , PR China
| | - Linlin Ding
- b Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University , Nantong , PR China
| | - Song He
- a Department of Pathology , Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nantong University , Nantong , PR China
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Li Z, Wang Y, Kong L, Yue Z, Ma Y, Chen X. Expression of ADAM12 is regulated by E2F1 in small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2016; 34:3231-7. [PMID: 26503019 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study reported that ADAM12 was highly expressed in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and could be an effective marker for diagnosis and prognosis. Yet, the reason for the high expression of ADAM12 in SCLC requires further elucidation. Transcription factor E2F1 has been receiving increasing attention due to the complexity and diversity of its function in cancer. In the present study, the expression of ADAM12 was significantly decreased following silencing of E2F1 expression by siRNA, thus indicating that E2F1 may regulate the expression of ADAM12 at the level of transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-to-sequence analysis identified three binding sites for E2F1 in the locus for ADAM12. They were Chr10: 128010444-128011026, located in the intron of ADAM12, named seq0; Chr10: 128076927‑128078127, located in the promoter of ADAM12, named seq1; and Chr10: 128086195‑128086876, located in the upstream 20 kb from the transcription start site of ADAM12, named: seq2. Dual‑luciferase reporter experiments revealed that seq1 not seq0 and seq2 was able to promote the expression of luciferase. Notably, co-transfection of E2F1 significantly increased the activity of seq1 not seq0 and seq2, but quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed that seq0, seq1 and seq2 could recruit E2F1, indicating that the influence of E2F1 in regulating the expression of ADAM12 was complex. Sequence analysis clarified that seq1 was a part of the ADAM12 promoter, yet the functions of seq0 and seq2 were unknown. Fusion fragments containing seq0-seq1 or seq2-seq1 were analyzed in luciferase constructs. Compared with seq1 alone, the activities of these fusion fragments were non-significantly reduced. The activities of fusion fragments were significantly decreased following co-transfection with E2F1. Thus, the present findings support the conclusion that the E2F1 transcription factor regulates the expression of ADAM12 by binding differential cis-acting elements.
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Muscle Satellite Cells: Exploring the Basic Biology to Rule Them. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1078686. [PMID: 27042182 PMCID: PMC4794588 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1078686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult skeletal muscle is a postmitotic tissue with an enormous capacity to regenerate upon injury. This is accomplished by resident stem cells, named satellite cells, which were identified more than 50 years ago. Since their discovery, many researchers have been concentrating efforts to answer questions about their origin and role in muscle development, the way they contribute to muscle regeneration, and their potential to cell-based therapies. Satellite cells are maintained in a quiescent state and upon requirement are activated, proliferating, and fusing with other cells to form or repair myofibers. In addition, they are able to self-renew and replenish the stem pool. Every phase of satellite cell activity is highly regulated and orchestrated by many molecules and signaling pathways; the elucidation of players and mechanisms involved in satellite cell biology is of extreme importance, being the first step to expose the crucial points that could be modulated to extract the optimal response from these cells in therapeutic strategies. Here, we review the basic aspects about satellite cells biology and briefly discuss recent findings about therapeutic attempts, trying to raise questions about how basic biology could provide a solid scaffold to more successful use of these cells in clinics.
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The Disintegrin and Metalloprotease ADAM12 Is Associated with TGF-β-Induced Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139179. [PMID: 26407179 PMCID: PMC4583281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased expression of the Disintegrin and Metalloprotease ADAM12 has been associated with human cancers, however its role remain unclear. We have previously reported that ADAM12 expression is induced by the transforming growth factor, TGF-β and promotes TGF-β-dependent signaling through interaction with the type II receptor of TGF-β. Here we explore the implication of ADAM12 in TGF-β-mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a key process in cancer progression. We show that ADAM12 expression is correlated with EMT markers in human breast cancer cell lines and biopsies. Using a non-malignant breast epithelial cell line (MCF10A), we demonstrate that TGF-β-induced EMT increases expression of the membrane-anchored ADAM12L long form. Importantly, ADAM12L overexpression in MCF10A is sufficient to induce loss of cell-cell contact, reorganization of actin cytoskeleton, up-regulation of EMT markers and chemoresistance. These effects are independent of the proteolytic activity but require the cytoplasmic tail and are specific of ADAM12L since overexpression of ADAM12S failed to induce similar changes. We further demonstrate that ADAM12L-dependent EMT is associated with increased phosphorylation of Smad3, Akt and ERK proteins. Conversely, inhibition of TGF-β receptors or ERK activities reverses ADAM12L-induced mesenchymal phenotype. Together our data demonstrate that ADAM12L is associated with EMT and contributes to TGF-β-dependent EMT by favoring both Smad-dependent and Smad-independent pathways.
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Dumont NA, Wang YX, Rudnicki MA. Intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms regulating satellite cell function. Development 2015; 142:1572-81. [PMID: 25922523 PMCID: PMC4419274 DOI: 10.1242/dev.114223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Muscle stem cells, termed satellite cells, are crucial for skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. In healthy adult muscle, satellite cells are quiescent but poised for activation. During muscle regeneration, activated satellite cells transiently re-enter the cell cycle to proliferate and subsequently exit the cell cycle to differentiate or self-renew. Recent studies have demonstrated that satellite cells are heterogeneous and that subpopulations of satellite stem cells are able to perform asymmetric divisions to generate myogenic progenitors or symmetric divisions to expand the satellite cell pool. Thus, a complex balance between extrinsic cues and intrinsic regulatory mechanisms is needed to tightly control satellite cell cycle progression and cell fate determination. Defects in satellite cell regulation or in their niche, as observed in degenerative conditions such as aging, can impair muscle regeneration. Here, we review recent discoveries of the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that regulate satellite cell behaviour in regenerating and degenerating muscles. Summary: This Review discusses how satellite stem cell behaviour is regulated during regeneration and degeneration by a complex balance between extrinsic cues and intrinsic regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A Dumont
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6
| | - Yu Xin Wang
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
| | - Michael A Rudnicki
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6 Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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Hyldahl RD, Nelson B, Xin L, Welling T, Groscost L, Hubal MJ, Chipkin S, Clarkson PM, Parcell AC. Extracellular matrix remodeling and its contribution to protective adaptation following lengthening contractions in human muscle. FASEB J 2015; 29:2894-904. [PMID: 25808538 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-266668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the contribution of extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling to the protective adaptation of human skeletal muscle known as the repeated-bout effect (RBE). Muscle biopsies were obtained 3 hours, 2 days, and 27 days following an initial bout (B1) of lengthening contractions (LCs) and 2 days following a repeated bout (B2) in 2 separate studies. Biopsies from the nonexercised legs served as controls. In the first study, global transcriptomic analysis indicated widespread changes in ECM structural, deadhesive, and signaling transcripts, 3 hours following LC. To determine if ECM remodeling is involved in the RBE, we conducted a second study by use of a repeated-bout paradigm. TNC immunoreactivity increased 10.8-fold following B1, was attenuated following B2, and positively correlated with LC-induced strength loss (r(2) = 0.45; P = 0.009). Expression of collagen I, III, and IV (COL1A1, COL3A1, COL4A1) transcripts was unchanged early but increased 5.7 ± 2.5-, 3.2 ± 0.9-, and 2.1 ± 0.4-fold (P < 0.05), respectively, 27 days post-B1 and were unaffected by B2. Likewise, TGF-β signaling demonstrated a delayed response following LC. Satellite cell content increased 80% (P < 0.05) 2 days post-B1 (P < 0.05), remained elevated 27 days post-B1, and was unaffected by B2. Collectively, the data suggest sequential ECM remodeling characterized by early deadhesion and delayed reconstructive activity that appear to contribute to the RBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Hyldahl
- *Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Department of Natural Sciences, Ohio Dominican University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Brad Nelson
- *Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Department of Natural Sciences, Ohio Dominican University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ling Xin
- *Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Department of Natural Sciences, Ohio Dominican University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tyson Welling
- *Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Department of Natural Sciences, Ohio Dominican University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Logan Groscost
- *Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Department of Natural Sciences, Ohio Dominican University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Monica J Hubal
- *Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Department of Natural Sciences, Ohio Dominican University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stuart Chipkin
- *Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Department of Natural Sciences, Ohio Dominican University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Priscilla M Clarkson
- *Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Department of Natural Sciences, Ohio Dominican University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Allen C Parcell
- *Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA; Department of Natural Sciences, Ohio Dominican University, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts, USA; and Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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15
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George C, Smith C, Isaacs AW, Huisamen B. Chronic Prosopis glandulosa treatment blunts neutrophil infiltration and enhances muscle repair after contusion injury. Nutrients 2015; 7:815-30. [PMID: 25625816 PMCID: PMC4344562 DOI: 10.3390/nu7020815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current treatment options for soft tissue injuries remain suboptimal and often result in delayed/incomplete recovery of damaged muscle. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of oral Prosopis glandulosa treatment on inflammation and regeneration in skeletal muscle after contusion injury, in comparison to a conventional treatment. The gastrocnemius muscle of rats was subjected to mass-drop injury and muscle samples collected after 1-, 3 h, 1- and 7 days post-injury. Rats were treated with P. glandulosa (100 mg/kg/day) either for 8 weeks prior to injury (up until day 7 post-injury), only post-injury, or with topically applied diclofenac post-injury (0.57 mg/kg). Neutrophil (His48-positive) and macrophage (F4/80-positive) infiltration was assessed by means of immunohistochemistry. Indicators of muscle satellite cell proliferation (ADAM12) and regeneration (desmin) were used to evaluate muscle repair. Chronic P. glandulosa and diclofenac treatment (p < 0.0001) was associated with suppression of the neutrophil response to contusion injury, however only chronic P. glandulosa treatment facilitated more effective muscle recovery (increased ADAM12 (p < 0.05) and desmin (p < 0.001) expression), while diclofenac treatment had inhibitory effects on repair, despite effective inhibition of neutrophil response. Data indicates that P. glandulosa treatment results in more effective muscle repair after contusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy George
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
| | - Carine Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
| | - Ashwin W Isaacs
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
| | - Barbara Huisamen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa.
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16
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Abstract
Muscle stem cells facilitate the long-term regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle. This self-renewing population of satellite cells has only recently been defined through genetic and transplantation experiments. Although muscle stem cells remain in a dormant quiescent state in uninjured muscle, they are poised to activate and produce committed progeny. Unlike committed myogenic progenitor cells, the self-renewal capacity gives muscle stem cells the ability to engraft as satellite cells and capitulate long-term regeneration. Similar to other adult stem cells, understanding the molecular regulation of muscle stem cells has significant implications towards the development of pharmacological or cell-based therapies for muscle disorders. This Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster will review satellite cell characteristics and therapeutic potential, and provide an overview of the muscle stem cell hallmarks: quiescence, self-renewal and commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xin Wang
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Nicolas A Dumont
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Michael A Rudnicki
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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17
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de Oliveira PSN, Cesar ASM, do Nascimento ML, Chaves AS, Tizioto PC, Tullio RR, Lanna DPD, Rosa AN, Sonstegard TS, Mourao GB, Reecy JM, Garrick DJ, Mudadu MA, Coutinho LL, Regitano LCA. Identification of genomic regions associated with feed efficiency in Nelore cattle. BMC Genet 2014; 15:100. [PMID: 25257854 PMCID: PMC4198703 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-014-0100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Feed efficiency is jointly determined by productivity and feed requirements, both of which are economically relevant traits in beef cattle production systems. The objective of this study was to identify genes/QTLs associated with components of feed efficiency in Nelore cattle using Illumina BovineHD BeadChip (770 k SNP) genotypes from 593 Nelore steers. The traits analyzed included: average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed-conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE), residual feed intake (RFI), maintenance efficiency (ME), efficiency of gain (EG), partial efficiency of growth (PEG) and relative growth rate (RGR). The Bayes B analysis was completed with Gensel software parameterized to fit fewer markers than animals. Genomic windows containing all the SNP loci in each 1 Mb that accounted for more than 1.0% of genetic variance were considered as QTL region. Candidate genes within windows that explained more than 1% of genetic variance were selected by putative function based on DAVID and Gene Ontology. Results Thirty-six QTL (1-Mb SNP window) were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25 and 26 (UMD 3.1). The amount of genetic variance explained by individual QTL windows for feed efficiency traits ranged from 0.5% to 9.07%. Some of these QTL minimally overlapped with previously reported feed efficiency QTL for Bos taurus. The QTL regions described in this study harbor genes with biological functions related to metabolic processes, lipid and protein metabolism, generation of energy and growth. Among the positional candidate genes selected for feed efficiency are: HRH4, ALDH7A1, APOA2, LIN7C, CXADR, ADAM12 and MAP7. Conclusions Some genomic regions and some positional candidate genes reported in this study have not been previously reported for feed efficiency traits in Bos indicus. Comparison with published results indicates that different QTLs and genes may be involved in the control of feed efficiency traits in this Nelore cattle population, as compared to Bos taurus cattle. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-014-0100-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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18
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Coles CA, Wadeson J, Knight MI, Cafe LM, Johns WH, White JD, Greenwood PL, McDonagh MB. A disintegrin and metalloprotease-12 is type I myofiber specific in Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1473-83. [PMID: 24663211 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase-12 (ADAM12) is involved in the regulation of myogenesis and adipogenesis and is of interest as a potential target to manipulate skeletal muscle development and intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition in cattle to increase beef yield and improve meat quality. The longissimus thoracis muscle (LM) and semitendinosus muscle (STM) from 5 Bos taurus (Angus) and 5 Bos indicus (Brahman) cattle were collected for histological and ADAM12 gene and protein expression analysis. Myofiber typing was used to determine if ADAM12 expression patterns related to differences in muscling and IMF deposition, which are influenced by proportions of the different myofiber types. The STM was found to contain a higher proportion of glycolytic myofibers than the LM, which contained a greater proportion of oxidative myofibers (myofiber ratio of glycolytic to more oxidative types in LM and STM of 1.1 and 3.5, respectively; P < 0.05). ADAM12 gene expression, fluorescent immunohistochemical staining for ADAM12, and image analysis found ADAM12 to be greater in the LM (P < 0.05). Regression analysis found a strong, positive relationship for the distribution of ADAM12 against the proportion of type I myofibers (P < 0.05, r(2) = 0.86). These findings suggest ADAM12 is upregulated in muscles with more slow-oxidative myofibres, such as the LM, and is linked to type I myofibers in cattle. ADAM12 may be important in the regulation and maintenance slow myofibers in the LM muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Coles
- Victorian Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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19
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Meng J, Chun S, Asfahani R, Lochmüller H, Muntoni F, Morgan J. Human skeletal muscle-derived CD133(+) cells form functional satellite cells after intramuscular transplantation in immunodeficient host mice. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1008-17. [PMID: 24569833 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy is a promising strategy for treatment of muscular dystrophies. In addition to muscle fiber formation, reconstitution of functional stem cell pool by donor cells is vital for long-term treatment. We show here that some CD133(+) cells within human muscle are located underneath the basal lamina of muscle fibers, in the position of the muscle satellite cell. Cultured hCD133(+) cells are heterogeneous and multipotent, capable of forming myotubes and reserve satellite cells in vitro. They contribute to extensive muscle regeneration and satellite cell formation following intramuscular transplantation into irradiated and cryodamaged tibialis anterior muscles of immunodeficient Rag2-/γ chain-/C5-mice. Some donor-derived satellite cells expressed the myogenic regulatory factor MyoD, indicating that they were activated. In addition, when transplanted host muscles were reinjured, there was significantly more newly-regenerated muscle fibers of donor origin in treated than in control, nonreinjured muscles, indicating that hCD133(+) cells had given rise to functional muscle stem cells, which were able to activate in response to injury and contribute to a further round of muscle regeneration. Our findings provide new evidence for the location and characterization of hCD133(+) cells, and highlight that these cells are highly suitable for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Meng
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Soyon Chun
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Rowan Asfahani
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Morgan
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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20
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Alli NS, Yang EC, Miyake T, Aziz A, Collins-Hooper H, Patel K, McDermott JC. Signal-dependent fra-2 regulation in skeletal muscle reserve and satellite cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e692. [PMID: 23807221 PMCID: PMC3702306 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Activator protein-1 (AP-1) is a ubiquitous transcription factor that paradoxically also has some tissue-specific functions. In skeletal muscle cells, we document that the AP-1 subunit, Fra-2, is expressed in the resident stem cells (Pax7-positive satellite cells) and also in the analogous undifferentiated ‘reserve' cell population in myogenic cultures, but not in differentiated myofiber nuclei. Silencing of Fra-2 expression enhances the expression of differentiation markers such as muscle creatine kinase and myosin heavy chain, indicating a possible role of Fra-2 in undifferentiated myogenic progenitor cells. We observed that Fra-2 is a target of cytokine-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 signaling in cultured muscle cells, and extensive mass spectrometry and mutational analysis identified S320 and T322 as regulators of Fra-2 protein stability. Interestingly, Fra-2 S320 phosphorylation occurs transiently in activated satellite cells and is extinguished in myogenin-positive differentiating cells. Thus, cytokine-mediated Fra-2 expression and stabilization is linked to regulation of myogenic progenitor cells having implications for the molecular regulation of adult muscle stem cells and skeletal muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Alli
- Department of Biology, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Nyren-Erickson EK, Jones JM, Srivastava DK, Mallik S. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase-12 (ADAM12): function, roles in disease progression, and clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4445-55. [PMID: 23680494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A disintegrin and metalloproteinase-12 (ADAM12) is a member of the greater ADAM family of enzymes: these are multifunctional, generally membrane-bound, zinc proteases for which there are forty genes known (21 of these appearing in humans). ADAM12 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancers, liver fibrogenesis, hypertension, and asthma, and its elevation or decrease in human serum has been linked to these and other physiological/pathological conditions. SCOPE In this review, we begin with a brief overview of the ADAM family of enzymes and protein structure. We then discuss the role of ADAM12 in the progression and/or diagnosis of various disease conditions, and we will conclude with an exploration of currently known natural and synthetic inhibitors. MAJOR CONCLUSION ADAM12 has potential to emerge as a successful drug target, although targeting the metalloproteinase domain with any specificity will be difficult to achieve due to structural similarity between the members of the ADAM and MMP family of enzymes. Overall, more research is required to establish ADAM12 being as a highly desirable biomarker and drug target of different diseases, and their selective inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Given the appearance of elevated levels of ADAM12 in various diseases, particularly breast cancer, our understanding of this enzyme both as a biomarker and a potential drug target could help make significant inroads into both early diagnosis and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Nyren-Erickson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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22
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Leyme A, Bourd-Boittin K, Bonnier D, Falconer A, Arlot-Bonnemains Y, Théret N. Identification of ILK as a new partner of the ADAM12 disintegrin and metalloprotease in cell adhesion and survival. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:3461-72. [PMID: 22767580 PMCID: PMC3431925 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-11-0918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ILK is identified as a new partner for ADAM12L cell signaling functions. ADAM12L colocalizes with ILK at focal adhesions and induces the Akt-dependent survival pathway via stimulation of β1 integrins and activation of PI3K. This effect is independent of ADAM12L proteolytic activity and involves its cytoplasmic domain. Based on its shedding and binding activities, the disintegrin and metalloprotease 12 (ADAM12) has been implicated in cell signaling. Here we investigate the intracellular protein interaction network of the transmembrane ADAM12L variant using an integrative approach. We identify the integrin-linked kinase (ILK) as a new partner for ADAM12L cellular functions. We demonstrate that ADAM12L coimmunoprecipitates with ILK in cells and that its cytoplasmic tail is required for this interaction. In human cultured hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which express high levels of endogenous ADAM12L and ILK, the two proteins are redistributed to focal adhesions upon stimulation of a β1 integrin–dependent pathway. We show that down-regulation of ADAM12L in HSCs leads to cytoskeletal disorganization and loss of adhesion. Conversely, up-regulation of ADAM12L induces the Akt Ser-473 phosphorylation-dependent survival pathway via stimulation of β1 integrins and activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Depletion of ILK inhibits this effect, which is independent of ADAM12L proteolytic activity and involves its cytoplasmic domain. We further demonstrate that overexpression of ADAM12L promotes kinase activity from ILK immunoprecipitates. Our data suggest a new role for ADAM12L in mediating the functional association of ILK with β1 integrin to regulate cell adhesion/survival through a PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Leyme
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, Université de Rennes 1, 35043 Rennes, France
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23
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Comparison of satellite cell-derived myoblasts and C2C12 differentiation in two- and three-dimensional cultures: changes in adhesion protein expression. Cell Biol Int 2011; 35:125-33. [PMID: 20836763 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20090335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the expression of adhesion proteins involved in myoblast differentiation were investigated in monolayer (two-dimensional) and 3D (three-dimensional) cell cultures. The expression of integrin alpha3 subunit, integrin beta1 subunit, ADAM12 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 12), tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 and M-cadherin were examined in the murine myoblast cell line C2C12 and in a primary culture of rat satellite cells. Myoblasts in monolayer and 3D cultures showed significant differences in their morphology and cytoskeletal organization. All of the studied proteins participated in myoblast fusion in each culture examined, but differences in their levels of expression were observed. Satellite cell-derived myoblasts exhibited higher expression of adhesion protein mRNAs than C2C12 cells. Also, C2C12 cells from a 3D culture showed slightly higher expression of adhesion protein transcripts than the same cells cultured as a monolayer. Significantly, the levels of adhesion protein mRNAs were found to change in parallel in all cell culture types. Despite this finding, it is important that differences between satellite cell-derived myoblasts and cell line C2C12 grown in monolayer and 3D cultures are taken into account when studying processes of myoblast differentiation in vitro.
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Li H, Solomon E, Duhachek Muggy S, Sun D, Zolkiewska A. Metalloprotease-disintegrin ADAM12 expression is regulated by Notch signaling via microRNA-29. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21500-10. [PMID: 21518768 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.207951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalloprotease-disintegrin ADAM12 is overexpressed and frequently mutated in breast cancer. We report here that ADAM12 expression in cultured mammalian cells is up-regulated by Notch signals. Expression of a constitutively active form of Notch1 in murine fibroblasts, myoblasts, or mammary epithelial cells or activation of the endogenous Notch signaling by co-culture with ligand-expressing cells increases ADAM12 protein and mRNA levels. Up-regulation of ADAM12 expression by Notch requires new transcription, is activated in a CSL-dependent manner, and is abolished upon inhibition of IκB kinase. Expression of a constitutively active Notch1 in NIH3T3 cells increases the stability of Adam12 mRNA. We further show that the microRNA-29 family, which has a predicted conserved site in the 3'-untranslated region of mouse Adam12, plays a critical role in mediating the stimulatory effect of Notch on ADAM12 expression. In human cells, Notch up-regulates the expression of the long form, but not the short form, of ADAM12 containing a divergent 3'-untranslated mRNA region. These studies uncover a novel paradigm in Notch signaling and establish Adam12 as a Notch-related gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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25
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Hosoyama T, Nishijo K, Prajapati SI, Li G, Keller C. Rb1 gene inactivation expands satellite cell and postnatal myoblast pools. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:19556-64. [PMID: 21478154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.229542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are well known as a postnatal skeletal muscle stem cell reservoir that under injury conditions participate in repair. However, mechanisms controlling satellite cell quiescence and activation are the topic of ongoing inquiry by many laboratories. In this study, we investigated whether loss of the cell cycle regulatory factor, pRb, is associated with the re-entry of quiescent satellite cells into replication and subsequent stem cell expansion. By ablation of Rb1 using a Pax7CreER,Rb1 conditional mouse line, satellite cell number was increased 5-fold over 6 months. Furthermore, myoblasts originating from satellite cells lacking Rb1 were also increased 3-fold over 6 months, while terminal differentiation was greatly diminished. Similarly, Pax7CreER,Rb1 mice exhibited muscle fiber hypotrophy in vivo under steady state conditions as well as a delay of muscle regeneration following cardiotoxin-mediated injury. These results suggest that cell cycle re-entry of quiescent satellite cells is accelerated by lack of Rb1, resulting in the expansion of both satellite cells and their progeny in adolescent muscle. Conversely, that sustained Rb1 loss in the satellite cell lineage causes a deficit of muscle fiber formation. However, we also show that pharmacological inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 activity, which will result in pRb inactivation accelerates satellite cell activation and/or expansion in a transient manner. Together, our results raise the possibility that reversible pRb inactivation in satellite cells and inhibition of protein phosphorylation may provide a new therapeutic tool for muscle atrophy by short term expansion of the muscle stem cells and myoblast pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Hosoyama
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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26
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Koning M, Werker PMN, van Luyn MJA, Harmsen MC. Hypoxia promotes proliferation of human myogenic satellite cells: a potential benefactor in tissue engineering of skeletal muscle. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1747-58. [PMID: 21438665 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial paralysis is a physically, psychologically, and socially disabling condition. Innovative treatment strategies based on regenerative medicine, in particular tissue engineering of skeletal muscle, are promising for treatment of patients with facial paralysis. The natural source for tissue-engineered muscle would be muscle stem cells, that is, human satellite cells (SC). In vivo, SC respond to hypoxic, ischemic muscle damage by activation, proliferation, differentiation to myotubes, and maturation to muscle fibers, while maintaining their reserve pool of SC. Therefore, our hypothesis is that hypoxia improves proliferation and differentiation of SC. During tissue engineering, a three-dimensional construct, or implanting SC in vivo, SC will encounter hypoxic environments. Thus, we set out to test our hypothesis on SC in vitro. During the first five passages, hypoxically cultured SC proliferated faster than their counterparts under normoxia. Moreover, also at higher passages, a switch from normoxia to hypoxia enhanced proliferation of SC. Hypoxia did not affect the expression of SC markers desmin and NCAM. However, the average surface expression per cell of NCAM was downregulated by hypoxia, and it also downregulated the gene expression of NCAM. The gene expression of the myogenic transcription factors PAX7, MYF5, and MYOD was upregulated by hypoxia. Moreover, gene expression of structural proteins α-sarcomeric actin, and myosins MYL1 and MYL3 was upregulated by hypoxia during differentiation. This indicates that hypoxia promotes a promyogenic shift in SC. Finally, Pax7 expression was not influenced by hypoxia and maintained in a subset of mononucleated cells, whereas these cells were devoid of structural muscle proteins. This suggests that during myogenesis in vitro, at least part of the SC adopt a quiescent, that is, reserve cells, phenotype. In conclusion, tissue engineering under hypoxic conditions would seem favorable in terms of myogenic proliferation, while maintaining the quiescent SC pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Koning
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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27
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Farkas N, Lendeckel U, Dobrowolny H, Funke S, Steiner J, Keilhoff G, Schmitt A, Bogerts B, Bernstein HG. Reduced density of ADAM 12-immunoreactive oligodendrocytes in the anterior cingulate white matter of patients with schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 11:556-66. [PMID: 20218926 DOI: 10.3109/15622970903497936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Abnormalities of brain white matter and oligodendroglia are replicated findings in schizophrenia research. The largely oligodendroglia-associated enzyme ADAM (A disintegrin and metalloprotease) 12 might be involved in the patho-physiology of schizophrenia, because the gene coding for human ADAM12 is located on chromosome 10q26.3, a gene locus which has been linked to schizophrenia, and some of its putative substrates are altered in schizophrenia. METHODS We studied the numerical density of ADAM12 expressing oligodendrocytes in post-mortem prefrontal brains of patients with haloperidol treated, chronic schizophrenia and matched controls. RESULTS A significantly reduced numerical density of ADAM12 immunoreactive oligodendrocytes was found in the white matter of the anterior cingulate cortex of schizophrenic patients. CONCLUSIONS Although the pathophysiological implications of this finding are currently unknown, it is well conveyable that reduced ADAM12 protein contributes to a deviant metabolism of some of its substrates. These substrates are either parts of important signalling cascades (EGF, betacellulin, TGF-beta) or chemical components of myelin (neurofascin-ankyrin) known to be compromised in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Farkas
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, Leipziger Strasse 44, Magdeburg, Germany
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Sun D, Li H, Zolkiewska A. The role of Delta-like 1 shedding in muscle cell self-renewal and differentiation. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:3815-23. [PMID: 18957511 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.035493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenic cells have the ability to adopt two divergent fates upon exit from the cell cycle: differentiation or self-renewal. The Notch signaling pathway is a well-known negative regulator of myogenic differentiation. Using mouse primary myoblasts cultured in vitro or C2C12 myogenic cells, we found that Notch activity is essential for maintaining the expression of Pax7, a transcription factor associated with the self-renewal lineage, in quiescent undifferentiated myoblasts after they exit the cell cycle. Stimulation of the Notch pathway by expression of a constitutively active Notch-1, or co-culture of myogenic cells with CHO cells transfected with Delta like-1 (DLL1), increases the level of Pax7. DLL1, a ligand for Notch receptor, is shed by ADAM metalloproteases in a pool of Pax7+ C2C12 reserve cells, but it remains intact in differentiated myotubes. DLL1 shedding changes the receptor/ligand ratio and modulates the level of Notch signaling. Inhibition of DLL1 cleavage by a soluble, dominant-negative mutant form of ADAM12 leads to elevation of Notch signaling, inhibition of differentiation, and expansion of the pool of self-renewing Pax7+/MyoD- cells. These results suggest that ADAM-mediated shedding of DLL1 in a subset of cells during myogenic differentiation in vitro contributes to downregulation of Notch signaling in neighboring cells and facilitates their progression into differentiation. We propose that the proteolytic processing of DLL1 helps achieve an asymmetry in Notch signaling in initially equivalent myogenic cells and helps sustain the balance between differentiation and self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danqiong Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Abstract
The ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) are a fascinating family of transmembrane and secreted proteins with important roles in regulating cell phenotype via their effects on cell adhesion, migration, proteolysis and signalling. Though all ADAMs contain metalloproteinase domains, in humans only 13 of the 21 genes in the family encode functional proteases, indicating that at least for the other eight members, protein–protein interactions are critical aspects of their biological functions. The functional ADAM metalloproteinases are involved in “ectodomain shedding” of diverse growth factors, cytokines, receptors and adhesion molecules. The archetypal activity is shown by ADAM-17 (tumour necrosis factor-α convertase, TACE), which is the principal protease involved in the activation of pro-TNF-α, but whose sheddase functions cover a broad range of cell surface molecules. In particular, ADAM-17 is required for generation of the active forms of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) ligands, and its function is essential for the development of epithelial tissues. Several other ADAMs have important sheddase functions in particular tissue contexts. Another major family member, ADAM-10, is a principal player in signalling via the Notch and Eph/ephrin pathways. For a growing number of substrates, foremost among them being Notch, cleavage by ADAM sheddases is essential for their subsequent “regulated intramembrane proteolysis” (RIP), which generates cleaved intracellular domains that translocate to the nucleus and regulate gene transcription. Several ADAMs play roles in spermatogenesis and sperm function, potentially by effecting maturation of sperm and their adhesion and migration in the uterus. Other non-catalytic ADAMs function in the CNS via effects on guidance mechanisms. The ADAM family are thus fundamental to many control processes in development and homeostasis, and unsurprisingly they are also linked to pathological states when their functions are dysregulated, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, Alzheimer’s disease. This review will provide an overview of current knowledge of the human ADAMs, discussing their structure, function, regulation and disease involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan R Edwards
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Kveiborg M, Albrechtsen R, Couchman JR, Wewer UM. Cellular roles of ADAM12 in health and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:1685-702. [PMID: 18342566 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ADAM12 belongs to the large family of ADAMs (a disintegrin and metalloproteases) and possesses extracellular metalloprotease and cell-binding functions, as well as intracellular signaling capacities. Interest in ADAM12 has increased recently because its expression is related to tumor progression and it is a potential biomarker for breast cancer. It is therefore important to understand ADAM12's functions. Many cellular roles for ADAM12 have been suggested. It is an active metalloprotease, and has been implicated in insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptor signaling, through cleavage of IGF-binding proteins, and in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways, via ectodomain shedding of membrane-tethered EGFR ligands. These proteolytic events may regulate diverse cellular responses, such as altered cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and invasion. ADAM12 may also regulate cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix contacts through interactions with cell surface receptors - integrins and syndecans - potentially influencing the actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, ADAM12 interacts with several cytoplasmic signaling and adaptor molecules through its intracellular domain, thereby directly transmitting signals to or from the cell interior. These ADAM12-mediated cellular effects appear to be critical events in both biological and pathological processes. This review presents current knowledge on ADAM12 functions gained from in vitro and in vivo observations, describes ADAM12's role in both normal physiology and pathology, particularly in cancer, and discusses important areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kveiborg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, The Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen Biocenter, Ole Maaløesvej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Yamada M, Sankoda Y, Tatsumi R, Mizunoya W, Ikeuchi Y, Sunagawa K, Allen RE. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 mediates stretch-induced activation of skeletal muscle satellite cells in a nitric oxide-dependent manner. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2183-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Shaw RB, Chong AKS, Zhang A, Hentz VR, Chang J. Dupuytren's disease: history, diagnosis, and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120:44e-54e. [PMID: 17700106 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000278455.63546.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Describe the clinical features of the disease. 2. Describe the pathoanatomical structures in Dupuytren's disease. 3. Outline the various factors associated with Dupuytren's disease. 4. Describe the modalities for surgical and nonsurgical treatment of the condition. 5. Outline recent biomolecular knowledge about the basis of Dupuytren's disease. SUMMARY Dupuytren's disease is characterized by nodule formation and contracture of the palmar fascia, resulting in flexion deformity of the fingers and loss of hand function. The authors review the historical background, clinical features, and current therapy of Dupuytren's disease; preview treatment innovations; and present molecular data related to Dupuytren's disease. These new findings may improve screening for Dupuytren's disease and provide a better understanding of the disease's pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Shaw
- Stanford and Palo Alto, Calif. From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, and the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System
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Fukada SI, Uezumi A, Ikemoto M, Masuda S, Segawa M, Tanimura N, Yamamoto H, Miyagoe-Suzuki Y, Takeda S. Molecular signature of quiescent satellite cells in adult skeletal muscle. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2448-59. [PMID: 17600112 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle satellite cells play key roles in postnatal muscle growth and regeneration. To study molecular regulation of satellite cells, we directly prepared satellite cells from 8- to 12-week-old C57BL/6 mice and performed genome-wide gene expression analysis. Compared with activated/cycling satellite cells, 507 genes were highly upregulated in quiescent satellite cells. These included negative regulators of cell cycle and myogenic inhibitors. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that quiescent satellite cells preferentially express the genes involved in cell-cell adhesion, regulation of cell growth, formation of extracellular matrix, copper and iron homeostasis, and lipid transportation. Furthermore, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction on differentially expressed genes confirmed that calcitonin receptor (CTR) was exclusively expressed in dormant satellite cells but not in activated satellite cells. In addition, CTR mRNA is hardly detected in nonmyogenic cells. Therefore, we next examined the expression of CTR in vivo. CTR was specifically expressed on quiescent satellite cells, but the expression was not found on activated/proliferating satellite cells during muscle regeneration. CTR-positive cells reappeared at the rim of regenerating myofibers in later stages of muscle regeneration. Calcitonin stimulation delayed the activation of quiescent satellite cells. Our data provide roles of CTR in quiescent satellite cells and a solid scaffold to further dissect molecular regulation of satellite cells. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-ichiro Fukada
- Department of Molecular Therapy, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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Abstract
ADAM proteins are a family of metalloproteinases with a disintegrin domain. They have proteolytic as well as adhesive functions and can be involved in cell fusion events. Some ADAM proteins are expressed in a highly tissue restricted fashion, whereas others are expressed quite ubiquitously. In the brain, ADAM proteins have a role in neural development, axon guidance and inflammatory responses. Although there may be some functional overlap, homozygous deletion of some ADAM genes in mice can have fatal consequences. The expression and possible role of ADAM proteins in the brain will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Novak
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia.
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Differential roles of HIC-5 isoforms in the regulation of cell death and myotube formation during myogenesis. Exp Cell Res 2007; 313:4000-14. [PMID: 17935713 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hic-5 is a LIM-Only member of the paxillin superfamily of focal adhesion proteins. It has been shown to regulate a range of biological processes including: senescence, tumorigenesis, steroid hormone action, integrin signaling, differentiation, and apoptosis. To better understand the roles of Hic-5 during development, we initiated a detailed analysis of Hic-5 expression and function in C(2)C(12) myoblasts, a well-established model for myogenesis. We have found that: (1) myoblasts express at least 6 distinct Hic-5 isoforms; (2) the two predominant isoforms, Hic-5alpha and Hic-5beta, are differentially expressed during myogenesis; (3) any experimentally induced change in Hic-5 expression results in a substantial increase in apoptosis during differentiation; (4) ectopic expression of Hic-5alpha is permissive to differentiation while expression of either Hic-5beta or antisense Hic-5 blocks myoblast fusion but not chemodifferentiation; (5) Hic-5 localizes to focal adhesions in C(2)C(12) myoblasts and perturbation of Hic-5 leads to defects in cell spreading; (6) alterations in Hic-5 expression interfere with the normal dynamics of laminin expression; and (7) ectopic laminin, but not fibronectin, can rescue the Hic-5-induced blockade of myoblast survival and differentiation. Our data demonstrate differential roles for individual Hic-5 isoforms during myogenesis and support the hypothesis that Hic-5 mediates these effects via integrin signaling.
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Dyczynska E, Sun D, Yi H, Sehara-Fujisawa A, Blobel CP, Zolkiewska A. Proteolytic processing of delta-like 1 by ADAM proteases. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:436-44. [PMID: 17107962 PMCID: PMC2692894 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605451200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Delta-like 1 (Dll1) is a mammalian ligand for Notch receptors. Interactions between Dll1 and Notch in trans activate the Notch pathway, whereas Dll1 binding to Notch in cis inhibits Notch signaling. Dll1 undergoes proteolytic processing in its extracellular domain by ADAM10. In this work we demonstrate that Dll1 represents a substrate for several other members of the ADAM family. In co-transfected cells, Dll1 is constitutively cleaved by ADAM12, and the N-terminal fragment of Dll1 is released to medium. ADAM12-mediated cleavage of Dll1 is cell density-dependent, takes place in cis orientation, and does not require the presence of the cytoplasmic domain of ADAM12. Full-length Dll1, but not its N- or C-terminal proteolytic fragment, co-immunoprecipitates with ADAM12. By using a Notch reporter construct, we show that Dll1 processing by ADAM12 increases Notch signaling in a cell-autonomous manner. Furthermore, ADAM9 and ADAM17 have the ability to process Dll1. In contrast, ADAM15 does not cleave Dll1, although the two proteins still co-immunoprecipitate with each other. Asn-353 present in the catalytic motif of ADAM12 and other Dll1-processing ADAMs, but absent in ADAM15, is necessary for Dll1 cleavage. Dll1 cleavage is reduced in ADAM9/12/15(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), suggesting that the endogenous ADAM9 and/or ADAM12 present in wild type MEFs contribute to Dll1 processing. Finally, the endogenous Dll1 present in primary mouse myoblasts undergoes cleavage in confluent, differentiating myoblast cultures, and this cleavage is decreased by ADAM12 small interfering RNAs. Our findings expand the role of ADAM proteins in the regulation of Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Dyczynska
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Danqiong Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Haiqing Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Atsuko Sehara-Fujisawa
- Department of Growth Regulation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Carl P. Blobel
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna Zolkiewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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D'Abaco GM, Ng K, Paradiso L, Godde NJ, Kaye A, Novak U. ADAM22, expressed in normal brain but not in high-grade gliomas, inhibits cellular proliferation via the disintegrin domain. Neurosurgery 2006; 58:179-86; discussion 179-86. [PMID: 16385342 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000192363.84287.8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the expression and function of the brain-specific proteinase deficient disintegrins, ADAM11 and ADAM22 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase). METHODS Specimens of low- and high-grade gliomas and normal brain were analyzed for ADAM11 and ADAM22 expression using Western blotting. The effects of overexpression of ADAM11 and ADAM22 in glioma cells on growth were analyzed using bromodeoxyuridine incorporation linked to immunocytochemistry. Similarly analyzed were the effects on cell proliferation of bacterially expressed glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins with the disintegrin domain of ADAM11 and ADAM22. RESULTS ADAM22 is expressed in normal brain and some low-grade gliomas, but not in high-grade gliomas, whereas ADAM11 is expressed in all low- and high-grade gliomas. In vitro, ADAM22 inhibits cellular proliferation of glioma derived astrocytes. The growth inhibition appears to be mediated by interactions between the disintegrin domain of ADAM22 and specific integrins expressed on the cell surface. This growth inhibition can be avoided by over-expression of integrin linked kinase. CONCLUSION ADAM22, a brain-specific cell surface protein, mediates growth inhibition using an integrin dependent pathway. It is expressed in normal brain but not in high-grade gliomas. A related protein, ADAM11, has only a minor effect on cell growth, and its expression is unchanged in low- and high-grade gliomas.
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Yamada M, Tatsumi R, Kikuiri T, Okamoto S, Nonoshita S, Mizunoya W, Ikeuchi Y, Shimokawa H, Sunagawa K, Allen RE. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in mechanical stretch–induced activation of skeletal muscle satellite cells. Muscle Nerve 2006; 34:313-9. [PMID: 16810685 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
When skeletal muscle is stretched or injured, myogenic satellite cells are activated to enter the cell cycle. This process depends on nitric oxide (NO) production, release of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) from the extracellular matrix, and presentation of HGF to the c-met receptor. Experiments reported herein provide new evidence that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in the NO-dependent release of HGF in vitro. When rat satellite cells were treated with 10 ng/ml recombinant tissue inhibitor-1 of MMPs (TIMP-1) and subjected to treatments that induce activation in vitro, i.e., sodium nitroprusside (SNP) of an NO donor or mechanical cyclic stretch, the activation response was inhibited. In addition, conditioned medium generated by cultures treated with TIMP-1 plus SNP or mechanical stretch failed to activate cultured satellite cells and did not contain HGF. Moreover, NO(x) assay demonstrated that TIMP-1 does not impair NO synthase activity of stretched satellite cell cultures. Therefore, results from these experiments provide strong evidence that MMPs mediate HGF release from the matrix and that this step in the pathway is downstream from NO synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Yamada
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Hakozaki 6-10-1, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Lluri G, Jaworski DM. Regulation of TIMP-2, MT1-MMP, and MMP-2 expression during C2C12 differentiation. Muscle Nerve 2005; 32:492-9. [PMID: 16003733 PMCID: PMC1237026 DOI: 10.1002/mus.20383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent proteases capable of degrading extracellular matrix components. The activity of these proteases is tightly regulated through the actions of the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Although the regulation of MMPs and TIMPs during physiological and pathological remodeling has been investigated in a number of systems, almost nothing is known about their role in skeletal muscle differentiation. To investigate the role of MMP-mediated proteolysis during myogenesis, the regulation of TIMP-2, MT1-MMP, and MMP-2 expression was investigated during differentiation of the mouse myoblastic C2C12 cell line. We show that this trio is upregulated coincident with myogenesis. The more diffuse spatial distribution of TIMP-2 relative to MT1-MMP and MMP-2 suggests that TIMP-2 may exert MMP-independent functions during myogenesis. Elucidating the regulation of these molecules during muscle differentiation in vitro may lead to a better understanding of their role in pathological processes in muscle tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane M. Jaworski
- *Correspondence to: Dr. Diane M. Jaworski, Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Avenue, HSRF 418, Burlington, VT 05405, Phone: (802) 656-0538, Fax: (802) 656-4674, E-Mail:
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Ventura-Holman T, Hahn H, Subauste JS, Maher JF. The Fem1a gene is downregulated in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Tumour Biol 2005; 26:294-9. [PMID: 16254458 DOI: 10.1159/000089261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2005] [Accepted: 05/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue neoplasm of children, and those metastatic at presentation have a poor prognosis. RMS development is related to defective skeletal muscle differentiation, involving a variety of cell signaling and transcriptional control pathways, including aberrant hedgehog signaling. Here we evaluate Fem1a, a gene highly expressed in skeletal muscle, as a candidate for involvement in RMS. Fem1a is a homolog of fem-1, which controls cell fate decisions in the sex determination pathway of Caenorhabditis elegans, a pathway with homology to mammalian hedgehog signaling. We show that Fem1a expression is activated during myocyte differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts, and this expression is largely confined to the terminally differentiating pool, not to the satellite-cell-like quiescent reserve cell pool. We find that the human homolog, FEM1A, is downregulated in all of 8 different human RMS cell lines, including those derived from embryonal and alveolar RMS. Using mouse genetic models of RMS development, we further show that Fem1a is consistently downregulated in primary RMS from Ptch1+/- mice, from p53-/- mice, from p53+/-; Ptch1+/- mice, and from HGF/SF-Ink4a/Arf-/- mice. Therefore, Fem1a downregulation may be involved in, and/or a marker of, an early cell fate defect fundamental to RMS pathogenesis.
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Dhawan J, Rando TA. Stem cells in postnatal myogenesis: molecular mechanisms of satellite cell quiescence, activation and replenishment. Trends Cell Biol 2005; 15:666-73. [PMID: 16243526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Satellite cells are the primary stem cells in adult skeletal muscle, and are responsible for postnatal muscle growth, hypertrophy and regeneration. In mature muscle, most satellite cells are in a quiescent state, but they activate and begin proliferating in response to extrinsic signals. Following activation, a subset of satellite cell progeny returns to the quiescent state during the process of self-renewal. Here, we review recent studies of satellite cell biology and focus on the key transitions from the quiescent state to the state of proliferative activation and myogenic lineage progression and back to the quiescent state. The molecular mechanisms of these transitions are considered in the context of the biology of the satellite cell niche, changes with age, and interactions with established pathways of myogenic commitment and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Dhawan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad-500007, India
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Abstract
Cancer and many other serious diseases are characterized by the uncontrolled growth of new blood vessels. Recently, RNA interference (RNAi) has reinvigorated the therapeutic prospects for inhibiting gene expression and promises many advantages over binding inhibitors, including high specificity, which is essential for targeted therapeutics. This article describes the latest developments using small-interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibitors to downregulate various angiogenic and tumor-associated factors, both in cell-culture assays and in animal disease models. The majority of research efforts are currently focused on understanding gene function, as well as proof-of-concept for siRNA-mediated anti-angiogenesis. The prospects for siRNA therapeutics, both advantages and looming hurdles, are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Y Lu
- Intradigm Corporation, 12115 K Parklawn Drive, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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Yi H, Gruszczynska-Biegala J, Wood D, Zhao Z, Zolkiewska A. Cooperation of the metalloprotease, disintegrin, and cysteine-rich domains of ADAM12 during inhibition of myogenic differentiation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:23475-83. [PMID: 15849365 PMCID: PMC2674645 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413550200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular domain of the mature form of ADAM12 consists of the metalloprotease, disintegrin, cysteine-rich, and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains. The disintegrin, cysteine-rich, and EGF-like fragments have been shown previously to support cell adhesion via activated integrins or proteoglycans. In this study, we report that the entire extracellular domain of mouse ADAM12 produced in Drosophila S2 cells supported efficient adhesion and spreading of C2C12 myoblasts even in the absence of exogenous integrin activators. This adhesion was not mediated by beta1 integrins or proteoglycans, was myoblast-specific, and required the presence of both the metalloprotease and disintegrin/cysteine-rich domains of ADAM12. Analysis of the recombinant proteins by far-UV circular dichroism suggested that the secondary structures of the autonomously expressed metalloprotease domain and the disintegrin/cysteine-rich/EGF-like domains differ from the structures present in the intact extracellular domain. Furthermore, the intact extracellular domain (but not the metalloprotease domain or the disintegrin/cysteine-rich/EGF-like fragment alone) decreased the expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 and myogenin, two markers of differentiation, and inhibited C2C12 myoblast fusion. Thus, the novel protein-protein interaction reported here involving the extracellular domain of ADAM12 may have important biological consequences during myoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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Kim J, Kim H, Lee SJ, Choi YM, Lee SJ, Lee JY. Abundance of ADAM-8, -9, -10, -12, -15 and -17 and ADAMTS-1 in mouse uterus during the oestrous cycle. Reprod Fertil Dev 2005; 17:543-55. [PMID: 15907280 DOI: 10.1071/rd04110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)-8, -9, -10, -12, -15 and -17 and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS)-1 are involved in the remodelling process of the mouse uterus during the oestrous cycle. The mRNA expression of ADAM was observed in all uterine tissues throughout the entire cycle. The levels of ADAM-8 mRNA were maximal at pro-oestrus, whereas the expression of ADAM-9 and ADAMTS-1 mRNA was maximal at oestrus. The minimum mRNA level of all ADAM genes always occurred at dioestrus. The mRNA levels of ADAM-10, -12, -15 and -17 did not vary significantly, regardless of the stage of the oestrous cycle. Immunoblot analyses demonstrated the presence of all ADAM proteins throughout the cycle. In terms of protein intensities, ADAM-8, -12 and -17 were maximal at pro-oestrus, whereas ADAM-10 and ADAMTS-1 were maximal at metoestrus and ADAM-9 was maximal at oestrus. Regardless of the ADAM species, minimal protein expression always occurred at dioestrus. Immunohistochemical studies showed ADAM protein expression in luminal and glandular epithelial layers, but not in the stromal layer. Moreover, ADAM proteins were found to be heterogeneously localised and their individual localisations depended on the stage of the oestrous cycle. From these observations, we suggest that the ADAM genes play an important role in mouse uterine tissue remodelling during the oestrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Seoul Women's University, Nowon-gu, Seoul, Korea
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45
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Lafuste P, Sonnet C, Chazaud B, Dreyfus PA, Gherardi RK, Wewer UM, Authier FJ. ADAM12 and alpha9beta1 integrin are instrumental in human myogenic cell differentiation. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 16:861-70. [PMID: 15574885 PMCID: PMC545917 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-03-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on molecular systems involved in myogenic precursor cell (mpc) fusion into myotubes is fragmentary. Previous studies have implicated the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family in most mammalian cell fusion processes. ADAM12 is likely involved in fusion of murine mpc and human rhabdomyosarcoma cells, but it requires yet unknown molecular partners to launch myogenic cell fusion. ADAM12 was shown able to mediate cell-to-cell attachment through binding alpha9beta1 integrin. We report that normal human mpc express both ADAM12 and alpha9beta1 integrin during their differentiation. Expression of alpha9 parallels that of ADAM12 and culminates at time of fusion. alpha9 and ADAM12 coimmunoprecipitate and participate to mpc adhesion. Inhibition of ADAM12/alpha9beta1 integrin interplay, by either ADAM12 antisense oligonucleotides or blocking antibody to alpha9beta1, inhibited overall mpc fusion by 47-48%, with combination of both strategies increasing inhibition up to 62%. By contrast with blockade of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1/alpha4beta1, which also reduced fusion, exposure to ADAM12 antisense oligonucleotides or anti-alpha9beta1 antibody did not induce detachment of mpc from extracellular matrix, suggesting specific involvement of ADAM12-alpha9beta1 interaction in the fusion process. Evaluation of the fusion rate with regard to the size of myotubes showed that both ADAM12 antisense oligonucleotides and alpha9beta1 blockade inhibited more importantly formation of large (> or =5 nuclei) myotubes than that of small (2-4 nuclei) myotubes. We conclude that both ADAM12 and alpha9beta1 integrin are expressed during postnatal human myogenic differentiation and that their interaction is mainly operative in nascent myotube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Lafuste
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale EMI 0011, Faculty of Medicine, Paris XII University, Creteil 94010, France
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46
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Oh M, Im I, Lee YJ, Kim YH, Yoon JH, Park HG, Higashiyama S, Kim YC, Park WJ. Structure-based virtual screening and biological evaluation of potent and selective ADAM12 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:6071-4. [PMID: 15546732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe a series of potent and selective inhibitors of ADAM12 that were discovered using computational screening of a focused virtual library. The initial structure-based virtual screening selected 64 compounds from a 3D database of 67,062 molecules. Being evaluated by a cell-based ADAM12 activity assay, compounds 5, 11, 14, 16 were further identified as the potent and selective inhibitors of ADAM12 with low nanomolar IC50 values. The mechanism underlying the potency and selectivity of a representative compound, 5, was investigated through molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungsok Oh
- Department of Life Science and National Research Laboratory of Proteolysis, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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Sundberg C, Thodeti CK, Kveiborg M, Larsson C, Parker P, Albrechtsen R, Wewer UM. Regulation of ADAM12 cell-surface expression by protein kinase C epsilon. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:51601-11. [PMID: 15364951 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403753200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family consists of multidomain cell-surface proteins that have a major impact on cell behavior. These transmembrane-anchored proteins are synthesized as proforms that have (from the N terminus): a prodomain; a metalloprotease-, disintegrin-like-, cysteine-rich, epidermal growth factor-like, and transmembrane domain; and a cytoplasmic tail. The 90-kDa mature form of human ADAM12 is generated in the trans-Golgi through cleavage of the prodomain by a furin-peptidase and is stored intracellularly until translocation to the cell surface as a constitutively active protein. However, little is known about the regulation of ADAM12 cell-surface translocation. Here, we used human RD rhabdomyosarcoma cells, which express ADAM12 at the cell surface, in a temporal pattern. We report that protein kinase C (PKC) epsilon induces ADAM12 translocation to the cell surface and that catalytic activity of PKCepsilon is required for this translocation. The following results support this conclusion: 1) treatment of cells with 0.1 microM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) enhanced ADAM12 cell-surface immunostaining, 2) ADAM12 and PKCepsilon could be co-immunoprecipitated from membrane-enriched fractions of PMA-treated cells, 3) RD cells transfected with EGFP-tagged, myristoylated PKCepsilon expressed more ADAM12 at the cell surface than did non-transfected cells, and 4) RD cells transfected with a kinase-inactive PKCepsilon mutant did not exhibit ADAM12 cell-surface translocation upon PMA treatment. Finally, we demonstrate that the C1 and C2 domains of PKCepsilon both contain a binding site for ADAM12. These studies show that PKCepsilon plays a critical role in the regulation of ADAM12 cell-surface expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sundberg
- Institute of Molecular Pathology, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
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Nakamura T, Abe H, Hirata A, Shimoda C. ADAM family protein Mde10 is essential for development of spore envelopes in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2004; 3:27-39. [PMID: 14871934 PMCID: PMC329507 DOI: 10.1128/ec.3.1.27-39.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of Schizosaccharomyces pombe mde10+ as a gene possessing a FLEX element, which forms a binding site for the meiosis-specific transcription factor Mei4. In fact, mde10+ is transcribed only in diploid cells that are induced to meiosis in a Mei4-dependent manner. Western blot analysis indicated that the epitope-tagged Mde10 protein accumulates transiently during meiosis and then rapidly decreases. Mde10 is a multidomain protein containing a metalloprotease catalytic domain, a disintegrin domain, a cysteine-rich domain, and membrane-spanning regions, all of which are shared by members of the mammalian ADAM family. A fusion protein of Mde10 and green fluorescent protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum during meiosis and was located at the peripheral region of spores at the end of meiosis. An mde10Delta deletion mutant showed no apparent defects in meiosis, sporulation, or spore germination. However, the mutant spores exhibited an aberrant surface appearance, in which the ragged outer spore wall was lost to a large extent. Furthermore, mde10Delta spores were found to be less tolerant to ethanol and diethyl ether than were wild-type spores. The mutagenic replacement of the conserved glutamic acid in the putative protease active site with an alanine residue did not affect the surface morphology or the resistance of spores to environmental stress. Our observations indicate that Mde10 is important in the development of the spore envelope, although this function of Mde10 seems to be independent of its metalloprotease activity.
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MESH Headings
- Alanine/chemistry
- Alleles
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Blotting, Western
- Catalytic Domain
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Cysteine/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Epitopes
- Ethanol/pharmacology
- Ether/pharmacology
- Fungal Proteins/metabolism
- Fungal Proteins/physiology
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Library
- Genotype
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Meiosis
- Metalloproteases/chemistry
- Metalloproteases/physiology
- Microscopy, Electron
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Mutation
- Open Reading Frames
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Schizosaccharomyces/physiology
- Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/chemistry
- Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/physiology
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nakamura
- Faculty of Intellectual Property, Osaka Institute of Technology, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
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