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Huber R, Pietsch D, Günther J, Welz B, Vogt N, Brand K. Regulation of monocyte differentiation by specific signaling modules and associated transcription factor networks. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:63-92. [PMID: 23525665 PMCID: PMC11113479 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophages are important players in orchestrating the immune response as well as connecting innate and adaptive immunity. Myelopoiesis and monopoiesis are characterized by the interplay between expansion of stem/progenitor cells and progression towards further developed (myelo)monocytic phenotypes. In response to a variety of differentiation-inducing stimuli, various prominent signaling pathways are activated. Subsequently, specific transcription factors are induced, regulating cell proliferation and maturation. This review article focuses on the integration of signaling modules and transcriptional networks involved in the determination of monocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Huber
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Germany,
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2
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Mushinski JF, Davidson WF, Morse HC. Activation of Cellular Oncogenes in Human and Mouse Leukemia-Lymphomas: Spontaneous and Induced Oncogene Expression in Murine B Lymphocytic Neoplasms. Cancer Invest 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/07357908709170109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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3
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Abstract
The production of mature, differentiated myeloid cells is regulated by the action of hematopoietic cytokines on progenitor cells in the bone marrow. Cytokines drive the process of myeloid differentiation by binding to specific cell-surface receptors in a stage- and lineage-specific manner. Following the binding of a cytokine to its cognate receptor, intracellular signal-transduction pathways become activated that facilitate the myeloid differentiation process. These intracellular signaling pathways may promote myelopoiesis by stimulating expansion of a progenitor pool, supporting cellular survival during the differentiation process, or by directly driving the phenotypic changes associated with differentiation. Ultimately, pathways that drive the differentiation process converge on myeloid transcription factors, including PU.1 and the C/EBP family, that are critical for differentiation to proceed. While much is known about the cytokines, cytokine receptors and transcription factors that regulate myeloid differentiation, less is known about the precise roles that specific signaling mediators play in promoting myeloid differentiation. Recently, however, the application of novel pharmacologic inhibitors, siRNA strategies, and transgenic and knockout models has begun to shed light on the involvement and function of signaling pathways in normal myeloid differentiation. This review will discuss the roles that key signaling pathways and mediators play in myeloid differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Miranda
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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4
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Delgado MD, Vaqué JP, Arozarena I, López-Ilasaca MA, Martínez C, Crespo P, León J. H-, K- and N-Ras inhibit myeloid leukemia cell proliferation by a p21WAF1-dependent mechanism. Oncogene 2000; 19:783-90. [PMID: 10698496 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutated ras genes are frequently found in human cancer. However, it has been shown that oncogenic ras inhibits growth of primary cells, through pathways involving p53 and the cell cycle inhibitors p16INK4a and p19ARF. We have analysed the effect of the ectopic expression of the three mammalian ras genes on the proliferation of K562 leukemia cells, which are deficient for p53, p16INK4a, p15INK4b and p19ARF genes. We have found that high expression levels of both wild-type and oncogenic H-, K- and N-ras inhibit the clonogenic growth of K562 cells. Induction of H-rasV12 expression in K562 transfectants retards growth and this effect is accompanied with an increase of p21WAF1 mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, p21WAF1 promoter is activated potently by oncogenic ras and less pronounced by wild-type ras. This induction is p53-independent since a p21WAF1 promoter devoid of the p53 responsive elements is still activated by Ras. Finally, inhibition of p21WAF1 expression by an antisense construct partially overcomes the growth inhibitory action of oncogenic H-ras. Altogether, these results indicate that the antiproliferative effect of ras in myeloid leukemia cells is associated to the induction of p21WAF1 expression and suggest the existence of p19ARF and p16INK4a-independent pathways for ras-mediated growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Delgado
- Grupo de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Unidad Asociada al Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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5
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Trempus CS, Ward S, Farris G, Malarkey D, Faircloth RS, Cannon RE, Mahler JF. Association of v-Ha-ras transgene expression with development of erythroleukemia in Tg.AC transgenic mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 153:247-54. [PMID: 9665485 PMCID: PMC1852926 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/1998] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A transgenic mouse line (Tg.AC) carrying an activated v-Ha-ras oncogene fused to the embryonic zeta-globin promoter develops an array of spontaneous epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasms. In this report we describe the morphological, immunophenotypic, and molecular features of a unique hematopoietic neoplasm in these mice. The cardinal lesion of this disease is marked hepatomegaly due to leukemic proliferation and infiltration. In the peripheral blood, there is a marked increase in the number of metarubricytes and other less differentiated erythroid progenitor cells. Leukemic cells stain positively with an erythroid-associated nuclear transcription factor (GATA-1). Using a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay, co-expression of GATA-1 and endogenous zeta-globin genes is detected in hematopoietic tissues of nonleukemic transgenic and nontransgenic mice. ras transgene expression is, however, detected only in normal bone marrow and leukemic tissues of transgenic mice, and 5' mapping experiments using S1 protection analysis of total RNA from leukemic tissue indicates that transcription of the transgene mRNA is initiated from the natural zeta-globin promoter start site, supporting the belief that the zeta-globin promoter directs v-Ha-ras expression in erythroid progenitor cells, ultimately leading to leukemic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Trempus
- Laboratory of Environmental Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- A S O'Marcaigh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco 94143-0519, USA
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7
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Zaker F, Darley RL, al Sabah A, Burnett AK. Oncogenic RAS genes impair erythroid differentiation of erythroleukaemia cells. Leuk Res 1997; 21:635-40. [PMID: 9301684 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-2126(97)00022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RAS mutations occur frequently in acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplasia, suggesting a functional role for this oncogene in leukaemogenesis. We show here, for the first time, that both N-RAS and H-RAS can impair erythroid differentiation of erythroleukaemia cells induced with hexamethylene bisacetamide. Transformation by RAS allowed extended proliferation in the presence of inducer and also inhibited maturation as measured by impaired haemoglobinization and reduction in cell size. These data provide an interesting counterpoint to the effect of mutant RAS on monocytic cells, where it has a potentiating effect on differentiation and may indicate a causal link between the activation of RAS and erythroid lineage dysplasia in preleukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zaker
- Department of Haematology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
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8
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Wolff L. Contribution of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes to myeloid leukemia. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1332:F67-104. [PMID: 9196020 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-419x(97)00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Wolff
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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9
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Bollag G, Clapp DW, Shih S, Adler F, Zhang YY, Thompson P, Lange BJ, Freedman MH, McCormick F, Jacks T, Shannon K. Loss of NF1 results in activation of the Ras signaling pathway and leads to aberrant growth in haematopoietic cells. Nat Genet 1996; 12:144-8. [PMID: 8563751 DOI: 10.1038/ng0296-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) are predisposed to certain cancers including juvenile chronic myelogenous leukaemia (JCML). The NF1 tumour-suppressor gene encodes a protein (neurofibromin) that accelerates GTP hydrolysis on Ras proteins. Here we show that primary leukaemic cells from children with NF1 show a selective decrease in NF1-like GTPase activating protein (GAP) activity for Ras but retain normal cellular GAP activity. Leukaemic cells also show an elevated percentage of Ras in the GTP-bound conformation. JCML cells are hypersensitive to granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and we observed a similar pattern of aberrant growth in haematopoietic cells from Nf1-/- mouse embryos. These data define a specific role for neurofibromin in negatively regulating GM-CSF signaling through Ras in haematopoietic cells and they suggest that hypersensitivity to GM-CSF may be a primary event in the development of JCML.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bollag
- Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Richmond, California 94806, USA
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Hawley
- Division of Cancer Biology, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Davidson WF, Pierce JH, Holmes KL. Evidence for a developmental relationship between CD5+ B-lineage cells and macrophages. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992; 651:112-29. [PMID: 1599122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1992.tb24601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W F Davidson
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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12
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Friel J, Hughes D, Pragnell I, Stocking C, Laker C, Nowock J, Ostertag W, Padua RA. The malignant histiocytosis sarcoma virus, a recombinant of Harvey murine sarcoma virus and Friend mink cell focus-forming virus, has acquired myeloid transformation specificity by alterations in the long terminal repeat. J Virol 1990; 64:369-78. [PMID: 2152823 PMCID: PMC249111 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.1.369-378.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The malignant histiocytosis sarcoma virus (MHSV), in contrast to other viruses with the ras oncogene, induces acute histiocytosis in newborn and adult mice. Molecular structure and function studies were initiated to determine the basis of its unique macrophage-transforming potential. Characterization of the genomic structure showed that the virus evolved by recombination of the Harvey murine sarcoma virus (Ha-MuSV) and a virus of the Friend-mink cell focus-forming virus family. Structural analysis of MHSV showed two regions of the genome that are basically different from the Ha-MuSV: (i) the ras gene, which is altered by a point mutation in codon 181 leading to a Cys----Ser substitution of the p21 protein, and (ii) the U3 region of the long terminal repeat, which is largely derived from F-MCFV and contains a deletion of one direct repeat as well as a duplication of an altered enhancer-like region. Biological studies of Ha-MuSV, MHSV, and recombinants between the two viruses show that the U3 region of the MHSV long terminal repeat is essential for the malignancy and specificity of the disease. A contributing role of the ras point mutation in determining macrophage specificity, however, cannot be excluded.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cloning, Molecular
- Codon/genetics
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Genes, Viral
- Genes, ras
- Harvey murine sarcoma virus/genetics
- Harvey murine sarcoma virus/pathogenicity
- Histiocytosis/microbiology
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mink Cell Focus-Inducing Viruses/genetics
- Mink Cell Focus-Inducing Viruses/pathogenicity
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Recombination, Genetic
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Restriction Mapping
- Sarcoma Viruses, Murine/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Spleen/microbiology
- Transfection
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J Friel
- Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie und Immunologie an der Universität Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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13
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Pierce JH. Oncogenes, growth factors and hematopoietic cell transformation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1989; 989:179-208. [PMID: 2557086 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(89)90042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J H Pierce
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Abstract
In spite of the complexity of the network of regulatory factors which control the balance between the cell cycle and quiescence, a picture is emerging, if only in outline. Several dozens of protooncogenes participate in growth signal transduction and integration, and, when expressed inappropriately, generate growth signals that may override other cellular controls. Some of these controls are provided by the negatively regulating growth factors, and when these are lost (e.g. by chromosomal deletion), or inactivated (e.g. by binding to an inactive analogue or a DNA viral oncoprotein), cell cycle activity is favoured over quiescence. Embryonic tissues are rapidly growing, so their cells are actively cycling and expression of proto-oncogenes is usually observed (Schuuring et al., 1989). As embryonic and stem cells in adult tissues mature, expression of the active proto-oncogenes is generally lost, but other proto-oncogenes may now be expressed (e.g. Muller et al., 1982). These changes in proto-oncogene expression are not achieved by modulation of transcriptional rates alone; transcriptional attenuation, message processing and stability, and post-translational protein modifications are all known to be important for the regulation of proto-oncogene expression during the transition from growth to the differentiated state. When quiescent cells re-enter the cell cycle approximately 60 genes become up-regulated, including proto-oncogene c-fos, the jun family, and c-myc (Zipfel et al., 1989). Evidence is strong that fos and jun proteins are transcriptional regulators. Terminal differentiation, on the other hand, is sometimes accompanied by the up-regulation of the ras gene family, as well as of several other proto-oncogenes. Proto-oncogene function is essential to the cell cycle traverse, but the genes involved are different in various cell types, and the precise order of oncogene expression may not turn out to be important. This is because cell cycle traverse appears to be more dependent on a critical threshold of growth signals propagated by parallel pathways, rather than on a strict order of predetermined steps. The participation of proto-oncogenes in growth signal transduction offers opportunities for errors, and abnormal growth may result from aberrant oncogene products generating a persistent or excessive growth signal, which shifts the balance of input to the integrating genes from quiescence to an active cell cycle. Thus, cancer may result from an entirely normal processing of growth signals that are abnormal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Studzinski
- Department of Pathology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103-2757
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15
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Yu G, Smithgall TE, Glazer RI. K562 leukemia cells transfected with the human c-fes gene acquire the ability to undergo myeloid differentiation. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)81796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Stanley IJ, Nicola NA, Burgess AW. Growth factor-induced phosphorylation of c-ras p21 in normal hemopoietic progenitor cells. Growth Factors 1989; 2:53-9. [PMID: 2699569 DOI: 10.3109/08977198909069081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Normal murine hemopoietic progenitor cells (colony-forming cells, CFC), representing 0.2% of the bone marrow cell population, were purified to homogeneity by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. CFC require the presence of the murine hemopoietic regulator, granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for survival, proliferation, and differentiation along the myeloid pathway. An analysis of protein phosphorylation in GM-CSF-stimulated CFC over a 20-hr period demonstrated three phosphoproteins of approximate MW 21 kd and pI 6.2, 5.7 and 5.2 p21-6.2 persisted for 14 hr, while p21-5.7 and p21-5.2 were only detected during the first 5 hr of the analysis. The phosphate turnover time in all three p21 proteins was less than 3 hr and p21-5.2 contains an alkaline-resistant phosphorylation site. Low levels of p21-6.2 were also detected in unstimulated CFC. The observation of these phosphoproteins led us to investigate c-ras p21 in CFC. Immune precipitation with the anti-Ha/Ki-ras p21 monoclonal antibody (Y13-259) showed that expression of c-ras p21 in CFC was independent of GM-CSF stimulation, but that phosphorylated c-ras p21 was present only after GM-CSF stimulation. CFC contained one-tenth of the amount of phosphorylated c-ras p21 per cell compared with v-Ha-ras-transformed fibroblasts. It is possible that the phosphorylation of c-ras p21 in CFC has a significant role in the growth factor-directed molecular cascade responsible for normal hemopoietic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- I J Stanley
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Tumour Biology Branch, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Liu E. Oncogenes in human leukemias and lymphomas. Cancer Treat Res 1989; 47:241-65. [PMID: 2576999 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1599-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Klinken SP, Alexander WS, Adams JM. Hemopoietic lineage switch: v-raf oncogene converts Emu-myc transgenic B cells into macrophages. Cell 1988; 53:857-67. [PMID: 2454746 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(88)90309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hemopoietic lineage commitment can be breached by concomitant expression of the c-myc and v-raf oncogenes. Switching to the myeloid lineage occurred frequently when B lineage cells, from either lymphomas or preleukemia bone marrow cells of Emu-myc transgenic mice, were infected with a retrovirus bearing v-raf. Cloned pre-B and B cell lines changed into either mature or immature macrophages as assessed by morphology, adherence, phagocytic activity, surface markers, and lysozyme production, but retained clonotypic immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. Although expression of the Emu-myc transgene was reduced or abolished in the more differentiated lines, the lines remained tumorigenic. The converted lines produced the myeloid growth factor GM-CSF, and most had karyotypic alterations. These results suggest that constitutive myc plus raf expression can provoke genetic reprogramming in lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Klinken
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Eva A, Pierce JH, Aaronson SA. Interactions of retroviral and cellular transforming genes with hematopoietic cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 511:148-70. [PMID: 3326463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb36245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Eva
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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20
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Ostertag W, Stocking C, Johnson GR, Kluge N, Kollek R, Franz T, Hess N. Transforming genes and target cells of murine spleen focus-forming viruses. Adv Cancer Res 1987; 48:193-355. [PMID: 3039810 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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22
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MacAuley A, Auersperg N, Pawson T. Expression of viral p21ras during acquisition of a transformed phenotype by rat adrenal cortex cells infected with Kirsten murine sarcoma virus. Mol Cell Biol 1986; 6:342-6. [PMID: 3023835 PMCID: PMC367518 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.6.1.342-346.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat adrenal cortex cells infected with Kirsten murine sarcoma virus acquire a transformed phenotype in a progressive fashion. The expression of the viral p21ras does not appear to correlate with the degree of transformation of the adrenocortical cells but rather is produced at similar levels as the culture becomes transformed. This indicates that the expression of an oncogenic form of p21ras is not of itself sufficient to completely transform rat adrenal cortex cells.
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