1
|
Wang S, Jin S, Li G, Sun R, Shu Q, Wu S. Decompression Process of Glycerol Shock Treatment Can Overcome Endo-Lysosomal Barriers for Intracellular Delivery. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:33133-33139. [PMID: 33403275 PMCID: PMC7774252 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The glycerol shock treatment has been used to improve the calcium phosphate transfection efficacy for several decades because of its high effectiveness and low toxicity. However, the mechanism of glycerol shock treatment is still obscure. In this study, the endo-lysosomal leakage assay demonstrated that the decompression process of glycerol shock treatment could enhance endo-lysosomal membrane permeabilization, which resulted in facilitating endo-lysosomal escape for effective intracellular delivery. The enhanced decompression treatment derived from glycerol shock treatment could increase the change of osmotic pressure further, which showed higher efficacy for intracellular delivery. Herein, we speculated that the endo-lysosomal swelling originated from the decompression process of glycerol shock treatment could cause endo-lysosomal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Wang
- School
of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- The
Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Shaohua Jin
- School
of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- The
Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Rui Sun
- The
Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518001, China
| | - Qinghai Shu
- School
of Material Science and Engineering, Beijing
Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Song Wu
- The
Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518001, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Perros F, Ghigna MR, Loisel F, Chemla D, Decante B, de Montpreville V, Montani D, Humbert M, Fadel E, Mercier O, Boulate D. Description, Staging and Quantification of Pulmonary Artery Angiophagy in a Large Animal Model of Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110493. [PMID: 33187154 PMCID: PMC7696066 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiophagy has been described as a non-fibrinolytic mechanism of pulmonary artery (PA) patency restoration after distal (<50 µm in diameter) pulmonary embolism in mice. We hypothesized that angiophagy could achieve muscularized PA patency restoration after pulmonary embolism in piglets and humans. Angiophagy was defined by pathological assessment as the moving of an embolic specimen from the lumen to the interstitium according to three stages in a pig model of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) 6 to 10 weeks after embolization with enbucrilate: the embolic specimen is (I) covered by endothelial cells, (II) covered by endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and (III) located in the adventitia. In animals, we observed the three stages of the pulmonary angiophagy of enbucrilate emboli in <300 µm PA. Stages II and III were observed in 300 to 1000 μm PA, and only Stage I was observed in larger-diameter PA (>1000 μm). In lung samples from patients with histories of pulmonary embolisms, we observed PA angiophagy stigma for embolic specimens derived from blood clots and from bone marrow emboli. This study provides an original pathological description and staging of PA angiophagy in a large animal model of CTEPH and in humans after pulmonary embolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Perros
- School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (F.P.); (M.-R.G.); (D.C.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (E.F.); (O.M.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 «Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies», Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Maria-Rosa Ghigna
- School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (F.P.); (M.-R.G.); (D.C.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (E.F.); (O.M.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 «Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies», Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Research and Innovation Unit, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France; (F.L.); (B.D.)
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France;
| | - Fanny Loisel
- Research and Innovation Unit, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France; (F.L.); (B.D.)
| | - Denis Chemla
- School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (F.P.); (M.-R.G.); (D.C.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (E.F.); (O.M.)
- Department of Physiology, Hôpital Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Benoit Decante
- Research and Innovation Unit, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France; (F.L.); (B.D.)
| | | | - David Montani
- School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (F.P.); (M.-R.G.); (D.C.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (E.F.); (O.M.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 «Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies», Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Center, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (F.P.); (M.-R.G.); (D.C.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (E.F.); (O.M.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 «Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies», Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Respiratory and Intensive Care Medicine, Pulmonary Hypertension National Referral Center, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Elie Fadel
- School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (F.P.); (M.-R.G.); (D.C.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (E.F.); (O.M.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 «Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies», Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Research and Innovation Unit, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France; (F.L.); (B.D.)
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery and Heart-Lung Transplantation, Marie Lannelongue Hospital, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France
| | - Olaf Mercier
- School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (F.P.); (M.-R.G.); (D.C.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (E.F.); (O.M.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 «Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies», Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Research and Innovation Unit, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France; (F.L.); (B.D.)
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery and Heart-Lung Transplantation, Marie Lannelongue Hospital, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France
| | - David Boulate
- School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (F.P.); (M.-R.G.); (D.C.); (D.M.); (M.H.); (E.F.); (O.M.)
- INSERM UMR_S 999 «Pulmonary Hypertension: Pathophysiology and Novel Therapies», Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Research and Innovation Unit, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, 92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France; (F.L.); (B.D.)
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery and Heart-Lung Transplantation, Marie Lannelongue Hospital, 92350 Le Plessis Robinson, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-140-948-725; Fax: +33-140-948-718
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu X, Fu X, Wang D, Wang J, Chen X, Hao M, Wang J, Gervers KA, Guo L, Wang S, Yin Z, Fan W, Shi C, Wang X, Peng J, Chen C, Cui R, Shu N, Zhang B, Han M, Zhao X, Mu M, Yu JZ, Ye W. Resequencing of cv CRI-12 family reveals haplotype block inheritance and recombination of agronomically important genes in artificial selection. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:945-955. [PMID: 30407717 PMCID: PMC6587942 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although efforts have been taken to exploit diversity for yield and quality improvements, limited progress on using beneficial alleles in domesticated and undomesticated cotton varieties is limited. Given the complexity and limited amount of genomic information since the completion of four cotton genomes, characterizing significant variations and haplotype block inheritance under artificial selection has been challenging. Here we sequenced Gossypium hirsutum L. cv CRI-12 (the cotton variety with the largest acreage in China), its parental cultivars, and progeny cultivars, which were bred by the different institutes in China. In total, 3.3 million SNPs were identified and 118, 126 and 176 genes were remarkably correlated with Verticillium wilt, salinity and drought tolerance in CRI-12, respectively. Transcriptome-wide analyses of gene expression, and functional annotations, have provided support for the identification of genes tied to these tolerances. We totally discovered 58 116 haplotype blocks, among which 23 752 may be inherited and 1029 may be recombined under artificial selection. This survey of genetic diversity identified loci that may have been subject to artificial selection and documented the haplotype block inheritance and recombination, shedding light on the genetic mechanism of artificial selection and guiding breeding efforts for the genetic improvement of cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuke Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Xiaoqiong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Delong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Junyi Wang
- Hangzhou 1 Gene Technology CO., LTDHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiugui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Meirong Hao
- Hangzhou 1 Gene Technology CO., LTDHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Junjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Kyle A. Gervers
- Crop Germplasm Research UnitSouthern Plains Agricultural Research CenterUS Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service (USDA‐ARS)College StationTXUSA
| | - Lixue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Zujun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Weili Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Chunwei Shi
- Hangzhou 1 Gene Technology CO., LTDHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xiaoge Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Jun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Ruifeng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Na Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Binglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Mingge Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Xiaojie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - Min Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| | - John Z. Yu
- Crop Germplasm Research UnitSouthern Plains Agricultural Research CenterUS Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service (USDA‐ARS)College StationTXUSA
| | - Wuwei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton BiologyKey Laboratory for Cotton Genetic ImprovementInstitute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesMinistry of AgricultureAnyangHenanChina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen X, Li T, Wang X, Du Z, Liu R, Yang Y. Synthetic dual-input mammalian genetic circuits enable tunable and stringent transcription control by chemical and light. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:2677-90. [PMID: 26673714 PMCID: PMC4824083 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmable transcription factors can enable precise control of gene expression triggered by a chemical inducer or light. To obtain versatile transgene system with combined benefits of a chemical inducer and light inducer, we created various chimeric promoters through the assembly of different copies of the tet operator and Gal4 operator module, which simultaneously responded to a tetracycline-responsive transcription factor and a light-switchable transactivator. The activities of these chimeric promoters can be regulated by tetracycline and blue light synergistically or antagonistically. Further studies of the antagonistic genetic circuit exhibited high spatiotemporal resolution and extremely low leaky expression, which therefore could be used to spatially and stringently control the expression of highly toxic protein Diphtheria toxin A for light regulated gene therapy. When transferring plasmids engineered for the gene switch-driven expression of a firefly luciferase (Fluc) into mice, the Fluc expression levels of the treated animals directly correlated with the tetracycline and light input program. We suggest that dual-input genetic circuits using TET and light that serve as triggers to achieve expression profiles may enable the design of robust therapeutic gene circuits for gene- and cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Chen
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China Optogenetics & Molecular Imaging Interdisciplinary Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ting Li
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China Optogenetics & Molecular Imaging Interdisciplinary Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zengmin Du
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China Optogenetics & Molecular Imaging Interdisciplinary Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Renmei Liu
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China Optogenetics & Molecular Imaging Interdisciplinary Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China Optogenetics & Molecular Imaging Interdisciplinary Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rana ZA, Ekmark M, Gundersen K. Coexpression after electroporation of plasmid mixtures into muscle in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 181:233-8. [PMID: 15180796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-201x.2004.01282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Muscle is perhaps the most frequently considered tissue for non-viral gene therapy, in particular after gene transfer by electroporation. Expression in muscle is stable, but since the cell turnover is so slow incorporation in the host genome is not required. This raises interesting practical and theoretical questions related to the behaviour of the transgenic DNA under such conditions. METHODS We have investigated expression of reporter genes from plasmid mixtures electroporated into the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle in mice in order to assess the degree of coexpression. RESULTS Under conditions where the reporter is easily identified the coexpression rate was 100%, as none of 287 fibres from five different muscles expressing blue fluorescent protein (BFP) failed to express green fluorescent protein (GFP). With other reporter combinations the rate was lower, but this we attribute to marginal sensitivity for fluorescent proteins, or from reporter protein degradation for beta-galactosidase. CONCLUSIONS The high degree of coexpression suggests that a large copy number takes part in the final transcription with this system. The finding also enhances the usefulness of muscle and electroporation for gene therapy and experimental biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z A Rana
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sedlacek HH. Pharmacological aspects of targeting cancer gene therapy to endothelial cells. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2001; 37:169-215. [PMID: 11248576 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(00)00113-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting cancer gene therapy to endothelial cells seems to be a rational approach, because (a) a clear correlation exists between proliferation of tumor vessels and tumor growth and malignancy, (b) differences of cell membrane structures between tumor endothelial cells and normal endothelial cells exist which could be used for targeting of vectors and (c) tumor endothelial cells are accessible to vector vehicles in spite of the peculiarities of the transvascular and interstitial blood flow in tumors. Based on the knowledge on the pharmacokinetics of macromolecules it can be concluded that vectors targeting tumor endothelial cells should own a long blood residence time after intravascular application. This precondition seems to be fulfilled best by vectors exhibiting a slight anionic charge. A long blood residence time would allow the formation of a high amount of complexes between tumor endothelial cells and vector particles. Such high amount of complexes should enable a high transfection rate of tumor endothelial cells. In view of their pharmacokinetic behavior nonviral vectors seem to be more suitable for in vivo targeting tumor endothelial cells than viral vectors. Specific binding of nonviral vectors to tumor endothelial cells should be enhanced by multifunctional ligands and the transduction efficiency should be improved by cationic carriers. Effector genes should encode proteins potent enough to induce reactions which eliminate the tumor tissue. To be effective to that degree such proteins should induce self-amplifying antitumor reactions. Examples for proteins which have the potential to induce such self-amplifying tumor reactions are proteins endowed with antiangiogenic and antiproliferative activity, enzymes which convert prodrugs into drugs and possibly also proteins which induce embolization of tumor vessels. The pharmacological data for such examples are discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H H Sedlacek
- Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, Central Biotechnology, PO Box 1140, 35001, Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Costaglioli P, Meilhoc E, Masson JM. High-efficiency electrotransformation of the yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis. Curr Genet 1994; 27:26-30. [PMID: 7750143 DOI: 10.1007/bf00326575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A method has been developed for introducing heterologous DNA rapidly and efficiently by electropermeabilization into the yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis. A transformation efficiency as high as 2 x 10(5) transformants/microgram of plasmid DNA was obtained with a square-wave electric pulse of 2.17 kV/cm during 18 ms. Small quantities of DNA (5 ng) can be used to transform 3 x 10(8) cells. The main parameters which have been optimized are: presence of adenine in the culture medium, pretreatment of the cells with dithiothreitol during the exponential growth phase of the cells, amount of cells treated, and pulse-field strength and duration. Competent cells can be stored to allow electrotransformation whenever needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Costaglioli
- Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Abstract
There has been much progress in our understanding of molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of inherited metabolic disorders. In addition, powerful new molecular techniques have made possible phenotypic alterations by delivery of foreign genes to target cells. As a result, concepts and methods that would have been considered purely science fiction 10 years ago can now be found in human clinical trials engaged in the treatment of these disorders. In this review, we have attempted to provide an introduction and survey of the topic of gene therapy, with specific examples of laboratory and clinical achievements to date, and highlights on potentials for applications in digestive diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A G Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kahn ML, Lee SW, Dichek DA. Optimization of retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer into endothelial cells in vitro. Circ Res 1992; 71:1508-17. [PMID: 1423943 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.71.6.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer into endothelial cells is relatively inefficient with transduction rates as low as 1-2% in vitro and even lower in vivo. To increase the efficiency of gene transfer into endothelial cells, we used retroviral vectors expressing beta-galactosidase and urokinase and measured endothelial cell transduction efficiencies with quantitative assays for beta-galactosidase and urokinase protein. We evaluated several techniques reported to improve the efficiency of retroviral transduction in vitro, including 1) extended periods of exposure to vector, 2) repeated exposures to vector, 3) maximization of the ratio of vector particles to endothelial cells by increasing the volume and concentration of vector particles or by decreasing the number of endothelial cells exposed, 4) cocultivation of endothelial cells with vector-producing cells, and 5) variation of the type and concentration of polycation used with the retroviral vector. Only the use of more concentrated (higher titer) vector-containing supernatant and the use of the polycation DEAE-dextran improved the efficiency of gene transfer into endothelial cells in vitro. In an optimized transduction protocol, a 60-second exposure to 1 mg/ml DEAE-dextran followed by a single 6-hour exposure to supernatant of a titer of 10(5)-10(6) colony-forming units/ml resulted in transduction efficiencies of 50-90% with both vectors. Decreasing the time of the supernatant exposure to 15 minutes permitted transduction efficiencies of 15-20% while significantly minimizing the duration of the transduction. Therefore, the optimized protocol allows high efficiency in vitro gene transfer into endothelial cells within several hours. The briefer protocol may prove useful for in vivo gene transfer in which the time of exposure to the supernatant is limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Kahn
- Molecular Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Md. 20892
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Frégeau CJ, Bleackley RC. Factors influencing transient expression in cytotoxic T cells following DEAE dextran-mediated gene transfer. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1991; 17:239-57. [PMID: 2047940 DOI: 10.1007/bf01232820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A number of transfection protocols have been tested for the introduction of exogenous DNA into cytotoxic T cells. These included electroporation, lipofection, calcium phosphate coprecipitation, polybrene-assisted gene transfer, and DEAE dextran-mediated transfer. Only the latter gave significant and reproducible transfection efficiencies coupled with low toxicity. The DEAE dextran protocol was optimized for the transfection of a transcription reporter construct pRSVcat into a cloned cytotoxic cell line. Among the parameters investigated were cell density, amount of input DNA, concentration of DEAE dextran, DNA adsorption time, temperature, use of permeabilization and expression facilitators, and recovery time. The optimized protocol was then used to demonstrate the presence of cis-acting regulatory regions in the 5'-flanking sequences of two cytotoxic cell-specific serine protease genes and, in addition, was shown to be applicable to other cloned T-cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Frégeau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Anderson ML, Spandidos DA, Coggins JR. Electroporation of lymphoid cells: factors affecting the efficiency of transfection. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 1991; 22:207-22. [PMID: 1865053 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(91)90069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have increased the efficiency of electroporation of lymphoid cells over fifty fold by optimising several biological and electrical parameters. Under optimised conditions, the electroporation efficiency was comparable to that reported for other cell types. Actively dividing cells were crucial for high transient transfection signal. The two most important electrical parameters were high capacitance (960 microF) and moderate decay constants in the range of 10-15 ms. The optimal field strength depended on the cell line, but was in the range 0.6-1 kV/cm. Administering the pulse in medium lacking serum gave higher efficiency than when isotonic salt solution was used and the transfection signal was depressed if cells and DNA were allowed to incubate for several minutes either before or after the pulse. Electroporation was carried out at room temperature and there was no advantage in using low temperatures (0-4 degrees C). When electroporated cells were grown in conditioned medium, the signal was enhanced about two fold depending on the source of the conditioned medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Anderson
- Biochemistry Department, Glasgow University, U.K
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Oellig C, Seliger B. Gene transfer into brain tumor cell lines: reporter gene expression using various cellular and viral promoters. J Neurosci Res 1990; 26:390-6. [PMID: 2398515 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490260317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we determined the optimal conditions for transferring DNA into rat and human brain tumor cell lines of glial and neuronal origin using electroporation as the transfection method. Gene transfer efficiency was measured in terms of transient chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity and stable neomycin expression. Moreover, the activity of a variety of cellular and viral promoters in brain tumor cell lines of distinct origin was characterized. The results revealed various expression patterns, including glial as well as neuronal specific promoter activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Oellig
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Meilhoc E, Masson JM, Teissié J. High Efficiency Transformation of Intact Yeast Cells by Electric Field Pulses. Nat Biotechnol 1990; 8:223-7. [PMID: 1366502 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0390-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an efficient method that electrically introduces DNA into intact yeast cells. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a model in order to optimize the transformation protocol. Transformation efficiencies of 10(7) transformants/micrograms of plasmid DNA were obtained with a square wave electric pulse of 2.7 kV/cm during 15 milliseconds. The technique is simple and rapid. Even small quantities of DNA (100 pg) can be used to transform 10(8) cells. Important parameters are the pulse field strength and duration. Pretreatment of the yeast cells in the early phase of exponential growth with dithiothreitol increases transformation efficiency. The method has been successfully applied to various strains of S. cerevisiae as well as to other types of yeast.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Meilhoc
- INSA, Centre de Transfert en Biotechnologie-Microbiologie, UA 544 du CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Takai T, Ohmori H. DNA transfection of mouse lymphoid cells by the combination of DEAE-dextran-mediated DNA uptake and osmotic shock procedure. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1990; 1048:105-9. [PMID: 2297528 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(90)90029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several mouse lymphoid cell lines were efficiently transfected with plasmid DNA by a novel method combining DEAE-dextran-mediated DNA uptake and osmotic shock procedure. The cells were first incubated with DNA-DEAE-dextran complex, treated with hypertonic Tris-HCl buffer containing 0.5 M sucrose and 10% poly(ethylene glycol), and then exposed to hypotonic RPMI 1640 medium. This transfection protocol exhibited maximal frequencies of 0.3% and 3.10(-5) for transient gene expression and stable transformation in P3-NSI/1-Ag4-1 cells, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Takai
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Okayama University, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Holter W, Fordis CM, Howard BH. Efficient gene transfer by sequential treatment of mammalian cells with DEAE-dextran and deoxyribonucleic acid. Exp Cell Res 1989; 184:546-51. [PMID: 2478376 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(89)90353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A variation of the classical DEAE-dextran method of gene transfer was developed for efficient transfection of HeLa cells with plasmid DNA. A brief exposure of the cells to medium containing DEAE-dextran was found to be sufficient for subsequent uptake of pRSVcat and to be superior to cocultivation of the cells with DEAE-dextran plus DNA. This sequential method of gene transfer is nontoxic and yielded up to 60% of HeLa cells positive for a surface protein encoded by the transfected sequence. The implications of this sequential transfection technique regarding the mechanisms of gene transfer are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Holter
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
De Lau WB, Van Loon AE, Heije K, Valerio D, Bast BJ. Production of hybrid hybridomas based on HAT(s)-neomycin(r) double mutants. J Immunol Methods 1989; 117:1-8. [PMID: 2913154 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(89)90111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A detailed procedure is described for the preparation of hybrid hybridomas, that produce bispecific antibodies. This is achieved by fusing two hybridoma cell lines that are phenotypically distinct (HAT(s)/neo(r) and HAT(r)/neo(s)) and thereby allow for the selection of the appropriate hybrid cells. HATs mutants were obtained from one of the two fusion partners by 8-azaguanine treatment; these mutant phenotypes were found in an unexpected high frequency. For the introduction of the dominant neo(r) marker gene in one of the HAT(s) fusion partners, a retroviral vector was used in order to obtain a high efficiency of gene transfer. Our method was very effective in the production of hybrid hybridomas, so-called quadromas. The detection of bispecific antibodies was based on simultaneous binding by one antibody of two different antigens, or on the presence of two different H chain isotypes in this molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W B De Lau
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Satyabhama S, Epstein AL. Short-term efficient expression of transfected DNA in human hematopoietic cells by electroporation: definition of parameters and use of chemical stimulators. DNA (MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC.) 1988; 7:203-9. [PMID: 3286163 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1988.7.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of DNA transfer into human hematopoietic cells by electroporation was investigated and compared to conventional transfection procedures. Important parameters of electroporation were optimized in human erythroleukemia cells using the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (acetyl-CoA; chloramphenicol 3-O-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.28) gene linked to the cytomegaloviral enhancer-promoter. In addition, selected chemicals with different modes of action were studied for their ability to aid DNA entry and gene expression in this system, and several were found to enhance gene transfection by electroporation in a significant manner. Using these chemical stimulators, many but not all human and mouse suspension cultures tested were successfully electroporated by the Baekon 2000 instrument. From these studies, it appears that electroporation can be enhanced by chemical additives. Because of its efficiency, reproductivity, and convenience electroporation is an attractive method of gene transfer in human hematopoietic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Satyabhama
- Department of Pathology, USC Medical Center, Los Angeles 90033
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ridgway AA. Mammalian expression vectors. BIOTECHNOLOGY (READING, MASS.) 1988; 10:467-92. [PMID: 3061521 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-409-90042-2.50030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
21
|
Holbrook NJ, Gulino A, Durand D, Lin Y, Crabtree GR. Transcriptional activity of the gibbon ape leukemia virus in the interleukin 2 gene of MLA 144 cells. Virology 1987; 159:178-82. [PMID: 3037778 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90364-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV)-infected T-cell line, MLA 144, constitutively makes the lymphokine, interleukin 2 (IL 2), without stimulation by antigen or mitogen. This line contains two GALV insertions in the IL-2 gene: one in the 3' untranslated region of the gene and one 1200 bp 5' to the gene. It is likely that one or both of these viral insertions is(are) involved in activation of IL-2 expression. We investigated the ability of sequences within the LTR of MLA 144 cells (GALV-MLA) to act as transcriptional elements and have demonstrated here the presence of cis-acting sequences in the GALV LTR capable of enhancing transcription of the GALV promoter as well as two heterologous promoters, SV40 early and IL-2. The results indicate that insertion of the enhancer element(s) alone is not sufficient to activate IL-2 expression but can enhance levels of IL-2 expressed from the activated gene.
Collapse
|
22
|
Seliger B, Kruppa G, Pfizenmaier K. Stable expression of a selectable myeloproliferative sarcoma virus in murine T lymphocyte and monocyte cell lines. Immunobiology 1987; 174:313-25. [PMID: 3040583 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(87)80006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated whether a retroviral vector based on the myeloproliferative sarcoma virus (MPSV) can be expressed in murine T cells and macrophages. This vector (neoR MPSV) carries the dominant selection marker for neomycin resistance (neoR) and the mos oncogene. The murine T cell line BW5147 and the monocytic cell line P388D1 were either transfected with neoR MPSV DNA or infected with neoR MPSV virus. From both lines, neoR cell clones could be established by retroviral infection, but not by calcium-phosphate precipitation-mediated DNA transfection. The efficiency of infection could be increased 60- to 200-fold upon cocultivation of target cells with irradiated neoR MPSV virus-producing cells. All neoR clones showed neoR MPSV specific sequences as revealed by dot blot and Southern blot analysis. The integration and expression of neoR MPSV was stable over a period of now more than 4 months, even in the absence of selection for neomycin resistance. Northern blot analysis showed that neoR clones express full length neoR MPSV. Further, clones of both T cell and monocyte origin were capable to produce infectious virus particles as revealed by focus formation on fibroblasts and conversion of neomycin sensitive fibroblasts to a neomycin resistant phenotype.
Collapse
|
23
|
Holbrook NJ, Gulino A, Ruscetti F. Cis-acting transcriptional regulatory sequences in the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) long terminal repeat. Virology 1987; 157:211-9. [PMID: 3029959 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(87)90330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gibbon ape leukemia viruses (GALV) are a group of retroviruses which have been associated with hematopoietic neoplasms in primates. Two of the viruses, GALV-SEATO and GALV-San Francisco (GALV-SF), are associated with myeloid and lymphocytic leukemias, respectively, in apes. Using an assay based on the transient expression of the bacterial gene chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), we examined the transcriptional activity of GALV-SEATO and GALV-SF. The results suggest that high level expression of GALV is due primarily to cis-acting enhancer sequences. Sequence delineation analysis of GALV-SEATO showed the GALV-SEATO enhancer sequences to be located within a 45-bp tandem repeat in GALV-SEATO. GALV-SF, which has two- to fivefold lower transcriptional activity, contains only a single copy of the 45-bp element with 6-bp differences from those in the GALV-SEATO enhancer element. This 45-bp element is highly homologous to sequences within the LTRs of several murine leukemia viruses but has not been examined for enhancer function in these retroviruses. Expression of GALV was not restricted to hematopoietic cells but was extraordinarily high in MLA 144 cells, a gibbon ape T-cell line known to be infected with GALV-SF. However, expression of constructs containing the CAT gene directed by GALV-SEATO LTR sequences was similar in uninfected and GALV-infected fibroblasts, indicating the lack of virally encoded or virally induced trans-activating factors capable of increasing expression in these cells.
Collapse
|
24
|
Srinivasan A, Anand R, York D, Ranganathan P, Feorino P, Schochetman G, Curran J, Kalyanaraman VS, Luciw PA, Sanchez-Pescador R. Molecular characterization of human immunodeficiency virus from Zaire: nucleotide sequence analysis identifies conserved and variable domains in the envelope gene. Gene X 1987; 52:71-82. [PMID: 3036660 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(87)90396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the genetic relatedness of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) from different geographic locations, we molecularly cloned the genome of HIV isolated from a Zairian AIDS patient. Restriction mapping of the recombinant clone, designated HIV-Zr6, revealed both common (as observed in other HIV isolates) and unique restriction sites. The DNA clone of HIV-Zr6, shown to give rise to infectious cytopathic virus after transfection of cultured lymphoid cells, was sequenced in several regions. The long terminal repeat (LTR), open reading frame 1 (ORF1), C-terminal envelope (env) gene domain, and ORF2 showed less than 6% difference in nucleotide sequence when compared to other HIV isolates including human T-lymphotropic virus-type III (HTLV-III) clone B10, lymphadenopathy-associated virus-1 (LAV-1), and AIDS-associated retrovirus-2 (ARV-2). About 15% difference in nucleotide sequences was noted in the N-terminal env gene domain. Alignments of env gene sequences revealed conserved, moderately variable, and hypervariable stretches in the predicted amino acid sequences. This model provides a basis for assessing the significance of sequence variation on properties controlled by the viral Env glycoproteins such as cell tropism and immunogenicity.
Collapse
|
25
|
Shapiro IM, Stevenson M, Sinangil F, Volsky DJ. Transfection of lymphoblastoid cells using DNA-loaded reconstituted Sendai virus envelopes: expression of transfected DNA and selection of transfected cells. SOMATIC CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS 1986; 12:351-6. [PMID: 3016915 DOI: 10.1007/bf01570729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The American Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Loukes was cotransfected with cloned BamHI K fragment of EBV DNA and a vector pSV2neo. Reconstituted Sendai virus envelopes (RSVE) loaded with DNA were used for efficient gene transfer. Two cell lines have been obtained following culture in the presence of geneticin sulfate (G-418). Messenger RNA from both transfected DNAs was expressed during the whole period of observation, 42 days after transfection. This method provides a relatively simple and efficient means for selection of lymphoblastoid cells expressing a transfected gene.
Collapse
|