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Singh S, Ahmad F, Aruri H, Das S, Parajuli P, Gavande NS, Singh PK, Kumar A. Novel quinoline substituted autophagy inhibitors attenuate Zika virus replication in ocular cells. Virus Res 2024; 347:199419. [PMID: 38880335 PMCID: PMC11239713 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a re-emerging RNA virus that is known to cause ocular and neurological abnormalities in infants. ZIKV exploits autophagic processes in infected cells to enhance its replication and spread. Thus, autophagy inhibitors have emerged as a potent therapeutic target to combat RNA viruses, with Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) being one of the most promising candidates. In this study, we synthesized several novel small-molecule quinoline derivatives, assessed their antiviral activity, and determined the underlying molecular mechanisms. Among the nine synthesized analogs, two lead candidates, labeled GL-287 and GL-382, significantly attenuated ZIKV replication in human ocular cells, primarily by inhibiting autophagy. These two compounds surpassed the antiviral efficacy of HCQ and other existing autophagy inhibitors, such as ROC-325, DC661, and GNS561. Moreover, unlike HCQ, these novel analogs did not exhibit cytotoxicity in the ocular cells. Treatment with compounds GL-287 and GL-382 in ZIKV-infected cells increased the abundance of LC3 puncta, indicating the disruption of the autophagic process. Furthermore, compounds GL-287 and GL-382 effectively inhibited the ZIKV-induced innate inflammatory response in ocular cells. Collectively, our study demonstrates the safe and potent antiviral activity of novel autophagy inhibitors against ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hariprasad Aruri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Susmita Das
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Prahlad Parajuli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Navnath S Gavande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Monu M, Ahmad F, Olson RM, Balendiran V, Singh PK. SARS-CoV-2 infects cells lining the blood-retinal barrier and induces a hyperinflammatory immune response in the retina via systemic exposure. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012156. [PMID: 38598560 PMCID: PMC11034659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has been shown to cause wide-ranging ocular abnormalities and vision impairment in COVID-19 patients. However, there is limited understanding of SARS-CoV-2 in ocular transmission, tropism, and associated pathologies. The presence of viral RNA in corneal/conjunctival tissue and tears, along with the evidence of viral entry receptors on the ocular surface, has led to speculation that the eye may serve as a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Here, we investigated the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with cells lining the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and the role of the eye in its transmission and tropism. The results from our study suggest that SARS-CoV-2 ocular exposure does not cause lung infection and moribund illness in K18-hACE2 mice despite the extended presence of viral remnants in various ocular tissues. In contrast, intranasal exposure not only resulted in SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein presence in different ocular tissues but also induces a hyperinflammatory immune response in the retina. Additionally, the long-term exposure to viral S-protein caused microaneurysm, retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) mottling, retinal atrophy, and vein occlusion in mouse eyes. Notably, cells lining the BRB, the outer barrier, RPE, and the inner barrier, retinal vascular endothelium, were highly permissive to SARS-CoV-2 replication. Unexpectedly, primary human corneal epithelial cells were comparatively resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The cells lining the BRB showed induced expression of viral entry receptors and increased susceptibility towards SARS-CoV-2-induced cell death. Furthermore, hyperglycemic conditions enhanced the viral entry receptor expression, infectivity, and susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2-induced cell death in the BRB cells, confirming the reported heightened pathological manifestations in comorbid populations. Collectively, our study provides the first evidence of SARS-CoV-2 ocular tropism via cells lining the BRB and that the virus can infect the retina via systemic permeation and induce retinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monu Monu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rachel M. Olson
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vaishnavi Balendiran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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Ahmad F, Deshmukh N, Webel A, Johnson S, Suleiman A, Mohan RR, Fraunfelder F, Singh PK. Viral infections and pathogenesis of glaucoma: a comprehensive review. Clin Microbiol Rev 2023; 36:e0005723. [PMID: 37966199 PMCID: PMC10870729 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00057-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, caused by the gradual degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. While glaucoma is primarily considered a genetic and age-related disease, some inflammatory conditions, such as uveitis and viral-induced anterior segment inflammation, cause secondary or uveitic glaucoma. Viruses are predominant ocular pathogens and can impose both acute and chronic pathological insults to the human eye. Many viruses, including herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, rubella virus, dengue virus, chikungunya virus, Ebola virus, and, more recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), have been associated with sequela of either primary or secondary glaucoma. Epidemiological and clinical studies suggest the association between these viruses and subsequent glaucoma development. Despite this, the ocular manifestation and sequela of viral infections are not well understood. In fact, the association of viruses with glaucoma is considered relatively uncommon in part due to underreporting and/or lack of long-term follow-up studies. In recent years, literature on the pathological spectrum of emerging viral infections, such as ZIKV and SARS-CoV-2, has strengthened this proposition and renewed research activity in this area. Clinical studies from endemic regions as well as laboratory and preclinical investigations demonstrate a strong link between an infectious trigger and development of glaucomatous pathology. In this article, we review the current understanding of the field with a particular focus on viruses and their association with the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraz Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Nikhil Deshmukh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Aaron Webel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Sandra Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ayman Suleiman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rajiv R. Mohan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Frederick Fraunfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Pawan Kumar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Li Y, Ke W, Liu X, Zhang Q, Yu N, Wang K, Chen M. Comparison Between Two Types of Viral-Induced Anterior Uveitis In Vitro and In Vivo: A Stronger Response in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Than in Murine Cytomegalovirus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:20. [PMID: 37971734 PMCID: PMC10664737 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.14.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To observe the similarities and differences between herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-induced viral anterior uveitis (VAU), both in vitro and in vivo. Methods Primary rat trabecular meshwork cells (RTMCs) were infected by HSV-1 or MCMV to clarify the pattern of virus replication and the effect on cells. In vivo, intracameral injection of HSV-1 or MCMV was performed to establish the VAU rat models. The clinical manifestation, intraocular pressure (IOP), histological characteristics, ultrastructural changes, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the anterior segment were observed and compared between these two types of VAU models. Results Both viruses could infect the RTMCs but HSV-1 exhibited an earlier and greater cytopathic effect in vitro. In vivo, both VAU rats showed typical acute VAU signs, and the IOP elevation seemed to be correlated with the inflammatory progression. Histopathological findings and ultrastructural changes revealed tissue damage and cell infiltration in the anterior chamber angle. In both models, similar proinflammatory cytokines were upregulated. HSV-1 and MCMV viral particles were identified under transmission electron microscopy. Conclusions HSV-1 and MCMV infection share certain similarities but have significant differences both in vitro and in vivo. HSV-1 usually has a stronger anterior segment inflammation with a longer duration compared with MCMV in VAU models. Our results provided a valuable animal model for investigating pathogenesis and exploring therapeutic strategies for clinical VAU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Li
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weishaer Ke
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Naiji Yu
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Chen
- Eye Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Institute on Eye Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Vernazza S, Passalacqua M, Tirendi S, Marengo B, Domenicotti C, Sbardella D, Oddone F, Bassi AM. Citicoline Eye Drops Protect Trabecular Meshwork Cells from Oxidative Stress Injury in a 3D In Vitro Glaucoma Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11375. [PMID: 36232676 PMCID: PMC9570302 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered an important modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, which is known as the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. However, lowering the IOP is not always sufficient to preserve vision due to other non-IOP-dependent mechanisms being involved. To improve outcomes, adjunctive therapies with IOP-independent targets are required. To date, no studies have shown the effect of citicoline on the trabecular meshwork (TM), even though it is known to possess neuroprotective/enhancement properties and multifactorial mechanisms of action. Given that reactive oxygen species seem to be involved in glaucomatous cascade, in this present study, an advanced millifluidic in vitro model was used to evaluate if citicoline could exert a valid TM protection against oxidative stress. To this end, the cellular behavior, in terms of viability, apoptosis, mitochondrial state, senescence and pro-inflammatory cytokines, on 3D human TM cells, treated either with H2O2 alone or cotreated with citicoline, was analyzed. Our preliminary in vitro results suggest a counteracting effect of citicoline eye drops against oxidative stress on TM cells, though further studies are necessary to explore citicoline's potential as a TM-target therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Vernazza
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Passalacqua
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Tirendi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Marengo
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cinzia Domenicotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Anna Maria Bassi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), 56122 Pisa, Italy
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Taha MJJ, Abuawwad MT, Alrubasy WA, Sameer SK, Alsafi T, Al-Bustanji Y, Abu-Ismail L, Nashwan AJ. Ocular manifestations of recent viral pandemics: A literature review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1011335. [PMID: 36213628 PMCID: PMC9537761 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1011335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral pandemics often take the world by storm, urging the medical community to prioritize the most evident systemic manifestations, often causing ocular manifestations to go unnoticed. This literature review highlights the ocular complications of the Monkeypox, SARS-CoV-2, MERS, Ebola, H1N1, and Zika viruses as the most recent viral pandemics. Research into the effects of these pandemics began immediately. Moreover, it also discusses the ocular complications of the vaccines and treatments that were used in the scope of the viral pandemics. Additionally, this review discusses the role of the eye as an important route of viral transmission, and thereafter, the International recommendations to reduce the incidence of viral transmission were mentioned. Lastly, this paper wants to lay out a platform for researchers who want to learn more about how viruses show up in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad J. J. Taha
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad T. Abuawwad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Warda A. Alrubasy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shams Khalid Sameer
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Taleb Alsafi
- Department of Optometry, Western University College of Optometry, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Yaqeen Al-Bustanji
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Luai Abu-Ismail
- Department of Ophthalmology, Islamic Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdulqadir J. Nashwan
- Department of Nursing Education and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Abdulqadir J. Nashwan
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Kim S, Shin HY. Understanding the Tissue Specificity of ZIKV Infection in Various Animal Models for Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1517. [PMID: 36146595 PMCID: PMC9504629 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus that belongs to the Flavivirus genus and is principally transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. ZIKV infection often causes no or only mild symptoms, but it can also trigger severe consequences, including microcephaly in infants and Guillain-Barré syndrome, uveitis, and neurologic manifestations in adults. There is no ZIKV vaccine or treatment currently approved for clinical use. The primary target of ZIKV infection has been recognized as the maternal placenta, with vertical transmission to the fetal brain. However, ZIKV can also spread to multiple tissues in adults, including the sexual organs, eyes, lymph nodes, and brain. Since numerous studies have indicated that there are slightly different tissue-specific pathologies in each animal model of ZIKV, the distinct ZIKV tropism of a given animal model must be understood to enable effective vaccine development. Here, we comprehensively discussed the tissue specificity of ZIKV reported in each animal model depending on the genetic background and route of administration. This review should facilitate the selection of appropriate animal models when studying the fundamental pathogenesis of ZIKV infection, thereby supporting the design of optimal preclinical and clinical studies for the development of vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ha Youn Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Pathogenesis and Manifestations of Zika Virus-Associated Ocular Diseases. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7060106. [PMID: 35736984 PMCID: PMC9229560 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7060106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is mosquito-borne flavivirus that caused a significant public health concern in French Polynesia and South America. The two major complications that gained the most media attention during the ZIKV outbreak were Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and microcephaly in newborn infants. The two modes of ZIKV transmission are the vector-borne and non-vector borne modes of transmission. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are the most important vectors of ZIKV. ZIKV binds to surface receptors on permissive cells that support infection and replication, such as neural progenitor cells, dendritic cells, dermal fibroblasts, retinal pigment epithelial cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, epidermal keratinocytes, and trophoblasts to cause infection. The innate immune response to ZIKV infection is mediated by interferons and natural killer cells, whereas the adaptive immune response is mediated by CD8+T cells, Th1 cells, and neutralizing antibodies. The non-structural proteins of ZIKV, such as non-structural protein 5, are involved in the evasion of the host's immune defense mechanisms. Ocular manifestations of ZIKV arise from the virus' ability to cross both the blood-brain barrier and blood-retinal barrier, as well as the blood-aqueous barrier. Most notably, this results in the development of GBS, a rare neurological complication in acute ZIKV infection. This can yield ocular symptoms and signs. Additionally, infants to whom ZIKV is transmitted congenitally develop congenital Zika syndrome (CZS). The ocular manifestations are widely variable, and include nonpurulent conjunctivitis, anterior uveitis, keratitis, trabeculitis, congenital glaucoma, microphthalmia, hypoplastic optic disc, and optic nerve pallor. There are currently no FDA approved therapeutic agents for treating ZIKV infections and, as such, a meticulous ocular examination is an important aspect of the diagnosis. This review utilized several published articles regarding the ocular findings of ZIKV, antiviral immune responses to ZIKV infection, and the pathogenesis of ocular manifestations in individuals with ZIKV infection. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the viral immunology of ZIKV, interactions between ZIKV and the host's immune defense mechanism, pathological mechanisms, as well as anterior and posterior segment findings associated with ZIKV infection.
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Player JK, Riordan SM, Duncan RS, Koulen P. Analysis of Glaucoma Associated Genes in Response to Inflammation, an Examination of a Public Data Set Derived from Peripheral Blood from Patients with Hepatitis C. Clin Ophthalmol 2022; 16:2093-2103. [PMID: 35770250 PMCID: PMC9236525 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s364739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide and despite its prevalence, there are still many unanswered questions related to its pathogenesis. There is evidence that oxidative stress and inflammation play a major role in disease progression. Glaucoma patients from several studies showed altered gene expression in leukocytes, revealing the possibility of using peripheral biomarkers to diagnose or stage glaucoma. The fact that glaucoma is associated with gene expression changes in tissues distant from the retina underscores the possible involvement of systemic oxidative stress and inflammation as potential contributing or compounding factors in glaucoma. Methods We assembled a list of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers related to glaucoma based on a review of the literature. In addition, we utilized publicly available data sets of gene expression values collected from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and macrophages from two patient groups: those chronically infected by the hepatitis C virus and those who have cleared it. Activation of the innate immune response can render cells or tissues more responsive to a second delayed proinflammatory stimulus. Additional gene expression data from these cells after subsequent polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid treatment, used to elicit an acute inflammatory response, allowed for the investigation of the acute inflammatory response in these groups. We used fold-change comparison values between the two patient groups to identify genes of interest. Results A comparison analysis identified 17 glaucoma biomarkers that were differentially expressed in response to HCV-mediated inflammation. Of these 17, six had significant p-values in the baseline vs treated values. Expression data of these genes were compared between patients who had cleared the Hepatitis C virus versus those who had not and identified three genes of interest for further study. Discussion These results support our hypothesis that inflammation secondary to Hepatitis C virus infection affects the expression of glaucoma biomarker genes related to the antioxidant response and inflammation. In addition, they provide several potential targets for further research into understanding the relationship between innate responses to viral infection and inflammatory aspects of glaucoma and for potential use as a predictive biomarker or pharmacological intervention in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K Player
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Sean M Riordan
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - R Scott Duncan
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Peter Koulen
- Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
- Correspondence: Peter Koulen, Vision Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri – Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA, Tel +1 816-235-6773, Email
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10
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Costa CBDC, Freitas D. Ocular findings of congenital Zika virus infection with microcephaly. Int Ophthalmol 2022; 42:3117-3127. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Maleski ALA, Rosa JGS, Bernardo JTG, Astray RM, Walker CIB, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C. Recapitulation of Retinal Damage in Zebrafish Larvae Infected with Zika Virus. Cells 2022; 11:1457. [PMID: 35563763 PMCID: PMC9100881 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are increasingly being utilized as a model to investigate infectious diseases and to advance the understanding of pathogen-host interactions. Here, we take advantage of the zebrafish to recapitulate congenital ZIKV infection and, for the first time, demonstrate that it can be used to model infection and reinfection and monitor anti-viral and inflammatory immune responses, as well as brain growth and eye abnormalities during embryonic development. By injecting a Brazilian strain of ZIKV into the yolk sac of one-cell stage embryos, we confirmed that, after 72 h, ZIKV successfully infected larvae, and the physical condition of the virus-infected hosts included gross morphological changes in surviving embryos (84%), with a reduction in larval head size and retinal damage characterized by increased thickness of the lens and inner nuclear layer. Changes in locomotor activity and the inability to perceive visual stimuli are a result of changes in retinal morphology caused by ZIKV. Furthermore, we demonstrated the ability of ZIKV to replicate in zebrafish larvae and infect new healthy larvae, impairing their visual and neurological functions. These data reinforce the deleterious activity of ZIKV in the brain and visual structures and establish the zebrafish as a model to study the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathology of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Luis Almeida Maleski
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (J.G.S.R.); (J.T.G.B.); (M.L.-F.)
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacological Studies (LABEN), Post-Graduation Program of Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil;
| | - Joao Gabriel Santos Rosa
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (J.G.S.R.); (J.T.G.B.); (M.L.-F.)
| | - Jefferson Thiago Gonçalves Bernardo
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (J.G.S.R.); (J.T.G.B.); (M.L.-F.)
| | | | - Cristiani Isabel Banderó Walker
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacological Studies (LABEN), Post-Graduation Program of Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Paulo 05503-009, Brazil;
| | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (J.G.S.R.); (J.T.G.B.); (M.L.-F.)
| | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (A.L.A.M.); (J.G.S.R.); (J.T.G.B.); (M.L.-F.)
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12
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Essential Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Mediating IL-1β Production and the Pathobiology of Staphylococcus aureus Endophthalmitis. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0010322. [PMID: 35404106 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00103-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal endophthalmitis is one of the leading causes of blindness following ocular surgery and trauma. Dysregulated inflammation during bacterial endophthalmitis causes host-induced inflammatory damage and vision loss if it remains unchecked. Emerging evidence indicates that inflammasome plays a critical role in regulating innate immunity in various infectious and inflammatory diseases. However, the role of the inflammasome in endophthalmitis remains elusive. Here, using a mouse model of Staphylococcus (S) aureus endophthalmitis, we show that NLRP3/ASC/Caspase-1 signaling regulates IL-1β production in endophthalmitis. We also show that S. aureus and its cell wall components and toxins induce the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex in mouse eyes. Moreover, we found that both infiltrating neutrophils and retinal microglia contribute toward NLRP3 activation and IL-1β production in S. aureus-infected eyes. Furthermore, our data using NLRP3-/- and IL-1β-/- mice revealed that NLRP3 and IL-1β deficiency leads to increased intraocular bacterial burden and retinal tissue damage. Altogether, our study demonstrated an essential role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in regulating innate immune responses in bacterial endophthalmitis.
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13
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Singh S, Garcia G, Shah R, Kramerov AA, Wright RE, Spektor TM, Ljubimov AV, Arumugaswami V, Kumar A. SARS-CoV-2 and its beta variant of concern infect human conjunctival epithelial cells and induce differential antiviral innate immune response. Ocul Surf 2022; 23:184-194. [PMID: 34583089 PMCID: PMC8464027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected in ocular tissues, but their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection is unclear. Here, we tested whether SARS-CoV-2 can infect human conjunctival epithelial cells (hCECs) and induce innate immune response. METHODS Conjunctival tissue from COVID-19 donors was used to detect SARS-CoV-2 spike and envelope proteins. Primary hCECs isolated from cadaver eyes were infected with the parental SARS-CoV-2 and its beta variant of concern (VOC). Viral genome copy number, and expression of viral entry receptors, TLRs, interferons, and innate immune response genes were determined by qPCR. Viral entry receptors were examined in hCECs and tissue sections by immunostaining. Spike protein was detected in the cell culture supernatant by dot blot. RESULTS Spike and envelope proteins were found in conjunctiva from COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 infected hCECs showed high viral copy numbers at 24-72h post-infection; spike protein levels were the highest at 24hpi. Viral entry receptors ACE2, TMPRSS2, CD147, Axl, and NRP1 were detected in conjunctival tissue and hCECs. SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced receptor gene expression peaked at early time points post-infection, but gene expression of most TLRs peaked at 48 or 72hpi. SARS-CoV-2 infected hCECs showed higher expression of genes regulating antiviral response, RIG-I, interferons (α, β, & λ), ISG15 & OAS2, cytokines (IL6, IL1β, TNFα), and chemokines (CXCL10, CCL5). Compared to the parental strain, beta VOC induced increased viral copy number and innate response in hCECs. CONCLUSIONS Conjunctival epithelial cells are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Beta VOC is more infectious than the parental strain and evokes a higher antiviral and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences / Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruchi Shah
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrei A Kramerov
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert Emery Wright
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences / Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Tanya M Spektor
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexander V Ljubimov
- Eye Program, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences / Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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14
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Zhang S, Zang Y, Lu Q, Ma J, Jiang X, Qu J, Zhang J, Peng R, Luo M, Hong J. Establishing an Animal Model of Cytomegalovirus Keratouveitis in Rats: Broad Infection of Anterior Segment Tissue by Cytomegalovirus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:22. [PMID: 34698772 PMCID: PMC8556561 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.13.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Considering the difficulty of obtaining adequate biological tissue in clinical practice, we established an animal model of cytomegalovirus (CMV) keratouveitis in rats and investigated the viral infection sites and corresponding imaging and histopathological features. Methods Subconjunctival injection and topical use of dexamethasone were used to induce ocular immunosuppression in rats followed by intracameral inoculation of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV). The clinical manifestations, intraocular pressure (IOP) and imaging changes were observed. Infected eyes were further examined by immunofluorescence, light microscopy, and electron microscopy. MCMV RNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results Typical keratouveitis occurred in the experimental rats and was characterized by corneal edema, keratic precipitates, and iridocyclitis with increased IOP. Corneal endothelial lesions displayed as “black holes,” enlarged intercellular gaps, and high-intensity cellular infiltration by confocal microscopy, consistent with the pathological changes of “ballooning degeneration,” endothelial cell detachment, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Mitochondrial edema was the most prominent organelle lesion in endothelial cells. Trabeculitis, mechanical obstruction of Schlemm's canal, and anterior chamber angle stenosis accounted for elevated IOP. Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body tended to transform into a chronic form. Immunofluorescence revealed that corneal endothelial cells, iris cells, trabecular meshwork cells, and monocytes could be infected by MCMV. MCMV RNA was found in the anterior segments after infection. Conclusions CMV can widely infect anterior segment tissue, including the corneal endothelium, iris, and trabecular meshwork, in vivo, inducing the corresponding clinical manifestations. Corneal endotheliitis and hypertensive anterior uveitis could be the specific stage of anterior segment infection of CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Yunxiao Zang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinghao Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Rongmei Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, China
| | - Minhua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Restoration of Damaged Ocular Nerve, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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15
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Li Y, Shi S, Xia F, Shan C, Ha Y, Zou J, Adam A, Zhang M, Wang T, Liu H, Shi PY, Zhang W. Zika virus induces neuronal and vascular degeneration in developing mouse retina. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:97. [PMID: 34034828 PMCID: PMC8147371 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, can cause severe eye disease and even blindness in newborns. However, ZIKV-induced retinal lesions have not been studied in a comprehensive way, mechanisms of ZIKV-induced retinal abnormalities are unknown, and no therapeutic intervention is available to treat or minimize the degree of vision loss in patients. Here, we developed a novel mouse model of ZIKV infection to evaluate its impact on retinal structure. ZIKV (20 plaque-forming units) was inoculated into neonatal wild type C57BL/6J mice at postnatal day (P) 0 subcutaneously. Retinas of infected mice and age-matched controls were collected at various ages, and retinal structural alterations were analyzed. We found that ZIKV induced progressive neuronal and vascular damage and retinal inflammation starting from P8. ZIKV-infected retina exhibited dramatically decreased thickness with loss of neurons, initial neovascular tufts followed by vessel dilation and degeneration, increased microglia and leukocyte recruitment and activation, degeneration of astrocyte network and gliosis. The above changes may involve inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cell apoptosis and necroptosis. Moreover, we evaluated the efficacy of preclinical drugs and the safety of ZIKV vaccine candidate in this mouse model. We found that ZIKV-induced retinal abnormalities could be blocked by a selective flavivirus inhibitor NITD008 and a live-attenuated ZIKV vaccine candidate could potentially induce retinal abnormalities. Overall, we established a novel mouse model and provide a direct causative link between ZIKV and retinal lesion in vivo, which warrants further investigation of the underlying mechanisms of ZIKV-induced retinopathy and the development of effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0144 USA
| | - Shuizhen Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0144 USA
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0144 USA
| | - Chao Shan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0144 USA
| | - Yonju Ha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0144 USA
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0144 USA
| | - Awadalkareem Adam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0144 USA
- Sealy Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0144 USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0144 USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
- Departments of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
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16
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Singh S, Sawant OB, Mian SI, Kumar A. Povidone-Iodine Attenuates Viral Replication in Ocular Cells: Implications for Ocular Transmission of RNA Viruses. Biomolecules 2021; 11:753. [PMID: 34069869 PMCID: PMC8157382 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, can infect or use the eye as an entry portal to cause ocular or systemic diseases. Povidone-Iodine (PVP-I) is routinely used during ocular surgeries and eye banking as a cost-effective disinfectant due to its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, including against viruses. However, whether PVP-I can exert antiviral activities in virus-infected cells remains elusive. In this study, using Zika (ZIKV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) virus infection of human corneal and retinal pigment epithelial cells, we report antiviral mechanisms of PVP-I. Our data showed that PVP-I, even at the lowest concentration (0.01%), drastically reduced viral replication in corneal and retinal cells without causing cellular toxicity. Antiviral effects of PVP-I against ZIKV and CHIKV were mediated by direct viral inactivation, thus attenuating the ability of the virus to infect host cells. Moreover, one-minute PVP-I exposure of infected ocular cells drastically reduced viral replication and the production of infectious progeny virions. Furthermore, viral-induced (CHIKV) expression of inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL1β) were markedly reduced in PVP-I treated corneal epithelial cells. Together, our results demonstrate potent antiviral effects of PVP-I against ZIKV and CHIKV infection of ocular cells. Thus, a low dose of PVP-I can be used during tissue harvesting for corneal transplants to prevent potential transmission of RNA viruses via infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Onkar B. Sawant
- Center for Vision and Eye Banking Research, Eversight, Cleveland, OH 44103, USA;
| | - Shahzad I. Mian
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA;
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Kresge Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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17
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Ryan FJ, Carr JM, Furtado JM, Ma Y, Ashander LM, Simões M, Oliver GF, Granado GB, Dawson AC, Michael MZ, Appukuttan B, Lynn DJ, Smith JR. Zika Virus Infection of Human Iris Pigment Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:644153. [PMID: 33968035 PMCID: PMC8100333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.644153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent Zika epidemics, adults infected with Zika virus (ZIKV) have developed organ-specific inflammatory complications. The most serious Zika-associated inflammatory eye disease is uveitis, which is commonly anterior in type, affecting both eyes and responding to corticosteroid eye drops. Mechanisms of Zika-associated anterior uveitis are unknown, but ZIKV has been identified in the aqueous humor of affected individuals. The iris pigment epithelium is a target cell population in viral anterior uveitis, and it acts to maintain immune privilege within the anterior eye. Interactions between ZIKV and human iris pigment epithelial cells were investigated with infectivity assays and RNA-sequencing. Primary cell isolates were prepared from eyes of 20 cadaveric donors, and infected for 24 hours with PRVABC59 strain ZIKV or incubated uninfected as control. Cytoimmunofluorescence, RT-qPCR on total cellular RNA, and focus-forming assays of culture supernatant showed cell isolates were permissive to infection, and supported replication and release of infectious ZIKV. To explore molecular responses of cell isolates to ZIKV infection at the whole transcriptome level, RNA was sequenced on the Illumina NextSeq 500 platform, and results were aligned to the human GRCh38 genome. Multidimensional scaling showed clear separation between transcriptomes of infected and uninfected cell isolates. Differential expression analysis indicated a vigorous molecular response of the cell to ZIKV: 7,935 genes were differentially expressed between ZIKV-infected and uninfected cells (FDR < 0.05), and 99% of 613 genes that changed at least two-fold were up-regulated. Reactome and KEGG pathway and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses indicated strong activation of viral recognition and defense, in addition to biosynthesis processes. A CHAT network included 6275 molecular nodes and 24 contextual hubs in the cell response to ZIKV infection. Receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 1 (RIPK1) was the most significantly connected contextual hub. Correlation of gene expression with read counts assigned to the ZIKV genome identified a negative correlation between interferon signaling and viral load across isolates. This work represents the first investigation of mechanisms of Zika-associated anterior uveitis using an in vitro human cell model. The results suggest the iris pigment epithelium mounts a molecular response that limits intraocular pathology in most individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feargal J Ryan
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jillian M Carr
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - João M Furtado
- Ophthalmology Division, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Yuefang Ma
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Liam M Ashander
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Milena Simões
- Ophthalmology Division, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Genevieve F Oliver
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - G Bracho Granado
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Abby C Dawson
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Z Michael
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Binoy Appukuttan
- Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - David J Lynn
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Justine R Smith
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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18
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Agrawal R, Seah I, Leo YS. Zika Virus and Anterior Uveitis-4 Years After the Pandemic. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 139:103-104. [PMID: 33237295 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.5138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh Agrawal
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Ivan Seah
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Yee-Sin Leo
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
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19
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Koujah L, Allaham M, Patil CD, Ames JM, Suryawanshi RK, Yadavalli T, Agelidis A, Mun C, Surenkhuu B, Jain S, Shukla D. Entry receptor bias in evolutionarily distant HSV-1 clinical strains drives divergent ocular and nervous system pathologies. Ocul Surf 2021; 21:238-249. [PMID: 33766740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection leads to varying pathologies including the development of ocular lesions, stromal keratitis and encephalitis. While the role for host immunity in disease progression is well understood, the contribution of genetic variances in generating preferential viral entry receptor usage and resulting immunopathogenesis in humans are not known. METHODS Ocular cultures were obtained from patients presenting distinct pathologies of herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). Next-generation sequencing and subsequent analysis characterized genetic variances among the strains and estimated evolutionary divergence. Murine model of ocular infection was used to assess phenotypic contributions of strain variances on damage to the ocular surface and propagation of innate immunity. Flow cytometry of eye tissue identified differential recruitment of immune cell populations, cytokine array probed for programming of local immune response in the draining lymph node and histology was used to assess inflammation of the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Ex-vivo corneal cultures and in-vitro studies elucidated the role of genetic variances in altering host-pathogen interactions, leading to divergent host responses. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis of the clinical isolates suggests evolutionary divergence among currently circulating HSV-1 strains. Mutations causing alterations in functional host interactions were identified, particularly in viral entry glycoproteins which generated a receptor bias to herpesvirus entry mediator, an immune modulator involved in immunopathogenic diseases like HSK, leading to exacerbated ocular surface pathologies and heightened viral burden in the TG and brainstem. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests receptor bias resulting from genetic variances in clinical strains may dictate disease severity and treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulia Koujah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mowafak Allaham
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar D Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joshua M Ames
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rahul K Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Alex Agelidis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Christine Mun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Bayasgalan Surenkhuu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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20
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Zika virus induces oxidative stress and decreases antioxidant enzyme activities in vitro and in vivo. Virus Res 2020; 286:198084. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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21
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Beaver JT, Mills LK, Swieboda D, Lelutiu N, Esser ES, Antao OQ, Scountzou E, Williams DT, Papaioannou N, Littauer EQ, Skountzou I. Zika virus-induced neuro-ocular pathology in immunocompetent mice correlates with anti-ganglioside autoantibodies. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2092-2108. [PMID: 32758108 PMCID: PMC7553712 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1775459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A severe consequence of adult Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), where autoreactive antibodies attack peripheral and central nervous systems (CNS) resulting in neuro-ocular pathology and fatal complications. During virally induced GBS, autoimmune brain demyelination and macular degeneration correlate with low virus neutralization and elevated antibody-mediated infection among Fcγ-R bearing cells. The use of interferon-deficient mice for ZIKV studies limits elucidation of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and long-term pathology (≥120 days), due to high lethality post-infection. Here we used immunocompetent BALB/c mice, which generate robust humoral immune responses, to investigate long-term impacts of ZIKV infection. A high infectious dose (1x106 FFU per mouse) of ZIKV was administered intravenously. Control animals received a single dose of anti-IFNAR blocking monoclonal antibody and succumbed to lethal neurological pathology within 13 days. Immunocompetent mice exhibited motor impairment such as arthralgia, as well as ocular inflammation resulting in retinal vascular damage, and corneal edema. This pathology persisted 100 days after infection with evidence of chronic inflammation in immune-privileged tissues, demyelination in the hippocampus and motor cortex regions of the brain, and retinal/corneal hyperplasia. Anti-inflammatory transcriptional responses were tissue-specific, likely contributing to differential pathology in these organs. Pathology in immunocompetent animals coincided with weakly neutralizing antibodies and increased ADE among ZIKV strains (PRVABC59, FLR, and MR766) and all Dengue virus (DENV) serotypes. These antibodies were autoreactive to GBS-associated gangliosides. This study highlights the importance of longevity studies in ZIKV infection and confirms the role of anti-ganglioside antibodies in ZIKV-induced neuro-ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Beaver
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lisa K Mills
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dominika Swieboda
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nadia Lelutiu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edward S Esser
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Olivia Q Antao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Dahnide T Williams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Papaioannou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elizabeth Q Littauer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, GA, USA
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22
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Zhou P, Zhou J. The Primary Cilium as a Therapeutic Target in Ocular Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:977. [PMID: 32676032 PMCID: PMC7333185 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are microtubule-based cellular structures located on the surfaces of most mammalian cells and play important roles in detecting external stimuli, signal transduction, and cell cycle regulation. Primary cilia are also present in several structures of the eye, and their abnormal development or dysfunction can cause various ocular diseases. The rapid development of proteomics and metabolomics technologies have helped in the identification of many ocular disease-related proteins, some of which are dysregulated in primary cilia. This review focuses on ciliary dysregulation in a number of ocular diseases and discusses the potential of targeting primary cilia in gene and stem cell therapy for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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23
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Garcia G, Paul S, Beshara S, Ramanujan VK, Ramaiah A, Nielsen-Saines K, Li MMH, French SW, Morizono K, Kumar A, Arumugaswami V. Hippo Signaling Pathway Has a Critical Role in Zika Virus Replication and in the Pathogenesis of Neuroinflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:844-861. [PMID: 32035058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a reemerging human pathogen that causes congenital abnormalities, including microcephaly and eye disease. The cellular/molecular basis of ZIKV and host interactions inducing ocular and neuronal pathogenesis are unclear. Herein, we noted that the Hippo/Salvador-Warts-Hippo signaling pathway, which controls organ size through progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, is dysregulated after ZIKV infection. In human fetal retinal pigment epithelial cells, there is an early induction of transcriptional coactivator, Yes-associated protein (YAP), which is later degraded with a corresponding activation of the TANK binding kinase 1/interferon regulatory factor 3 type I interferon pathway. YAP/transcriptional co-activator with a PDZ-binding domain (TAZ) silencing results in reduced ZIKV replication, indicating a direct role of Hippo pathway in regulating ZIKV infection. Using an in vivo Ifnar1-/- knockout mouse model, ZIKV infection was found to reduce YAP/TAZ protein levels while increasing phosphorylated YAP Ser127 in the retina and brain. Hippo pathway is activated in major cellular components of the blood-brain barrier, including endothelial cells and astrocytes. In addition, this result suggests AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway's role in regulating YAP/TAZ in ZIKV-infected cells. These data demonstrate that ZIKV infection might initiate a cross talk among AMP-activated protein kinase-Hippo-TBK1 pathways, which could regulate antiviral and energy stress responses during oculoneuronal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sayan Paul
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India
| | - Sara Beshara
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Arunachalam Ramaiah
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Karin Nielsen-Saines
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Melody M H Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Samuel W French
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kouki Morizono
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
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24
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Xiao X, Huang C, Cao Y, Chen S, Xu Y, Chen H, Pang C, Zhang M. Exome Sequencing Reveals a Heterozygous OAS3 Mutation in a Chinese Family With Juvenile-Onset Open-Angle Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:4277-4284. [PMID: 31618764 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Juvenile-onset open-angle glaucoma (JOAG), if left untreated, will lead to severe visual disability. The purpose of this study was to identify the disease-causing mutations in a Chinese JOAG family. Methods We recruited a Chinese JOAG family and unrelated primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients (270, Chinese), and performed whole-exome sequencing (WES) to screen the sequence variations. Variants identified by WES were validated by Sanger sequencing. Subsequently, qPCR and Western blotting were used to determine the expression of wild-type (WT) and its mutated-type (MT) of 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 3 (OAS3) genes. Results Seventeen heterozygous candidate variants were revealed in the JOAG family based on the screening of WES data. Of those, the heterozygous variant exon11:c.2299C>T: p.Arg767Cys in OAS3, a gene used to synthesize 2'-5'-oligoadenylate (2-5A), co-segregates with the disease phenotype. One unrelated POAG patient also carried this variant, but this variant was absent in 200 nonglaucoma healthy controls. Analysis of the Arg767Cys mutation with PolyPhen2, CADD, and SIFT all suggest that it is pathogenic. This arginine residue is highly conserved in all selected OAS3 orthologs. On the other hand, in peripheral blood samples, the mRNA expression of OAS3 in patients significantly decreased compared with unaffected controls. Moreover, the expression level of recombinant OAS3 protein (mutated Arg767Cys) also observably reduced compared with level of WT protein in HEK293T cells. Conclusions Our study revealed a heterozygous mutation in OAS3 from a Chinese JOAG family. And this mutation showed a deleterious effect to the expression of OAS3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Xiao
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Chukai Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Yingjie Cao
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Shaowan Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Yanxuan Xu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
| | - Chipui Pang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center, Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, China
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25
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Pathobiology of Aspergillus Fumigatus Endophthalmitis in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Mice. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090297. [PMID: 31466325 PMCID: PMC6780922 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite Aspergillus being the leading cause of exogenous fungal endophthalmitis following traumatic injury to the eye, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. In the current study, we developed a murine model of Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) endophthalmitis and investigated the disease pathobiology. Endophthalmitis was induced by intravitreal injection of Aspergillus spores in immunocompetent and immunocompromised (neutropenic) C57BL/6 mice, and disease severity was assessed by eye exam, fungal burden estimation, and histological examination. Our data showed that AF infection caused a time-dependent increase in corneal haze, opacity, and hypopyon beginning at two days post-infection (DPI). The fungal burden in infected eyes of immunocompetent mice peaked at 2 DPI and declined over 9 DPI. AF-infected neuroretina exhibited induction of innate immune response via upregulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammatory mediators (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL6), and increased polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration. Histological analysis revealed heavy cellular infiltrates in the vitreous cavity as well as disruption of normal retinal architecture and increased retinal cell death. Neutropenic mice exhibited severe disease pathology with the prolonged fungal burden and increased inflammatory mediators. Our study described the first immunocompetent murine model of exogenous AF endophthalmitis and demonstrated an important role of neutrophils in innate defense against fungal endophthalmitis.
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