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Coppinger M, Yang L, Popham DL, Ruby E, Stabb EV. Transient infection of Euprymna scolopes with an engineered D-alanine auxotroph of Vibrio fischeri. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024:e0129824. [PMID: 39235243 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01298-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The symbiosis between Vibrio fischeri and the Hawaiian bobtail squid, Euprymna scolopes, is a tractable and well-studied model of bacteria-animal mutualism. Here, we developed a method to transiently colonize E. scolopes using D-alanine (D-ala) auxotrophy of the symbiont, controlling the persistence of viable infection by supplying or withholding D-ala. We generated alanine racemase (alr) mutants of V. fischeri that lack avenues for mutational suppression of auxotrophy or reversion to prototrophy. Surprisingly, an ∆alr mutant did not require D-ala to grow in a minimal medium, a phenomenon requiring metC, which encodes cystathionine β-lyase. Likewise, overexpression of metC suppressed D-ala auxotrophy in a rich medium. To block potential mechanisms of suppression, we combined the ∆alr mutation with deletions of metC and/or bsrF, which encodes a broad-spectrum racemase and investigated the suppression rates of four D-ala auxotrophic strains. We then focused on ∆alr ∆bsrF mutant MC13, which has a suppression rate of <10-9. When D-ala was removed from a growing culture of MC13, cells rounded and lysed within 40 minutes. Transient colonization of E. scolopes was achieved by inoculating squid in seawater containing MC13 and D-ala, and then transferring the squid into water lacking D-ala, which resulted in loss of viable symbionts within hours. Interestingly, the symbionts within crypt 3 persisted longer than those of crypt 1, suggesting a difference in bacterial growth rate in distinct crypt environments. Our study highlights a new approach for inducing transient colonization and provides insight into the biogeography of the E. scolopes light organ.IMPORTANCEThe importance of this study is multi-faceted, providing a valuable methodological tool and insight into the biology of the symbiosis between Vibrio fischeri and Euprymna scolopes. First, the study sheds light on the critical role of D-ala for bacterial growth, and the underpinnings of D-ala synthesis. Our observations that metC obviates the need for D-ala supplementation of an alr mutant in minimal medium and that MetC-dependent growth correlates with D-ala in peptidoglycan, corroborate and extend previous findings in Escherichia coli regarding a role of MetC in D-ala production. Second, our isolation of robust D-ala auxotrophs led us to a novel method for studying the squid-Vibrio symbiosis, allowing for transient colonization without the use of antibiotics, and revealed intriguing differences in symbiont growth parameters in distinct light organ crypts. This work and the methodology developed will contribute to our understanding of the persistence and dynamics of V. fischeri within its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macey Coppinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Division of Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - David L Popham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Edward Ruby
- Division of Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Eric V Stabb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Yu T, Xu X, Liu Y, Wang X, Wu S, Qiu Z, Liu X, Pan X, Gu C, Wang S, Dong L, Li W, Yao X. Multi-omics signatures reveal genomic and functional heterogeneity of Cutibacterium acnes in normal and diseased skin. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:1129-1146.e8. [PMID: 38936370 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes is the most abundant bacterium of the human skin microbiome since adolescence, participating in both skin homeostasis and diseases. Here, we demonstrate individual and niche heterogeneity of C. acnes from 1,234 isolate genomes. Skin disease (atopic dermatitis and acne) and body site shape genomic differences of C. acnes, stemming from horizontal gene transfer and selection pressure. C. acnes harbors characteristic metabolic functions, fewer antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors, and a more stable genome compared with Staphylococcus epidermidis. Integrated genome, transcriptome, and metabolome analysis at the strain level unveils the functional characteristics of C. acnes. Consistent with the transcriptome signature, C. acnes in a sebum-rich environment induces toxic and pro-inflammatory effects on keratinocytes. L-carnosine, an anti-oxidative stress metabolite, is up-regulated in the C. acnes metabolome from atopic dermatitis and attenuates skin inflammation. Collectively, our study reveals the joint impact of genes and the microenvironment on C. acnes function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianze Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yang Liu
- 01life Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiaokai Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shi Wu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhuoqiong Qiu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Chaoying Gu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Shangshang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Lixin Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Institute of Dermatology, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Xu Yao
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Institute of Dermatology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing 210042, China.
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Montgomery VA, Wood‐Yang AJ, Styczynski MP, Prausnitz MR. Feasibility of engineered Bacillus subtilis for use as a microbiome-based topical drug delivery platform. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10645. [PMID: 39036074 PMCID: PMC11256169 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-adherence to medication is a major challenge in healthcare that results in worsened treatment outcomes for patients. Reducing the frequency of required administrations could improve adherence but is challenging for topical drug delivery due to the generally short residence time of topical formulations on the skin. In this study, we sought to determine the feasibility of developing a microbiome-based, long-acting, topical delivery platform using Bacillus subtilis for drug production and delivery on the skin, which was assessed using green fluorescent protein as a model heterologous protein for delivery. We developed a computational model of bacteria population dynamics on the skin and used its qualitative predictions to guide experimental design choices. Using an ex vivo pig skin model and a human skin tissue culture model, we saw persistence of delivered bacteria for multiple days and observed little evidence of cytotoxicity to human keratinocyte cells in vitro. Finally, using an in vivo mouse model, we found that the delivered bacteria persisted on the skin for at least 1 day during every-other-day application and did not appear to present safety concerns. Taken together, our results support the feasibility of using engineered B. subtilis for topical drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica A. Montgomery
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Emory University and Georgia TechGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Amy J. Wood‐Yang
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Mark P. Styczynski
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Mark R. Prausnitz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Emory University and Georgia TechGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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Roslan MAM, Omar MN, Sharif NAM, Raston NHA, Arzmi MH, Neoh HM, Ramzi AB. Recent advances in single-cell engineered live biotherapeutic products research for skin repair and disease treatment. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:95. [PMID: 38065982 PMCID: PMC10709320 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00463-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The human microbiome has emerged as a key player in maintaining skin health, and dysbiosis has been linked to various skin disorders. Amidst growing concerns regarding the side effects of antibiotic treatments, the potential of live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) in restoring a healthy microbiome has garnered significant attention. This review aims to evaluate the current state of the art of the genetically or metabolically engineered LBPs, termed single-cell engineered LBPs (eLBPs), for skin repair and disease treatment. While some studies demonstrate promising outcomes, the translation of eLBPs into clinical applications remains a significant hurdle. Substantial concerns arise regarding the practical implementation and scalability of eLBPs, despite the evident potential they hold in targeting specific cells and delivering therapeutic agents. This review underscores the need for further research, robust clinical trials, and the exploration of current advances in eLBP-based bioengineered bacterial chassis and new outlooks to substantiate the viability and effectiveness of eLBPs as a transformative approach in skin repair and disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Norfikri Omar
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Azlina Mohd Sharif
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Hanun Ahmad Raston
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Arzmi
- Department of Fundamental Dental & Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
- Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, 3053, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hui-Min Neoh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Hao M, Wang M, Zhao D, Shi Y, Yuan Y, Li J, Zhai Y, Liu X, Zhou D, Chen H, Lin P, Tang K, Liu W, Jin Y, Wang A. Alr Gene in Brucella suis S2: Its Role in Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis and Bacterial Virulence in RAW264.7. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10744. [PMID: 37445922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella suis, the causative agent of brucellosis, poses a significant public health and animal husbandry threat. However, the role of the alanine racemase (alr) gene, which encodes alanine racemase in Brucella, remains unclear. Here, we analyzed an alr deletion mutant and a complemented strain of Brucella suis S2. The knockout strain displayed an unaltered, smooth phenotype in acriflavine agglutination tests but lacked the core polysaccharide portion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Genes involved in the LPS synthesis were significantly upregulated in the deletion mutant. The alr deletion strain exhibited reduced intracellular viability in the macrophages, increased macrophage-mediated killing, and upregulation of the apoptosis markers. Bcl2, an anti-apoptotic protein, was downregulated, while the pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3, were upregulated in the macrophages infected with the deletion strain. The infected macrophages showed increased mitochondrial membrane permeability, Cytochrome C release, and reactive oxygen species, activating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. These findings revealed that alanine racemase was dispensable in B. suis S2 but influenced the strain's rough features and triggered the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway during macrophage invasion. The deletion of the alr gene reduced the intracellular survival and virulence. This study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying Brucella's survival and virulence and, specifically, how alr gene affects host immune evasion by regulating bacterial LPS biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Danyu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yong Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Junmei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yunyi Zhai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Pengfei Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Keqiong Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling District, Xianyang 712100, China
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Staphylococcus epidermidis and its dual lifestyle in skin health and infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:97-111. [PMID: 36042296 PMCID: PMC9903335 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The coagulase-negative bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis is a member of the human skin microbiota. S. epidermidis is not merely a passive resident on skin but actively primes the cutaneous immune response, maintains skin homeostasis and prevents opportunistic pathogens from causing disease via colonization resistance. However, it is now appreciated that S. epidermidis and its interactions with the host exist on a spectrum of potential pathogenicity derived from its high strain-level heterogeneity. S. epidermidis is the most common cause of implant-associated infections and is a canonical opportunistic biofilm former. Additional emerging evidence suggests that some strains of S. epidermidis may contribute to the pathogenesis of common skin diseases. Here, we highlight new developments in our understanding of S. epidermidis strain diversity, skin colonization dynamics and its multifaceted interactions with the host and other members of the skin microbiota.
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Engineering a "detect and destroy" skin probiotic to combat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276795. [PMID: 36520793 PMCID: PMC9754240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and virulence of pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus (MRSA), which can cause recurrent skin infections, are of significant clinical concern. Prolonged antibiotic exposure to treat or decolonize S. aureus contributes to development of antibiotic resistance, as well as depletion of the microbiome, and its numerous beneficial functions. We hypothesized an engineered skin probiotic with the ability to selectively deliver antimicrobials only in the presence of the target organism could provide local bioremediation of pathogen colonization. We constructed a biosensing S. epidermidis capable of detecting the presence of S. aureus quorum sensing autoinducer peptide and producing lysostaphin in response. Here, we demonstrate in vitro activity of this biosensor and present and discuss challenges to deployment of this and other engineered topical skin probiotics.
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Brennan AM. Development of Synthetic Biotics as Treatments for Human Diseases. Synth Biol (Oxf) 2022; 7:ysac001. [PMID: 35350191 PMCID: PMC8944296 DOI: 10.1093/synbio/ysac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in synthetic biology have allowed the generation of strains of bacteria that are genetically altered to have specific therapeutic benefits. These synthetic biotics, also widely referred to as engineered living therapeutics, have tremendous potential as a new therapeutic modality, and several have advanced into the clinic and human testing. This review outlines some of the unique attributes of synthetic biotics as well as some of the challenges in their development as prescription products. Regulatory considerations are discussed, and a case study of a program that has advanced into Phase 2 testing is provided: SYNB1618 for the treatment of PKU.
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Nikolaeva MY, Monakhov KN, Sokolovskiy EV. Disorders of the skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2021. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The notion of skin microbiome encompasses a heterogeneous group of microorganisms that belong to various taxonomic units, such as bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. The impact of these microbial community constituents upon the epidermal barrier condition, and upon the immune system functioning, is being intensely scrutinized. There is a particular interest in studying the role that the microorganisms of genus Staphylococcus spp. play in the course of physiological and pathological processes occurring in the skin. This review examines in detail the interaction of the microorganisms of genus Staphylococcus spp. with the microbial community constituents, as well as with the skin immune system in normal condition and in the condition associated with inflammatory dermatoses. There are also the data given on S. aureus pathogenicity factors, the data on the impact of this microorganism upon the course of atopic dermatitis, and upon the course of psoriasis. The review examines the role that coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. epidermidis in particular, play in maintaining the microbiome homeostasis. The review as well examines the impact of the skin microbiome upon the development and activity of the skin immune system, and upon maintaining the integrity of the epidermal barrier.
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Vargason AM, Anselmo AC. Live Biotherapeutic Products and Probiotics for the Skin. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ava M. Vargason
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Aaron C. Anselmo
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
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Skin bacterial volatiles: propelling the future of vector control. Trends Parasitol 2021; 38:15-22. [PMID: 34548253 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The skin microbiota plays an essential role in the protection against pathogens. It is our skin microbiota that makes us smell different from each other, rendering us more or less attractive to mosquitoes. Mosquitoes exploit skin bacterial odours to locate their hosts and are vectors of pathogens that can cause severe diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. A novel solution for long-lasting protection against insect vectors of disease could be attained by manipulating the bacterial commensals on human skin. The current options for protection against biting insects usually require topical application of repellents that evaporate within hours. We discuss possible routes for the use of commensal bacteria to create a microbial-based repellent.
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