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Ladiwala P, Cai X, Naik HM, Aliyu L, Schilling M, Antoniewicz MR, Betenbaugh MJ. Ala-Cys-Cys-Ala dipeptide dimer alleviates problematic cysteine and cystine levels in media formulations and enhances CHO cell growth and metabolism. Metab Eng 2024; 85:105-115. [PMID: 39047893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Cysteine and cystine are essential amino acids present in mammalian cell cultures. While contributing to biomass synthesis, recombinant protein production, and antioxidant defense mechanisms, cysteine poses a major challenge in media formulations owing to its poor stability and oxidation to cystine, a cysteine dimer. Due to its poor solubility, cystine can cause precipitation of feed media, formation of undesired products, and consequently, reduce cysteine bioavailability. In this study, a highly soluble cysteine containing dipeptide dimer, Ala-Cys-Cys-Ala (ACCA), was evaluated as a suitable alternative to cysteine and cystine in CHO cell cultures. Replacing cysteine and cystine in basal medium with ACCA did not sustain cell growth. However, addition of ACCA at 4 mM and 8 mM to basal medium containing cysteine and cystine boosted cell growth up to 15% and 27% in CHO-GS and CHO-K1 batch cell cultures respectively and led to a proportionate increase in IgG titer. 13C-Metabolic flux analysis revealed that supplementation of ACCA reduced glycolytic fluxes by 20% leading to more efficient glucose metabolism in CHO-K1 cells. In fed-batch cultures, ACCA was able to replace cysteine and cystine in feed medium. Furthermore, supplementation of ACCA at high concentrations in basal medium eliminated the need for any cysteine equivalents in feed medium and increased cell densities and viabilities in fed-batch cultures without any significant impact on IgG charge variants. Taken together, this study demonstrates the potential of ACCA to improve CHO cell growth, productivity, and metabolism while also facilitating the formulation of cysteine- and cystine-free feed media. Such alternatives to cysteine and cystine will pave the way for enhanced biomanufacturing by increasing cell densities in culture and extending the storage of highly concentrated feed media as part of achieving intensified bioproduction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Ladiwala
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Xiangchen Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Harnish Mukesh Naik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Lateef Aliyu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | | | - Maciek R Antoniewicz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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Rocha PSM, Araújo AS, Cassella RJ. Single-vial preconcentration and cold vapor generation for the determination of Hg(II) in water samples of different salinities. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4674-4683. [PMID: 37668437 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01073b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a single-vial methodology for the extraction and cold vapor generation of mercury(II) was developed, followed by the determination of the analyte by atomic absorption spectrometry, with application in water samples of different salinities. L-cystine-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (2LcysMNP) were used as sorbent material in the magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) in the same flask in which the mercury vapor generation step was performed using a handmade gas-liquid separator developed in our laboratory. The main conditions for extraction, pre-concentration, and cold vapor generation of mercury were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, detection and quantification limits of 0.04 and 0.12 μg L-1, respectively, were achieved with a relative standard deviation of 7.5%. The single-vial system allowed for a preconcentration factor of 30 and an enrichment factor of 24. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by applying it to certified reference materials, and the obtained values were not significantly different from the expected values according to the Student's t-test. Verification of non-specific interferences was assessed by recovery tests, resulting in recoveries ranging from 81 to 111% for water samples of different salinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S M Rocha
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil.
| | - André S Araújo
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo J Cassella
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói, RJ 24020-141, Brazil.
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Synthesis and characterization of new azo saccharin derivatives dyes and their applications on different fibers. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hasan MM, Shahriar I, Ali MA, Halim M, Ehsan MQ. Experimental and computational studies on Transition metals Interaction with Leucine and Isoleucine. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Jiang Z, Wang T, Yuan S, Wang M, Qi W, Su R, He Z. A tumor-sensitive biological metal-organic complex for drug delivery and cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:7189-7196. [PMID: 32618980 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic complexes (MOCs) or metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted increasing interest for constructing nanoscale drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. However, conventional MOC/MOF materials usually contain toxic metals or low-biocompatible organic ligands. Also, current approaches for creating tumor-sensitive nanocarriers are always based on the instability of coordination bonds under acidic conditions, or through post-synthetic modification with sensitive molecules. As a matter of fact, it is more facile to fabricate tumor-sensitive MOCs/MOFs based on the stimuli-responsiveness of organic ligands. In this study, a novel tumor-sensitive biological MOC (bioMOC-Zn(Cys)) was created through the assembly of endogenous Zn2+ ions and the small biological molecule (l-cystine, Cys). The disulfide bond in l-cystine is cleavable by the overexpressed GSH in tumor cells, thus achieving rapid release of drugs from nanocarriers. By encapsulating doxorubicin (DOX) in bioMOC-Zn(Cys), DOX@bioMOC-Zn(Cys) displayed higher cellular uptake and cytotoxicity in cancer cells than free DOX. In vivo investigations indicated that DOX@bioMOC-Zn(Cys) largely inhibited tumor growth and reduced side effects. Remarkably, since both metal ions and organic ligands were obtained from biological sources, bioMOC-Zn(Cys) exhibited superior biocompatibility. This study presents a new method for fabricating MOC-based nanodrugs with high tumor-sensitivity and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelei Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
| | - Mengfan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China. and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wei Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China. and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China and The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Rongxin Su
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China. and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China and The Co-Innovation Centre of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Tianjin, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhimin He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China.
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Guan M, Wang M, Qi W, Su R, He Z. Biomineralization-inspired copper-cystine nanoleaves capable of laccase-like catalysis for the colorimetric detection of epinephrine. Front Chem Sci Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-020-1940-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Al‐Janabi ASM, Zaky R, Yousef TA, Nomi BS, Shaaban S. Synthesis, characterization, computational simulation, biological and anticancer evaluation of Pd(II), Pt(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) complexes with 2‐amino‐4‐phenyl‐5‐selenocyanatothiazol ligand. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201900454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. M. Al‐Janabi
- Biochemistry Department, College of Veterinary MedicineTikrit University Tikrit Iraq
| | - Rania Zaky
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceMansoura University Mansoura Egypt
| | - Tarak A. Yousef
- Chemistry Department, Science CollegeImam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Toxic, Narcotic Drug and Forensic Medicine Department, Mansoura Laboratory, Medicolegal OrganizationMinistry of Justice Egypt
| | - Bashar S. Nomi
- Microbiology Department, College of Veterinary MedicineTikrit University Tikrit Iraq
| | - Saad Shaaban
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of ScienceMansoura University Mansoura Egypt
- Chemistry Department, College of ScienceKing Faisal University Al‐Hofuf Saudi Arabia
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Stratton A, Ericksen M, Harris TV, Symmonds N, Silverstein TP. Mercury(II) binds to both of chymotrypsin's histidines, causing inhibition followed by irreversible denaturation/aggregation. Protein Sci 2017; 26:292-305. [PMID: 27859834 PMCID: PMC5275735 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of mercury is often attributed to its tight binding to cysteine thiolate anions in vital enzymes. To test our hypothesis that Hg(II) binding to histidine could be a significant factor in mercury's toxic effects, we studied the enzyme chymotrypsin, which lacks free cysteine thiols; we found that chymotrypsin is not only inhibited, but also denatured by Hg(II). We followed the aggregation of denatured enzyme by the increase in visible absorbance due to light scattering. Hg(II)-induced chymotrypsin precipitation increased dramatically above pH 6.5, and free imidazole inhibited this precipitation, implicating histidine-Hg(II) binding in the process of chymotrypsin denaturation/aggregation. Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) blocked chymotrypsin's two histidines (his40 and his57 ) quickly and completely, with an IC50 of 35 ± 6 µM. DEPC at 350 µM reduced the hydrolytic activity of chymotrypsin by 90%, suggesting that low concentrations of DEPC react with his57 at the active site catalytic triad; furthermore, DEPC below 400 µM enhanced the Hg(II)-induced precipitation of chymotrypsin. We conclude that his57 reacts readily with DEPC, causing enzyme inhibition and enhancement of Hg(II)-induced aggregation. Above 500 µM, DEPC inhibited Hg(II)-induced precipitation, and [DEPC] >2.5 mM completely protected chymotrypsin against precipitation. This suggests that his40 reacts less readily with DEPC, and that chymotrypsin denaturation is caused by Hg(II) binding specifically to the his40 residue. Finally, we show that Hg(II)-histidine binding may trigger hemoglobin aggregation as well. Because of results with these two enzymes, we suggest that metal-histidine binding may be key to understanding all heavy metal-induced protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nick Symmonds
- Chemistry DepartmentWillamette UniversitySalemOregon97301
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