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Synthetic carbohydrate-based cell wall components from Staphylococcus aureus. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 38:35-43. [PMID: 34895639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycopolymers are found surrounding the outer layer of many bacterial species. The first uses as immunogenic component in vaccines are reported since the beginning of the XX century, but it is only in the last decades that glycoconjugate based vaccines have been effectively applied for controlling and preventing several infectious diseases, such as H. influenzae type b (Hib), N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae or group B Streptococcus. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains has been appointed by the WHO as one of those pathogens, for which new treatments are urgently needed. Herein we present an overview of the carbohydrate-based cell wall polymers associated with different S. aureus strains and the related affords to deliver well-defined fragments through synthetic chemistry.
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Chizhov AO, Gening ML, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Tandem Electrospray Mass Spectrometry of Cyclic N-Substituted Oligo-β-(1→6)-D-glucosamines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8284. [PMID: 33167433 PMCID: PMC7663939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High-resolution electrospray mass spectra (MS and MS/MS CID) of positive ions of a series of protonated, ammoniated, and metallated molecules of cyclic N-substituted oligo-β-(1→6)-D-glucosamines differing in cycle size and N-acyl substituents were registered and interpreted. It was shown that the main type of fragmentation is a cleavage of glycosidic bonds of a cycle, and in some cases fragmentation of amide side chains is possible. If labile fragments in substituents (e.g., carbohydrate chains) are present, a decay of the cycle and an elimination of labile fragments are of comparable possibility. It was found that in some cases rearrangements with loss of an internal carbohydrate residue (IRL), or an internal part of a side chain, are feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O. Chizhov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Leninskii Prosp., Moscow 119991, Russia; (M.L.G.); (Y.E.T.); (N.E.N.)
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Gening ML, Pier GB, Nifantiev NE. Broadly protective semi-synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine against pathogens capable of producing poly-β-(1→6)-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine exopolysaccharide. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 35-36:13-21. [PMID: 33388124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Poly-β-(1→6)-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) was first discovered as a major component of biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and some other staphylococci but later this exopolysaccharide was also found to be produced by pathogens of various nature. This common antigen is considered as a promising target for construction of a broadly protective vaccine. Extensive studies of PNAG, its de-N-acetylated derivative (dPNAG, containing around 15% of residual N-acetates) and their conjugates with Tetanus Toxoid (TT) revealed the crucial role of de-N-acetylated glucosamine units for the induction of protective immunity. Conjugates of synthetic penta- (5GlcNH2) and nona-β-(1→6)-d-glucosamines (9GlcNH2) were tested in vitro and in different animal models and proved to be effective in passive and active protection against different microbial pathogens. Presently conjugate 5GlcNH2-TT is being produced under GMP conditions and undergoes safety and effectiveness evaluation in humans and economically important animals. Current review summarizes all stages of this long-termed study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Gening
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gerald B Pier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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Forman A, Pfoh R, Eddenden A, Howell PL, Nitz M. Synthesis of defined mono-de-N-acetylated β-(1→6)-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine oligosaccharides to characterize PgaB hydrolase activity. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:9456-9466. [PMID: 31642455 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob02079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many clinically-relevant biofilm-forming bacterial strains produce partially de-N-acetylated poly-β-(1→6)-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (dPNAG) as an exopolysaccharide. In Gram-negative bacteria, the periplasmic protein PgaB is responsible for partial de-N-acetylation of PNAG prior to its export to the extracellular space. In addition to de-N-acetylase activity found in the N-terminal domain, PgaB contains a C-terminal hydrolase domain that can disrupt dPNAG-dependent biofilms and hydrolyzes dPNAG but not fully acetylated PNAG. The role of this C-terminal domain in biofilm formation has yet to be determined in vivo. Further characterization of the enzyme's hydrolase activity has been hampered by a lack of specific dPNAG oligosaccharides. Here, we report the synthesis of a defined mono de-N-acetylated dPNAG penta- and hepta-saccharide. Using mass spectrometry analysis and a fluorescence-based thin-layer chromatography (TLC) assay, we found that our defined dPNAG oligosaccharides are hydrolase substrates. In addition to the expected cleavage site, two residues to the reducing side of the de-N-acetylated residue, minor cleavage products on the non-reducing side of the de-N-acetylation site were observed. These findings provide quantitative data to support how PNAG is processed in Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Forman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3H6.
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Dräger M, Basu A. Galactan synthesis in a single step via oligomerization of monosaccharides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:2658-63. [PMID: 25550728 PMCID: PMC4273286 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactans ranging in length from one to five residues were prepared in a single step by treatment of the glycosyl donor 2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl fluoride with lanthanum perchlorate in the presence of an initiator alcohol. The product oligosaccharides were readily chromatographically separable. This oligomerization was used to synthesize a pentagalactan in a single step from monosaccharide building blocks in reasonable overall yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Dräger
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Amit Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Box H, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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Titov DV, Gening ML, Gerbst AG, Chizhov AO, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Stereochemistry of intramolecular cyclization of tetra-β-(1→6)-d-glucosamines and related tetrasaccharides: the role of the conformational stereocontrol and the neighboring group participation. Carbohydr Res 2013; 381:161-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Titov DV, Gening ML, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Conjugates of cyclooligosaccharide scaffolds and carbohydrate ligands: Methods for synthesis and the interaction with lectins. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2013; 39:509-46. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162013050142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gening ML, Tsvetkov YE, Titov DV, Gerbst AG, Yudina ON, Grachev AA, Shashkov AS, Vidal S, Imberty A, Saha T, Kand D, Talukdar P, Pier GB, Nifantiev NE. Linear and cyclic oligo-β-(1→6)-D-glucosamines: Synthesis, conformations, and applications for design of a vaccine and oligodentate glycoconjugates. PURE APPL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1351/pac-con-12-09-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Poly-β-(1→6)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine is an exopolysaccharide secreted by numerous pathogenic bacteria, includingStaphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Yersinia pestis,Bordetella pertussis,Acinetobacter baumannii,Burkholderiaspp., and others. A convergent approach was developed for the synthesis of oligosaccharide fragments consisting of 5, 7, 9, and 11 glucosamine orN-acetylglucosamine units and for the preparation of five nona-β-(1→6)-D-glucosamines with variousN-acetylation patterns. Penta- and nona-β‑(1→6)-D-glucosamines conjugated to protein carriers through a specially developed sulfhydryl linker proved to be highly immunogenic in mice and rabbits and elicited antibodies that mediated opsonic killing of multiple strains ofS. aureus(including methicillin-resistantS. aureus, MRSA) andE. coli, and protected againstS. aureusskin abscesses and lethalE. coliandB. cenocepaciaperitonitis. These findings provide a basis for the construction of a unique semisynthetic vaccine against multiple bacterial targets. Conformational studies by means of special NMR experiments and computer modeling revealed that the oligo-β-(1→6)-D-glucosamine chain exists mostly in a helix-like conformation, where the terminal monosaccharides are arranged close to each other. Owing to this feature, oligoglucosamines consisting of 2 to 7 residues easily form products of cycloglycosylation. Cyclooligo-β-(1→6)-D-glucosamines represent a new family of functionalized cyclic oligosaccharides. Owing to their molecular architectonics, these compounds are convenient scaffolds for the design of conjugates with defined valency, symmetry, flexibility, and function.
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Gening ML, Titov DV, Cecioni S, Audfray A, Gerbst AG, Tsvetkov YE, Krylov VB, Imberty A, Nifantiev NE, Vidal S. Synthesis of Multivalent Carbohydrate-Centered Glycoclusters as Nanomolar Ligands of the Bacterial Lectin LecA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chemistry 2013; 19:9272-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Weaver LG, Singh Y, Blanchfield JT, Burn PL. A simple iterative method for the synthesis of β-(1→6)-glucosamine oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Res 2013; 371:68-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Grachev AA, Gerbst AG, Gening ML, Titov DV, Yudina ON, Tsvetkov YE, Shashkov AS, Pier GB, Nifantiev NE. NMR and conformational studies of linear and cyclic oligo-(1→6)-β-D-glucosamines. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2499-510. [PMID: 21945383 PMCID: PMC3201778 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The conformational behavior of a series of linear and cyclic oligo-(1→6)-β-D-glucosamines and their N-acetylated derivatives, which are related to fragments of natural poly-N-acetylglucosamine, was studied by theoretical molecular modeling and experimental determination of transglycosidic vicinal coupling constants (3)J(C,H) and (3)J(H,H). Molecular dynamics simulations were performed under several types of conditions varying in the consideration of ionization of amino groups, solvent effect, and temperature. Neural network clustering and asphericity calculations were performed on the basis of molecular dynamics data. It was shown that disaccharide fragments in the studied linear oligosaccharides were not rigid, and tended to have several conformers, thus determining the overall twisted shape with helical elements. In addition, it was found that the behavior of C5-C6 bond depended significantly upon the simulation conditions. The cyclic di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides mostly had symmetrical ring-shaped conformations. The larger cycles tended to adopt more complicated shapes, and the conformational behavior of their disaccharide fragments was close to that in the linear oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Grachev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow (Russia)
| | - Alexey G. Gerbst
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow (Russia)
| | - Marina L. Gening
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow (Russia)
| | - Denis V. Titov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow (Russia)
| | - Olga N. Yudina
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow (Russia)
| | - Yury E. Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow (Russia)
| | - Alexander S. Shashkov
- NMR spectroscopy, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow (Russia)
| | - Gerald B. Pier
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA (USA)
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, 119991 Moscow (Russia)
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12
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Chun Y, Yan S, Li X, Ding N, Zhang W, Wang P, Li M, Li Y. Synthesis of 1,6-anhydro sugars catalyzed by silica supported perchloric acid. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Yudina ON, Gening ML, Tsvetkov YE, Grachev AA, Pier GB, Nifantiev NE. Synthesis of five nona-β-(1→6)-d-glucosamines with various patterns of N-acetylation corresponding to the fragments of exopolysaccharide of Staphylococcus aureus. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:905-13. [PMID: 21474120 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of five 3-acetamidopropyl β-glycosides of nona-β-(1→6)-glucosamines containing two N-acetylglucosamine residues separated by a different number of glucosamine units with free amino groups have been synthesized using a convergent blockwise approach. Oxazoline glycosylation was used to introduce N-acetylglucosamine residues. These nonasaccharides are structurally related to the poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) extracellular polysaccharide of Staphylococcus aureus and can be used as models for biochemical and immunological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N Yudina
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Gening ML, Titov DV, Grachev AA, Gerbst AG, Yudina ON, Shashkov AS, Chizhov AO, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Synthesis, NMR, and Conformational Studies of Cyclic Oligo-(1→6)-β-D-Glucosamines. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Gening ML, Tsvetkov YE, Pier GB, Nifantiev NE. Synthesis of beta-(1-->6)-linked glucosamine oligosaccharides corresponding to fragments of the bacterial surface polysaccharide poly-N-acetylglucosamine. Carbohydr Res 2006; 342:567-75. [PMID: 16952342 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-beta-acetamidopropyl oligo-beta-(1-->6)-glucosamines consisting of 5, 7, 9 and 11 glucosamine residues, and a series of corresponding per-N-acetylated derivatives were synthesized using a convergent blockwise approach. These compounds represent fragments of a bacterial surface polysaccharide produced by numerous bacterial pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, and will be used as models for its biochemical and immunological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Gening
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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