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Majumdar S, Murphy PM. Chemokine Regulation During Epidemic Coronavirus Infection. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:600369. [PMID: 33613280 PMCID: PMC7890195 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.600369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus-2) is the third coronavirus to emerge as a cause of severe and frequently fatal pneumonia epidemics in humans, joining SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus). As with many infectious diseases, the immune response to coronavirus infection may act as a double-edged sword: necessary for promoting antiviral host defense, but, if not appropriately regulated, also able to incite life-threatening immunopathology. Key immunoregulatory mediators include the chemokines, a large family of leukocyte chemoattractants that coordinate leukocyte infiltration, positioning and activation in infected tissue by acting at specific G protein-coupled receptors. Here, we compare the involvement of chemokines and chemokine receptors during infection with the three epidemic coronaviruses and discuss their potential value as biomarkers and targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip M. Murphy
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
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IP-10 dried blood spots assay monitoring treatment efficacy in extrapulmonary tuberculosis in a low-resource setting. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3871. [PMID: 30846768 PMCID: PMC6405853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment efficacy is difficult to evaluate in extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) patients. Interferon-γ inducible protein (IP-)10 has been suggested as a biomarker for response to treatment. We have investigated if IP-10 from dried plasma spots (DPS) or dried blood spots (DBS) can be used in treatment monitoring of EPTB patients in a low-resource setting of Zanzibar. IP-10 levels in plasma, DPS and DBS samples collected before, during (2 months) and after TB treatment of 36 EPTB patients (6 culture and/or Xpert MTB/RIF positive and 30 clinically diagnosed) and 8 pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients, were quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. There was a high positive correlation between IP-10 measured in plasma and DPS and DBS, respectively. We found a significant decline in IP-10 levels from baseline to end of treatment in plasma, DPS and DBS, both in EPTB and PTB patients. The declines were observed already after 2 months in HIV negative patients. In conclusion, the DPS/DBS IP-10 assay allows for easy and manageable monitoring in low-resource settings and our findings suggest that IP-10 may serve as a biomarker for treatment efficacy in EPTB patients, albeit further studies in cohorts of patients with treatment failure and relapse are needed.
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Ruhwald M, Aabye MG, Ravn P. IP-10 release assays in the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2012; 12:175-87. [PMID: 22369377 DOI: 10.1586/erm.11.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The current state-of-the-art tests for infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis - the IFN-γ release assays - rely on accurate measurement of the cytokine IFN-γ. Many other potential biomarkers are expressed in concert with IFN-γ, and IP-10 in particular has shown promising results. IP-10 is produced in large amounts, allowing for the development of new and simplified test platforms, such as lateral flow. In this review, we summarize the results of 22 clinical studies exploring the use of IP-10 as an alternative marker to IFN-γ. The studies report that diagnostic accuracy of IP-10 is on par with IFN-γ, but also that IP-10 may be more robust in young children and in HIV-infected individuals with low CD4 cell counts. We conclude the review by presenting limitations of the published works and outline recent developments and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Ruhwald
- Clinical Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Roe MFE, Bloxham DM, Cowburn AS, O'Donnell DR. Changes in helper lymphocyte chemokine receptor expression and elevation of IP-10 during acute respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22:229-34. [PMID: 20561238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2010.01032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is known that lymphopenia caused by apoptosis may occur during severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. However, further evidence about how T-cell subsets may be affected in infants during severe RSV bronchiolitis is needed to understand the mechanisms through which immunological memory may be altered. There is increasingly convincing evidence that RSV may be associated with the development of atopy and asthma. Surrogates of Th1, Th2 and regulatory T-lymphocyte populations were measured in blood from children with acute RSV bronchiolitis and in convalescence using the cell surface receptors CXCR3, CCR4 and CD25, respectively. Samples were also obtained from healthy age-matched controls. Plasma levels of the chemokines interferon-γ inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), which are known ligands for CXCR3 and CCR4, were also measured. Free plasma DNA was measured using quantitative PCR. CXCR3-positive cells were significantly decreased during acute infection (p = 0.013), while CCR4 and CD25 T-cell populations were unchanged. Plasma levels of IP-10 were markedly elevated in acute infection (p = 0.001). Convalescent samples were not significantly different to control samples for lymphocyte phenotypes or plasma chemokines. Elevated free plasma DNA was detected during acute infection compared with convalescence and controls. A profound reduction in the Th1, but not Th2, and CD25-positive lymphocyte populations associated with exaggerated IP-10 production occurs in severe RSV bronchiolitis. Free DNA is detectable in plasma. This may allow significant alterations in the generation of T-cell memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F E Roe
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Danesh A, Seneviratne C, Cameron CM, Banner D, Devries ME, Kelvin AA, Xu L, Ran L, Bosinger SE, Rowe T, Czub M, Jonsson CB, Cameron MJ, Kelvin DJ. Cloning, expression and characterization of ferret CXCL10. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:1288-97. [PMID: 18006061 PMCID: PMC5653245 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2007] [Revised: 09/12/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors function in the recruitment and activation of cells of the immune system to sites of inflammation. As such, chemokines play an important role in mediating pathophysiological events during microbial infection. In particular, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 and their cognate receptor CXCR3 have been associated with the clinical course of several infectious diseases, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and influenza. While CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 share the same receptor and have overlapping functions, each can also have unique activity in host defense. The lack of a preferred characterized animal model for SARS has brought our attention to ferrets, which have been used for years in influenza studies. The lack of immunological reagents for ferrets prompted us to clone CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11 and CXCR3 and, in the case of CXCL10, to express the gene as a recombinant protein. In this study we demonstrate that endogenous ferret CXCL10 exhibits similar mRNA expression patterns in the lungs of deceased SARS patients and ferrets experimentally infected with SARS coronavirus. This study therefore represents an important step towards development of the ferret as a model for the role of CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11:CXCR3 axis in severe viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Danesh
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charit Seneviratne
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Cheryl M. Cameron
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - David Banner
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Mark E. Devries
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Alyson A. Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Luoling Xu
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Longsi Ran
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Marcus Czub
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Canadian Science Center for Human and Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3R2
| | - Colleen B. Jonsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Mark J. Cameron
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - David J. Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
- Corresponding author at: Toronto General Research Institute, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital, TMDT, 101 College Street, 3rd Floor, Room 913, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7. Tel.: +1 416 581 7608; fax: +1 416 581 7606.
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Abstract
The previous epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has ended. However, many questions concerning how the aetiological agent, the novel SARS coronavirus (CoV), causes illness in humans remain unanswered. The pathology of fatal cases of SARS is dominated by diffuse alveolar damage. Specific histological changes are not detected in other organs. These contrast remarkably with the clinical picture, in which there are apparent manifestations in multiple organs. Both pathogen and host factors are important in the pathogenesis of SARS. The choice of specific receptors and the unique genome of the SARS‐CoV are important elements in understanding the biology of the pathogen. For the host cells, the outcome of SARS‐CoV infection, whether there are cytopathic effects or not, depends on the cell types that are infected. At the whole‐body level, immune‐mediated damage, due to activation of cytokines and/or chemokines and, perhaps, autoimmunity, may play key roles in the clinical and pathological features of SARS. Continued research is still required to determine the pathogenetic mechanisms involved and to combat this new emerging human infectious disease. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony WI Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nelson LS Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Center of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka‐Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) runs a more benign course in children during the acute phase. Infants born to mothers with the disease did not acquire the infection through vertical transmission. The treatment strategy for children with SARS has not been standardised and is based on adult experience. Thus far, no deaths have been reported in the paediatric age group. Exercise impairment and residual radiological abnormalities were present six months after diagnosis. It is important to assess these patients on a regular basis to detect and provide appropriate management for any persistent or emerging long term sequelae in the physical, psychological, and social domains. This review describes the current understanding of SARS coronavirus infection in newborns and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Li
- Level 6, Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, ROC
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