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Mishra U, August D, Walker K, Jani PR, Tracy M. Thermoregulation, incubator humidity, and skincare practices in appropriate for gestational age ultra-low birth weight infants: need for more evidence. World J Pediatr 2024; 20:643-652. [PMID: 38864998 PMCID: PMC11269412 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-024-00818-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although not universal, active care is being offered to infants weighing < 500 g at birth, referred to as ultra-low birth weight (ULBW) infants appropriate for gestational age. These infants have the greatest risk of dying or developing major morbidities. ULBW infants face challenges related to fluid and heat loss as well as skin injury in the initial days of life from extreme anatomical and physiological immaturity of the skin. Although there is an emerging literature on the outcomes of ULBW infants, there is a paucity of evidence to inform practice guidelines for delivering optimal care to this cohort of infants. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive review of the literature was performed using the PubMed and Embase databases. Searched keywords included "thermoregulation or body temperature regulation", "incubator humidity", "skin care", "infant, extremely low birth weight" and "ultra-low birth weight infants". RESULTS Evidences for thermoregulation, incubator humidity, and skincare practices are available for preterm infants weighing < 1500 g at birth but not specifically for ULBW infants. Studies on thermoregulation, incubator humidity, or skincare practices had a small sample size and did not include a sub-group analysis for ULBW infants. Current practice recommendations in ULBW infants are adopted from research in very and/or extremely low birth weight infants. CONCLUSIONS This narrative review focuses on challenges in thermoregulation, incubator humidity, and skincare practices in ULBW infants, highlights current research gaps and suggests potential developments for informing practices for improving health outcomes in ULBW infants. Video abstract (MP4 1,49,115 kb).
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Mishra
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Neonatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Deanne August
- Grantley Stable Neonatal Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karen Walker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Newborn Care, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Pranav R Jani
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
- Department of Neonatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
| | - Mark Tracy
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Neonatology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Dunne EA, O'Donnell CPF, Nakstad B, McCarthy LK. Thermoregulation for very preterm infants in the delivery room: a narrative review. Pediatr Res 2024; 95:1448-1454. [PMID: 38253875 PMCID: PMC11126394 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02902-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal temperature in preterm infants is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Infants born prematurely are at risk of abnormal temperature immediately after birth in the delivery room (DR). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that the temperature of newly born infants is maintained between 36.5-37.5oC after birth. When caring for very preterm infants, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) recommends using a combination of interventions to prevent heat loss. While hypothermia remains prevalent, efforts to prevent it have increased the incidence of hyperthermia, which may also be harmful. Delayed cord clamping (DCC) for preterm infants has been recommended by ILCOR since 2015. Little is known about the effect of timing of DCC on temperature, nor have there been specific recommendations for thermal care before DCC. This review article focuses on the current evidence and recommendations for thermal care in the DR, and considers thermoregulation in the context of emerging interventions and future research directions. IMPACT: Abnormal temperature is common amongst very preterm infants after birth, and is an independent risk factor for mortality. The current guidelines recommend a combination of interventions to prevent heat loss after birth. Despite this, abnormal temperature is still a problem, across all climates and economies. New and emerging delivery room practice (i.e., delayed cord clamping, mobile resuscitation trolleys, early skin to skin care) may have an effect on infant temperature. This article reviews the current evidence and recommendations, and considers future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A Dunne
- Department of Neonatology, The National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm P F O'Donnell
- Department of Neonatology, The National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Britt Nakstad
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Lisa K McCarthy
- Department of Neonatology, The National Maternity Hospital, Holles Street, Dublin, Ireland.
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Berg KM, Bray JE, Ng KC, Liley HG, Greif R, Carlson JN, Morley PT, Drennan IR, Smyth M, Scholefield BR, Weiner GM, Cheng A, Djärv T, Abelairas-Gómez C, Acworth J, Andersen LW, Atkins DL, Berry DC, Bhanji F, Bierens J, Bittencourt Couto T, Borra V, Böttiger BW, Bradley RN, Breckwoldt J, Cassan P, Chang WT, Charlton NP, Chung SP, Considine J, Costa-Nobre DT, Couper K, Dainty KN, Dassanayake V, Davis PG, Dawson JA, Fernanda de Almeida M, De Caen AR, Deakin CD, Dicker B, Douma MJ, Eastwood K, El-Naggar W, Fabres JG, Fawke J, Fijacko N, Finn JC, Flores GE, Foglia EE, Folke F, Gilfoyle E, Goolsby CA, Granfeldt A, Guerguerian AM, Guinsburg R, Hatanaka T, Hirsch KG, Holmberg MJ, Hosono S, Hsieh MJ, Hsu CH, Ikeyama T, Isayama T, Johnson NJ, Kapadia VS, Daripa Kawakami M, Kim HS, Kleinman ME, Kloeck DA, Kudenchuk P, Kule A, Kurosawa H, Lagina AT, Lauridsen KG, Lavonas EJ, Lee HC, Lin Y, Lockey AS, Macneil F, Maconochie IK, John Madar R, Malta Hansen C, Masterson S, Matsuyama T, McKinlay CJD, Meyran D, Monnelly V, Nadkarni V, Nakwa FL, Nation KJ, Nehme Z, Nemeth M, Neumar RW, Nicholson T, Nikolaou N, Nishiyama C, Norii T, Nuthall GA, Ohshimo S, Olasveengen TM, Gene Ong YK, Orkin AM, Parr MJ, Patocka C, Perkins GD, Perlman JM, Rabi Y, Raitt J, Ramachandran S, Ramaswamy VV, Raymond TT, Reis AG, Reynolds JC, Ristagno G, Rodriguez-Nunez A, Roehr CC, Rüdiger M, Sakamoto T, Sandroni C, Sawyer TL, Schexnayder SM, Schmölzer GM, Schnaubelt S, Semeraro F, Singletary EM, Skrifvars MB, Smith CM, Soar J, Stassen W, Sugiura T, Tijssen JA, Topjian AA, Trevisanuto D, Vaillancourt C, Wyckoff MH, Wyllie JP, Yang CW, Yeung J, Zelop CM, Zideman DA, Nolan JP. 2023 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Resuscitation 2024; 195:109992. [PMID: 37937881 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation engages in a continuous review of new, peer-reviewed, published cardiopulmonary resuscitation and first aid science. Draft Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations are posted online throughout the year, and this annual summary provides more concise versions of the final Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations from all task forces for the year. Topics addressed by systematic reviews this year include resuscitation of cardiac arrest from drowning, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for adults and children, calcium during cardiac arrest, double sequential defibrillation, neuroprognostication after cardiac arrest for adults and children, maintaining normal temperature after preterm birth, heart rate monitoring methods for diagnostics in neonates, detection of exhaled carbon dioxide in neonates, family presence during resuscitation of adults, and a stepwise approach to resuscitation skills training. Members from 6 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task forces have assessed, discussed, and debated the quality of the evidence, using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria, and their statements include consensus treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the task forces are provided in the Justification and Evidence-to-Decision Framework Highlights sections. In addition, the task forces list priority knowledge gaps for further research. Additional topics are addressed with scoping reviews and evidence updates.
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Berg KM, Bray JE, Ng KC, Liley HG, Greif R, Carlson JN, Morley PT, Drennan IR, Smyth M, Scholefield BR, Weiner GM, Cheng A, Djärv T, Abelairas-Gómez C, Acworth J, Andersen LW, Atkins DL, Berry DC, Bhanji F, Bierens J, Bittencourt Couto T, Borra V, Böttiger BW, Bradley RN, Breckwoldt J, Cassan P, Chang WT, Charlton NP, Chung SP, Considine J, Costa-Nobre DT, Couper K, Dainty KN, Dassanayake V, Davis PG, Dawson JA, de Almeida MF, De Caen AR, Deakin CD, Dicker B, Douma MJ, Eastwood K, El-Naggar W, Fabres JG, Fawke J, Fijacko N, Finn JC, Flores GE, Foglia EE, Folke F, Gilfoyle E, Goolsby CA, Granfeldt A, Guerguerian AM, Guinsburg R, Hatanaka T, Hirsch KG, Holmberg MJ, Hosono S, Hsieh MJ, Hsu CH, Ikeyama T, Isayama T, Johnson NJ, Kapadia VS, Kawakami MD, Kim HS, Kleinman ME, Kloeck DA, Kudenchuk P, Kule A, Kurosawa H, Lagina AT, Lauridsen KG, Lavonas EJ, Lee HC, Lin Y, Lockey AS, Macneil F, Maconochie IK, Madar RJ, Malta Hansen C, Masterson S, Matsuyama T, McKinlay CJD, Meyran D, Monnelly V, Nadkarni V, Nakwa FL, Nation KJ, Nehme Z, Nemeth M, Neumar RW, Nicholson T, Nikolaou N, Nishiyama C, Norii T, Nuthall GA, Ohshimo S, Olasveengen TM, Ong YKG, Orkin AM, Parr MJ, Patocka C, Perkins GD, Perlman JM, Rabi Y, Raitt J, Ramachandran S, Ramaswamy VV, Raymond TT, Reis AG, Reynolds JC, Ristagno G, Rodriguez-Nunez A, Roehr CC, Rüdiger M, Sakamoto T, Sandroni C, Sawyer TL, Schexnayder SM, Schmölzer GM, Schnaubelt S, Semeraro F, Singletary EM, Skrifvars MB, Smith CM, Soar J, Stassen W, Sugiura T, Tijssen JA, Topjian AA, Trevisanuto D, Vaillancourt C, Wyckoff MH, Wyllie JP, Yang CW, Yeung J, Zelop CM, Zideman DA, Nolan JP. 2023 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces. Circulation 2023; 148:e187-e280. [PMID: 37942682 PMCID: PMC10713008 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation engages in a continuous review of new, peer-reviewed, published cardiopulmonary resuscitation and first aid science. Draft Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations are posted online throughout the year, and this annual summary provides more concise versions of the final Consensus on Science With Treatment Recommendations from all task forces for the year. Topics addressed by systematic reviews this year include resuscitation of cardiac arrest from drowning, extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation for adults and children, calcium during cardiac arrest, double sequential defibrillation, neuroprognostication after cardiac arrest for adults and children, maintaining normal temperature after preterm birth, heart rate monitoring methods for diagnostics in neonates, detection of exhaled carbon dioxide in neonates, family presence during resuscitation of adults, and a stepwise approach to resuscitation skills training. Members from 6 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task forces have assessed, discussed, and debated the quality of the evidence, using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria, and their statements include consensus treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the task forces are provided in the Justification and Evidence-to-Decision Framework Highlights sections. In addition, the task forces list priority knowledge gaps for further research. Additional topics are addressed with scoping reviews and evidence updates.
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Ramaswamy VV, Dawson JA, de Almeida MF, Trevisanuto D, Nakwa FL, Kamlin COF, Trang J, Wyckoff MH, Weiner GM, Liley HG. Maintaining normothermia immediately after birth in preterm infants <34 weeks' gestation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Resuscitation 2023; 191:109934. [PMID: 37597649 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate delivery room (DR) interventions to prevent hypothermia and improve outcomes in preterm newborn infants <34 weeks' gestation. METHODS Medline, Embase, CINAHL and CENTRAL were searched till 22nd July 2022. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), non-RCTs and quality improvement studies were considered. A random effects meta-analysis was performed, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using GRADE guidelines. RESULTS DR temperature of ≥23 °C compared to standard care improved temperature outcomes without an increased risk of hyperthermia (low certainty), whereas radiant warmer in servo mode compared to manual mode decreased mean body temperature (MBT) (moderate certainty). Use of a plastic bag or wrap (PBW) improved normothermia (low certainty), but with an increased risk of hyperthermia (moderate certainty). Plastic cap improved normothermia (moderate certainty) and when combined with PBW improved MBT (low certainty). Use of a cloth cap decreased moderate hypothermia (low certainty). Though thermal mattress (TM) improved MBT, it increased risk of hyperthermia (low certainty). Heated-humidified gases (HHG) for resuscitation decreased the risk of moderate hypothermia and severe intraventricular hemorrhage (very low to low certainty). None of the interventions was shown to improve survival, but sample sizes were insufficient. CONCLUSIONS DR temperature of ≥23 °C, radiant warmer in manual mode, use of a PBW and a head covering is suggested for preterm newborn infants <34 weeks' gestation. HHG and TM could be considered in addition to PBW provided resources allow, in settings where hypothermia incidence is high. Careful monitoring to avoid hyperthermia is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Ramaswamy
- Ankura Hospital for Women and Children, Hyderabad, India
| | - J A Dawson
- Newborn Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - M F de Almeida
- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - D Trevisanuto
- Medical School, University of Padua, Azienda Ospedaliera Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - F L Nakwa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - C O F Kamlin
- Newborn Research Centre, The Royal Women's Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - J Trang
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - M H Wyckoff
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - G M Weiner
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H G Liley
- Faculty of Medicine and Mater Research, The University of Queensland, Australia.
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Sweet DG, Carnielli VP, Greisen G, Hallman M, Klebermass-Schrehof K, Ozek E, te Pas A, Plavka R, Roehr CC, Saugstad OD, Simeoni U, Speer CP, Vento M, Visser GH, Halliday HL. European Consensus Guidelines on the Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome: 2022 Update. Neonatology 2023; 120:3-23. [PMID: 36863329 PMCID: PMC10064400 DOI: 10.1159/000528914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) care pathways evolve slowly as new evidence emerges. We report the sixth version of "European Guidelines for the Management of RDS" by a panel of experienced European neonatologists and an expert perinatal obstetrician based on available literature up to end of 2022. Optimising outcome for babies with RDS includes prediction of risk of preterm delivery, appropriate maternal transfer to a perinatal centre, and appropriate and timely use of antenatal steroids. Evidence-based lung-protective management includes initiation of non-invasive respiratory support from birth, judicious use of oxygen, early surfactant administration, caffeine therapy, and avoidance of intubation and mechanical ventilation where possible. Methods of ongoing non-invasive respiratory support have been further refined and may help reduce chronic lung disease. As technology for delivering mechanical ventilation improves, the risk of causing lung injury should decrease, although minimising time spent on mechanical ventilation by targeted use of postnatal corticosteroids remains essential. The general care of infants with RDS is also reviewed, including emphasis on appropriate cardiovascular support and judicious use of antibiotics as being important determinants of best outcome. We would like to dedicate this guideline to the memory of Professor Henry Halliday who died on November 12, 2022.These updated guidelines contain evidence from recent Cochrane reviews and medical literature since 2019. Strength of evidence supporting recommendations has been evaluated using the GRADE system. There are changes to some of the previous recommendations as well as some changes to the strength of evidence supporting recommendations that have not changed. This guideline has been endorsed by the European Society for Paediatric Research (ESPR) and the Union of European Neonatal and Perinatal Societies (UENPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Sweet
- Regional Neonatal Unit, Royal Maternity Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Virgilio P. Carnielli
- Department of Neonatology, University Polytechnic Della Marche, University Hospital Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - Gorm Greisen
- Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikko Hallman
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital and Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Katrin Klebermass-Schrehof
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Neonatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eren Ozek
- Department of Pediatrics, Marmara University Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arjan te Pas
- Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Plavka
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Faculty Hospital and 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Charles C. Roehr
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK and National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Oxford Population Health, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ola D. Saugstad
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Christian P. Speer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Maximo Vento
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gerry H.A. Visser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henry L. Halliday
- Department of Child Health, Queen's University Belfast and Royal Maternity Hospital, Belfast, UK
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Technology in the delivery room supporting the neonatal healthcare provider's task. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2022; 27:101333. [PMID: 35400603 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2022.101333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Very preterm infants are a unique and highly vulnerable group of patients that have a narrow physiological margin within which interventions are safe and effective. The increased understanding of the foetal to neonatal transition marks the intricacy of the rapid and major physiological changes that take place, making delivery room stabilisation and resuscitation an increasingly complex and sophisticated activity for caregivers to perform. While modern, automated technologies are progressively implemented in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to enhance the caregivers in providing the right care for these patients, the technology in the delivery room still lags far behind. Diligent translation of well-known and promising technological solutions from the NICU to the delivery room will allow for better support of the caregivers in performing their tasks. In this review we will discuss the current technology used for stabilisation of preterm infants in the delivery room and how this could be optimised in order to further improve care and outcomes of preterm infants in the near future.
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Ercolino O, Baccin E, Alfier F, Villani PE, Trevisanuto D, Cavallin F. Thermal servo-controlled systems in the management of VLBW infants at birth: A systematic review. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:893431. [PMID: 35979410 PMCID: PMC9377414 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.893431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thermal management of the newborn at birth remains an actual challenge. This systematic review aimed to summarize current evidence on the use of thermal servo-controlled systems during stabilization of preterm and VLBW infants immediately at birth. METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted including MEDLINE/Pubmed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, clinicaltrials.gov, and the Cochrane Database through December 2021. PRISMA guidelines were followed. Risk of bias was appraised using Cochrane RoB2 and Risk Of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBIN-I) tools, and certainty of evidence using GRADE framework. RESULTS One randomized controlled trial and one observational study were included. Some aspects precluded the feasibility of a meaningful meta-analysis; hence, a qualitative review was conducted. Risk of bias was low in the trial and serious in the observational study. In the trial, the servo-controlled system did not affect normothermia (36.5-37.5°C) but was associated with increased mild hypothermia (from 22.2 to 32.9%). In the observational study, normothermia (36-38°C) increased after the introduction of the servo-controlled system and the extension to larger VLBW infants. CONCLUSION Overall, this review found very limited information on the use of thermal servo-controlled systems during stabilization of preterm and VLBW infants immediately at birth. Further research is needed to investigate the opportunity of including such approach in the neonatal thermal management in delivery room. REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42022309323).
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Affiliation(s)
- Orietta Ercolino
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Erica Baccin
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Alfier
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Ernesto Villani
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Istituto Ospedaliero, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniele Trevisanuto
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
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