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Ogasawara H, Noguchi M. Therapeutic Potential of MRGPRX2 Inhibitors on Mast Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112906. [PMID: 34831128 PMCID: PMC8616451 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) act as primary effectors in inflammatory and allergic reactions by releasing intracellularly-stored inflammatory mediators in diseases. The two major pathways for MC activation are known to be immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent and -independent. Although IgE-dependent signaling is the main pathway to MC activation, IgE-independent pathways have also been found to serve pivotal roles in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory conditions. Recent studies have shown that human and mouse MCs express several regulatory receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), CD48, C300a, and GPCRs, including mas-related GPCR-X2 (MRGPRX2). MRGPRX2 has been reported as a novel GPCR that is expressed in MCs activated by basic secretagogues, neurokinin peptides, host defense antimicrobial peptides, and small molecule compounds (e.g., neuromuscular blocking agents) and leads to MC degranulation and eicosanoids release under in vitro experimental condition. Functional analyses of MRGPRX2 and Mrgprb2 (mouse ortholog) indicate that MRGPRX2 is involved in MC hypersensitivity reactions causing neuroinflammation such as postoperative pain, type 2 inflammation, non-histaminergic itch, and drug-induced anaphylactic-like reactions. In this review, we discuss the roles in innate immunity through functional studies on MRGPRX2-mediated IgE-independent MC activation and also the therapeutic potential of MRGPRX2 inhibitors on allergic and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ogasawara
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-786-7690
| | - Masato Noguchi
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
- Office of Research Development and Sponsored Projects, Shinanomachi Campus, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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2
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Higher PGD 2 production by synovial mast cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients compared with osteoarthritis patients via miR-199a-3p/prostaglandin synthetase 2 axis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5738. [PMID: 33707464 PMCID: PMC7952410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84963-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that synovial mast cells (MCs) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) produced TNF-α in response to immune complexes via FcγRI and FcγRIIA. However, the specific functions of synovial MCs in RA remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate those functions. Synovial tissues and fluid were obtained from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients undergoing joint replacement surgery. Synovium-derived, cultured MCs were generated by culturing dispersed synovial cells with stem cell factor. We performed microarray-based screening of mRNA and microRNA (miRNA), followed by quantitative RT-PCR-based verification. Synovial MCs from RA patients showed significantly higher prostaglandin systhetase (PTGS)1 and PTGS2 expression compared with OA patients' MCs, and they produced significantly more prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) following aggregation of FcγRI. PGD2 induced IL-8 production by human group 2 innate lymphoid cells, suggesting that PGD2-producing MCs induce neutrophil recruitment into the synovium of RA patients. PTGS2 mRNA expression in RA patients' MCs correlated inversely with miRNA-199a-3p expression, which down-regulated PTGS2. RA patients' synovial fluid contained significantly more PGD2 compared with OA patients' fluid. Synovial MCs might regulate inflammation in RA through hyper-production of PGD2 following FcRγ aggregation. Our findings indicate functional heterogeneity of human MCs among diseases.
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Abstract
The development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), at least in its autoantibody-positive subset, evolves through a series of events starting well before the appearance of synovitis. The distinction between 'early' and 'established' RA is, therefore, an evolving concept. In routine practice, however, the management of RA still starts with the occurrence of clinically detectable synovitis. As such, the synovial membrane remains a major target for the exploitation of possible stage-specific drivers of the disease. The recognition of a 'window of opportunity', in which treatment is more likely to succeed, raises the hypothesis that there might be a period in which the biological processes of RA are less mature and potentially reversible. The present review aims to provide a general picture of the modifications occurring in RA synovium, analysing the contribution of both infiltrating immune cells and stromal cells. When available, differences between early and established RA will be discussed.
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Min HK, Kim KW, Lee SH, Kim HR. Roles of mast cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Korean J Intern Med 2020; 35:12-24. [PMID: 31722515 PMCID: PMC6960056 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2019.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory arthritis, and the complex interaction and activation of innate and adaptive immune cells are involved in RA pathogenesis. Mast cells (MCs) are one of the tissue-resident innate immune cells, and they contribute to RA pathogenesis. In the present review, the evidence of the pathologic role of MC in RA is discussed based on human and animal data. In addition, the potential role of MC in RA pathogenesis and the research area that should be focused on in the future are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ki Min
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Woon Kim
- Conversant Research Consortium in Immunologic Disease, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-Rim Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Correspondence to Hae-Rim Kim, M.D. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05030, Korea Tel: +82-2-2030-7542, Fax: +82-2-2030-7728, E-mail:
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5
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Olivera A, Rivera J. Paradigm Shifts in Mast Cell and Basophil Biology and Function: An Emerging View of Immune Regulation in Health and Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2163:3-31. [PMID: 32766962 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0696-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The physiological role of the mast cell and basophil has for many years remained enigmatic. In this chapter, we briefly summarize some of the more recent studies that shed new light on the role of mast cells and basophils in health and disease. What we gain from these studies is a new appreciation for mast cells and basophils as sentinels in host defense and a further understanding that dysregulation of mast cell and basophil function can be a component of various diseases other than allergies. Perhaps the most important insight reaped from this work is the increasing awareness that mast cells and basophils can function as immunoregulatory cells that modulate the immune response in health and disease. Collectively, the recent knowledge provides new challenges and opportunities toward the development of novel therapeutic strategies to augment host protection and modify disease through manipulation of mast cell and basophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Olivera
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Juan Rivera
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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6
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Rivellese F, Rossi FW, Galdiero MR, Pitzalis C, de Paulis A. Mast Cells in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20082040. [PMID: 31027208 PMCID: PMC6515166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial membrane, with thickening of the synovial layer, cellular hyperplasia, and infiltration of immune cells. Mast cells (MCs) are cells of the innate immunity present in healthy synovia and part of the cellular hyperplasia characterizing RA synovitis. Although their presence in synovia has been well described, the exact functions and the correlation of MCs with disease development and progression have been debated, particularly because of contradictory data obtained in animal models and from patients with longstanding disease. Here, we present a revision of the literature on MCs in RA, including the most recent observations obtained from patients with early RA, indicating MCs as relevant markers of disease severity in early RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Rivellese
- William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Francesca Wanda Rossi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT) and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT) and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- William Harvey Research Institute and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT) and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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7
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Rivellese F, Mauro D, Nerviani A, Pagani S, Fossati-Jimack L, Messemaker T, Kurreeman FAS, Toes REM, Ramming A, Rauber S, Schett G, Jones GW, Jones SA, Rossi FW, de Paulis A, Marone G, El Shikh MEM, Humby F, Pitzalis C. Mast cells in early rheumatoid arthritis associate with disease severity and support B cell autoantibody production. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:1773-1781. [PMID: 30127058 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mast cells (MCs) are involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, their contribution remains controversial. To establish their role in RA, we analysed their presence in the synovium of treatment-naïve patients with early RA and their association and functional relationship with histological features of synovitis. METHODS Synovial tissue was obtained by ultrasound-guided biopsy from treatment-naïve patients with early RA (n=99). Immune cells (CD3/CD20/CD138/CD68) and their relationship with CD117+MCs in synovial tissue were analysed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF). The functional involvement of MCs in ectopic lymphoid structures (ELS) was investigated in vitro, by coculturing MCs with naïve B cells and anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA)-producing B cell clones, and in vivo in interleukin-27 receptor alpha (IL27ra)-deficient and control mice during antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). RESULTS High synovial MC counts are associated with local and systemic inflammation, autoantibody positivity and high disease activity. IHC/IF showed that MCs reside at the outer border of lymphoid aggregates. Furthermore, human MCs promote the activation and differentiation of naïve B cells and induce the production of ACPA, mainly via contact-dependent interactions. In AIA, synovial MC numbers increase in IL27ra deficient mice, in association with ELS and worse disease activity. CONCLUSIONS Synovial MCs identify early RA patients with a severe clinical form of synovitis characterised by the presence of ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Rivellese
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Daniele Mauro
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Nerviani
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sara Pagani
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Liliane Fossati-Jimack
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Tobias Messemaker
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fina A S Kurreeman
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Ramming
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Rauber
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gareth W Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon A Jones
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Francesca Wanda Rossi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences and Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), World Allergy Organization (WAO) Center of Excellence, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'Gateano Salvatore' (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Mohey Eldin M El Shikh
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Frances Humby
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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8
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Wilkinson DJ, Arques MDC, Huesa C, Rowan AD. Serine proteinases in the turnover of the cartilage extracellular matrix in the joint: implications for therapeutics. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:38-51. [PMID: 29473950 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage destruction is a key characteristic of arthritic disease, a process now widely established to be mediated by metzincins such as MMPs. Despite showing promise in preclinical trials during the 1990s, MMP inhibitors for the blockade of extracellular matrix turnover in the treatment of cancer and arthritis failed clinically, primarily due to poor selectivity for target MMPs. In recent years, roles for serine proteinases in the proteolytic cascades leading to cartilage destruction have become increasingly apparent, renewing interest in the potential for new therapeutic strategies that utilize pharmacological inhibitors against this class of proteinases. Herein, we describe key serine proteinases with likely importance in arthritic disease and highlight recent advances in this field. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Translating the Matrix. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.1/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Wilkinson
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Maria Del Carmen Arques
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Carmen Huesa
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, UK
| | - Andrew D Rowan
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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9
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NF-κB/twist mediated regulation of colonic inflammation by lupeol in abating dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis in mice. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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10
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Okamura Y, Mishima S, Kashiwakura JI, Sasaki-Sakamoto T, Toyoshima S, Kuroda K, Saito S, Tokuhashi Y, Okayama Y. The dual regulation of substance P-mediated inflammation via human synovial mast cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Allergol Int 2017; 66S:S9-S20. [PMID: 28366675 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural pathways are thought to be directly involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although synovial mast cells (MCs) are activated by substance P (SP), the role of MCs in neural pathways in RA remains unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate 1) whether tachykinins are produced by synovial MCs and whether production differs in RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients, and 2) what is the responsible receptor for SP in synovial MCs. METHODS Synovial tissues were obtained from patients with RA or OA undergoing joint replacement surgery. Cultured synovium-derived MCs were generated by culturing dispersed synovial cells with stem cell factor. SP expression was investigated using immunofluorescence and enzyme immunoassays. Mas-related gene X2 (MrgX2) expression was reduced in human MCs using a lentiviral shRNA silencing technique. RESULTS SP expression was localized around the cell membrane in 41% (median) of the MCs in synovium from RA but in only 7% of that from OA, suggesting the activation of MCs. Synovial MCs expressed tachykinin (TAC) 1 mRNA, the expression of which was upregulated by the aggregation of FcɛRI or the addition of aggregated IgG. However, the released SP appeared to be rapidly degraded by MC chymase. Synovial MCs were activated with SP through MrgX2 to release histamine without producing proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSIONS Activated synovial MCs may rapidly degrade SP, which may downregulate the SP-mediated activation of synoviocytes in RA. On the other hand, SP activates MCs to induce inflammatory mediators, suggesting the dual regulation of SP-mediated inflammation by MCs in RA.
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11
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Ali H. Emerging Roles for MAS-Related G Protein-Coupled Receptor-X2 in Host Defense Peptide, Opioid, and Neuropeptide-Mediated Inflammatory Reactions. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:123-162. [PMID: 28950944 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue-resident immune cells that contribute to host defense but are best known for their roles in allergic and inflammatory diseases. In humans, MCs are divided into two subtypes based on the protease content of their secretory granules. Thus, human lung MCs contain only tryptase and are known as MCT, whereas skin MCs contain both tryptase and chymase and are known as MCTC. Patients with severe asthma display elevated MCs in the lung, which undergo phenotypic change from MCT to MCTC. Although the human genome contains four Mas related G protein coupled receptor X (MRGPRX) genes, an important feature of MCTC is that they selectively express MRGPRX2. It is activated by antimicrobial host defense peptides such as human β-defensins and the cathelicidin LL-37 and likely contributes to host defense. MRGPRX2 is also a receptor for the neuropeptide substance P, major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, opioids, and many FDA-approved cationic drugs. Increased expression of MRGPRX2 or enhanced downstream signaling likely contributes to chronic inflammatory diseases such as rosacea, atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, and severe asthma. In this chapter, I will discuss the expression profile and function of MRGPRX1-4 and review the emerging roles of MRGPRX2 on host defense, chronic inflammatory diseases, and drug-induced pseudoallergic reactions. I will also examine the novel aspects of MRGPRX2 signaling in MCs as it related to degranulation and review the mechanisms of its regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hydar Ali
- University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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12
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Fusco M, Skaper SD, Coaccioli S, Varrassi G, Paladini A. Degenerative Joint Diseases and Neuroinflammation. Pain Pract 2017; 17:522-532. [DOI: 10.1111/papr.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Fusco
- Scientific Information and Documentation Center; Epitech Group; Padua Italy
| | - Stephen D. Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Padua; Padua Italy
| | - Stefano Coaccioli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology; Santa Maria Hospital; University of Perugia; Terni Italy
| | - Giustino Varrassi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine; School of Dentistry; LUdeS University; La Valletta Malta
- Paolo Procacci Foundation and European League Against Pain; Rome Italy
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13
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Theoharides TC. Dietary Supplements for Arthritis and other Inflammatory Conditions: Key Role of Mast Cells and Benefit of Combining Anti-Inflammatory and Proteoglycan Products. EUR J INFLAMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x0300100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritis is estimated to affect over 30% of all adults and all the available drugs add considerable morbidity and mortality of their own. A recent therapeutic approach targets the mast cells that are currently considered critical in a variety of inflammatory diseases, especially arthritis. Mast cells could be activated by many immune and neural triggers, as well as by many food substances and drugs leading to secretion of numerous vasoactive and inflammatory molecules. Recent studies have shown that mast cells can be inhibited by certain naturally occurring flavonoids, such as quercetin, and the sulfated proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate. Glucosamine and chondroitin are present in many dietary supplements, but neither the source nor the purity of the active substances is listed; moreover, these formulations do not permit sufficient absorption, due to the high molecular weight and negative charge. Moreover, a common source of chondroitin sulfate is cow trachea with the risk of spongioform encephalopathy (mad cow disease). A new series of dietary supplements (Algonot-Plus®) are based on published scientific evidence and combine quercetin, glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate of high purity in formulations that include kernel olive oil to increase absorption of the inhibitory substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. C. Theoharides
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Ma., USA
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14
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van der Velden D, Lagraauw HM, Wezel A, Launay P, Kuiper J, Huizinga TWJ, Toes REM, Bot I, Stoop JN. Mast cell depletion in the preclinical phase of collagen-induced arthritis reduces clinical outcome by lowering the inflammatory cytokine profile. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:138. [PMID: 27296719 PMCID: PMC4907027 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease, which is characterized by inflammation of synovial joints leading to the destruction of cartilage and bone. Infiltrating mast cells can be found within the inflamed synovial tissue, however their role in disease pathogenesis is unclear. Therefore we have studied the role of mast cells during different phases of experimental arthritis. Methods We induced collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), the most frequently used animal model of arthritis, in an inducible mast cell knock-out mouse and determined the effect of mast cell depletion on the development and severity of arthritis. Results Depletion of mast cells in established arthritis did not affect clinical outcome. However, depletion of mast cells during the preclinical phase resulted in a significant reduction in arthritis. This reduction coincided with a decrease in circulating CD4+ T cells and inflammatory monocytes but not in the collagen-specific antibody levels. Mast cell depletion resulted in reduced levels of IL-6 and IL-17 in serum. Furthermore, stimulation of splenocytes from mast cell-depleted mice with collagen type II resulted in reduced levels of IL-17 and enhanced production of IL-10. Conclusions Here we show that mast cells contribute to the preclinical phase of CIA. Depletion of mast cells before disease onset resulted in an altered collagen-specific T cell and cytokine response. These data may suggest that mast cells play a role in the regulation of the adaptive immune response during the development of arthritis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-016-1036-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniël van der Velden
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H Maxime Lagraauw
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk Wezel
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Launay
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France.,INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom W J Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen N Stoop
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Paradigm shifts in mast cell and basophil biology and function: an emerging view of immune regulation in health and disease. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1192:3-31. [PMID: 25149480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1173-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The physiological role of the mast cell and basophil has for many years remained enigmatic. In this chapter we briefly summarize some of the more recent studies that shed new light on the role of mast cells and basophils in health and disease. What we gain from these studies is a new appreciation for mast cells and basophils as sentinels in host defense and a further understanding that dysregulation of mast cell and basophil function can be a component of various diseases other than allergies. Perhaps, the most important insight reaped from this work is the increasing awareness that mast cells and basophils can function as immunoregulatory cells that modulate the immune response in health and disease. Collectively, the recent knowledge provides new challenges and opportunities towards the development of novel therapeutic strategies to augment host protection and modify disease through manipulation of mast cell and basophil function.
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Magarinos NJ, Bryant KJ, Fosang AJ, Adachi R, Stevens RL, McNeil HP. Mast cell-restricted, tetramer-forming tryptases induce aggrecanolysis in articular cartilage by activating matrix metalloproteinase-3 and -13 zymogens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:1404-12. [PMID: 23797671 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mouse mast cell protease (mMCP)-6-null C57BL/6 mice lost less aggrecan proteoglycan from the extracellular matrix of their articular cartilage during inflammatory arthritis than wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, suggesting that this mast cell (MC)-specific mouse tryptase plays prominent roles in articular cartilage catabolism. We used ex vivo mouse femoral head explants to determine how mMCP-6 and its human ortholog hTryptase-β mediate aggrecanolysis. Exposure of the explants to recombinant hTryptase-β, recombinant mMCP-6, or lysates harvested from WT mouse peritoneal MCs (PMCs) significantly increased the levels of enzymatically active matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) in cartilage and significantly induced aggrecan loss into the conditioned media, relative to replicate explants exposed to medium alone or lysates collected from mMCP-6-null PMCs. Treatment of cartilage explants with tetramer-forming tryptases generated aggrecan fragments that contained C-terminal DIPEN and N-terminal FFGVG neoepitopes, consistent with MMP-dependent aggrecanolysis. In support of these data, hTryptase-β was unable to induce aggrecan release from the femoral head explants obtained from Chloe mice that resist MMP cleavage at the DIPEN↓FFGVG site in the interglobular domain of aggrecan. In addition, the abilities of mMCP-6-containing lysates from WT PMCs to induce aggrecanolysis were prevented by inhibitors of MMP-3 and MMP-13. Finally, recombinant hTryptase-β was able to activate latent pro-MMP-3 and pro-MMP-13 in vitro. The accumulated data suggest that human and mouse tetramer-forming tryptases are MMP convertases that mediate cartilage damage and the proteolytic loss of aggrecan proteoglycans in arthritis, in part, by activating the zymogen forms of MMP-3 and MMP-13, which are constitutively present in articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia J Magarinos
- South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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Cruse G, Kaur D, Leyland M, Bradding P. A novel FcεRIβ-chain truncation regulates human mast cell proliferation and survival. FASEB J 2010; 24:4047-57. [PMID: 20554927 PMCID: PMC2996906 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-158378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells contribute to allergy through IgE-dependent activation via the high-affinity IgE receptor FcεRI. The role of the FcεRIβ chain (MS4A2) in mast cell function is not understood fully, although it serves to amplify FcεRI-dependent signaling. We demonstrate the expression of a novel MS4A2 truncation lacking exon 3 in human mast cells termed MS4A2(trunc). MS4A2(trunc) gene expression was regulated negatively by the mast cell growth factor stem cell factor (SCF), and its expression was not detected in the SCF receptor gain-of-function human mast cell line HMC-1. Unlike MS4A2, MS4A2(trunc) did not traffic to the cytoplasmic membrane but instead was associated with the nuclear membrane. Overexpression of MS4A2(trunc) induced human lung mast cell death and profoundly inhibited HMC-1 cell proliferation by inducing G(2)-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Thus, we have identified a novel splice variant of MS4A2 that might be important in the regulation of human mast cell proliferation and survival. This finding demonstrates that the MS4A2 gene has multiple roles, extending beyond the regulation of acute allergic responses. By understanding the mechanisms regulating its function, it might be possible to induce its expression in mast cells in vivo, which could lead to better treatments for diseases such as mastocytosis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Cruse
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, Glenfield Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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Hueber AJ, Asquith DL, Miller AM, Reilly J, Kerr S, Leipe J, Melendez AJ, McInnes IB. Cutting Edge: Mast Cells Express IL-17A in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3336-40. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rasheed Z, Akhtar N, Khan A, Khan KA, Haqqi TM. Butrin, isobutrin, and butein from medicinal plant Butea monosperma selectively inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB in activated human mast cells: suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 333:354-63. [PMID: 20164300 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.165209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of mast cells in rheumatoid synovial tissue has often been associated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-8 production and disease pathogenesis by adjacent cell types. Butea monosperma (BM) is a well known medicinal plant in India and the tropics. The aim of this study was to examine whether a standardized extract of BM flower (BME) could inhibit inflammatory reactions in human mast cells (HMC) using activated HMC-1 cells as a model. Four previously characterized polyphenols--butrin, isobutrin, isocoreopsin, and butein--were isolated from BME by preparative thin layer chromatography, and their purity and molecular weights were determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. Our results showed that butrin, isobutrin, and butein significantly reduced the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore A23187-induced inflammatory gene expression and production of TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 in HMC-1 cells by inhibiting the activation of NF-kappaB. In addition, isobutrin was most potent in suppressing the NF-kappaB p65 activation by inhibiting IkappaBalpha degradation, whereas butrin and butein were relatively less effective. In vitro kinase activity assay revealed that isobutrin was a potent inhibitor of IkappaB kinase complex activity. This is the first report identifying the molecular basis of the reported anti-inflammatory effects of BME and its constituents butrin, isobutrin, and butein. The novel pharmacological actions of these polyphenolic compounds indicate potential therapeutic value for the treatment of inflammatory and other diseases in which activated mast cells play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Schneider E, Leite-de-Moraes M, Dy M. Histamine, Immune Cells and Autoimmunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 709:81-94. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8056-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Milner JM, Patel A, Rowan AD. Emerging roles of serine proteinases in tissue turnover in arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 58:3644-56. [PMID: 19035508 DOI: 10.1002/art.24046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Milner
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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Shin K, Nigrovic PA, Crish J, Boilard E, McNeil HP, Larabee KS, Adachi R, Gurish MF, Gobezie R, Stevens RL, Lee DM. Mast cells contribute to autoimmune inflammatory arthritis via their tryptase/heparin complexes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:647-56. [PMID: 19109198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although mast cells (MCs) often are abundant in the synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the contribution of MCs to joint inflammation and cartilage loss remains poorly understood. MC-restricted tryptase/heparin complexes have proinflammatory activity, and significant amounts of human tryptase beta (hTryptase-beta) are present in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid. Mouse MC protease-6 (mMCP-6) is the ortholog of hTryptase-beta, and this serine protease is abundant in the synovium of arthritic mice. We now report that C57BL/6 (B6) mice lacking their tryptase/heparin complexes have attenuated arthritic responses, with mMCP-6 as the dominant tryptase responsible for augmenting neutrophil infiltration in the K/BxN mouse serum-transfer arthritis model. While inflammation in this experimental arthritis model was not dependent on protease-activated receptor-2, it was dependent on the chemokine receptor CXCR2. In support of the latter data, exposure of synovial fibroblasts to hTryptase-beta/heparin or mMCP-6/heparin complexes resulted in expression of the neutrophil chemotactic factors CXCL1/KC, CXCL5/LIX, and CXCL8/IL-8. Our proteomics, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry data also revealed substantial loss of cartilage-derived aggrecan proteoglycans in the arthritic joints of wild-type B6 mice but not mMCP-6-null B6 mice. These observations demonstrate the functional contribution of MC-restricted tryptase/heparin complexes in the K/BxN mouse arthritis model and connect our mouse findings with rheumatoid arthritis pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Shin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Rasheed Z, Akhtar N, Anbazhagan AN, Ramamurthy S, Shukla M, Haqqi TM. Polyphenol-rich pomegranate fruit extract (POMx) suppresses PMACI-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the activation of MAP Kinases and NF-kappaB in human KU812 cells. J Inflamm (Lond) 2009; 6:1. [PMID: 19133134 PMCID: PMC2625340 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells and basophils are multifunctional effector cells and contain plentiful secretary granules in their cytoplasm. These cell types are involved in several inflammatory and immune events and are known to produce an array of mediators including a broad spectrum of cytokines. Pomegranate fruit is rich in anthocyanins and hydrolysable tannins; a group of polyphenolic compounds shown to be potent antioxidant with anti-inflammatory activity. However, no studies have been undertaken to investigate whether a polyphenol-rich pomegranate fruit extract (POMx) inhibits the inflammatory activity of activated human mast cells and basophils. The aim of this study was to examine whether POMx modulates inflammatory reactions using human basophilic cell line KU812. METHODS KU812 cells were stimulated with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium inophore A23187 (PMACI). The inhibitory effect of POMx on pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and production by stimulated KU812 cells was measured by quantitative RT-PCR, and cytokine-specific ELISA assays, respectively. Western blotting was used to analyze the effect of POMx on the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB in PMACI stimulated KU812 cells. Effect on the activity of NF-kappaB was determined using Luciferase reporter assay. Significance of differences from control values were analyzed by means of standard statistical methods. RESULTS POMx significantly decreased PMACI stimulated inflammatory gene expression and production of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in KU812 cells. The inhibitory effect of POMx on the pro-inflammatory cytokines was MAPK subgroups c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)- and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) dependent. In addition, POMx suppressed the NF-kappaB activation induced by PMACI by inhibiting IkappaB-degradation in human basophil cells. POMx also suppressed the powerful induction of NF-kappaB promoter-mediated luciferase activity in transiently transfected KU812 cells. CONCLUSION These novel pharmacological actions of POMx provide new suggestion that POMx or POMx-derived compounds may be of therapeutic use for the treatment of inflammatory diseases by suppressing mast cells/basophils activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Rasheed
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC-29209, USA
| | - Nahid Akhtar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC-29209, USA
| | - Arivarasu N Anbazhagan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC-29209, USA
| | - Sangeetha Ramamurthy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC-29209, USA
| | - Meenakshi Shukla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH-44106, USA
| | - Tariq M Haqqi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, & Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Road, Columbia, SC-29209, USA
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Maintained Efficacy of the Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Imatinib Mesylate in a Patient With Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Clin Rheumatol 2008; 14:294-6. [DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0b013e318188b1ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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IL-33 exacerbates antigen-induced arthritis by activating mast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:10913-8. [PMID: 18667700 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801898105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-33, a cytokine of the IL-1 family, is closely associated with type II T cell responses. Here, we report an unexpected proinflammatory role of IL-33 in inflammatory arthritis. IL-33 was expressed in synovial fibroblasts from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Expression was markedly elevated in vitro by inflammatory cytokines. Mice lacking ST2, the IL-33 receptor alpha-chain, developed attenuated collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and reduced ex vivo collagen-specific induction of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17, TNFalpha, and IFNgamma), and antibody production. Conversely, treatment of wild-type (WT) but not ST2(-/-) mice with IL-33 exacerbated CIA and elevated production of both proinflammatory cytokines and anti-collagen antibodies. Mast cells expressed high levels of ST2 and responded directly to IL-33 to produce a spectrum of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in vitro. In vivo, IL-33 treatment exacerbated CIA in ST2(-/-) mice engrafted with mast cells from WT but not from ST2(-/-) mice. Disease exacerbation was accompanied by elevated expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Our results demonstrate that IL-33 is a critical proinflammatory cytokine for inflammatory joint disease that integrates fibroblast activation with downstream immune activation mainly via an IL-33-driven, mast-cell-dependent pathway. Thus, this IL-1 superfamily member represents a therapeutic target for RA.
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Zhong XY, von Mühlenen I, Li Y, Kang A, Gupta AK, Tyndall A, Holzgreve W, Hahn S, Hasler P. Increased concentrations of antibody-bound circulatory cell-free DNA in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Chem 2007; 53:1609-14. [PMID: 17712000 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.084509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased concentrations of cell-free DNA have been found in several disorders and have been interpreted as evidence of increased rates of cell death or turnover. Evidence from in vitro and animal experiments suggests that DNA may play a role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS We measured cell-free DNA in plasma and serum from patients with RA and healthy controls by use of quantitative PCR for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) DNA. We used protein G Sepharosetrade mark bead adsorption of plasma and elution to isolate antibody-bound DNA. RESULTS In paired plasma and serum samples of 16 healthy controls the median GAPDH copies were 4500 genome equivalents (GE)/mL plasma (range 319-21 000) and in 26 RA patients 17 000 GE/mL plasma (2100-2 375 000, P = 0.0001). In the serum from normal controls the median GAPDH copies were 35 000 GE/mL (1700-239 000) and from RA patients 222 000 GE/mL (21 000-2 375 000, P = 0.004). A median of 81% of the cell-free DNA in RA was associated with antibody compared with 9% in healthy controls (P = 0.001). The concentrations of DNA did not vary with the type of therapy patients received. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new evidence for a role of cell-free DNA-antibody complexes in the etiology of RA, suggest new avenues for basic research, and may prove to be relevant to diagnosis and assessment of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Zhong
- Laboratory for Prenatal Medicine, University Women's Hospital, Department of Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Olszewski MB, Groot AJ, Dastych J, Knol EF. TNF trafficking to human mast cell granules: mature chain-dependent endocytosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5701-9. [PMID: 17442953 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells play a crucial role at the early stages of immune response against bacteria and parasites where their functionality is based on their capability of releasing highly bioactive compounds, among them TNF. Mast cells are considered the only cells storing preformed TNF, which allows for the immediate release of this cytokine upon contact with pathogens. We approached the question of mechanisms and amino acid motifs directing newly synthesized TNF for storage in cytoplasmic granules by analyzing the trafficking of a series of TNF-enhanced GFP fusion proteins in human mast cell lines HMC-1 and LAD2. Protein covering the full TNF sequence was successfully sorted into secretory granules in a process involving transient exposure on the outer membrane and re-endocytosis. In human cells, contrary to results previously obtained in a rodent model, TNF seems not to be glycosylated and, thus, trafficking is carbohydrate independent. In an effort to localize the amino acid motif responsible for granule targeting, we constructed additional fusion proteins and analyzed their trafficking, concluding that granule-targeting sequences are localized in the mature chain of TNF and that the cytoplasmic tail is expendable for endocytotic sorting of this cytokine, thus excluding direct interactions with intracellular adaptor proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej B Olszewski
- Department of Molecular Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ksiecia Street, Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract
Mast cells reside in the normal synovium and increase strikingly in number in rheumatoid arthritis and other joint diseases. Given the broad spectrum of activity of this lineage, it has for decades been considered probable that mast cells are involved in the pathophysiology of synovitis. Recent work in murine arthritis has substantiated this suspicion, showing that mast cells can contribute importantly to the initiation of inflammatory arthritis. However, the role of the greatly expanded population of synovial mast cells in established arthritis remains unknown. Here we review the current understanding of mast cell function in acute arthritis and consider the potentially important influence of this cell on key processes within the chronically inflamed synovium, including leukocyte recruitment and activation, fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, matrix remodeling, and injury to collagen and bone. We also consider recent evidence supporting an immunomodulatory or anti-inflammatory role for mast cells as well as pharmacologic approaches to the mast cell as a therapeutic target in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Nigrovic
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Theoharides TC, Kempuraj D, Tagen M, Vasiadi M, Cetrulo CL. Human umbilical cord blood-derived mast cells: a unique model for the study of neuro-immuno-endocrine interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2:143-54. [PMID: 17237553 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-006-0021-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Findings obtained using animal models have often failed to reflect the processes involved in human disease. Moreover, human cultured cells do not necessarily function as their actual tissue counterparts. Therefore, there is great demand for sources of human progenitor cells that may be directed to acquire specific tissue characteristics and be available in sufficient quantities to carry out functional and pharmacological studies. Acase in point is the mast cell, well known for its involvement in allergic reactions, but also implicated in inflammatory diseases. Mast cells can be activated by allergens, anaphylatoxins, immunoglobulin-free light chains, superantigens, neuropeptides, and cytokines, leading to selective release of mediators. These could be involved in many inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and atopic dermatitis, which worsen by stress, through activation by local release of corticotropin-releasing hormone or related peptides. Umbilical cord blood and cord matrix-derived mast cell progenitors can be separated magnetically and grown in the presence of stem cell factor, interleukin-6, interleukin-4, and other cytokines to yield distinct mast cell populations. The recent use of live cell array, with its ability to study such interactions rapidly at the single-cell level, provides unique new opportunities for fast output screening of mast cell triggers and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Theoharides
- Department of Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery, Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Theoharides TC, Kalogeromitros D. The critical role of mast cells in allergy and inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1088:78-99. [PMID: 17192558 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1366.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are well known for their involvement in allergic and anaphylactic reactions, but recent findings implicate them in a variety of inflammatory diseases affecting different organs, including the heart, joints, lungs, and skin. In these cases, mast cells appear to be activated by triggers other than aggregation of their IgE receptors (FcepsilonRI), such as anaphylatoxins, immunoglobulin-free light chains, superantigens, neuropeptides, and cytokines leading to selective release of mediators without degranulation. These findings could explain inflammatory diseases, such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, coronary inflammation, and inflammatory arthritis, all of which worsen by stress. It is proposed that the pathogenesis of these diseases involve mast cell activation by local release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) or related peptides. Combination of CRH receptor antagonists and mast cell inhibitors may present novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Nakano S, Mishiro T, Takahara S, Yokoi H, Hamada D, Yukata K, Takata Y, Goto T, Egawa H, Yasuoka S, Furouchi H, Hirasaka K, Nikawa T, Yasui N. Distinct expression of mast cell tryptase and protease activated receptor-2 in synovia of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2007; 26:1284-92. [PMID: 17205215 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-006-0495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to examine the differential expression of mast cell tryptase and its receptor, protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), in the synovium and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to determine whether the trypsin-like protease in the synovium is identical to mast cell tryptase. The effects of mast cell tryptase on the proliferation of synovial fibroblast-like cells (SFCs) and the release of IL-8 thereof were evaluated by the [3H]-thymidine incorporation and ELISA, respectively. The trypsin-like protease in the synovium of RA patients was identical to human mast cell tryptase, which was composed of two subunits: 33 and 34 kDa. The 33- and 34-kDa proteins are different glycosylated forms of the 31-kDa protein, which was unglycosylated. Mast cell tryptase activity in RA synovial fluid was significantly higher than that in OA synovial fluid, while their activities and expression in the synovium were similar. Expression of PAR-2 mRNA in the synovium was higher in RA than in OA. Mast cell tryptase containing the unglycosylated 31-kDa subunit was the predominant form in synovial fluid. RA patients had higher amounts of this subunit in their synovial fluid than OA patients. Mast cell tryptase and PAR-2 activating peptide stimulated the proliferation of SFCs and release of IL-8 from these cells. Mast cell tryptase secretion into RA synovial fluid is higher than OA synovial fluid. Mast cell tryptase in synovial fluid stimulates the proliferation of SFCs and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines via PAR-2, which may contribute to exacerbation of synovitis in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Nakano
- Department of Orthopedics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, and Department of Internal Medicine, Hakuai Kinen Hospital, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are traditionally thought of as a nuisance for its host, for example, by causing many of the symptoms associated with allergic reactions. In addition, recent research has put focus on MCs for displaying harmful effects during various autoimmune disorders. On the other hand, MCs can also be beneficial for its host, for example, by contributing to the defense against insults such as bacteria, parasites, and snake venom toxins. When the MC is challenged by an external stimulus, it may respond by degranulation. In this process, a number of powerful preformed inflammatory "mediators" are released, including cytokines, histamine, serglycin proteoglycans, and several MC-specific proteases: chymases, tryptases, and carboxypeptidase A. Although the exact effector mechanism(s) by which MCs carry out their either beneficial or harmful effects in vivo are in large parts unknown, it is reasonable to assume that these mediators may contribute in profound ways. Among the various MC mediators, the exact biological function of the MC proteases has for a long time been relatively obscure. However, recent progress involving successful genetic targeting of several MC protease genes has generated powerful tools, which will enable us to unravel the role of the MC proteases both in normal physiology as well as in pathological settings. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge of the biology of the MC proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, The Biomedical Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Shin K, Gurish MF, Friend DS, Pemberton AD, Thornton EM, Miller HR, Lee DM. Lymphocyte-independent connective tissue mast cells populate murine synovium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 54:2863-71. [PMID: 16947397 DOI: 10.1002/art.22058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mast cells (MCs) are a heterogeneous population of tissue-resident bone marrow-derived cells; distinct MC subpopulations are situated at specific microanatomic locations. The phenotype of the murine synovial MC remains undefined. Since MCs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis, we sought to define the phenotype of the murine synovial MC population in normal and arthritic joints. We also examined the contribution of lymphocytes to synovial MC physiology. METHODS The MC phenotype in healthy and K/BxN serum transfer-induced arthritic synovial tissue was defined using immunohistochemical staining of prototypic MC-specific proteases (murine MC proteases [mMCP] 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7) (chymases and tryptases). MC numbers and density were determined by histomorphometry in healthy and arthritic synovia. The lymphocyte contribution to MC populations was assessed using RAG-null mice. RESULTS We found that synovial MCs display a connective tissue mast cell (CTMC) phenotype in both normal and arthritic synovial tissue, which expresses mMCP-4, -5, -6, and -7, but not mMCP-1 or mMCP-2. In addition, MC hyperplasia was seen in the arthritic synovium. In RAG-null mice, the phenotype and degree of MC hyperplasia were identical to those observed in normal mice with and without arthritis. Furthermore, in contrast to skin CTMCs, all synovial MCs expressed mMCP-6, demonstrating discrete differences between synovial CTMCs and other anatomic CTMC populations. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that the murine synovial MC population is composed of lymphocyte-independent CTMCs and identify arthritic synovium as a model system by which to gain insight into the poorly understood physiology of CTMCs in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kichul Shin
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Zhang M, Venable JD, Thurmond RL. The histamine H4 receptor in autoimmune disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:1443-52. [PMID: 17040202 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.11.1443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Histamine exerts its actions through four known receptors. The recently cloned histamine receptor, H4R, has been shown to have a role in chemotaxis and mediator release in various types of immune cells including mast cells, eosinophils, dendritic cells and T cells. H4R antagonists have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties and efficacy in a number of disease models, such as those for asthma and colitis in vivo. Recently, H4R antagonists have been developed with high receptor affinity and specificity, which make them good tools for further characterisation of the receptor in animal models and, eventually, in humans. Histamine and the cells that produce it, such as mast cells and basophils, have long been thought to be involved in allergic conditions but there has recently been recognition that they may also play a role in various autoimmune diseases. Given this and the fact that the H4R has function in mast cells, dendritic cells and T cells, antagonists for the receptor may be useful in treating autoimmune diseases in addition to allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Zhang
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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35
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Cruse G, Duffy SM, Brightling CE, Bradding P. Functional KCa3.1 K+ channels are required for human lung mast cell migration. Thorax 2006; 61:880-5. [PMID: 16809411 PMCID: PMC2104766 DOI: 10.1136/thx.2006.060319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cell recruitment and activation are critical for the initiation and progression of inflammation and fibrosis. Mast cells infiltrate specific structures in many diseased tissues such as the airway smooth muscle (ASM) in asthma. This microlocalisation of mast cells is likely to be key to disease pathogenesis. Human lung mast cells (HLMC) express the Ca2+ activated K+ channel K(Ca)3.1 which modulates mediator release, and is proposed to facilitate the retraction of the cell body during migration of several cell types. A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that blockade of K(Ca)3.1 would attenuate HLMC proliferation and migration. METHODS HLMC were isolated and purified from lung material resected for bronchial carcinoma. HLMC proliferation was assessed by cell counts at various time points following drug exposure. HLMC chemotaxis was assayed using standard Transwell chambers (8 microm pore size). Ion currents were measured using the single cell patch clamp technique. RESULTS K(Ca)3.1 blockade with triarylmethane-34 (TRAM-34) did not inhibit HLMC proliferation and clotrimazole had cytotoxic effects. In contrast, HLMC migration towards the chemokine CXCL10, the chemoattractant stem cell factor, and the supernatants from tumour necrosis factor alpha stimulated asthmatic ASM was markedly inhibited with both the non-selective K(Ca)3.1 blocker charybdotoxin and the highly specific K(Ca)3.1 blocker TRAM-34 in a dose dependent manner. Although K(Ca)3.1 blockade inhibits HLMC migration, K(Ca)3.1 is not opened by the chemotactic stimulus, suggesting that it must be involved downstream of the initial receptor-ligand interactions. CONCLUSIONS Since modulation of K(Ca)3.1 can inhibit HLMC chemotaxis to diverse chemoattractants, the use of K(Ca)3.1 blockers such as TRAM-34 could provide new therapeutic strategies for mast cell mediated diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cruse
- Institute for Lung Health, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK.
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36
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Juurikivi A, Sandler C, Lindstedt KA, Kovanen PT, Juutilainen T, Leskinen MJ, Mäki T, Eklund KK. Inhibition of c-kit tyrosine kinase by imatinib mesylate induces apoptosis in mast cells in rheumatoid synovia: a potential approach to the treatment of arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64:1126-31. [PMID: 16014680 PMCID: PMC1755598 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2004.029835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of arthritis, but elucidation of their precise role has been hampered by a lack of efficient and selective inhibitors of their function. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to assess whether apoptosis of cultured and synovial tissue mast cells can be induced by inhibiting mast cell growth factor receptor, c-kit tyrosine kinase. METHODS AND RESULTS Double staining with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and tryptase antibodies showed the presence of TNFalpha positive mast cells in human rheumatoid synovial tissue. Selective activation of mast cells by anti-IgE resulted in production of TNFalpha in synovial tissue cultures. Inhibition of the c-kit tyrosine kinase with imatinib mesylate (1.0-10 micromol/l) induced profound apoptosis in cultured mast cells as judged by typical apoptotic morphology, increased number of apoptotic nucleosomes, and activation of caspases 8 and 9. Importantly, imatinib also induced apoptosis of mast cells in explant cultures of synovial tissue obtained from patients with RA as judged by a TUNEL assay. Inhibition of c-kit tyrosine kinase was accompanied by significant reduction of TNFalpha production in synovial tissue cultures. CONCLUSION Mast cells may have a role in the pathogenesis of RA, and inhibition of c-kit may be a new means of inhibiting mast cell activity and of abrogating the contribution of mast cells to synovial inflammation in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Juurikivi
- Division of Rheumatology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Kasarmikatu 11-13, 00130 Helsinki, Finland
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Wong BR, Grossbard EB, Payan DG, Masuda ES. Targeting Syk as a treatment for allergic and autoimmune disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 13:743-62. [PMID: 15212616 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.13.7.743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of allergic and autoimmune disorders have begun to translate into novel, effective and safe medicines for these common maladies. Examples include an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody recently approved for severe asthmatics and the TNF-alpha antagonists that have demonstrated their ability to suppress rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and other chronic inflammatory processes. However, protein therapies are difficult and expensive to develop, manufacture and administer. Clearly, there is also a need for small-molecule inhibitors of novel targets that have safe and effective characteristics. Syk is an intracellular protein tyrosine kinase that was discovered 15 years ago as a key mediator of immunoreceptor signalling in a host of inflammatory cells including B cells, mast cells, macrophages and neutrophils. These immunoreceptors, including Fc receptors and the B-cell receptor, are important for both allergic diseases and antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases and thus pharmacologically interfering with Syk could conceivably treat these disorders. In addition, as Syk is positioned upstream in the cell signalling pathway, therapies targeting Syk may be more advantageous relative to drugs that inhibit a single downstream event. Syk inhibition during an allergic or asthmatic response will block three mast cell functions: the release of preformed mediators such as histamine, the production of lipid mediators such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins and the secretion of cytokines. In contrast, commonly used antihistamines or leukotriene receptor antagonists target only a single mediator of this complex cascade. Despite its expression in platelets and other non-haematopoietic cells, the role of Syk in regulating vascular homeostasis and other housekeeping functions is minimal or masked by redundant Syk-independent pathways. This suggests that targeting Syk would be an optimal approach to effectively treat a multitude of chronic inflammatory diseases without undue toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Wong
- Rigel Pharmaceuticals, 1180 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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38
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Shin HY, Song YS, Kim HM, Shin TY. Inhibitory effect of inflammatory cytokines production from activated mast cells by Gamisopoonghwanghyul-tang. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2005; 26:587-96. [PMID: 15658607 DOI: 10.1081/iph-200042351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease and its exact cause and pathophysiological process remain unclear. Because the mast cell contains potent mediators, including multifunctional cytokines, its potential contributions to the processes of inflammation and matrix degradation have recently become evident. Gamisopoonghwanghyul-tang (GSPHHT) has been used as a traditional Korean medicine for the treatment of RA. In this study, we investigated the effect of Gamisopoonghwanghyul-tang (GSPHHT) on the production of inflammatory cytokines by activated human mast cell line HMC-1 cells. When GSPHHT (1 mg/ mL) was added, the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-10 was inhibited by 36.3%, 36.3%, 30.8%, 48.7% respectively in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated HMC-1 cells. However, the production of IL-4 was significantly increased at 0.01 mg/mL. GSPHHT had no effect on TNF-alpha mRNA expression. These results suggest that GSPHHT regulates production of inflammatory cytokines from activated mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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Choi IY, Jung HS, Kim HR, Lee EJ, Lee EH, Shin TY, Kim HM, Hong SH. OK205 regulates production of inflammatory cytokines in HMC-1 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:1871-4. [PMID: 15516740 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OK205 is a traditional Korean prescription containing water-soluble chitosan, glucosamine HCl, chondroitin sulfate, and extract of herbal medicine, and has been used commercially to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Because infiltrated mast cells and their mediators may contribute to the initiation and progression of the inflammatory process and matrix degradation of RA, we tested the inhibitory effects of OK205 on cytokine production in a human mast cell line (HMC-1 cells). Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was significantly decreased to 0.091+/-0.010 ng/ml after treatment of HMC-1 cells with OK205 100 microg/ml. The inhibition rate was about 43.57%. In addition, production of interleukin-6 in OK205 1 pg/ml-treated cells was 2.779+/-0.071 ng/ml, and the inhibition rate was about 50.22%. However, OK205 did not significantly inhibit the production of interleukin-8. These findings may help in understanding the mechanism of action of OK205, leading to control of mast cells in inflammatory conditions like RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Young Choi
- College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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40
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Abstract
Mast cells are present in limited numbers in normal human synovium, but in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory joint diseases this population can expand to constitute 5% or more of all synovial cells. Recent investigations in a murine model have demonstrated that mast cells can have a critical role in the generation of inflammation within the joint. This finding highlights the results of more than 20 years of research indicating that mast cells are frequent participants in non-allergic immune responses as well as in allergy. Equipped with a diversity of surface receptors and effector capabilities, mast cells are sentinels of the immune system, detecting and delivering a first response to invading bacteria and other insults. Accumulating within inflamed tissues, mast cells produce cytokines and other mediators that may contribute vitally to ongoing inflammation. Here we review some of the non-allergic functions of mast cells and focus on the potential role of these cells in murine and human inflammatory arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/pathology
- Bacterial Infections/immunology
- Bacterial Infections/pathology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytoplasmic Granules/metabolism
- Eicosanoids/metabolism
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mast Cells/pathology
- Mesoderm/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/etiology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/immunology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Nigrovic
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David M Lee
- Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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41
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Theoharides TC, Bielory L. Mast cells and mast cell mediators as targets of dietary supplements. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2004; 93:S24-34. [PMID: 15330009 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)61484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the increasing amount of data that support or dispel the use of dietary supplements in the treatment of inflammatory conditions that involve mast cells, such as allergies, arthritis, and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. DATA SOURCES A search was conducted in MEDLINE for natural substances, dietary supplements, flavonoids, and proteoglycans for their in vitro or in vivo effects on allergic and inflammatory conditions. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected for inclusion because of the impact factor of the journal, the definitive nature of the findings, the soundness of the study design, and the expert opinion of the authors. RESULTS Dietary supplements include a large group of products, such as vitamins, minerals, plant, or animal extracts, as well as herbal preparations that are often called medicinal herbs. Many of the available dietary supplements contain a multitude of ingredients, the source and/or purity of which is seldom disclosed; some of these may have biologic effects of their own or may interact with other supplements or drugs, often leading to adverse effects. The most well-documented evidence published to date is on the inhibitory action of natural compounds, especially flavonoids, on mast cells and allergic symptoms. Some flavonoids have weak inhibitory activity, whereas others may have no benefit or may be detrimental. Sulfated proteoglycans could provide synergistic action but require formulations with increased absorption. CONCLUSIONS Combining the most active flavonoids with proteoglycans could be helpful in atopic and inflammatory conditions. However, a complete list of active ingredients and their source, purity, and exact concentration should be a requirement for nutraceuticals to standardize, compare, and promote their safe use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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42
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Theoharides TC, Cochrane DE. Critical role of mast cells in inflammatory diseases and the effect of acute stress. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 146:1-12. [PMID: 14698841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are not only necessary for allergic reactions, but recent findings indicate that they are also involved in a variety of neuroinflammatory diseases, especially those worsened by stress. In these cases, mast cells appear to be activated through their Fc receptors by immunoglobulins other than IgE, as well as by anaphylatoxins, neuropeptides and cytokines to secrete mediators selectively without overt degranulation. These facts can help us better understand a variety of sterile inflammatory conditions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), migraines, inflammatory arthritis, atopic dermatitis, coronary inflammation, interstitial cystitis and irritable bowel syndrome, in which mast cells are activated without allergic degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theoharis C Theoharides
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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43
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Yao L, Baltatzis S, Zafirakis P, Livir-Rallatos C, Voudouri A, Markomichelakis N, Zhao T, Foster CS. Human mast cell subtypes in conjunctiva of patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis, ocular cicatricial pemphigoid and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2004; 11:211-22. [PMID: 14566647 DOI: 10.1076/ocii.11.3.211.17353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigate mast cell (MC(S)) subtypes in atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), ocular cicatrical pemphigoid (OCP), and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS). METHODS MC(S) subtypes were determined by immunohistochemistry of conjunctiva (obtained from 34 patients--9 AKC, 9 OCP, 9 SJS and 7 normal) using monoclonal antibodies directed against chymase (MC(C)) and tryptase (MC(T)). Double staining was used to distinguish MC(S) as positive for both chymase and tryptase (MC(TC)). RESULTS The number of MC(S) was significantly increased in AKC, OCP and SJS patients, compared to normal subjects. MC( C) were especially high in AKC, and moderately high in OCP. MC(T ) and MC(TC) were similar in each disease group. CONCLUSIONS While the AKC findings were not surprising, the result in OCP and SJS suggests that MC(S) play an underappreciated role in the inflammatory process of these disorders. Disparate proportions of MC(S) subtypes in these diseases may imply differential functions of MC(S) in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Yao
- Immunology and Uveitis Service and Hilles Immunology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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44
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Kim MS, Yi JM, Kim SH, Hong SH, Kim HM. Madimadi, Korean folk medicine, blocks TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8 production by activated human immune cells. Cytokine 2004; 25:179-86. [PMID: 15162835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2003.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Madimadi, a Korean folk medicine, has been applied to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, its mechanisms of action have not been examined. The involvement of inflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8, resulting in local inflammation in the pathogenesis of RA is now widely accepted. Madimadi dose-dependently inhibited TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8 production from activated human mast cells (HMC-1). RT-PCR revealed inhibition of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta transcription in activated HMC-1. In addition, we confirmed potent inhibition of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta production by Madimadi using purified human blood PBMC from an active RA group, but not from healthy or disease control groups. These novel insights into the immunosuppressive action of Madimadi are likely to impact the clinical use of this agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
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45
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Kim MS, Choi IY, Lee SH, Hong SH, Shin T, Kim HM. The Oriental Medicine 'Cool-Cool (Cool-X-A)' Inhibits Inflammatory Cytokine Production and Migration in Mast Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2004; 27:34-7. [PMID: 14709895 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.27.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant medications have been applied to treat pains from various types of arthritis in Korea. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is well known to be a chronic autoimmune/inflammatory disease that leads to progressive joint damage and cartilage destruction. Accumulation and activation of mast cells have been demonstrated in rheumatoid synovial tissue. Because infiltrated mast cells and their mediators may contribute to the initiation and progression of the inflammatory process and matrix degradation of RA, we tested the inhibitory effects of "Cool-Cool" (CC, Cool-X-A), an Oriental medication, on the production and migration of major inflammatory cytokines in mast cells. CC was treated in vitro before activation of human mast cell line (HMC-1) with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and the cytotoxicity of CC was assessed by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide assay. CC had no cytotoxic effects on HMC-1 cell viability. The inhibitory effects on cytokine production were monitored by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). CC inhibited not only the secretion but also the expression of TNF-alpha and IL-8 in HMC-1 cells. CC also suppressed migration of mast cells induced by stem cell factor. These findings may help in understanding the mechanism of action of this herbal medication, leading to the control of mast cells in inflammatory conditions like RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Kempuraj D, Papadopoulou NG, Lytinas M, Huang M, Kandere-Grzybowska K, Madhappan B, Boucher W, Christodoulou S, Athanassiou A, Theoharides TC. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and its structurally related urocortin are synthesized and secreted by human mast cells. Endocrinology 2004; 145:43-8. [PMID: 14576187 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-0805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through CRH, leading to production of glucocorticoids that down-regulate immune responses. However, acute stress also has proinflammatory effects. We previously showed that restraint stress, as well as CRH and its structurally related urocortin (Ucn), could activate mast cells and trigger mast cell-dependent vascular permeability. Here we show for the first time that human cord blood-derived cultured mast cells (hCBMC) at 10 wk, but not at 2 wk, are immunocytochemically positive for CRH and Ucn; human leukemic mast cells are weakly positive for both peptides. The ability of these mast cells to synthesize CRH and Ucn was confirmed by showing mRNA expression with RT-PCR. hCBMC (8-14 wk) synthesize and store 1-10 ng/106 cells (10-20 microg/g) of both CRH and Ucn detected by ELISA of cell homogenates. Stimulation of IgE-sensitized hCBMC with anti-IgE results in secretion of most CRH and Ucn. These findings indicate that mast cells are not only the target, but also a potential source of CRH and Ucn that could have both autocrine and paracrine functions, especially in allergic inflammatory disorders exacerbated by stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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47
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Fajardo I, Pejler G. Human mast cell beta-tryptase is a gelatinase. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:1493-9. [PMID: 12874242 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.3.1493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling of extracellular matrix is an important component in a variety of inflammatory disorders as well as in normal physiological processes such as wound healing and angiogenesis. Previous investigations have identified the various matrix metalloproteases, e.g., gelatinases A and B, as key players in the degradation of extracellular matrix under such conditions. Here we show that an additional enzyme, human mast cell beta-tryptase, has potent gelatin-degrading properties, indicating a potential contribution of this protease to matrix degradation. Human beta-tryptase was shown to degrade gelatin both in solution and during gelatin zymographic analysis. Further, beta-tryptase was shown to degrade partially denatured collagen type I. beta-Tryptase bound strongly to gelatin, forming high molecular weight complexes that were stable during SDS-PAGE. Mast cells store large amounts of preformed, active tryptase in their secretory granules. Considering the location of mast cells in connective tissues and the recently recognized role of mast cells in disorders in which connective tissue degradation is a key event, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, it is thus likely that tryptase may contribute to extracellular matrix-degrading processes in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Fajardo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Chemistry, The Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
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48
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Smeets TJM, Barg EC, Kraan MC, Smith MD, Breedveld FC, Tak PP. Analysis of the cell infiltrate and expression of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in arthroscopic synovial biopsies: comparison with synovial samples from patients with end stage, destructive rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62:635-8. [PMID: 12810425 PMCID: PMC1754593 DOI: 10.1136/ard.62.7.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synovial tissue (ST) from end stage destructive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and arthroscopic biopsies obtained during active inflammation might exhibit different characteristics. OBJECTIVE To define the cell infiltrate and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, angiogenic factors, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in ST selected at arthroscopy compared with that from end stage RA. METHODS Synovial biopsy specimens were obtained from the actively inflamed knee joints of 13 patients with chronic RA by arthroscopy and compared with ST from 10 patients with end stage, destructive RA. Immunohistological analysis was performed to detect T cells, plasma cells, macrophages, fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), and the expression of interleukin (IL)1beta, IL6, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, TIMP-1, and VEGF. RESULTS The expression of CD68+ macrophages was significantly higher in ST selected at arthroscopy than in samples obtained at surgery, both in the intimal lining layer and in the synovial sublining. The expression of CD3+ T cells also tended to be higher in arthroscopic samples. The expression of TNFalpha, IL6, MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, TIMP-1, and VEGF was on average higher in ST obtained at arthroscopy. In contrast, the expression of IL1beta was on average higher in surgical samples. CONCLUSION Active arthritis activity is associated with increased cell infiltration, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, MMPs, and angiogenic growth factors in synovial biopsy samples selected at arthroscopy. Increased expression of IL1beta in the synovium of patients with destructive RA requiring joint replacement may well reflect the important role of IL1beta in cartilage and bone destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J M Smeets
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Shin HY, Jeong HJ, Na HJ, Hong SH, Lee SK, Lee KN, Song YS, Kim HM, Shin TY. Daeganghwal-tang inhibits the stem cell factor-induced migration and inflammatory cytokines secretion in mast cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2003; 85:157-161. [PMID: 12576215 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(02)00369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Oriental medicinal prescription, Daeganghwal-tang (DGHT) has been used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Korea. However, its effect in experimental models remains unknown. Recent reports suggest that in patients with RA, synovial mast cells increase in number and show signs of activation and inflammatory cytokines secretion. Our results show that stem cell factor (SCF) is a potent chemotactic factor for the mast cells in vitro. The chemotactic response to SCF was blocked by DGHT. When DGHT (1mg/ml) was added, the secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6 was inhibited by 60.1, 81.8, 72.5%, respectively in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated HMC-1 cells. In addition, the expression of TNF-alpha mRNA in HMC-1 cells was inhibited by DGHT (1mg/ml). These findings indicate that DGHT inhibits SCF-induced migration and PMA plus calcium ionophore-stimulated inflammatory cytokines secretion in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Y Shin
- Department of Oriental Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan-city, Chonbuk 570-749, South Korea
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Ruschpler P, Lorenz P, Eichler W, Koczan D, Hänel C, Scholz R, Melzer C, Thiesen HJ, Stiehl P. High CXCR3 expression in synovial mast cells associated with CXCL9 and CXCL10 expression in inflammatory synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 5:R241-52. [PMID: 12932287 PMCID: PMC193722 DOI: 10.1186/ar783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2002] [Revised: 05/06/2003] [Accepted: 05/14/2003] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve our knowledge on the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we investigated gene expression patterns in synovial tissue from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients. DNA oligonucleotide microarray analysis was employed to identify differentially expressed genes in synovial tissue from pathologically classified tissue samples from RA (n = 20) and OA patients (n = 10). From 7131 gene sets displayed on the microarray chip, 101 genes were found to be upregulated and 300 genes to be downregulated in RA as compared with OA. Semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to validate microarray expression levels. These experiments revealed that Cys-X-Cys receptor (CXCR)1, CXCR2 and CXCR3 mRNAs, as well as Cys-X-Cys ligand (CXCL)9 (monokine induced by IFN-gamma) and CXCL10 (IFN-gamma inducible protein 10) mRNAs, were significantly upregulated in RA as compared with OA disease. Elevated protein levels in RA synovial tissue were detected for CXCR1 and CXCR3 by Western blotting. Using immunohistochemistry, CXCR3 protein was found to be preferentially expressed on mast cells within synovial tissue from RA patients. These findings suggest that substantial expression of CXCR3 protein on mast cells within synovial tissue from RA patients plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of RA, accompanied by elevated levels of the chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10. Mature mast cells are likely to contribute to and sustain the inflamed state in arthritic lesions (e.g. by production of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, proteinases, arachidonic acid metabolites and cytokines). Thus, the mast cell could become a potential target in therapeutic intervention.
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MESH Headings
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Chemokine CXCL10
- Chemokine CXCL9
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Inflammation/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/biosynthesis
- Mast Cells/chemistry
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis/genetics
- Osteoarthritis/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, CXCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8A/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/immunology
- Synovial Fluid/chemistry
- Synovial Fluid/cytology
- Synovial Membrane/chemistry
- Synovial Membrane/cytology
- Tissue Distribution/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ruschpler
- Institute of Pathology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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