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Yu D, Meng X, de Vos WM, Wu H, Fang X, Maiti AK. Implications of Gut Microbiota in Complex Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12661. [PMID: 34884466 PMCID: PMC8657718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans, throughout the life cycle, from birth to death, are accompanied by the presence of gut microbes. Environmental factors, lifestyle, age and other factors can affect the balance of intestinal microbiota and their impact on human health. A large amount of data show that dietary, prebiotics, antibiotics can regulate various diseases through gut microbes. In this review, we focus on the role of gut microbes in the development of metabolic, gastrointestinal, neurological, immune diseases and, cancer. We also discuss the interaction between gut microbes and the host with respect to their beneficial and harmful effects, including their metabolites, microbial enzymes, small molecules and inflammatory molecules. More specifically, we evaluate the potential ability of gut microbes to cure diseases through Fecal Microbial Transplantation (FMT), which is expected to become a new type of clinical strategy for the treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahai Yu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (X.M.); (X.F.)
| | - Xin Meng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (X.M.); (X.F.)
| | - Willem M. de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 10, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hao Wu
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Xuexun Fang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China; (X.M.); (X.F.)
| | - Amit K. Maiti
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, Mydnavar, 2645 Somerset Boulevard, Troy, MI 48084, USA
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Qi Z, Lyu M, Yang L, Yuan H, Cao Y, Zhai L, Dang W, Liu J, Yang F, Li Y. A Novel and Reliable Rat Model of Autism. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:549810. [PMID: 33776811 PMCID: PMC7994364 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.549810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that lacks an ideal animal model to recapitulate the disease state of ASD. Previous studies have reported that transplanting gut microbiota of ASD patients into pregnant mice is sufficient to promote the changes of autism-like behavior in offspring. This study aims to explore whether fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can be used as a new method to establish the ASD animal model. Methods: We transplanted the fecal sample extract of ASD children into pregnant rats (rFMT) repeatedly to establish an ASD rat model (oFMT) and compare it with the classical valproic acid (VPA) model (oVPA). Results: First, we reveal that oFMT shows hypoevolutism and typical behavioral characteristics of ASD, consistent with the previous study. Second, the gut microbiota of oFMT mainly consists of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, recapitulating the abnormal gut microbiota of ASD. In oFMT, the abundance of Lactobacillus and Collinsella increased (Lactobacillus: oFMT 60.16%, oVPA 64.13%, oCON 40.11%; Collinsella: oFMT 3.73%, oVPA 1.39%, oCON 1.28%), compared with oVPA, gut microbiota also showed high consistency. Third, the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in oFMT serum increased, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and norepinephrine (NE) in oFMT serum decreased. Fourth, the gut microbiota of oFMT also has some ASD characteristic gut microbiota not found in oVPA. Fifth, pregnant rat with VPA showed significant immune activation, while those with FMT showed relatively minor immune activation. Limitations: Although the mechanism of establishing FMT autism rat model (oFMT) has not clearly defined, the data show that the model has high structural validity, and FMT model is likely to be a new and reliable potential animal model of ASD, and will have potential value in studying gut microbiota of ASD. Conclusions: The FMT autism rat model has high structural validity, and the FMT model is likely to be a new and reliable potential animal model of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyao Qi
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengke Lyu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yuan
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yun Cao
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linlin Zhai
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weili Dang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- First Clinical Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Basic Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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Meng X, Zhang G, Cao H, Yu D, Fang X, de Vos WM, Wu H. Gut dysbacteriosis and intestinal disease: mechanism and treatment. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 129:787-805. [PMID: 32277534 PMCID: PMC11027427 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome functions like an endocrine organ, generating bioactive metabolites, enzymes or small molecules that can impact host physiology. Gut dysbacteriosis is associated with many intestinal diseases including (but not limited to) inflammatory bowel disease, primary sclerosing cholangitis-IBD, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic constipation, osmotic diarrhoea and colorectal cancer. The potential pathogenic mechanism of gut dysbacteriosis associated with intestinal diseases includes the alteration of composition of gut microbiota as well as the gut microbiota-derived signalling molecules. The many correlations between the latter and the susceptibility for intestinal diseases has placed a spotlight on the gut microbiome as a potential novel target for therapeutics. Currently, faecal microbial transplantation, dietary interventions, use of probiotics, prebiotics and drugs are the major therapeutic tools utilized to impact dysbacteriosis and associated intestinal diseases. In this review, we systematically summarized the role of intestinal microbiome in the occurrence and development of intestinal diseases. The potential mechanism of the complex interplay between gut dysbacteriosis and intestinal diseases, and the treatment methods are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Meng
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - G Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - H Cao
- InnovHope Inc, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - D Yu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - X Fang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
| | - W M de Vos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H Wu
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Hvas CL, Bendix M, Dige A, Dahlerup JF, Agnholt J. Current, experimental, and future treatments in inflammatory bowel disease: a clinical review. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:446-460. [PMID: 29745777 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1469144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) may result from dysregulated mucosal immune responses directed toward the resident intestinal microbiota. This review describes the hallmark immunobiology of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis as well as therapeutic targets and mechanisms of action for current, experimental, and future treatments in IBD. Conventional therapies include 5-aminosalicylic acid, glucocorticosteroids, thiopurines, and methotrexate. Since 1997, monoclonal antibodies have gained widespread use. These consist of antibodies directed against pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-23, or anti-homing antibodies directed against α4β7 integrin. Emerging oral therapies include modulators of intracellular signal transduction such as Janus kinase inhibitors. Vitamin D may help to regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Modulation of the intestinal microbiota, using live microorganisms (probiotics), substrates for the colonic microbiota (prebiotics), or fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), is in development. Dietary supplements are in widespread use, but providing evidence for their benefit is challenging. Stem cell treatment and nervous stimulation are promising future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L Hvas
- a Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Mia Bendix
- a Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus C , Denmark.,b Medical Department, Randers Regional Hospital , Randers , Denmark
| | - Anders Dige
- a Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Jens F Dahlerup
- a Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Jørgen Agnholt
- a Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus C , Denmark
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