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Stavropoulos D, Grewal MK, Petriti B, Chau KY, Hammond CJ, Garway-Heath DF, Lascaratos G. The Role of Mitophagy in Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration. Cells 2023; 12:1969. [PMID: 37566048 PMCID: PMC10417839 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to provide a better understanding of the emerging role of mitophagy in glaucomatous neurodegeneration, which is the primary cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Increasing evidence from genetic and other experimental studies suggests that mitophagy-related genes are implicated in the pathogenesis of glaucoma in various populations. The association between polymorphisms in these genes and increased risk of glaucoma is presented. Reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) is currently the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, while clinical trials highlight the inadequacy of IOP-lowering therapeutic approaches to prevent sight loss in many glaucoma patients. Mitochondrial dysfunction is thought to increase the susceptibility of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to other risk factors and is implicated in glaucomatous degeneration. Mitophagy holds a vital role in mitochondrial quality control processes, and the current review explores the mitophagy-related pathways which may be linked to glaucoma and their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Stavropoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK;
- Department of Ophthalmology, 417 Veterans Army Hospital (NIMTS), 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Manjot K. Grewal
- NIHR Biomedical Research Center, Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, School of Health Sciences, City, University of London, London EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Bledi Petriti
- NIHR Biomedical Research Center, Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
- Department of Clinical & Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queens Square Institute of Neurology, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Kai-Yin Chau
- Department of Clinical & Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queens Square Institute of Neurology, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - David F. Garway-Heath
- NIHR Biomedical Research Center, Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Gerassimos Lascaratos
- Department of Ophthalmology, King’s College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, UK;
- Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
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Cao K, Ishida T, Fang Y, Shinohara K, Li X, Nagaoka N, Ohno-Matsui K, Yoshida T. Protection of the Retinal Ganglion Cells: Intravitreal Injection of Resveratrol in Mouse Model of Ocular Hypertension. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:13. [PMID: 32176263 PMCID: PMC7401839 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.3.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the efficacy of intravitreal administration of resveratrol (RSV) in a microbead-induced high intraocular pressure (IOP) murine model for glaucoma. Methods Experiments were performed using adult C57BL/6JJcl mice. Polystyrene microbeads were injected into the anterior chamber to induce IOP elevation. Retinal flat-mounts and sections were assessed by immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of reactive oxygen species and acetyl-p53 in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in Müller glial cells (MGCs), and the receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in RGCs. Light cycler real-time PCR was also used for confirming gene expression of BDNF in primary cultured MGCs exposed to RSV. Results Microbeads induced high IOP followed by RGC death and axon loss. Administration of RSV rescued RGCs via decreased reactive oxygen species generation and acetyl-p53 expression in RGCs and upregulated BDNF in MGCs and TrkB expression in RGCs, which exhibited a strong cytoprotective action against cell death through multiple pathways under high IOP. Conclusions Our data suggest that administration of RSV may delay the progress of visual dysfunction during glaucoma and may therefore have therapeutic potential.
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Chen M, Yu X, Xu J, Ma J, Chen X, Chen B, Gu Y, Wang K. Association of Gene Polymorphisms With Primary Open Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 60:1105-1121. [PMID: 30901387 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Eye Center, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoning Yu
- Eye Center, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Eye Center, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Eye Center, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Eye Center, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binbin Chen
- Eye Center, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxiang Gu
- Eye Center, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaijun Wang
- Eye Center, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou, China
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Zhang J, Wang L. Association between rs4938723 polymorphism and the risk of primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) in a Chinese population. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12875-12886. [PMID: 30861198 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology Ankang City Central Hospital Ankang Shaanxi China
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Pietrucha-Dutczak M, Amadio M, Govoni S, Lewin-Kowalik J, Smedowski A. The Role of Endogenous Neuroprotective Mechanisms in the Prevention of Retinal Ganglion Cells Degeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:834. [PMID: 30524222 PMCID: PMC6262299 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal neurons are not able to undergo spontaneous regeneration in response to damage. A variety of stressors, i.e., UV radiation, high temperature, ischemia, allergens, and others, induce reactive oxygen species production, resulting in consecutive alteration of stress-response gene expression and finally can lead to cell apoptosis. Neurons have developed their own endogenous cellular protective systems. Some of them are preventing cell death and others are allowing functional recovery after injury. The high efficiency of these mechanisms is crucial for cell survival. In this review we focus on the contribution of the most recently studied endogenous neuroprotective factors involved in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival, among which, neurotrophic factors and their signaling pathways, processes regulating the redox status, and different pathways regulating cell death are the most important. Additionally, we summarize currently ongoing clinical trials for therapies for RGC degeneration and optic neuropathies, including glaucoma. Knowledge of the endogenous cellular protective mechanisms may help in the development of effective therapies and potential novel therapeutic targets in order to achieve progress in the treatment of retinal and optic nerve diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marita Pietrucha-Dutczak
- Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marialaura Amadio
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Joanna Lewin-Kowalik
- Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adrian Smedowski
- Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Gupta S, Chatterjee S, Chandra A, Maurya OPS, Mishra RN, Mukherjee A, Mutsuddi M. TP53 codon 72 polymorphism and the risk of glaucoma in a north Indian cohort: A genetic association study. Ophthalmic Genet 2017; 39:228-235. [DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2017.1413661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Souradip Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Om Prakash Singh Maurya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ravindra Nath Mishra
- Department of Community Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Increased intraocular pressure alters the cellular distribution of HuR protein in retinal ganglion cells - A possible sign of endogenous neuroprotection failure. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:296-306. [PMID: 29107807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The RNA-binding protein, HuR, modulates mRNA processing and gene expression of several stress response proteins i.e. Hsp70 and p53 that have been postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma, a chronic optic neuropathy leading to irreversible blindness. We evaluated HuR protein expression in retinas and optic nerves of glaucomatous rats and human primary open angle glaucoma patients and its possible impact on stress response mechanisms. We found that the cytoplasmic content of HuR was reduced more extensively in glaucomatous retinas than in optic nerves and this was linked with a declined cytoplasmic Hsp70 level and p53 nuclear translocation. In the optic nerve, the p53 content was decreased as a feature of reactive gliosis. Based on our findings, we conclude that the alteration in the HuR content, observed both in rat glaucoma model and human glaucoma samples, affects post-transcriptionally the expression of genes crucial for maintaining cell homeostasis; therefore, we postulate that HuR may be involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
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Gohari M, Neámatzadeh H, Jafari MA, Mazaheri M, Zare-Shehneh M, Abbasi-Shavazi E. Association between the p53 codon 72 polymorphism and primary open-angle glaucoma risk: Meta-analysis based on 11 case-control studies. Indian J Ophthalmol 2017; 64:756-761. [PMID: 27905339 PMCID: PMC5168918 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.195002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The TP53 is important in functions of cell cycle control, apoptosis, and maintenance of DNA integrity. Studies on the association between p53 codon 72 polymorphism and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) risk have yielded conflicting results. Published literature from PubMed and Web of Science databases was retrieved. All studies evaluating the association between p53 codon 72 polymorphisms and POAG were included. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Eleven separate studies including 2541 cases and 1844 controls were pooled in the meta-analysis. We did not detect a significant association between POAG risk and p53 codon 72 polymorphism overall population except allele genetic model (C vs. G: OR = 0.961, 95% CI = 0.961-0.820, P = 0.622). In the stratified analysis for Asians and Caucasians, there was an association between p53 codon 72 polymorphism and POAG. In the dominant model in the overall population and by ethnicity subgroups, the highest elevated POAG risk was presented. In summary, these results indicate that p53 codon 72 polymorphism is likely an important genetic factor contributing to susceptibility of POAG. However, more case-controls studies based on larger sample size and stratified by ethnicity are suggested to further clarify the relationship between p53 codon 72 polymorphism and POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Gohari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Geriatric Ophthalmology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hossein Neámatzadeh
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Jafari
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahta Mazaheri
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Masoud Zare-Shehneh
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Elahe Abbasi-Shavazi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Kumar S, Malik MA, Goswami S, Sihota R, Kaur J. Candidate genes involved in the susceptibility of primary open angle glaucoma. Gene 2016; 577:119-31. [PMID: 26621382 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Neamatzadeh H, Soleimanizad R, Atefi A, Zare-Shehneh M, Gharibi S, Shekari A, Rahimzadeh AB. Association between p53 codon 72 (Arg72Pro) polymorphism and primary open-angle glaucoma in Iranian patients. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 19:51-6. [PMID: 25605490 PMCID: PMC4322233 DOI: 10.6091/ibj.1379.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaucomatous neuropathy is a type of cell death due to apoptosis. The p53 gene is one of the regulatory genes of apoptosis. Recently, the association between the p53 gene encoding for proline at codon 72 and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) has been studied in some ethnic groups. This study is the first association analysis of POAG and p53 codon 72 polymorphism in Iranian patients. METHODS A cohort of 65 unrelated patients with POAG (age range from 12-62 years, mean ± SD of 40.16 ± 17.51 years) and 65 unrelated control subjects (without glaucoma, age range of 14-63 years, mean ± SD of 35.64 ± 13.61 years) were selected. In Iranian POAG patients and normal healthy controls, the p53 codon 72 polymorphism in exon 4 was amplified using polymerase chain reaction. The amplified DNA fragments were digested with the BstUI restriction enzyme, and the digestion patterns were used to identify the alleles for the polymorphic site. RESULTS Comparisons revealed significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies of Pro72Arg between POAG patients and control group. A higher risk of POAG was associated with allele Pro (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.2-3.4) and genotype Pro/Pro (OR = 3.9, 95% CI = 0.13-12.7). CONCLUSION The p53 Pro72 allele was more frequent in Iranian POAG patients than in the control group (P<0.05). The present findings show that the individuals with the Pro/Pro genotype may be more likely to develop POAG. However, additional studies are necessary to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Neamatzadeh
- Hematology, Oncology and Genetic Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Reza Soleimanizad
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd; Iran
| | - Aref Atefi
- Dept. of Microbial Biotechnology, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Zare-Shehneh
- Dept. of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services,
Yazd, Iran
| | - Saba Gharibi
- Dept. of Medical Genetics, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services,
Yazd, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Shekari
- Dept. of Medical Genetics, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Levkovitch-Verbin H. Retinal ganglion cell apoptotic pathway in glaucoma: Initiating and downstream mechanisms. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:37-57. [PMID: 26497784 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in glaucoma causes progressive visual field loss, making it the primary cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure and aging, the main risk factors for glaucoma, accelerate RGC apoptosis. Numerous pathways and mechanisms were found to be involved in RGC death in glaucoma. Neurotrophic factors deprivation is an early event. Oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, glial cell dysfunction, and activation of apoptotic pathways and prosurvival pathways play a significant role in RGC death in glaucoma. The most important among the involved pathways are the MAP-kinase pathway, PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway, Bcl-2 family, caspase family, and IAP family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Levkovitch-Verbin
- Glaucoma Service, Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
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Adduri RSR, Katamoni R, Pandilla R, Madana SN, Paripati AK, Kotapalli V, Bashyam MD. TP53 Pro72 allele is enriched in oral tongue cancer and frequently mutated in esophageal cancer in India. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114002. [PMID: 25436609 PMCID: PMC4250174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The tumor suppressor p53 is known to be inactivated frequently in various cancers. In addition, germline polymorphisms in TP53 are known to affect protein function and influence risk of developing different types of cancers. In this study, we analyzed the association of TP53 Pro72Arg polymorphism with squamous cell carcinoma of oral tongue (SCCOT) and esophagus (ESCC) in India. Methods We assessed the distribution of TP53 Pro72Arg polymorphism in one hundred and fifteen and eighty two SCCOT and ESCC patients, respectively, with respect to one hundred and ten healthy controls from the same population. In addition, we analyzed association of the polymorphism with several clinico-pathological and molecular parameters. Results Pro72 allele was significantly enriched in SCCOT patients compared to the healthy control group but neither allele was enriched in ESCC. Interestingly, Pro72 allele was preferentially mutated in ESCC which was confirmed by analysis of samples heterozygous for Pro72Arg. Conclusions Our study revealed the association of Pro72 allele with SCCOT suggesting the effect of this polymorphism on SCCOT risk. Preferential mutation of Pro72 allele exclusively in ESCC indicates the need for further studies to understand the tissue specific effect of p53 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju S. R. Adduri
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nampally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajender Katamoni
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nampally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramaswamy Pandilla
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nampally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sandeep N. Madana
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nampally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arun Kumar Paripati
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nampally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Viswakalyan Kotapalli
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nampally, Hyderabad, India
| | - Murali Dharan Bashyam
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Nampally, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail:
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Lin HJ, Chen WL, Chen TH, Kung YJ, Wan L. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor -460 C/T BstUI Gene Polymorphism is associated with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2014; 4:4. [PMID: 25520917 PMCID: PMC4265009 DOI: 10.7603/s40681-014-0004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxia and nitric oxide (NO) play important roles in the onset and progression of glaucoma. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the main factors responsive to hypoxia and NO. In this study, we investigated the association between the BstUI C/T VEGF gene polymorphism and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods 60 POAG patients and 78 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. The most frequently observed polymorphism in the VEGF gene is BstUI C/T, which was located 460 nucleotides upstream of the gene. The polymorphism was observed using polymerase chain reaction-based restriction analysis. Results Significant differences were observed in the distribution of the polymorphism between control subjects and POAG patients (p = 0.003). C/C homozygotes are absent in the control group; therefore, this genotype represents a suitable genetic maker for POAG. Conclusions Hypoxia and NO may be involved in the pathway whereby the VEGF-460 polymorphism regulates POAG. Furthermore, homozygous C/C VEGF genotype is a useful maker for Chinese POAG. Background Hypoxia and nitric oxide (NO) play important roles in the onset and progression of glaucoma. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the main factors responsive to hypoxia and NO. In this study, we investigated the association between the BstUI C/T VEGF gene polymorphism and primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods 60 POAG patients and 78 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. The most frequently observed polymorphism in the VEGF gene is BstUI C/T, which was located 460 nucleotides upstream of the gene. The polymorphism was observed using polymerase chain reaction-based restriction analysis. Results Significant differences were observed in the distribution of the polymorphism between control subjects and POAG patients (p = 0.003). C/C homozygotes are absent in the control group; therefore, this genotype represents a suitable genetic maker for POAG Conclusions Hypoxia and NO may be involved in the pathway whereby the VEGF-460 polymorphism regulates POAG. Furthermore, homozygous C/C VEGF genotype is a useful maker for Chinese POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ; School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-shih Road, 404 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ; School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-shih Road, 404 Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ter-Hsin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Jen Kung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lei Wan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91 Hsueh-shih Road, 404 Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Buys ES, Potter LR, Pasquale LR, Ksander BR. Regulation of intraocular pressure by soluble and membrane guanylate cyclases and their role in glaucoma. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:38. [PMID: 24904270 PMCID: PMC4032937 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by visual field defects that ultimately lead to irreversible blindness (Alward, 2000; Anderson et al., 2006). By the year 2020, an estimated 80 million people will have glaucoma, 11 million of which will be bilaterally blind. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is currently the only risk factor amenable to treatment. How IOP is regulated and can be modulated remains a topic of active investigation. Available therapies, mostly geared toward lowering IOP, offer incomplete protection, and POAG often goes undetected until irreparable damage has been done, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches, drug targets, and biomarkers (Heijl et al., 2002; Quigley, 2011). In this review, the role of soluble (nitric oxide (NO)-activated) and membrane-bound, natriuretic peptide (NP)-activated guanylate cyclases that generate the secondary signaling molecule cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the regulation of IOP and in the pathophysiology of POAG will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Buys
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lincoln R Potter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Louis R Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Service Mass Eye and Ear Infirmary and Channing Division of Network Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Ksander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Takamoto M, Araie M. Genetics of primary open angle glaucoma. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2013; 58:1-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10384-013-0286-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
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16
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The p53 Codon 72 Polymorphism (rs1042522) Is Associated with Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy. Ophthalmology 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Wiggs JL, Hewitt AW, Fan BJ, Wang DY, Figueiredo Sena DR, O'Brien C, Realini A, Craig JE, Dimasi DP, Mackey DA, Haines JL, Pasquale LR. The p53 codon 72 PRO/PRO genotype may be associated with initial central visual field defects in caucasians with primary open angle glaucoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45613. [PMID: 23049825 PMCID: PMC3458938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of vision in glaucoma is due to apoptotic retinal ganglion cell loss. While p53 modulates apoptosis, gene association studies between p53 variants and glaucoma have been inconsistent. In this study we evaluate the association between a p53 variant functionally known to influence apoptosis (codon 72 Pro/Arg) and the subset of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients with early loss of central visual field. Methods Genotypes for the p53 codon 72 polymorphism (Pro/Arg) were obtained for 264 POAG patients and 400 controls from the U.S. and in replication studies for 308 POAG patients and 178 controls from Australia (GIST). The glaucoma patients were divided into two groups according to location of initial visual field defect (either paracentral or peripheral). All cases and controls were Caucasian with European ancestry. Results The p53-PRO/PRO genotype was more frequent in the U.S. POAG patients with early visual field defects in the paracentral regions compared with those in the peripheral regions or control group (p = 2.7×10−5). We replicated this finding in the GIST cohort (p = 7.3×10−3, and in the pooled sample (p = 6.6×10−7) and in a meta-analysis of both the US and GIST datasets (1.3×10−6, OR 2.17 (1.58–2.98 for the PRO allele). Conclusions These results suggest that the p53 codon 72 PRO/PRO genotype is potentially associated with early paracentral visual field defects in primary open-angle glaucoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma: Understanding genetic influences. Mitochondrion 2012; 12:202-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Current concepts on primary open-angle glaucoma genetics: a contribution to disease pathophysiology and future treatment. Eye (Lond) 2011; 26:355-69. [PMID: 22173078 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2011.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a common, complex, heterogenous disease and it constitutes the major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common type of glaucoma in all populations. Most of the molecular mechanisms leading to POAG development are still unknown. Gene mutations in various populations have been identified by genetic studies and a genetic basis for glaucoma pathogenesis has been established. Linkage analysis and association studies are genetic approaches in the investigation of the genetic basis of POAG. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are more powerful compared with linkage analysis in discovering genes of small effect that might contribute to the development of the disease. POAG links to at least 20 genetic loci, but only 2 genes identified in these loci, myocilin and optineurin, are considered as well-established glaucoma-causing genes, whereas the role of other loci, genes, and variants implicated in the development of POAG remains controversial. Gene mutations associated with POAG result in retinal ganglion cell death, which is the common outcome of pathogenetic mechanisms in glaucoma. In future, if the sensitivity and specificity of genotyping increases, it may be possible to screen individuals routinely for disease susceptibility. This review is an update on the latest progress of genetic studies associated with POAG. It emphasizes the correlation of recent achievements in genetics with glaucoma pathophysiology, glaucoma treatment perspectives, and the possibility of future prevention of irreversible visual loss caused by the disease.
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Blanco-Marchite C, Sánchez-Sánchez F, López-Garrido MP, Iñigez-de-Onzoño M, López-Martínez F, López-Sánchez E, Alvarez L, Rodríguez-Calvo PP, Méndez-Hernández C, Fernández-Vega L, García-Sánchez J, Coca-Prados M, García-Feijoo J, Escribano J. WDR36 and P53 gene variants and susceptibility to primary open-angle glaucoma: analysis of gene-gene interactions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:8467-78. [PMID: 21931130 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-7489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of WDR36 and P53 sequence variations in POAG susceptibility. METHODS The authors performed a case-control genetic association study in 268 unrelated Spanish patients (POAG1) and 380 control subjects matched for sex, age, and ethnicity. WDR36 sequence variations were screened by either direct DNA sequencing or denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography. P53 polymorphisms p.R72P and c.97-147ins16bp were analyzed by single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping and PCR, respectively. Positive SNP and haplotype associations were reanalyzed in a second sample of 211 patients and in combined cases (n = 479). RESULTS The authors identified almost 50 WDR36 sequence variations, of which approximately two-thirds were rare and one-third were polymorphisms. Approximately half the variants were novel. Eight patients (2.9%) carried rare mutations that were not identified in the control group (P = 0.001). Six Tag SNPs were expected to be structured in three common haplotypes. Haplotype H2 was consistently associated with the disease (P = 0.0024 in combined cases). According to a dominant model, genotypes containing allele P of the P53 p.R72P SNP slightly increased glaucoma risk. Glaucoma susceptibility associated with different WDR36 genotypes also increased significantly in combination with the P53 RP risk genotype, indicating the existence of a genetic interaction. For instance, the OR of the H2 diplotype estimated for POAG1 and combined cases rose approximately 1.6 times in the two-locus genotype H2/RP. CONCLUSIONS Rare WDR36 variants and the P53 p.R72P polymorphism behaved as moderate glaucoma risk factors in Spanish patients. The authors provide evidence for a genetic interaction between WDR36 and P53 variants in POAG susceptibility, although this finding must be confirmed in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Blanco-Marchite
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete (Hospital Perpetuo Socorro), Albacete, Spain
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Rao KN, Nagireddy S, Chakrabarti S. Complex genetic mechanisms in glaucoma: an overview. Indian J Ophthalmol 2011; 59 Suppl:S31-42. [PMID: 21150032 PMCID: PMC3038510 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.73685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucomas comprise a group of hereditary optic neuropathies characterized by progressive and irreversible visual field loss and damage to the optic nerve head. It is a complex disease with multiple molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis. Genetic heterogeneity is the hallmark of all glaucomas and multiple chromosomal loci have been linked to the disease, but only a few genes have been characterized, viz. myocilin (MYOC), optineurin (OPTN), WDR36 and neurotrophin-4 (NTF4) in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and CYP1B1 and LTBP2 in congenital and developmental glaucomas. Case-control-based association studies on candidate genes involved in different stages of glaucoma pathophysiology have indicated a very limited involvement. The complex mechanisms leading to glaucoma pathogenesis indicate that it could be attributed to multiple genes with varying magnitudes of effect. In this review, we provide an appraisal of the various efforts in unraveling the molecular mystery in glaucoma and also some future directions based on the available scientific knowledge and technological developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kollu N Rao
- Kallam Anji Reddy Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Podkolodnaya OA, Yarkova EE, Demenkov PS, Konovalova OS, Ivanisenko VA, Kolchanov NA. Application of the ANDCell computer system to reconstruction and analysis of associative networks describing potential relationships between myopia and glaucoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079059711010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness throughout the world. Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG; MIM 137760) is the main type of glaucoma in most populations, and more than 20 genetic loci for POAG have been reported. Only three causative genes have been identified in these loci, viz. myocilin (MYOC), optineurin (OPTN), and WD repeat domain 36 (WDR36). However, mutations in these genes account for only a small percentage of the patients with POAG. Some of these glaucoma cases have a Mendelian inheritance pattern, and a considerable fraction of the cases result from a large number of variants in several genes each contributing small effects. Glaucoma is considered to be a common disease such as diabetes mellitus, coronary disease, Crohn disease, and several( )common cancers. The main technological approaches used to identify the genes associated with glaucoma are the candidate gene approach, linkage analysis, case-control association study, and genome-wide association study. Association studies have found about 27 genes related to POAG, but the glaucoma-causing effects of these genes need to be investigated in more detail. The current trend is to use case-control association studies or genome-wide association studies to map the genes associated with glaucoma. Such studies are expected to greatly advance our understanding of the genetic basis of glaucoma, and to provide information on the effectiveness of glaucoma therapy. This review gives an overview on the genetic aspects of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Fuse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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Abstract
Glaucoma is a group of heterogeneous optic neuropathies with complex genetic basis. Among the three principle subtypes of glaucoma, primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) occurs most frequently. Till date, 25 loci have been found to be linked to POAG. However, only three underlying genes (Myocilin, Optineurin and WDR36) have been identified. In addition, at least 30 other genes have been reported to be associated with POAG. Despite strong genetic influence in POAG pathogenesis, only a small part of the disease can be explained in terms of genetic aberration. Current concepts of glaucoma pathogenesis suggest it to be a neurodegenerative disorder which is triggered by different factors including mechanical stress due to intra-ocular pressure, reduced blood flow to retina, reperfusion injury, oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, and aberrant immune response. Here we present a mechanistic overview of potential pathways and crosstalk between them operating in POAG pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Ray
- Molecular and Human Genetic Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (a unit of CSIR), Kolkata, India.
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Daugherty CL, Curtis H, Realini T, Charlton JF, Zareparsi S. Primary open angle glaucoma in a Caucasian population is associated with the p53 codon 72 polymorphism. Mol Vis 2009; 15:1939-44. [PMID: 19784392 PMCID: PMC2751801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Apoptosis has been implicated as the mechanism for retinal ganglion cell death in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), a complex neurodegenerative disease. There have been inconsistent reports regarding increased risk of POAG and a polymorphism (Arg72Pro) within the tumor suppressor gene, p53. The goal of this study was to examine the role of this polymorphism in susceptibility to POAG in a Caucasian population from the United States. METHODS We generated genotypes in 191 unrelated Caucasian POAG patients and 167 unrelated Caucasian controls for the following polymorphisms within p53: rs1042522 (Arg72Pro), rs17878362 (16 bp Ins/Del), and rs1800371 (Pro47Ser) by PCR amplification followed by restriction digestion and sequence analysis. RESULTS There was a significant difference in genotypic frequencies for rs1042522 (Arg72Pro) between POAG patients and controls (chi(2)= 9.56, p=0.008). Individuals who were homozygous for the arginine allele have a 1.9 fold significantly increased risk of developing glaucoma (95%CI: 1.16-2.82, p=0.01). Interestingly, we found that the frequency of the arginine allele was even higher in the normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) subtype compared to high-tension POAG (0.81 versus 0.76). CONCLUSIONS Our preliminary results indicate that the arginine variant of rs1042522 within p53 is associated with increased risk of POAG. This variant has increased apoptotic potential, thus the retinal ganglion cells in carriers of the arginine allele may have greater susceptibility to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hilda Curtis
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Tony Realini
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Judie F. Charlton
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
| | - Sepideh Zareparsi
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
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Saglar E, Yucel D, Bozkurt B, Ozgul R, Irkec M, Ogus A. Association of polymorphisms in APOE, p53, and p21 with primary open-angle glaucoma in Turkish patients. Mol Vis 2009; 15:1270-6. [PMID: 19578553 PMCID: PMC2704913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the association between Apolipoprotein E (APOE), tumor suppressor protein p53 (p53), and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21) genes and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in a cohort of Turkish subjects. METHODS Seventy-five POAG patients (49 women, 26 men) and 119 healthy subjects (67 women, 52 men) were genotyped with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Allele and genotype frequencies between healthy subjects and glaucoma patients were compared by the chi(2) test, and intraocular pressure (IOP), cup/disc ratio (C/D) and visual field indices (MD and PSD) were compared among different APOE, p53, and p21 genotypes in POAG group. A p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS The mean ages were 63.8+/-9.5 and 61.8+/-10.2 years in POAG and control groups, respectively (p=0.18). There were no significant differences in the distribution of APOE, p53, and p21 genotypes between the healthy subjects and POAG patients (p=0.38, p=0.12, and p=0.2, respectively). There were no significant differences in maximum IOP, MD, and PSD values among different groups of p53 and p21 genotypes (p>0.05). POAG subjects with the epsilon2epsilon3 genotype had a worse PSD value (median=2.2) than those with the epsilon3epsilon4 genotype (median=1.77; p=0.01) and POAG subjects with the epsilon3epsilon3 genotype had worse MD and PSD values (median= -7.4 and 3.4, respectively) than those with the epsilon3epsilon4 genotype (median= -4.1 and 1.77, respectively; p=0.034 and 0.028, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our study found no link between polymorphisms in APOE, p53, and p21 genes and POAG in Turkish patients, although a larger sample is required to elucidate the role of these polymorphisms in the pathogenesis and course of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Saglar
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - D. Yucel
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B. Bozkurt
- Selcuk University, Meram Medical Faculty, Department of Ophthalmology, Konya, Turkey
| | - R.K. Ozgul
- Hacettepe University, Institute of Child Health, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M. Irkec
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A. Ogus
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology, Ankara, Turkey
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27
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Mabuchi F, Sakurada Y, Kashiwagi K, Yamagata Z, Iijima H, Tsukahara S. Lack of association between p53 gene polymorphisms and primary open angle glaucoma in the Japanese population. Mol Vis 2009; 15:1045-9. [PMID: 19471604 PMCID: PMC2684750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether tumor protein p53 gene (p53) polymorphisms are associated with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in the Japanese population. METHODS Four hundred and twenty-five Japanese patients with POAG, including normal tension glaucoma (NTG, n=213) and high tension glaucoma (HTG, n=212) and 189 control subjects without glaucoma were analyzed for two p53 polymorphisms (rs1042522; a G-->C substitution at codon 72 in exon 4 and rs59758982; a 16 base pair insertion in intron 3) using allele specific primer PCR and a pyrosequencing technique respectively. The genotypic and allelic frequencies were compared between NTG or HTG patients and control subjects. RESULTS No significant difference (NTG versus control, p=0.99, and HTG versus control, p=0.69, chi(2) test) was observed regarding the p53 genotype frequencies at codon 72 between the NTG (GG: 43.2%, GC: 44.6%, CC: 12.2%) or HTG (GG: 40.1%, GC: 48.1%, CC: 11.8%) patients and the control subjects (GG: 43.9%, GC: 43.9%, CC: 12.2%). In addition, there was no significant difference (NTG versus control, p=0.94; and HTG versus control, p=0.66, Fisher's exact test) in the p53 allele frequencies at codon 72 between the NTG (G allele: 65.5%, C allele: 34.5%) or HTG (G allele: 64.2%, C allele: 35.8%) patients and the control subjects (G allele: 65.9%, C allele: 34.1%). No 16 base pair insertion in intron 3 was found in this study. CONCLUSION p53 polymorphisms were not associated with POAG in the Japanese population. Further studies in the other ethnic populations should therefore be performed to elucidate whether the p53 intron 3 insertion polymorphism is a genetic risk factor for POAG, because the intron 3 insertion polymorphism occurs very rarely in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Mabuchi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakurada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kenji Kashiwagi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Zentaro Yamagata
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iijima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Shigeo Tsukahara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
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Fan BJ, Wang DY, Cheng CY, Ko WC, Lam SC, Pang CP. Different WDR36 mutation pattern in Chinese patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Mol Vis 2009; 15:646-53. [PMID: 19347049 PMCID: PMC2664842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the distribution of WD repeat domain 36 (WDR36) sequence variants in Chinese patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). METHODS One hundred and thirty-five unrelated POAG patients (82 high tension glaucoma [HTG], 42 normal tension glaucoma [NTG], and 11 juvenile-onset POAG [JOAG] patients) and 77 unrelated controls were recruited. All 23 coding exons and splicing junctions of WDR36 were sequenced using BigDye Terminator v3.1 cycle sequencing kit. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and haplotype associations were analyzed using PLINK (version 1.04). RESULTS Nineteen sequence alterations were identified, and eight of them were novel including two novel nonsynonymous SNPs (L240V and I713V). Except the common I264V polymorphism, no other previously reported disease-causing or disease-susceptibility mutations were found. The novel I713V mutation was observed in three (3.7%) patients with HTG. One intronic SNP, IVS5+30C>T (rs10038177), showed significantly higher frequency of minor allele T in HTG patients (16.5%) than in controls (1.3%; Odds ratio [OR]=15.0, p=7.9 x 10(-7), Bonferroni corrected p=1.5 x 10(-5)). Haplotype GTA, which is composed of rs13153937, rs10038177, and rs11241095, was significantly associated with HTG (OR=22.5, p=0.002, Bonferroni corrected p=0.013). Neither the individual SNPs nor haplotypes of WDR36 were associated with NTG or JOAG (Bonferroni corrected p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Findings in this study suggest WDR36 to be associated with sporadic HTG but not with NTG or JOAG. Our results also suggest a different mutation pattern of WDR36 in the Chinese population from other ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Jian Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
| | - Dan Yi Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Yang Ming University School of Medicine and Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wendy Charles Ko
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shun Chiu Lam
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Hama Y, Katsuki H, Izumi Y, Kume T, Akaike A. Excitotoxicity-Associated p53 Expression in Adult Rat Retina Is Mediated by Calpain Activity but Not by Cl− Influx. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:493-6. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09105sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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30
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Allingham RR, Liu Y, Rhee DJ. The genetics of primary open-angle glaucoma: a review. Exp Eye Res 2008; 88:837-44. [PMID: 19061886 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is the major cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), as the most prevalent form of glaucoma, is a complex inherited disorder and affects more than 2 million individuals in the United States. It has become increasingly clear that a host of genetic as well as environmental factors are likely to contribute to the phenotype. A number of chromosomal and genetic associations have been reported for POAG. This review examines what is currently known about the underlying genetic structure, what remains to be learned, and how this may affect our medical management of this major blinding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rand Allingham
- Duke University Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Skarie JM, Link BA. The primary open-angle glaucoma gene WDR36 functions in ribosomal RNA processing and interacts with the p53 stress-response pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:2474-85. [PMID: 18469340 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a genetically complex neuropathy that affects retinal ganglion cells and is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. WDR36, a gene of unknown function, was recently identified as causative for POAG at locus GLC1G. Subsequent studies found disease-associated variants in control populations, leaving the role of WDR36 in this disease unclear. To address this issue, we determined the function of WDR36. We studied Wdr36 in zebrafish and found it is the functional homolog of yeast Utp21. Utp21 is cell essential and functions in the nucleolar processing of 18S rRNA, which is required for ribosome biogenesis. Evidence for functional homology comes from sequence alignment, ubiquitous expression, sub-cellular localization to the nucleolus and loss-of-function phenotypes that include defects in 18S rRNA processing and abnormal nucleolar morphology. Additionally, we show that loss of Wdr36 function leads to an activation of the p53 stress-response pathway, suggesting that co-inheritance of defects in p53 pathway genes may influence the impact of WDR36 variants on POAG. Although these results overall do not provide evidence for or against a role of WDR36 in POAG, they do provide important baseline information for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Skarie
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness, estimated to affect 60 million people by 2010, and represents a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disease. The two major types of glaucoma include primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). A genetically heterogeneous group of developmental disorders known as anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) have been reported to be associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and glaucoma. These include Peters' anomaly, Rieger's anomaly, aniridia, iris hypoplasia, and iridogoniodysgenesis. Genetic linkage analysis and mutation studies have identified CYP1B1 as a causative gene in PCG, as a modifier gene in POAG, and, on rare occasions, as causative gene in POAG as well as in several ASD disorders. CYP1B1-deficient mice exhibit abnormalities in their ocular drainage structure and trabecular meshwork that are similar to those reported in human PCG patients. Accordingly, it is speculated that diminished or absent metabolism of key endogenous CYP1B1 substrates adversely affects the development of the trabecular meshwork. CYP1B1 protein is involved in the metabolism of steroids, retinol and retinal, arachidonate, and melatonin. The conserved expression of CYP1B1 in both murine and human eyes, its higher expression in fetal than adult eyes, and its biochemical properties are consistent with this hypothesis. The exact role of CYP1B1 in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and other ASD disorders remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis Vasiliou
- Molecular Toxicology & Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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33
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Spitsina EV, Yakunina NY, Chudakova DA, Nikitin AG, Svetlova GN, Soluyanova TN, Strokov IA, Nosikov VV. The association of the TP53 polymorphisms Pro72Arg and C(−594)CC with diabetic polyneuropathy in Russian Muscovites with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893307060052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hewitt AW, Craig JE, Mackey DA. Complex genetics of complex traits: the case of primary open-angle glaucoma. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 34:472-84. [PMID: 16872346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2006.01268.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, which is a complex heterogeneous disease, presents an ideal case for genetic investigation. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the commonest subtype and will be the focus of this review. When detected early, POAG is amenable to therapeutic intervention. Unfortunately, current population-based clinical screening lacks efficacy. If individuals with a genetic predisposition for developing POAG can be identified, then efficient and cost-effective population-based screening programs could be designed. Although considerable inroads have been made in understanding the natural history of POAG caused by mutations in the myocilin and optineurin genes, other POAG genes accounting for most cases remain to be identified. This review explores the genetic mechanisms that have been unequivocally linked to the glaucomatous process and then discusses potential avenues for future breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex W Hewitt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Fan BJ, Wang DY, Lam DSC, Pang CP. Gene mapping for primary open angle glaucoma. Clin Biochem 2005; 39:249-58. [PMID: 16332362 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/02/2005] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide. To date, at least 20 genetic loci for POAG have been reported. Only 3 causative genes are identified from these loci: myocilin (MYOC), optineurin (OPTN) and WD repeat domain 36 (WDR36), which together account for less than 10% of POAG. Only a portion of POAG follows Mendelian inheritance, and a considerable fraction results from a large number of variants in several genes, each contributing small effects. Over the past 10 years, there has been vigorous research on mapping the POAG genes. The main technological approaches are functional cloning, family linkage analysis, genome-wide scan, case-control association study, and microarray analysis. Association studies found 16 genes related to POAG, but reports on glaucoma-causing effects of these genes are conflicting. Ten microarray gene expression studies related to POAG have been published. A number of genes potentially related to POAG have been identified, and they provide a good resource to select candidate genes for mutation analysis in association studies. While linkage studies remain a mainstay, the current trend is to use genome-wide association studies to map genes for POAG. This review gives an overview of the efforts in the past decade to identify the POAG genes through linkage studies, genome-wide scans, case-control association studies and microarray studies. In the near future such comprehensive studies are expected to greatly advance our understanding of the genetic basis of POAG and provide information for effective glaucoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao Jian Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Abstract
Glaucoma describes a group of diseases that kill retinal ganglion cells. There are different types of glaucoma, and each appears to be genetically heterogeneous. Different glaucoma genes have been identified, but these genes account for only a small proportion of glaucoma. Most glaucoma cases appear to be multifactorial, and are likely affected by multiple interacting loci. A number of genetic susceptibility factors have been suggested to contribute to glaucoma. These factors fit into two broad groups, those affecting intraocular pressure and those important in modulating retinal ganglion cell viability. Defining the complex genetics of glaucoma will require significant further study of the human disease and animal models. Genetic approaches are essential and will be enhanced by recently developed genomic and proteomic technologies. These technologies will provide valuable clues about pathogenesis for subsequent testing. In this review, we focus on endogenous genetic susceptibility factors and on how experimental studies will be valuable for dissecting the multifactorial complexity of their interactions.
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Abstract
Glaucoma represents a heterogeneous group of optic neuropathies, with different genetic bases. It can affect all ages generally with a rise in intra-ocular pressure. Three major types of glaucoma have been reported: primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), primary acute closed angle glaucoma (PACG) and primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), as well as a few others associated with developmental abnormalities. In recent years impressive progress has been made in the molecular genetic studies of POAG and PCG. These include the discovery of three genes--Myocilin, Optineurin and CYP1B1--defects in which results in Mendelian transmission of glaucoma. Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in multiple other genes that are associated with glaucoma and alteration of drug sensitivity are enriching our knowledge regarding the complex nature of the disease. This review attempts to present the recent progress made in the molecular genetics of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Ray
- Human Genetics and Genomics Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India.
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Lin HJ, Tsai SC, Tsai FJ, Chen WC, Tsai JJP, Hsu CD. Association of interleukin 1beta and receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms with primary open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmologica 2003; 217:358-64. [PMID: 12913327 DOI: 10.1159/000071352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2002] [Accepted: 03/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic factors are known to play a role in the etiology of glaucoma. More specifically, the role of the immune system is highly suspected. We evaluated the association between 2 polymorphisms in the interleukin (IL) 1beta gene (IL-1 promoter 511, IL-1 exon 5) and 1 polymorphism in the IL-1 gene receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) intron 2 with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifty-eight POAG patients and 105 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Analysis based on polymerase chain reaction was used to resolve the 2 IL-1beta polymorphisms and the IL-1Ra intron 2 polymorphism. RESULTS There were significant differences in the distribution of the IL-1beta exon 5 polymorphism between the POAG patients and the control subjects (p < 0.05). The E2 allele of IL-1beta exon 5 was more frequently found in POAG patients than in healthy patients (odds ratio: 4.224, 95% confidence interval = 1.135-15.717). The distributions of the other 2 polymorphisms, IL-1beta promoter 511 and IL-1Ra intron 2, were not significantly different between the POAG patients and the healthy control group. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of the E2 allele of the IL-1beta exon 5 polymorphism was high in POAG patients. Therefore the E2 allele can be used as a marker to predict or search for the genetic causes of glaucoma in Chinese POAG patients. Furthermore, we have concluded that the other 2 polymorphisms (IL-1 promoter 511 and IL-1Ra) are not helpful in predicting Chinese POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China Medical College Hospital, Taichung Healthcare and Management University, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
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