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Trombetta CM, Marchi S, Leonardi M, Coppola C, Benincasa L, Marotta MG, Buonvino N, Maes P, Stufano A, Pontrelli D, Vasinioti VI, Manenti A, Camero M, Montomoli E, Decaro N, Lovreglio P. Evaluation of immune response to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages six months after different vaccination regimens in Italy. Acta Trop 2023; 248:107042. [PMID: 37863379 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The Omicron variant is the most divergent, displaying more mutations than previous SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly in the gene that encodes the spike protein. This study aimed to assess the persistence of neutralizing antibodies towards the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages (BA.2, BA.5, BQ.1, XBB and XBB1.5) six months after the third dose in different vaccination regimens. Subjects who received 3 doses of mRNA vaccine retained their neutralization activity against BA.2 and BA.5, even though 56.3% and 66.7% showed a ≥ 2-fold reduction in the neutralizing antibody titre, respectively. Subjects who had received the adenovirus-based vaccine plus a booster dose of mRNA vaccine retained their neutralization activity especially against BA.2. With regard to BQ.1, XBB and XBB.1.5, the majority of the subjects showed a ≥ 2-fold reduction in neutralizing antibody titre, with the greatest evasion being observed in the case of XBB. Overall, our results provide further evidence that triple homologous/heterologous vaccination and hybrid immunity result in detectable neutralizing antibodies against the ancestral virus; however, emerging Omicron sublineages, such as XBB and XBB.1.5, show a great evasive capacity, which compromises the effectiveness of current COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maria Trombetta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy.
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Coppola
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | | | - Maria Giovanna Marotta
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy
| | | | - Piet Maes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, Siena 53100, Italy; VisMederi Research Srl, Siena, Italy; VisMederi Srl, Siena, Italy
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2
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Dapporto F, Leonardi M, Trombetta CM, Semplici C, Piu P, Piccini G, Benincasa L, Marchi S, Andreano E, Lovreglio P, Buonvino N, Decaro N, Stufano A, Lorusso E, Bombardieri E, Ruello A, Viviani S, Rappuoli R, Molesti E, Manenti A, Montomoli E. The neutralizing response to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants BA.1 and BA.2 in COVID-19 patients and homologous and heterologous vaccinees. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2129196. [PMID: 36269939 PMCID: PMC9746531 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2129196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid replacement of Omicron BA.1 by BA.2 sublineage is very alarming, raising the question of whether BA.2 can escape the immunity acquired after BA.1 infection. We compared the neutralizing activity toward the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 sub-lineages in five groups: COVID-19 patients; subjects who had received two doses of mRNA vaccine; subjects naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 who had received two doses of mRNA; and subjects who had received three doses of homologous or heterologous vaccine. The results obtained highlight the importance of vaccine boosters in eliciting neutralizing antibody responses against Omicron sub-lineages, and suggest that the adenovirus vectored vaccine elicits a lower response against BA.1 than against BA.2 sub-lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Maria Trombetta
- VisMederi Research srl, Siena, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Linda Benincasa
- VisMederi srl, Siena, Italy
- VisMederi Research srl, Siena, Italy
| | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Piero Lovreglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Buonvino
- U.O.C. Penitentiary Medicine - Department of Territorial Care, Bari Local Health Authority, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Angela Stufano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lorusso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | | | - Simonetta Viviani
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi srl, Siena, Italy
- VisMederi Research srl, Siena, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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3
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Kumar S, Basu M, Ghosh P, Ansari A, Ghosh MK. COVID-19: Clinical status of vaccine development to date. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 89:114-149. [PMID: 36184710 PMCID: PMC9538545 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced COVID-19 is a complicated disease. Clinicians are continuously facing difficulties to treat infected patients using the principle of repurposing of drugs as no specific drugs are available to treat COVID-19. To minimize the severity and mortality, global vaccination is the only hope as a potential preventive measure. After a year-long global research and clinical struggle, 165 vaccine candidates have been developed and some are currently still in the pipeline. A total of 28 candidate vaccines have been approved for use and the remainder are in different phases of clinical trials. In this comprehensive report, the authors aim to demonstrate, classify and provide up-to-date clinical trial status of all the vaccines discovered to date and specifically focus on the approved candidates. Finally, the authors specifically focused on the vaccination of different types of medically distinct populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Kumar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder DivisionCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR‐IICB), TRUE CampusKolkataIndia
| | - Malini Basu
- Department of MicrobiologyDhruba Chand Halder CollegeIndia
| | - Pratyasha Ghosh
- Department of Economics, Bethune CollegeUniversity of CalcuttaKolkataIndia
| | - Aafreen Ansari
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder DivisionCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR‐IICB), TRUE CampusKolkataIndia
| | - Mrinal K. Ghosh
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder DivisionCouncil of Scientific and Industrial Research‐Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (CSIR‐IICB), TRUE CampusKolkataIndia
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4
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Trombetta CM, Piccini G, Pierleoni G, Leonardi M, Dapporto F, Marchi S, Andreano E, Paciello I, Benincasa L, Lovreglio P, Buonvino N, Decaro N, Stufano A, Lorusso E, Bombardieri E, Ruello A, Viviani S, Rappuoli R, Molesti E, Manenti A, Montomoli E. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in patients and vaccinees following homologous and heterologous vaccinations. Commun Biol 2022; 5:903. [PMID: 36056181 PMCID: PMC9439265 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03849-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has rapidly replaced the Delta variant of concern. This new variant harbors worrisome mutations on the spike protein, which are able to escape the immunity elicited by vaccination and/or natural infection. To evaluate the impact and susceptibility of different serum samples to the Omicron variant BA.1, samples from COVID-19 patients and vaccinated individuals were tested for their ability to bind and neutralize the original SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Omicron variant BA.1. COVID-19 patients show the most drastic reduction in Omicron-specific antibody response in comparison with the response to the wild-type virus. Antibodies elicited by a triple homologous/heterologous vaccination regimen or following natural SARS-CoV-2 infection combined with a two-dose vaccine course, result in highest neutralization capacity against the Omicron variant BA.1. Overall, these findings confirm that vaccination of COVID-19 survivors and booster dose to vaccinees with mRNA vaccines is the correct strategy to enhance the antibody cross-protection against Omicron variant BA.1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Serena Marchi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Ida Paciello
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Piero Lovreglio
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Buonvino
- U.O.C. Penitentiary Medicine-Department of Territorial Care, Bari Local Health Authority, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Stufano
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Occupational Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Lorusso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Simonetta Viviani
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Rino Rappuoli
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery (MAD) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- VisMederi srl, Siena, Italy
- VisMederi Research srl, Siena, Italy
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5
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Antibody Avidity and Neutralizing Response against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant after Infection or Vaccination. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:4813199. [PMID: 36093434 PMCID: PMC9453088 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4813199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant exhibits several mutations on the spike protein, enabling it to escape the immunity elicited by natural infection or vaccines. Avidity is the strength of binding between an antibody and its specific epitope. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds to its cellular receptor with high affinity and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. Therefore, protective antibodies should show high avidity. This study aimed at investigating the avidity of receptor-binding domain (RBD) binding antibodies and their neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and vaccinees. Methods Samples were collected from 42 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients during the first pandemic wave, 50 subjects who received 2 doses of mRNA vaccine before the Omicron wave, 44 subjects who received 3 doses of mRNA vaccine, and 35 subjects who received heterologous vaccination (2 doses of adenovirus-based vaccine plus mRNA vaccine) during the Omicron wave. Samples were tested for the avidity of RBD-binding IgG and neutralizing antibodies against the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus and the Omicron variant. Results In patients, RBD-binding IgG titers against the wild-type virus increased with time, but remained low. High neutralizing titers against the wild-type virus were not matched by high avidity or neutralizing activity against the Omicron variant. Vaccinees showed higher avidity than patients. Two vaccine doses elicited the production of neutralizing antibodies, but low avidity for the wild-type virus; antibody levels against the Omicron variant were even lower. Conversely, 3 doses of vaccine elicited high avidity and high neutralizing antibodies against both the wild-type virus and the Omicron variant. Conclusions Repeated vaccination increases antibody avidity against the spike protein of the Omicron variant, suggesting that antibodies with high avidity and high neutralizing potential increase cross-protection against variants that carry several mutations on the RBD.
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Wen H, Shi F, Liu Y, Xie C, Qin G, Wang F, Liu X, Bai J, Hong Q, Ma R, Yu C. Non-pharmacological interventions of travel restrictions and cancelation of public events had a major reductive mortality affect during pre-vaccination coronavirus disease 2019 period. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:914732. [PMID: 36072943 PMCID: PMC9441752 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.914732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe acute respiratory disease that poses a continuous threat to global public health. Many non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) have been implemented to control the COVID-19 pandemic since the beginning. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of various NPIs on COVID-19 mortality during pre-vaccination and vaccination periods. Methods The COVID-19 data used in this study comes from Our World in Data, we used the Oxford Strict Index (OSI) and its five combination interventions as independent variables. The COVID-19 mortality date (MRT) was defined as a date when daily rate of 0.02 COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 population in a country was reached, and the COVID-19 vaccination date (VRT) was defined as people vaccinated reaching 70%. Linear regression and random forest models were used to estimate the impact of various NPI implementation interventions during pre-vaccination and vaccination periods. The performance of models was assessed among others with Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) explaining the prediction capability of the model. Results During the pre-vaccination period, the various NPIs had strong protective effect. When the COVID-19 MRT was reached, for every unit increase in OSI, the cumulative mortality as of June 30, 2020 decreased by 0.71 deaths per 100,000 people. Restrictions in travel (SHAP 1.68) and cancelation of public events and gatherings (1.37) had major reducing effect on COVID-19 mortality, while staying at home (0.26) and school and workplace closure (0.26) had less effect. Post vaccination period, the effects of NPI reduced significantly: cancelation of public events and gatherings (0.25), staying at home (0.22), restrictions in travel (0.14), and school and workplace closure (0.06). Conclusion Continued efforts are still needed to promote vaccination to build sufficient immunity to COVID-19 in the population. Until herd immunity is achieved, NPI is still important for COVID-19 prevention and control. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the stringency of NPI implementation had a significant negative association with COVID-19 mortality; however, this association was no longer significant after the vaccination rate reached 70%. As vaccination progresses, “cancelation of public events and gatherings” become more important for COVID-19 mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Wen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Shi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong Xie
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Preventive Medicine Information, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiyu Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianjun Bai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiumian Hong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Runxue Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanhua Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- China Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chuanhua Yu,
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7
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Attitudes toward Receiving COVID-19 Booster Dose in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: A Cross-Sectional Study of 3041 Fully Vaccinated Participants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081270. [PMID: 36016158 PMCID: PMC9414713 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines are crucial to control the pandemic and avoid COVID-19 severe infections. The rapid evolution of COVID-19 variants such as B.1.1.529 is alarming, especially with the gradual decrease in serum antibody levels in vaccinated individuals. Middle Eastern countries were less likely to accept the initial doses of vaccines. This study was directed to determine COVID-19 vaccine booster acceptance and its associated factors in the general population in the MENA region to attain public herd immunity. We conducted an online survey in five countries (Egypt, Iraq, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan) in November and December 2021. The questionnaire included self-reported information about the vaccine type, side effects, fear level, and several demographic factors. Kruskal−Wallis ANOVA was used to associate the fear level with the type of COVID-19 vaccine. Logistic regression was performed to confirm the results and reported as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals. The final analysis included 3041 fully vaccinated participants. Overall, 60.2% of the respondents reported willingness to receive the COVID-19 booster dose, while 20.4% were hesitant. Safety uncertainties and opinions that the booster dose is not necessary were the primary reasons for refusing the booster dose. The willingness to receive the booster dose was in a triangular relationship with the side effects of first and second doses and the fear (p < 0.0001). Females, individuals with normal body mass index, history of COVID-19 infection, and influenza-unvaccinated individuals were significantly associated with declining the booster dose. Higher fear levels were observed in females, rural citizens, and chronic and immunosuppressed patients. Our results suggest that vaccine hesitancy and fear in several highlighted groups continue to be challenges for healthcare providers, necessitating public health intervention, prioritizing the need for targeted awareness campaigns, and facilitating the spread of evidence-based scientific communication.
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8
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Kaabi NA, Yang YK, Zhang J, Xu K, Liang Y, Kang Y, Su JG, Yang T, Hussein S, ElDein MS, Shao S, Yang SS, Lei W, Gao XJ, Jiang Z, Wang H, Li M, Mekki HM, Zaher W, Mahmoud S, Zhang X, Qu C, Liu DY, Zhang J, Yang M, Eltantawy I, Xiao P, Wang ZN, Yin JL, Mao XY, Zhang J, Liu N, Shen FJ, Qu L, Zhang YT, Yang XM, Wu G, Li QM. Immunogenicity and safety of NVSI-06-07 as a heterologous booster after priming with BBIBP-CorV: a phase 2 trial. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:172. [PMID: 35665745 PMCID: PMC9167817 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00984-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) breakthrough cases pose the need of booster vaccination. We conducted a randomised, double-blinded, controlled, phase 2 trial to assess the immunogenicity and safety of the heterologous prime-boost vaccination with an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (BBIBP-CorV) followed by a recombinant protein-based vaccine (NVSI-06-07), using homologous boost with BBIBP-CorV as control. Three groups of healthy adults (600 individuals per group) who had completed two-dose BBIBP-CorV vaccinations 1-3 months, 4-6 months and ≥6 months earlier, respectively, were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either NVSI-06-07 or BBIBP-CorV boost. Immunogenicity assays showed that in NVSI-06-07 groups, neutralizing antibody geometric mean titers (GMTs) against the prototype SARS-CoV-2 increased by 21.01-63.85 folds on day 28 after vaccination, whereas only 4.20-16.78 folds of increases were observed in control groups. For Omicron variant, the neutralizing antibody GMT elicited by homologous boost was 37.91 on day 14, however, a significantly higher neutralizing GMT of 292.53 was induced by heterologous booster. Similar results were obtained for other SARS-CoV-2 variants of concerns (VOCs), including Alpha, Beta and Delta. Both heterologous and homologous boosters have a good safety profile. Local and systemic adverse reactions were absent, mild or moderate in most participants, and the overall safety was quite similar between two booster schemes. Our findings indicated that NVSI-06-07 is safe and immunogenic as a heterologous booster in BBIBP-CorV recipients and was immunogenically superior to the homologous booster against not only SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain but also VOCs, including Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Al Kaabi
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, SEHA, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yun Kai Yang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Kang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Guo Su
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Yang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Salah Hussein
- Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, SEHA, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Shuai Shao
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Sen Sen Yang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Xue Jun Gao
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- Beijing Key Tech Statistical Consulting Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Li
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | | | - Walid Zaher
- G42 Healthcare, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Xue Zhang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Qu
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Ying Liu
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | - Mengjie Yang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China
| | | | - Peng Xiao
- G42 Healthcare, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zhao Nian Wang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Liang Yin
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yan Mao
- Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Fu Jie Shen
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Qu
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Tao Zhang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiao Ming Yang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing, China.
| | - Guizhen Wu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, China.
| | - Qi Ming Li
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China.
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China.
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9
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Paton RS, Overton CE, Ward T. The rapid replacement of the Delta variant by Omicron (B.1.1.529) in England. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabo5395. [PMID: 35503007 PMCID: PMC9097877 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo5395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of the B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variant caused international concern due to its rapid spread in Southern Africa. It was unknown whether this variant would replace or co-exist with (either transiently or long-term) the then-dominant Delta variant on its introduction to England. We developed a set of hierarchical logistic growth models to describe changes in the frequency of S gene target failure (SGTF) PCR tests, which was a proxy for Omicron. The doubling time of SGTF cases peaked at 1.56 days (95% CI: 1.49, 1.63) on the 5th of December, while triple positive cases were halving every 5.82 days (95% CI: 5.11, 6.67) going into Christmas 2021. We were unable to characterize the replacement of Delta by Omicron with a single rate. The replacement rate decreased by 53.56% (95% CrI: 45.38, 61.01) between the 14th and 15th of December, meaning the competitive advantage of Omicron approximately halved. Preceding the changepoint, Omicron was replacing Delta 16.24% (95% CrI: 9.72, 23.41) faster in those with two or more vaccine doses, indicative of vaccine escape being a substantial component of the competitive advantage. Despite the slowdown, Delta had almost entirely been replaced in England within a month of the first sequenced domestic case. The synchrony of changepoints across regions at various stages of Omicron epidemics suggests that the growth rate advantage was not attenuated due to biological mechanisms related to strain competition. The step-change in replacement could have resulted from behavioral changes, potentially elicited by public health messaging or policies, that differentially affected Omicron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Paton
- Data Science and Analytics, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London, UK, SW1P 3JR
| | - Christopher E Overton
- Data Science and Analytics, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London, UK, SW1P 3JR
| | - Thomas Ward
- Data Science and Analytics, UK Health Security Agency, Nobel House, London, UK, SW1P 3JR
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Muyldermans J, De Weerdt L, De Brabandere L, Maertens K, Tommelein E. The Effects of COVID-19 Vaccination on Lactating Women: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front Immunol 2022; 13:852928. [PMID: 35464406 PMCID: PMC9024041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The availability of new vaccines against COVID-19 urges for guidance about vaccination during lactation. We aimed to review the literature to get an insight into the effects of COVID-19 vaccination on lactating women. Design Systematic review. Data Sources We searched Ovid Embase Classic+Embase, PubMed and BioMed Central for articles published between December 1st 2020 and December 31st 2021. Review Methods The search strategy contained terms and combinations related to COVID-19 vaccination during lactation, including the MeSH terms "COVID-19", "COVID-19 Vaccines", "SARS-CoV-2", "Lactation", "Breast Feeding", "Pregnancy" and "Postpartum period". The database search was completed with a manual search of the reference lists of included articles. Data concerning country, study period, number of participants, type of applied vaccine, time points of sampling and outcome measures were collected from the selected manuscripts. The data are summarized and synthesized in a descriptive way. Results 30 manuscripts were included in this review. Data on safety of COVID-19 vaccination during lactation indicate no severe vaccine-related local and systemic reactions, both after first and second dose, neither in the mother nor the nursing child. No significant amount of vaccine components seems to appear in breast milk. Milk supply data after vaccination are inconclusive as there are no quantitative data available. Some women however observe a temporary increase or reduction in milk supply, without long-term effects. All prospective cohort studies demonstrated the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in breast milk of nursing mothers vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. Nearly all studies were conducted with mRNA vaccines. Conclusion There is evidence that the administration of a COVID-19 vaccine is safe and poses no additional risk to the breastfeeding woman or the breastfed baby. After vaccination of the mother during the lactation period, antibodies appear in the milk, which could protect the infant against COVID-19. Professional associations and government health authorities should therefore recommend offering COVID-19 vaccines to breastfeeding women, as the potential benefits of maternal vaccination while breastfeeding outweigh the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Muyldermans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FARM), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
- Midwifery Education, Department of Health, University College Brussels, Jette, Belgium
| | - Louise De Weerdt
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Larissa De Brabandere
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kirsten Maertens
- Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Eline Tommelein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (FARM), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Jette, Belgium
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Yamashita E, Takita M, Kami M. Time-Dependent Changes in Death Reports and the Sex Ratio in the Safety Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Japan, the United States, and European Countries. Cureus 2022; 14:e23380. [PMID: 35475057 PMCID: PMC9022046 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The national safety surveillance of vaccines is a fundamental measure to ensure vaccination safety and maintain transparency and public trust. Our previous study revealed an early increase in death reports after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination in Japanese surveillance despite our hypothesis that no time-dependent variations in the number of death reports would be seen if the vaccination is not related to serious adverse events. This study is an extensive investigation to determine whether the number of death reports varied consistently over time after vaccination in the older population in Japan, the US, and European countries. We collected the death reports after BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination in individuals aged 65 years or older using the open databases in Japan, the US (Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, VAERS), and European countries (EudraVigilance). We observed an early increase of death reports on Day 2 after the vaccination in all three databases. The female-to-male ratio was also assessed and showed a certain degree of time-dependence (R2 of linear regression 0.54, p =0.01) in Japan but not in the US and European countries. The findings suggest the existence of unknown predictors of the adverse events of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, especially for the older Japanese population. The continuous and careful monitoring safety aspects of the vaccines are warranted.
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Mattiuzzi C, Lippi G. COVID-19 vaccination is highly effective to prevent SARS-CoV-2 circulation. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:395-396. [PMID: 35299063 PMCID: PMC8916986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Mattiuzzi
- Service of Clinical Governance, Provincial Agency for Social and Sanitary Services, Trento, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry and School of Medicine, University of Verona, Italy.
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Dzinamarira T, Tungwarara N, Chitungo I, Chimene M, Iradukunda PG, Mashora M, Murewanhema G, Rwibasira GN, Musuka G. Unpacking the Implications of SARS-CoV-2 Breakthrough Infections on COVID-19 Vaccination Programs. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:252. [PMID: 35214710 PMCID: PMC8879800 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an array of preventive global public health interventions, SARS-CoV-2 has continued to spread significantly, infecting millions of people across the globe weekly. Newer variants of interest and concern have continued to emerge, placing the need for policymakers to rethink prevention strategies to end the pandemic. The approval of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines for public health use in December 2020 was seen as a significant development towards pandemic control and possibly ending the pandemic. However, breakthrough infections have continued to be observed among the 'fully vaccinated', and the duration and sustainability of vaccine-induced immunity has remained a topical public health discourse. In the absence of accurate public health communication, the breakthrough infections and waning immunity concepts have potential to further compound vaccine hesitancy. With this viewpoint, we discuss breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections, waning immunity, the need for COVID-19 booster shots, vaccine inequities, and the need to address vaccine hesitancy adequately to propel global vaccination programs forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafadzwa Dzinamarira
- School of Health Systems & Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- ICAP, Columbia University, Harare P.O. Box MP167, Zimbabwe;
| | - Nigel Tungwarara
- Department of Health Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
| | - Itai Chitungo
- Chemical Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare P.O. Box MP167, Zimbabwe;
| | - Munashe Chimene
- Department of Health Sciences, Africa University, Mutare P.O. Box 1320, Zimbabwe;
| | - Patrick Gad Iradukunda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London WC1E 7HU, UK;
| | - Moreblessing Mashora
- Department of Public Health, Mount Kenya University, Kigali P.O. Box 5826, Rwanda;
| | - Grant Murewanhema
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Primary Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare P.O. Box MP167, Zimbabwe;
| | | | - Godfrey Musuka
- ICAP, Columbia University, Harare P.O. Box MP167, Zimbabwe;
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