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Shin DW, Cho J, Yang HK, Park JH, Lee H, Kim H, Oh J, Hwang S, Cho B, Guallar E. Impact of continuity of care on mortality and health care costs: a nationwide cohort study in Korea. Ann Fam Med 2014; 12:534-41. [PMID: 25384815 PMCID: PMC4226774 DOI: 10.1370/afm.1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Continuity of care is considered a core element of high-quality primary care, but its impact on mortality and health care costs is unclear. We aimed to determine the impact of continuity of care on mortality, costs, and health outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS We conducted a cohort study of a 3% nationwide random sample of Korean National Health Insurance enrollees. A total of 47,433 patients who had received new diagnoses of hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, or their complications in 2003 or 2004 were included. We determined standard indices of continuity of care-most frequent provider continuity (MFPC), modified, modified continuity index (MMCI), and continuity of care index (COC)-and evaluated their association with study outcomes over 5 years of follow-up. Outcome measures included overall mortality, cardiovascular mortality, incident cardiovascular events, and health care costs. RESULTS The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, incident myocardial infarction, and incident ischemic stroke comparing participants with COC index below the median to those above the median were HR = 1.12 (95% CI, 1.04-1.21), 1.30 (1.13-1.50), 1.57 (1.28-1.95), and 1.44 (1.27-1.63), respectively. Similar findings were obtained for other indices of continuity of care. Lower continuity of care was also associated with increased inpatient and outpatient days and costs. CONCLUSIONS Lower indices of continuity of care in patients with newly diagnosed hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia were associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular events, and health care costs. Health care systems should be designed to support long-term trusting relationships between patients and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine & Health Promotion Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., H.K., B.C.); Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., B.C.); JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea (D.W.S.); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C., E.G.); Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C.); Cancer Policy Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea (H.K.Y.); Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea (J.H.P.); Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.O., H.K.Y.); Health Insurance Review & Assessment Research Institute, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.); Department of Medicine and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clincal Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland (E.G.); Area of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (E.G.)
| | - Juhee Cho
- Department of Family Medicine & Health Promotion Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., H.K., B.C.); Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., B.C.); JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea (D.W.S.); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C., E.G.); Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C.); Cancer Policy Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea (H.K.Y.); Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea (J.H.P.); Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.O., H.K.Y.); Health Insurance Review & Assessment Research Institute, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.); Department of Medicine and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clincal Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland (E.G.); Area of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (E.G.)
| | - Hyung Kook Yang
- Department of Family Medicine & Health Promotion Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., H.K., B.C.); Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., B.C.); JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea (D.W.S.); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C., E.G.); Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C.); Cancer Policy Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea (H.K.Y.); Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea (J.H.P.); Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.O., H.K.Y.); Health Insurance Review & Assessment Research Institute, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.); Department of Medicine and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clincal Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland (E.G.); Area of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (E.G.)
| | - Jae Hyun Park
- Department of Family Medicine & Health Promotion Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., H.K., B.C.); Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., B.C.); JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea (D.W.S.); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C., E.G.); Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C.); Cancer Policy Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea (H.K.Y.); Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea (J.H.P.); Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.O., H.K.Y.); Health Insurance Review & Assessment Research Institute, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.); Department of Medicine and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clincal Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland (E.G.); Area of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (E.G.)
| | - Hyejin Lee
- Department of Family Medicine & Health Promotion Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., H.K., B.C.); Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., B.C.); JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea (D.W.S.); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C., E.G.); Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C.); Cancer Policy Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea (H.K.Y.); Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea (J.H.P.); Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.O., H.K.Y.); Health Insurance Review & Assessment Research Institute, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.); Department of Medicine and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clincal Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland (E.G.); Area of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (E.G.)
| | - Hyunsu Kim
- Department of Family Medicine & Health Promotion Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., H.K., B.C.); Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., B.C.); JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea (D.W.S.); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C., E.G.); Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C.); Cancer Policy Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea (H.K.Y.); Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea (J.H.P.); Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.O., H.K.Y.); Health Insurance Review & Assessment Research Institute, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.); Department of Medicine and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clincal Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland (E.G.); Area of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (E.G.)
| | - Juhwan Oh
- Department of Family Medicine & Health Promotion Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., H.K., B.C.); Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., B.C.); JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea (D.W.S.); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C., E.G.); Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C.); Cancer Policy Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea (H.K.Y.); Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea (J.H.P.); Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.O., H.K.Y.); Health Insurance Review & Assessment Research Institute, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.); Department of Medicine and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clincal Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland (E.G.); Area of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (E.G.)
| | - Soohee Hwang
- Department of Family Medicine & Health Promotion Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., H.K., B.C.); Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., B.C.); JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea (D.W.S.); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C., E.G.); Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C.); Cancer Policy Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea (H.K.Y.); Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea (J.H.P.); Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.O., H.K.Y.); Health Insurance Review & Assessment Research Institute, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.); Department of Medicine and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clincal Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland (E.G.); Area of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (E.G.)
| | - BeLong Cho
- Department of Family Medicine & Health Promotion Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., H.K., B.C.); Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., B.C.); JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea (D.W.S.); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C., E.G.); Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C.); Cancer Policy Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea (H.K.Y.); Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea (J.H.P.); Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.O., H.K.Y.); Health Insurance Review & Assessment Research Institute, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.); Department of Medicine and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clincal Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland (E.G.); Area of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (E.G.)
| | - Eliseo Guallar
- Department of Family Medicine & Health Promotion Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., H.K., B.C.); Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (D.W.S., H.L., B.C.); JW Lee Center for Global Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea (D.W.S.); Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.C.); Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C., E.G.); Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland (J.C.); Cancer Policy Branch, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea (H.K.Y.); Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea (J.H.P.); Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (J.O., H.K.Y.); Health Insurance Review & Assessment Research Institute, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea (S.H.); Department of Medicine and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clincal Research, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland (E.G.); Area of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Population Genetics, National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain (E.G.)
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